Module 2

Biological treatment of the organic waste fraction

Direct Land Application of Solid Waste

Direct land application of solid waste involves spreading waste materials directly onto land
without prior treatment. This method is commonly used for organic and biodegradable waste to
improve soil fertility but can pose environmental risks if not managed properly.
Types of Solid Waste Used in Land Application
1️.Organic Waste:
 Food scraps, yard waste, and agricultural residues decompose naturally and enrich soil
nutrients.
2️.Sewage Sludge (Biosolids):
 Treated sewage sludge is sometimes applied to farmland as a soil conditioner.
3️.Animal Manure & Farm Waste:
 Livestock manure and crop residues enhance soil organic matter and fertility.
4️.Industrial Waste:
 Some non-toxic industrial byproducts (e.g., wood ash, paper pulp waste) are used to
improve soil properties.

Advantages of Direct Land Application

1️) Enhances Soil Fertility – Organic waste adds nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus to
the soil.
2️) Reduces Landfill Waste – Diverts biodegradable waste from landfills.
3️) Improves Soil Structure – Increases organic matter and water retention capacity.
4️) Promotes Sustainable Agriculture – Reduces reliance on chemical fertilizers.

Disadvantages & Risks

1️) Soil & Water Contamination – Unregulated waste application can introduce toxins and
heavy metals.
2️) Pathogen Risk – Untreated waste may contain harmful bacteria, posing health risks.
3️) Odor & Pest Issues – Decomposing waste can attract pests and create unpleasant smells.
4️) Regulatory Concerns – Some regions restrict land application due to environmental
concerns.
Best Practices for Safe Land Application

1) Use Only Biodegradable & Non-Toxic Waste – Avoid materials with harmful chemicals.
2) Apply in Controlled Quantities – Prevent overloading soil with nutrients or
contaminants.
3) Follow Environmental Regulations – Ensure compliance with government waste
management laws.
4) Monitor Soil & Water Quality – Regular testing prevents pollution.
5) Compost Before Application – Pre-treatment reduces risks and improves effectiveness.
Types of aerobic compostic are
1.Windrow Composting
A windrow composting method involves creating long, narrow piles of organic material called
"windrows," which are regularly turned to facilitate aeration and promote efficient decomposition
by allowing oxygen to reach the core of the pile, leading to faster composting with consistent
temperature control; this method is commonly used for large-scale composting operations due to
its ability to handle large volumes of material and manage potential odors through regular turning.
2. Aerated static pile composting
Aerated static pile composting is a non-proprietary technology that requires the composting
mixture (i.e., a mixture of pre-processed materials and liquids) to be placed in piles that are
mechanically aerated. The piles are placed over a network of pipes connected to a blower, which
supplies the air for composting. Air circulation in the compost piles provides the needed oxygen
for the composting microbes and prevents excessive heat build-up in the pile. Removing excess
heat and water vapour cools the pile to maintain optimum temperature for microbial activity. A
controlled air supply enables construction of large piles, which decreases the need for land. Odours
from the exhaust air could be substantial, but traps or filters can be used to control them. The
temperatures in the inner portion of a pile are usually adequate to destroy a significant number of
the pathogens and weed seeds present. The surface of piles, however, may not reach the desired
temperatures for destruction of pathogens because piles are not turned in the aerated static pile
technology. This problem can be overcome by placing a layer of finished compost of 1️5 to 3️0 cms
thick over the compost pile.

3.In-vessel composting system

In-vessel composting systems enclose the feedstock in a chamber or vessel that provides adequate
mixing, aeration and moisture. Drums, digester bins and tunnels are some of the common in-vessel
type systems. In-vessel systems vary in their requirements for pre-processing materials. For
example, some require minimal pre-processing, while others require extensive MSW pre-
processing. These vessels can be single- or multi-compartment units. In some cases, the vessel
rotates, and in others, it is stationary and a mixing/agitating mechanism moves the material around.
Most in-vessel systems are continuous-feed systems, although some operate in a batch mode. All
in-vessel systems require further composting (curing) after the material has been discharged from
the vessel. A major advantage of in-vessel systems is that all environmental conditions can be
carefully controlled to allow rapid composting. The material to be composted is frequently turned
and mixed to homogenise the compost and promote rapid oxygen transfer. Retention times range
from less than one week to as long as four weeks. These systems, if properly operated, produce
minimal odours and little or no leachate. In-vessel systems enable exhaust gases from the vessel
to be captured and are subjected to odour control and treatment.

4. Indore Process
5. Vermicomposting
It is the process of decomposing organic waste using earthworms. These worms consume
biodegradable waste and produce vermicast (worm manure), which is rich in nutrients and
beneficial for soil health. It is an eco-friendly and efficient method of composting that enhances
soil fertility while managing organic waste sustainably.
Process of Vermicomposting
Step 1️: Setting Up the Vermicompost Bin
 Select a bin with proper ventilation and drainage holes.
 Add bedding material (dry leaves, straw, shredded newspaper, coconut husk) to create a
moist, breathable environment.
Step 2️: Introducing Earthworms
 Place earthworms into the prepared bin.
 Let them settle for a few days before adding food waste.
Step 3️: Feeding the Worms
 Add organic waste in small quantities to avoid overloading.
 Chop large food scraps into smaller pieces to speed up decomposition.
 Mix food waste with dry bedding to maintain the right balance.
Step 4️: Decomposition & Maintenance
 Turn the compost occasionally to ensure oxygen supply.
 Maintain moisture levels (sprinkle water if too dry, add dry materials if too wet).
  Keep the bin shaded and at room temperature (2️0-3️0°C).
Step 5: Harvesting the Vermicompost
 In 4️-8 weeks, the compost is ready.
 To separate worms, move the compost to one side of the bin and add fresh food to the
other side. The worms will migrate, making it easy to collect the finished compost.

Anaerobic composting
1.Bangalore method

• This is an anaerobic method conventionally carried out in pits.

• Initially, a layer of coarse municipal solid waste is placed at the bottom of a pit to a depth
of 1️5 to 2️5cm and is made 7.5cm thicker for 2️5cm width towards both the edges of the pit.
Night soil is put in the depressed portion to a thickness of 5cm and the elevated edges
prevent it from draining to the side.
• A layer of solid waste is put on top so that the night soil layer is sandwiched between the
two layers of municipal solid waste. Solid waste and night soil are put in alternate layers
till it rises to a height of 3️0cm above the pit edge.
• The final layer of solid waste is at least 2️5 to 3️0cm thick. The top of the deposited
material is rounded off
to avoid rain water entering into the pit.
• After 4️ to 6 months of decomposition the material is stabilized and is taken out and
used as compost.

2.Anaerobic Digestion method

In anaerobic processes, anaerobic and facultative bacteria break down the organic materials in the
absence of oxygen and produce methane and carbon dioxide. Anaerobic systems, if configured
efficiently, will generate sufficient energy in the form of methane to operate the process and have
enough surpluses to either market as gas or convert to electricity. Conventional composting
systems, on the other hand, need significant electrical or mechanical energy inputs to aerate or turn
the piles. Several approaches are available for anaerobic digestion of feedstock. Single-stage
digesters contain the entire process in one airtight container. In this system, the feedstock is first
shredded, and before being placed in the container, water and possibly nutrients are added to the
previously shredded material. A single-stage digester may contain agitation equipment, which
continuously stirs the liquefied material. The amount of water added and the presence or absence
of agitation equipment depend on the particular research demonstration or proprietary process
employed.

Stages of Anaerobic Digestion

1️.Hydrolysis (Breaking Down Complex Molecules) : Large organic molecules (carbohydrates,
proteins, fats) are broken down into simpler compounds (sugars, amino acids, and fatty
acids).Enzymes secreted by hydrolytic bacteria help in this breakdown.

2️.Acidogenesis (Formation of Acids & Alcohols): The simpler molecules from hydrolysis are
converted into volatile fatty acids (VFAs), alcohols, hydrogen (H₂), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) by
acidogenic bacteria.

3️.Acetogenesis (Production of Acetic Acid): The volatile fatty acids and alcohols from
acidogenesis are further converted into acetic acid (CH₃COOH), hydrogen (H₂), and carbon
dioxide (CO₂) by acetogenic bacteria.

4️.Methanogenesis (Biogas Production): Methanogenic bacteria convert acetic acid, hydrogen, and
carbon dioxide into methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). This is the final stage, responsible
for biogas production.
Final Products of Anaerobic Digestion are

(i) Biogas: 60-70% Methane (CH₄) + 3️0-4️0% Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) → Used for electricity,
heating, and fuel.
(ii) Digestate: Solid and liquid byproducts → Used as organic fertilizer.

Salient features of solid waste management(SWM) rules 2016

The Government has revamped the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling)
Rules 2000 and notified the new Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 on April 8, 2016.

The salient features of the SWM Rules, 2016 are as under;

1. Areas Cover:

These rules are applicable to;

 Every urban local body (Mega city to Panchayat level),

 outgrowths in urban agglomerations,
 census towns as declared by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of
India,
 notified areas,
 notified industrial townships,
 areas under the control of Indian Railways,
 airports/ airbases,
 Ports and harbors,
 defence establishments,
 special economic zones,
  State and Central government organizations,
 places of pilgrims,religious and historical importance as may be notified by
respective State government from time to time and
 every domestic, institutional, commercial and any other non residential solid
waste generator situated in the areas.

2. The Waste Generators

 Every household
 Event organizers
 Street Vendors
 RWAs & Market Associations
 Gated Community having more than area 5000 sq.m.
 Hotels & restaurants, etc.

3. Duties of Waste generators and Authorities

 Every Waste Generators shall segregate waste and store separately and hand over
to Municipal workers or authorized waste pickers.
 Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change shall constitute ‘Central
Monitoring Committee’ to monitor and review every year.
 MoUD (Ministry of urban Development) shall frame National Policy on SWM and
coordinate with States/UTs, provide technical guidelines, financial support, training
to local bodies, etc.
 Departments of Fertilizers & Chemicals shall assist in market development for
city compost and make available to companies (3/4 bags compost: 6/7 bags
Fertilizers).
 Ministry of Agriculture shall make flexible Fertilizer Control Order, promote
utilization of compost, testing facility for compost and issue guidelines.
 Ministry of Power shall fix tariff of power generation from W-T-E project and
ensure distribution through companies.
 MNRE (Ministry of new & renewable energy) shall facilitate infrastructure for
waste-to-Energy plants and provide subsidy.
 Secy- Incharge, UD (sate/UT) shall prepare State Policy/Strategy, coordinate for
state planning, identification of common/regional landfills, notify guidelines of
buffer zones.

 District Collector/Magistrate shall facilitate identification of landfill site, quarterly

review the performance of local bodies
 Secretary, Panchayats: same as Secy. UD at Panchayat level.
 CPCB shall coordinate with SPCBs/PCCs for monitoring and Annual Reports,
formulation of standards, review new technologies, prepare guidelines for buffer
zones restricting from residential, commercial and construction activities areas; and
inter-state movement of waste.
  Local Authority/Panchayats shall prepare SWM plan with time line and its
implementation, segregate, material recovery, processing/ disposal of Waste, user
fee and levy spot fine.
 SPCBs/PCCs shall monitor, issue authorization and regulate.
 Manufacturers/Brand owners shall facilitate collect back wastes of their products
and provide pouch for packaging sanitary wastes, etc.
 Industry (cement, power plant, etc.) shall use RDF within 1️00 km.
 Operator of facilities shall follow guidelines/standards

4. Criteria for Hilly Region

Avoid landfill, make waste transfer stations, strict action for littering and construct
landfill at plain areas.

5. Waste to Energy plant for waste with 1️500 Kcal/kg and above for coincineration in
cement and power plants.

6. Time Frame for Implementation of SWM Rules:

 Landfill Identification : 1️ year
 Procurement of waste processing facilities : 2️ years
 Ensure segregation of waste : 2️ years
 Cities up to 1️ million population : 2️ Years
 Million plus cities : 3️ years
 Setting up sanitary landfills : 3️ years
 Bioremediation/capping of old landfills : 5 years

7. Review of implementation of rules at Various levels

 MoEF (Ministry of Environmental& Forest)&CC, Central Monitoring
Committee : Every year
 District Collector review performance of Local authorities : Quarterly
 SPCBs(State pollution control board)/PCCs (Pollution control committee)
view implementation of Rules with DMA(Directorate of municipal
administration) : half yearly
 Secretary Incharge, UD- State level AdvisoryCommittee : half yearly

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)

The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), launched on October 2, 2014, is a national cleanliness
initiative by the Government of India. The mission was launched to honor Mahatma Gandhi and
his vision of a clean India. It aims to improve sanitation, eliminate open defecation, and manage
solid waste effectively, thus contributing to a healthier and cleaner environment.

Need of Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)

The need for maintaining the right cleanliness sanitation and hygiene in any country/community
is very essential. While taking on cleanliness, Mahatma Gandhiji stressed that cleanliness is next
to godliness and said that a clean body cannot reside in an unclean city. It is perhaps the most basic
step for preventing the diseases. According to a study by WHO, lack of cleanliness leads to an
annual loss of over Rs.6500 every year to each Indian. Unhygienic surroundings are the main
reasons behind several diseases that are prevalent in the country. An UN report indicated that
currently, nearly 60 per cent of India's population practice open defecation which puts them at risk
of diseases like cholera, diarrhea, typhoid, tapeworm and other enteric diseases. The water of river
Ganga is also unsafe for bathing because it contains fecal coliform bacteria in large amounts (1️2️0
times higher than permitted). World Bank report (2️006) indicated that, India losses 6.4️% GDP
annually because of poor hygiene and sanitation. It is, therefore, imperative to have sanitation and
hygiene intact both at personal and community level to improve health of masses.

Mission Objectives

Eliminate Open Defecation: To make India open defecation-free (ODF) by providing access to
sanitary toilets in rural and urban areas.

Solid Waste Management: To manage solid waste effectively through waste segregation,
recycling, and disposal practices.

Promote Hygiene and Cleanliness: Encouraging cleanliness in public spaces, homes, and
workplaces, along with promoting personal hygiene.

Awareness Generation: Educating citizens about the importance of cleanliness and proper
sanitation practices.

 To eradicate the system of open defecation in India.

 To convert unsanitary toilets into pour flush toilets.
  1️00% collection and scientific processing/disposal/reuse/recycle of solid waste to eradicate
manual scavenging.
 To bring about a behavioral change in the people regarding healthy sanitation practices.
 To link people with the programmes of sanitation and public health in order to generate
public awareness.
 To build up the urban local bodies strong in order to design execute and operate all systems
related to cleanliness.
 To completely start the scientific processing, disposal reuse and recycling of the municipal
solid waste.
 To provide required environment for the private sector to get participated in the capital
expenditure for all the operations and maintenance costs related to the clean campaign

Components of Swachh Bharat Mission

SBM consists of two main components:

Swachh Bharat Mission – Urban (SBM-U): Focused on improving urban sanitation, waste
management, and creating ODF cities.

Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) primarily aims to address the sanitation and waste management
challenges in India's rapidly expanding urban areas. Launched on October 2️, 2️01️4️, SBM (Urban)
focuses on eliminating open defecation through the construction of household, community, and
public toilets. It also prioritizes establishing modern solid waste management systems tailored to
urban contexts. Key components include door-to-door waste collection, segregation at source, and
both composting and recycling facilities. Public awareness campaigns play a crucial role in
fostering behavioral change among urban residents. It promotes a culture of cleanliness and
hygiene. The mission also encourages active participation from municipal bodies, private sector
players, and citizens. It thus forms a collaborative framework to sustainably maintain urban
sanitation standards. By addressing urban-specific challenges like higher population density and
complex waste streams, SBM (Urban) aims to create cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable cities.

Swachh Bharat Mission – Rural (SBM-R): Focused on rural sanitation, including the
construction of toilets and ensuring ODF villages.

Swachh Bharat Mission (Rural), also referred to as SBM (Rural), focuses on improving sanitation
and hygiene in India's rural areas. Launched alongside its urban counterpart on October 2️, 2️01️4️,
SBM (Rural) aims to end open defecation across all villages by constructing individual household
latrines (IHHL). It also provides financial incentives to encourage their use. It emphasizes
community-led initiatives, involving village-level workers and Gram Panchayats to ensure
effective implementation and sustainability. Key initiatives include promoting behavioral change
through Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) campaigns that highlight the
importance of sanitation. Additionally, SBM (Rural) works on eradicating manual scavenging and
establishing solid and liquid waste management systems suitable for rural environments. SBM
(Rural) strives to achieve a clean, hygienic, and open defecation-free India, thereby improving
public health and quality of life in rural regions.
Key Components of SBM

 Toilet Construction: The mission focuses on building individual household toilets (IHHL)
and community toilets, especially in rural areas, to prevent open defecation.
 Waste Management: Segregating and processing waste in urban and rural areas is a
critical component, including composting, recycling, and waste-to-energy practices.
 Public Awareness: A strong emphasis is placed on educating people about cleanliness and
hygiene through campaigns like #MyCleanIndia.
 Community Involvement: Encouraging people to participate in cleanliness drives and
adopt sustainable sanitation practices.

Swachh Bharat Mission Phases

 Phase 1 (2014-2019): The initial phase focused on building toilets, eliminating open
defecation, and addressing sanitation issues in both urban and rural areas.
 Phase 2 (2019 onwards): Phase 2️ continues the efforts of the first phase, focusing on
improving solid waste management, addressing plastic waste, and ensuring sustainability
in sanitation practices.

Key Achievements of SBM

 Construction of Toilets: Over 1️1️0 million toilets have been built under SBM-R to make
India ODF.
 ODF Villages and Cities: Many rural and urban areas have achieved the status of open
defecation-free (ODF).
 Swachh Survekshan: An annual cleanliness survey launched under SBM to rank cities
based on sanitation and waste management practices. It has incentivized cities to improve
their cleanliness standards.
 Waste Segregation and Recycling: Many cities have implemented waste segregation at
source, with blue and green bins for recyclable and biodegradable waste, respectively.

Solid Waste Management under SBM

A major focus of SBM is on Solid Waste Management (SWM), which is crucial to keeping the
country clean and minimizing environmental pollution. The key principles of SWM under SBM
include:

 Segregation at Source: Encouraging citizens to segregate waste into biodegradable (wet)

and non-biodegradable (dry) waste.
 Door-to-Door Collection: Ensuring waste is collected from households and businesses
regularly, with proper segregation.
 Composting: Organic waste is converted into compost to be used for agriculture.
 Recycling: Non-biodegradable waste such as plastics, metals, and paper are recycled.
 Waste-to-Energy: Converting non-recyclable waste into energy through technologies like
incineration or gasification.
  Sanitary Landfills: Non-recyclable waste is disposed of in properly managed landfills to
prevent environmental contamination.

Role of Technology in SBM

 Swachh Bharat App: This mobile app enables citizens to report cleanliness issues, such
as garbage dumping or open defecation, and track the progress of SBM initiatives in their
areas.
 Waste Management Technologies: New technologies like automated waste collection,
smart bins, and waste-to-energy plants are being implemented to improve waste
management.
 GIS Mapping: Geographic Information System (GIS) technology is used for mapping
sanitation coverage, tracking waste collection, and managing waste processing facilities.

Challenges in Swachh Bharat Mission

 Infrastructure Gaps: Many rural areas still lack basic sanitation facilities and proper
waste management infrastructure.
 Behavioral Change: Changing people's habits regarding cleanliness, segregation, and
sanitation practices is a challenge.
 Funding: Adequate funding and resource allocation for sanitation projects and the
maintenance of toilets and waste management systems can be difficult.
 Coordination Between Authorities: Effective coordination between local authorities,
municipal bodies, and citizens is necessary for the success of SBM.
 Plastic Waste Management: Proper disposal and recycling of plastic waste continue to be
a significant challenge.

Smart City Programmes

What is a Smart City

The conceptualization of Smart City, varies from city to city and country to country, depending
on the level of development, willingness to change and reform, resources and aspirations of the
city residents.

In the imagination of any city dweller in India, the picture of a smart city contains a wish list of i
nfrastructure and services that describes his or her level of aspiration.

To provide for the aspirations and needs of the citizens, urban planners ideally aim at developing
the entire urban ecosystem, which is represented by the four pillars of comprehensive developm
ent‐institutional, physical, social and economic infrastructure.

Smart City Mission

Smart Cities Mission is to promote cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent qualit
y of life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable environment and application of ‘Smart’ Solutions.
The Union Ministry of Urban Development is responsible for implementing the mission in colla
boration with the state governments.
The government of India has a vision of developing 1️00 smart cities by modernizing the existing
mid‐sized cities. A "Smart City Program" aims to utilize technology and data-driven approaches
to improve urban infrastructure, services, and citizen quality of life by integrating smart
technologies across various sectors like transportation, energy, waste management, healthcare,
and governance, creating a more efficient and sustainable city environment.

Key aspects of a Smart City Program:

 Smart Governance: Efficient and transparent public administration with online services,
citizen engagement platforms, and data-driven decision making.
 Smart Mobility: Intelligent transportation systems including traffic management, public
transport optimization, and smart parking solutions.
 Smart Infrastructure: Advanced utility networks with energy-efficient buildings, smart
grids, and water management systems.
 Smart Economy: Fostering innovation and entrepreneurship through technology hubs and
digital platforms.
 Smart Environment: Sustainable practices like waste recycling, green spaces, and pollution
monitoring.
 Smart Citizenry: Promoting digital literacy and citizen participation in decision-making
processes.

Key Components of a Smart City Program:

 IoT (Internet of Things) Devices: Sensors and connected devices collecting real-time data
on various aspects like traffic, air quality, and energy consumption.
 Big Data Analytics: Utilizing data analysis to identify patterns and trends for informed
decision making.
 Cloud Computing: Scalable storage and processing power to manage large data volumes.
 Mobile Apps: Citizen-centric applications for accessing services, reporting issues, and
receiving updates.

Examples of Smart City Initiatives:

 Smart Street Lighting: LED streetlights that adjust brightness based on ambient light and
traffic patterns, optimizing energy usage.
 Smart Waste Management: Sensors in bins to monitor fill levels, optimizing waste
collection routes.
 Smart Parking Systems: Real-time availability of parking spaces and automated payment
systems.
 Smart Public Transportation: Real-time bus tracking, route optimization, and mobile
ticketing.
 Challenges in Implementing Smart City Programs:
 High Initial Investment:
  Significant capital required for infrastructure upgrades and technology deployment.
 Data Privacy Concerns:
 Protecting citizen data collected through smart technologies.
 Digital Divide:
 Ensuring access to technology for all citizens, including marginalized communities.
 Integration and Standardization:
 Coordinating different systems and technologies across various departments .

Core Infrastructure elements

• Adequate water supply. Assured electricity supply.

Sanitation, including solid waste management.
• Efficient urban mobility and public transport.
• Affordable housing, especially for the poor.
Ministry of Urban Development, Govt. of India
• Robust IT connectivity and digitalization.
• Good governance, especially e‐Governance and citizen participation.
• Sustainable Environment.
• Safety and security of citizens, particularly women, children and the elderly.
• Health and Education.

How Many Smart Cities in Each State/UT

The total number of 100 Smart Cities have been distributed among the States and UTs on the bas
is of an equitable criteria.
• The formula gives equal weightage to urban population and number of statutory towns
• Based on this formula, each State/UT will have at least one smart city.
• The number of Smart Cities from each State/UT will be capped at the indicated number.
•The distribution of Smart Cities will be reviewed after two years of the implementation of the
Mission.
•Based on an assessment of the performance in the Challenge, some reallocation of the remainin
g potential Smart Cities among States may be required to be done by MoUD.
The following are the basic infrastructure aspects of a Smart City:

 A sufficient supply of water

 Uninterruptible power supply
 Sanitation, which includes solid waste management, is important.
 Public transportation and efficient urban mobility
 Housing that is affordable, especially for the poor
 Digitalisation and strong IT connectivity
 E-government and citizen participation are examples of good governance.
 Environment that is long-term
 Citizens’ safety and security, notably that of women, children, and the elderly
 Education and health

Integration with Other Government Programs

The Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) and the Smart Cities
Mission have a lot in common when it comes to achieving urban transformation. AMRUT takes a
project-based approach, whereas the Smart Cities Mission takes an area-based approach. Similarly,
integrating other Central and State Government Programs/Schemes with the Smart Cities Mission
can yield considerable benefits. Cities must seek convergence with AMRUT, Swachh Bharat
Mission (SBM), National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY),
Digital India, Skill Development, Housing for All, and other initiatives in their Smart City Proposal
(SCP). Construction of Museums funded by the Culture Department, and other social
infrastructure programmes such as Health, Education, and Culture during the planning stage.

Smart City Feature

Promoting mixed land use in area based developments.
• Housing and inclusiveness ‐expand housing opportunities for all.
• Creating walkable localities.
• Preserving and developing open spaces
. • Promoting a variety of transport options.
• Making governance citizen‐friendly and cost effective.
• Giving an identity to the city.
• Applying Smart Solutions to infrastructure and services in area‐based development.

Financing for Smart cities

 The Smart City Mission will be operated as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS)
 The Central Government proposes to give financial support to the Mission to the extent o
f Rs. 48,000 crores over five years i.e. on an average Rs. 100 crore per city per year.
 An equal amount, on a matching basis, will have to be contributed by the State/ULB; the
refore, nearly Rupees one lakhcrore
of Government/ULB funds will be available for Smart Cities development.
 The project cost of each Smart City proposal will vary depending upon the level of ambit
ion, model and capacity to execute and repay.

Financing modes for Smart Cities

 States/ ULBs own resources from collection of user fees, beneficiary charges and impact
fees, land monetization, debt, loans, etc.
 Additional resources transferred due to acceptance of the recommendations of the Fourte
enth Finance Commission (FFC).
 Innovative finance mechanisms such as municipal bonds with credit rating of ULBs, Poo
led Finance Mechanism, Tax Increment Financing (TIF).
 Other Central Government schemes like SwachhBharat Mission, AMRUT, National Heri
tage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY).
 Leverage borrowings from financial institutions, including bilateral and multilateral insti
tutions, both domestic and external sources.
 States/UTs may also access the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF), whi
ch was announced by the Finance Minister in his 2015 Budget Speech.
 Private sector through PPPs.
Key responsibilities of National Level Committee

 Review the list of the names of Cities sent by the State Governments after Stage 1.
 Review the proposals evaluated by panel of experts after Stage 2.
 Approve the release of funds based on progress in implementation
 Recommend mid‐course correction in the implementation tools as and when required.
 Undertake quarterly review of activities of the scheme including budget, implementation
and co‐ordination with other missions/ schemes and activities of various ministries.

Distribution of funds under the Scheme

 93% project funds.
 5% Administrative and Office Expenses (A&OE) funds for state/ULB (towards preparati
on of SCPs and for PMCs, Pilot studies connected to area‐
based approved in the Challenge and online services). developments and deployment an
d generation of Smart Solutions, capacity building as
 2% A&OE funds for MoUD(Mission Directorate and connected activities/structures, Res
earch, Pilot studies, Capacity Building, and concurrent evaluation)

Mission Monitoring

A) National Level
• An Apex Committee (AC), headed by the Secretary, MoUD and comprising
• The committee will approve the Proposals , monitor their progress and release funds.
• The AC will consist of the following indicative members:
1. Secretary, Housing and Poverty Alleviation
2. Secretary (Expenditure) Member
3. Joint Secretary, Finance, MoUD Member
4. Director, NIUA Member
5. Chief Planner, Town and Country Planning Member
6. Select Principal Secretaries of States Member
7. Select CEOs of SPVs Member 8. Mission Director Member Secretary

B) State Level

•There shall be a State level High Powered Steering Committee (HPSC) chaired by the Chief Se
cretary.
• There would also be a State Mission Director not below the rank of
• The State Mission Director will function as the Member‐Secretary of the State HPS Mission
Monitoring
• The indicative composition of HPSC is given below
1. Principal Secretary, Finance
2. Principal Secretary, Planning
3. Principal Secretary, Town Planning Department
 4. Representative of MoUD
5. Selected CEO of SPV in the State
6. Selected Mayors and Municipal Commissioners State
7.Secretary/Engineer‐in‐Chief , Public Health Engineering Department
8. Principal Secretary, Urban Development –Member Secretar

C) City Level
A Smart City Advisory Forum will be established at the city level to advise and enable collabora
tion among various stakeholders.
This will include the District Collector, MP, MLA, Mayor, CEO of SPV, local youths, technical
experts, and at least one member from the area who is a
 President / secretary representing registered Residents Welfare Association,
 Member of registered Tax Payers Association / Rate Payers Association,
 President / Secretary of slum level federation, and
 Members of a Non‐Governmental Organization (NGO) or Mahila Mandali
/ Chamber of Commerce / Youth Associations.
 The CEO of the SPV will be the convener of the Smart City Advisory Forum.