According to the types of hazard,

what type of hazard is fire?

can be…
Natural Hazard
can be…
Human-Induced
 Is fire
important?
Is fire a hazard?
 FIRE PROS & CONS ACTIVITY:
List down the positive and the effects negative
effects of fire in the following areas.

1. Household - use BLUE sticky notes

2. Industrial - use RED sticky notes
3. Environment - use GREEN sticky notes

* Write your last name and initial of 1st name in

the sticky note for your recitation today.
 PROS (+) CONS (-)
- gives warmth - causes injury
- for cooking food and even death
- used in industrial - destroys
processes properties
- used as light - destroys
source environment

-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction by Rimando and Bellen

-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction by Lanada, Melegrito, Mendoza
-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction for Senior High School by Arcilla-Serapio
 FIRE TRIANGLE EXPERIMENT
Pre-activity:
1. Have you seen a fire already?
2. What do you think are the materials needed to
make a fire?
3. A fire needs 3 elements for it to exist and you will
be able to identify these elements through this
activity.
Materials needed for the experiment:
candle, matches, glass jar in which
the candle can fit inside and its lid,
sprayer and notebook.
-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction by Rimando and Bellen
-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction by Lanada, Melegrito, Mendoza
-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction for Senior High School by Arcilla-Serapio
FIRE TETRAHEDRON EXPERIMENT
 FIRE
- is a process involving rapid oxidation at elevated
temperatures accompanied by the evolution of heated
gaseous products and the emission of visible and invisible
radiation
- is considered a major element just like earth, water, and
air
- however, fire is not a form of matter and it is tangible as its
flame can be seen, its heat can be felt and its smoke can
be smelled
- is a manifestation of matter changing from one state to
another
- is a part of a chemical reaction called oxidation
however at a very fast -Disaster
rateReadiness and Risk Reduction by Rimando and Bellen
-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction by Lanada, Melegrito, Mendoza
-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction for Senior High School by Arcilla-Serapio
FIRE TETRAHEDRON

-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction by Rimando and Bellen

-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction by Lanada, Melegrito, Mendoza
-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction for Senior High School by Arcilla-Serapio
 FIRE TETRAHEDRON
- a triangle pyramid
- is a visual aid that reminds us of the 4 important
ingredients required to initiate and sustain fire:
- Heat
- Fuel
- Oxidizing Agent
- Uninhibited Chemical Reaction
-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction by Rimando and Bellen
-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction by Lanada, Melegrito, Mendoza
-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction for Senior High School by Arcilla-Serapio
Fire Tetrahedron...
1. FUEL
- is solid, liquid or gaseous substance that
can be burned
- for combustion to take place, fuels must
first be converted into gaseous state
because combustion takes place just above
the solid or liquid fuel where vapors are
escaping
Fire Tetrahedron...
2. HEAT
- is the energy that flows from an object of
high temperature to an object of low
temperature
- it should be of an amount to liberate the
vapor from the solid and liquid forms of fuel
and cause ignition (auto-ignition temp.)
Fire Tetrahedron...
3. OXIDIZING AGENT
- also known as OXIDIZER or OXIDANT
- is an element or compound which releases
oxygen or other oxidizers during a chemical
reaction
- OXYGEN is the most common oxidizing agent
as the air typically contains 21% O2
* Theagent
- oxidizing intensity
itselfofdoes
a burning fire israther it
not burn
proportional to the concentration of
supports combustion when combined with fuel
oxygen.
Fire Tetrahedron...
4. UNINHIBITED CHAIN REACTION
- combustion or burning becomes self-sustained
because the heat given off during combustion is
used again to heat the fuel and maintain the
burning
- the initial ignition source is no longer necessary
and the fire continues, unless it becomes
deprived of one of the main elements
• When all ingredients are present in the
right amount, a fire will occur naturally.
• Removing at least one of the ingredients
can prevent or extinguish any fire.

-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction by Rimando and Bellen

-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction by Lanada, Melegrito, Mendoza
-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction for Senior High School by Arcilla-Serapio
FIRE TETRAHEDRON WORD SEARCH

-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction by Rimando and Bellen

-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction by Lanada, Melegrito, Mendoza
-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction for Senior High School by Arcilla-Serapio
Identify the elements in FIRE TRIANGLE?

-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction by Rimando and Bellen

-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction by Lanada, Melegrito, Mendoza
-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction for Senior High School by Arcilla-Serapio
 2 Modes of The Combustion Process:
•Flaming
- solid and liquid fuels to be vaporized. The solid fuel vapors are
thermally driven off, or distilled and the liquid fuel vapors evaporate. It
is this volatile vapor from the solid or liquid fuels that we see burning
in the flaming mode. This gas or vapor production emitted from the
fuel is referred to as pyrolysis.

•Non-flaming, smoldering, or glowing embers

Both modes, flaming, and non-flaming, can occur separately or in

combination. Flammable liquids and gases only burn in the flaming mode.
Wood, straw, and coal are examples where both modes may exist
simultaneously.
 FIRE SAFETY FACTS
Fire is fast! In less than 30 seconds a small flame can get
completely out of control and turn into a major fire. It
takes only minutes for thick black smoke to fill a house.

Fire is hot! A fire's heat alone can kill. Room temperatures

in a fire can be 100 degrees at floor level and rise to 600
degrees at eye level. Inhaling this super hot air will scorch
your lungs.
-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction by Rimando and Bellen
-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction by Lanada, Melegrito, Mendoza
-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction for Senior High School by Arcilla-Serapio
 FIRE SAFETY FACTS
Fire is dark! Fire starts bright, but quickly produces
smoke and complete darkness. If you wake up to a fire,
you may be blinded, disoriented, and unable to find your
way around the home you've lived in for years.

Fire is deadly! Smoke and toxic gases kill more people

than flames do. Fire uses up the oxygen you need and
produces smoke and poisonous gases that kill.
-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction by Rimando and Bellen
-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction by Lanada, Melegrito, Mendoza
-Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction for Senior High School by Arcilla-Serapio
CONFLAGRATION
 How does a fire spread?

How can it consume a

house when it started only
from one corner of a room?
 HEAT TRANFER
CONDUCTION
CONVECTION

RADIATION
 HEAT TRANFER
1. Conduction
- involves direct contact with substances,
typically cold for heat to transfer
2. Convection
- involves the flow of liquids and gases in the
transfer of heat
3. Radiation
- is a manner of heat transfer that involves
electromagnetic waves, like sunlight or in
fire-flame
THE STAGES OF FIRE
 STAGES OF FIRE:

1. IGNITION/INCIPIENT STAGE
- all 4 requirements for a fire have been
combined
- fire is very small and it can still be controlled
by portable fire extinguishers or small hose
line
- recognizing this stage is crucial in
successfully extinguishing or escaping the
fire before it causes destruction
 STAGES OF FIRE:

2. GROWTH STAGE
- the shortest of all stages
- takes place when the heat release rate increases as
a result of the burning of additional fuel
- the rate of growth of fire is dependent on the
amount of available oxygen; enhanced circulation
promotes fire growth
- more surface ignites by means of convection and
radiation
- flashover may occur
- rollover may occur
 Flashover
- is a non-explosive, abrupt spread of fire
through the air to almost all exposed
combustible objects due to the burning of
vapors of objects w/c have reached their
auto-ignition temperature
 Rollover Fire
- when gases rise to the ceiling and
causes fire to spread out horizontally in
a "rolling“ manner, burning only gases
and not any other material
 STAGES OF FIRE:

3. FULLY-DEVELOPED FIRE STAGE

- during this stage the fire has consumed
almost all of the available combustible
materials
- oxygen is being consumed rapidly and
maximum temperatures are reached
 STAGES OF FIRE:
4. DECAY STAGE
- the longest stage
- takes place when oxygen and fuel begins to
diminish
- the fire consumes the remaining fuel
- during this stage, temperature decreases
significantly and the fire becomes a smolder
or non-existent
- backdraft may occur
* Smoldering fire – low
intensity fire without any
flame
Backdraft
- is an explosive fire that happens due to

sudden introduction of oxygen into an

enclosed structure, which has been
deprived of oxygen for quite some time.
The top 3 causes of fire in the
Philippines:
1. Faulty electrical
connections (problem can
come from old wiring, improper
connections, or sometimes due to
an overload problem)
3. Open flames from
unattended stoves (from stoves
and gas tanks that are left open)

2. Cigarette butts (neglect

to put out the cigarette properly)
Electrical Connections and Electrical
Faults have been the top cause of fires
in 2022. – BFP National
• Use of substandard materials
• Wrong Installation Practices / DIY wiring
• Malpractice in actual use
• Improper maintenance Practices
The top 4 causes of fire in
Tabaco City:
1. Faulty Wiring
2. Open Flame
3. Hot Works
4. Arson
- BFP Tabaco
CLASSES OF FIRE
 CLASSES OF FIRE:
1. CLASS A - ordinary combustible materials
- fires involve fuel such as cloth,
wood, paper, plastic, rubber and
trash
- (－produce ash)
2. CLASS B - combustible liquids and gases
- (－boiling fuel)
 CLASSES OF FIRE:
3. CLASS C - involves fuel that belong to
either class A or B w/c also
involve energized electrical
equipment (home appliances,
motors and transformers)
- (－current)
 CLASSES OF FIRE:

4. CLASS D - involves combustible metals

such as Al, Li, Mg, K, Na, Ti and Zn
- (－combustible dense metals)
5. CLASS K - involves fuel such as cooking
oils and greases (animal and
vegetable fat derived)
- (－cooking media, kitchen)
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
 CHOOSING FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS:

1. WATER EXTINGUISHERS

- isolate the heat element

- used only for Class A
fires
 CHOOSING FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS:
2. FOAM EXTINGUISHERS (AFFF)
- AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foams)
- block oxygen from interacting with
the other elements in the fire
tetrahedron
- used to put out Class A & B
fires
 CHOOSING FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS:
3. CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHERS
- isolate the oxygen from fuel in
the fire tetrahedron
- also reduce the heat due to
the very cold emission
- used to put out Class B & C fires
 CHOOSING FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS:
4. DRY CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHERS
- ABC or Multi-Purpose Dry Chemical
- put out fire by coating the fuel
with a thin layer of dust,
separating the fuel from the
oxygen in the air
- used to put out Class A, B & C
CHOOSING FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:
5. WET CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHERS

- remove the heat in the fire

tetrahedron and prevent the fire
from starting again by
preventing oxygen and fuel from
interacting
- used for Class K fires
CHOOSING FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:
6. CLEAN AGENT EXTINGUISHERS

- also known as HALOGENATED

EXTINGUISHERS,
- less harmful to the ozone
- puts out fire through cooling
- used commonly for Class B and C
fire
- leaves no residue
 CHOOSING FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS:
7. DRY POWDER EXTINGUISHERS

- prevents oxygen and fuel from

interacting and by removing the
heat in the fire tetrahedron
- puts out only Class D fires
 CHOOSING FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS:
8. WATER MIST EXTINGUISHERS
- isolate the heat element from the
other elements of the fire
tetrahedron
- puts out primarily Class A fires
but could work well for Class
C fires
PHASES OF A FIRE
EMERGENCY
 PHASES OF A FIRE EMERGENCY:
Prepare Before A Fire

1. ALWAYS familiarize yourself to "where you are" and be

sure to know how to reach the TWO nearest EXITS.
 PHASES OF A FIRE EMERGENCY:
2. Remember that in a fire situation, smoke is blinding and will
bank down in the rooms and hallways. One must crouch or
crawl to escape to safety. ALWAYS be aware of your
surroundings.
 PHASES OF A FIRE EMERGENCY:
If You Discover A Fire or See Smoke

1. If a building fire alarm is not sounding, manually activate the

alarm by pulling a fire alarm pull station located near an exit.
2. Immediately exit the building.
3. Call the Local Fire Station.
 PHASES OF A FIRE EMERGENCY:
If Building Fire Alarm is Activated or Someone Informs You of a Fire
1. Walk to the nearest exit. Do not use the elevator.
2. If able, assist people with special needs.
3. Notify emergency personnel if you know or suspect someone is
trapped or still inside the building.
4. Assemble outside at the Temporary Evacuation Area and do not
attempt to re-enter the building until authorized
to do so by the emergency responders.
 PHASES OF A FIRE EMERGENCY:
If Caught in Smoke
1. Drop to hands and knees and crawl towards the nearest exits.
2. Stay low, smoke will rise to ceiling level first.
3. Hold your breath as much as possible; breathe through your
nose and use a filter such as a shirt, towel or handkerchief.
 PHASES OF A FIRE EMERGENCY:
If Trapped in a Room
1. Close as many doors as possible between you and the fire.
2. Wet and place cloth material around or under the door to help
prevent smoke from entering the room.
3. If the room has an outside window, be prepared to signal to
someone outside.
 PHASES OF A FIRE EMERGENCY:
Clothing on Fire (Stop, Drop and Roll)
1. Direct or assist a person to roll around on the floor to smother
the flames.
2. Only drench with water if a laboratory safety shower is
immediately available.
3. Obtain medical attention.
4. Report incident.
 The Rules for Fighting Fires:
There are three important rules to remember
during a fire... the 3A’s.

ACTIVATE the building's fire alarm system or

call the local fire station to notify the fire
department of the incident.
 The Rules for Fighting Fires:
There are three important rules to remember
during a fire... the 3A’s.

ASSIST anybody who is in need of help to escape

the building, without putting your own life at risk.
 The Rules for Fighting Fires:
There are three important rules to remember
during a fire... the 3A’s.

ATTEMPT to put out the fire only after

considering these:
1. The SIZE of the fire.
2. Presence of TOXIC SMOKE.
3. A MEANS OF ESCAPE.
4. INSTINCT.
 When is FIRE PREVENTION MONTH
celebrated?
MARCH of every year because as the weather
grows hotter, risk and even impacts of fire hazards
grows higher.
- observation aims to increase fire safety
consciousness and remind people to be cautious
and responsible at home and in the workplace
- fire safety should be practiced by everybody
every day.
Fire Prevention and Safety Tips:
•Dispose flammable materials properly and always keep
flammable items out of children’s reach.
•Never leave your kitchen while cooking.
•Dispose cigarette butts properly and always keep your
place clean at all times.
•Regularly check the electrical installation in their homes
and workplaces and have their damaged electrical wirings
and electrical fixtures be repaired or changed by a
licensed electrician.
Fire Prevention and Safety Tips:
•Practice to unplug any unused appliances.
•Avoid electrical circuits overload by putting additional
lights and appliances and stop illegal electrical
connection.
•Switch off liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) tank’ regulator
when not in use. Place LPG tanks in a well-ventilated
space.
Fire Prevention and Safety Tips:
•Avoid using substandard appliances. When buying
appliances, always check the quality mark or sticker to
ensure that the product passed the quality standard
testing.
•Learn your building's emergency evacuation plan. Make
a home escape plan that includes it. Practice the plan
with everyone in your household.
•Save the numbers of fire departments in phones and
call for firefighters immediately in case of fire.
COMPRHENSION CHECK
What substance/s are required for
combustion (fire) to take place? (Choose
all correct answers)

a. heat
b. fuel
c. carbon dioxide
d. water
e. oxygen
What substance/s can be used to extinguish
or stop a fire? (Choose all correct answers.)

a. petrol
b. oxygen
c. carbon dioxide
d. wood
e. water
f. sand
Which of the following should never be
added to fire caused by electricity?

a. water
b. sand
c. fire blanket
d. carbon dioxide
Somebody accidentally spills some gasoline
on the ground. Which of the following should
be added to the spillage to prevent fire?

a. water
b. sand
c. fire blanket
d. carbon dioxide
Fire Prevention Month with a goal to
raise awareness about fire safety is
celebrated during the month of:

A. January
B. March
C. August
D. May
You and your friend are walking past a restaurant
on the 3rd floor of the building when people
started to panic because of a fire inside it. What
will you do next?

A. Do not panic. Activate the alarm if possible

and look for the staircase to help you get out
of that building.
B. Keep calm, stay away from the source and run
towards the elevator.
C. Stop, drop and roll over the wall until you
reach the fire exit.
D. Both A and C are correct
Which of the following scenarios can
lead to spontaneous combustion?

a. oil is used for cooking

b. portable heaters tip over onto a
carpet.
c. candles are used without a glass
cover
d. oil soaked rags are left under the
sun on a very hot day
Your family will move into a new apartment
alongside with your new school. Which of the
following safety measures should you consider
first to avoid fire incident at home?

A. Check for the safety features of the building if

it has fire wall, sprinklers and fire
extinguishers.
B. Unplugging electrical devices and inspecting
wires for any signs of damage.
C. Always keep the doorways, corridors and path
unobstructed.
D. Both A and C are correct but not B.
Experience is a hard
teacher because the
test comes first , and
the lesson afterward.
TAMMY SALOME BERANGO-MOLATO, RN, LPT