Regional Annual Administrative Tactical Inspection (RAATI)

PREPERATION

FIRST AID
-is the immediate or temporary care given to an injured or suddenly ill person before the
service of the medical officer or corpsman begins.

WOUND- A break in the continuity of the skin, mucus membrane and tissue of the body,
which allow the blood to escape and germs to enter.
FRACTURES-Break in the continuity of the bone.
Open-with open wound, bone protrusion, pain
Closed-with pain, deformity, swelling
SPRAIN - Over stretching or tearing of ligaments around the joints
BURN- To destroy or damage cause by a combustion material which resulted to fire.
DISLOCATION- Displacement in the normal relationship of the bone caused by trauma.
DRESSING- A sterile pad compressed sponge that is applied directly to cover wound.

Types of Open Wound and the Causes:

1. Abrasion wounds -result from scraping the skin and thereby damaging it. Bleeding is an
abrasion is usually limited to oozing of blood from ruptured small small veins and
capillaries. How ever there is a danger of contamination and infection in abrasion wound
because dirt and bacteria may enter through the broken tissues. (Causes by Falling down
onto a rocky surface or hard surface, Road rash & etch..)

Wash with Soap and Water, Provide

Iodine

2. Incise/Incision wounds -are cuts in body tissues which are commonly causes by a sharp
edged objects. (Causes by Knives, Metal edges, Broken glass and Surgical blades etch..)

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 -Apply Direct Pressure
-Elevate

3. Lacerated/Laceration wounds -are jagged, irregular, or blunt breaks or tears in the soft
tissues. bleeding may be rapid or extensive the destruction of tissue is greater in lacerations
than in cuts. (Causes by Knives, Metal edges, Broken glass and Surgical blades etch..)
-Clean with Dressing and Apply Anti-
Bacterial Resins
-Cover with Clean Dressing
-Apply Direct Pressure
-Elevate

4. Puncture wounds -external bleeding is usually minor but the puncturing objects may
penetrate deep into the body, damage organs, and cause severe internal bleeding. ( Causes by
Bullets or Sharp pointed objects such as Pins, Nails and Needles etch..)

-Don’t Remove the Embedded Object

-Direct Pressure Around the Damage

5. Avulsion wounds -involve the forcible separation or tearing of tissue from the victim's
body. (Causes by Animal bites, Accidents involving vehicles, Heavy machinery/machines
and Explosives etch..)

-Clean with Dressing and Apply Anti-

Bacterial Resins
-Cover with Clean Dressing

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FIRST AID FOR OPEN WOUND

 Direct pressure. The first aider needs to directly press his/her fingers or palm on the
wound with an adequate amount of force to constrict the blood vessels and decrease
bleeding.

 Elevation. The first aider may elevate the injured part of the body above the heart. This
would allow gravity to act on the blood flow and prevent bleeding.

 Pressure on the supplying artery. The first aider may also directly press the
supplying artery that causes the excessive bleeding. This will help avoid excessive loss
of blood.

 Tourniquet (the LAST RESORT). This is a device that functions to control

the bleeding from a vein or an artery. This can be done with the use of a rubber
tourniquet or a bandage.

1. Place the tourniquet around the limb between the wound and the heart. It should be placed
2-4 inches above the injury site.
2. Do not cover the tourniquet, leave it in full view.
3. Record the time of application.
4. Use padding in the application of tourniquet to maintain intactness of the skin.
5. If the limb is missing, apply dressing to the stump.
6. Fluid replacement may be done by trained medical experts. This may include giving of
intravenous fluids like plasma volume expanders or transfusing the whole blood

(Tourniquet is only as a “LAST RESORT”, if the bleeding cannot be stopped and the
situation is life threatening. IN SHORT PAG MAGAGADAN NA)

 Dressing, also called compressing, is an immediate protective cover placed over a

wound to assist in the control of hemorrhage, to absorb blood and wound secretions, to
prevent additional contaminations, and to ease pain. Dressings to be used must be sterile.

Uses of Dressing:

1. To control bleeding
2. To cover wound and keep out dirt and bacteria which may cause infection
3. To absorb excess fluid
4. To maintain temperature around the wound
5. To apply medication
Rules in Applying Dressing:

1. Apply dressing directly over the wound.

2. Avoid contamination of the dressing.
3. Use the tail of a dressing as bandage whenever possible.

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4. If the dressing is secured by tying, place the knots where they are easy to see. Never tie
knots over the wound.
5. If dressing is applied, it should not be disturbed or replaced unless hemorrhage recurs or
dressing exposes the wound.

 Bandaging, is the skillful application of bandages of various kinds, usually triangular

or roller bandages. A bandage is a strip of woven material used to hold a wound dressing
or splint in place. It helps to immobilize, support, or protect an injured part of the body.
Occasionally, large pieces of cloth are used as bandages, slings, and binders. A bandage
must be clean but it doesn't need to be sterile.

Types of Closed Wound and the Causes:

1. Petechiae (TINY REDBLOOD SPOT) -are pinpoint sized, red or purple spots on the skin
resulting from small hemorrhages of the capillaries in the skin layer. (Causes by Viral and
Bacterial infections)

2. Contusions -are injuries in which tiny blood vessels beneath the skin are ruptured but the
skin itself is not broken. (Causes by Traumas and injuries, including sports injuries, falls, and
car accidents. Falling onto or running into a blunt object, etch..)

3. Strain -is an overstretching of a muscles instead of actual tearing (Causes by Running,

Jumping, Throwing, Slipping, Falling, Playing sports and activities that involve repetitive
movements and etch..)

4. Sprain -is the partial or complete disruption in the continuity of a muscular or ligamentous
support of a joint. (Causes by Rolling an ankle or twisting a knee while Walking, Running,
or Jumping)

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STRAIN vs SPRAIN
Strain = Muscles
Sprain = Ligaments
HOW TO TREAT
STRAIN & SPRAIN
(P.R.I.C.E.S)
P- PROTECT, protect the damage part.

R- REST, help the patient to sit or lay down to avoid unnecessary movements on the damage
part.
I- Iced, use cold compress and put it above the injury to lessen the pain and swelling.

C- Compression, use bandage to cover the damage part also the cold compress.

E- Elevation, put an object and put in above the object to reduce the swelling and bruising.

S- Support, if the patient cant move the damage part, use splinter to help mobilize the
damage part

FIRST AID FOR CLOSED WOUND

A. Cold Compress. Initially, an ice pack should be placed on the injured area to reduce
swelling and possible internal bleeding.

B. Immobilization. For sprains, refrain from moving or massaging the joint to avoid
further injury. Put bandage on the injured joint with a splint to keep it immobilized.
EMERGENCY RESCUE 5

AND TRANSFER

Rescue -is moving a victim from unsafe place to safe place with out giving First Aid
Transfer-is moving a victim from a safe place after giving a first aid.
Methods of Rescue and Transfer:
1. Drag
 Body Drag
 Collar Drag
 Blanket Drag
 Fireman's Drag
 Sheet Drag FOUR HAND SEAT HAND AS A LITTER

 Extremity Drag
2. One Man Carry
 Assist to Walk
 Fireman’s Carry
 Fox Strap Carry
 Lover’s Carry / Carry in Arm
 Piggy Back Carry CHAIR AS A LITTER CARRY BY EXTREMITIES

3. Two Man Carry

 Four Hand Seat
 Hand as a Litter
 Chair as a Litter
 Carry by Extremities
4. 3-4 Man Carry
 Bearer’s alongside
 Hammock Carry
5. 6-8 Man Carry
 Hammock Carry