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05 Dystocia

Dystocia is characterized by abnormally slow labor, arising from four distinct abnormalities: ineffective uterine contractions, fetal factors, maternal pelvic abnormalities, and soft tissue issues. Uterine dysfunction can manifest as hypotonic, hypertonic, or incoordinate contractions, with various reported causes including epidural anesthesia and maternal position during labor. Active phase disorders and prolonged second stage labor can complicate delivery, necessitating careful management and monitoring of maternal pushing efforts.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
26 views43 pages

05 Dystocia

Dystocia is characterized by abnormally slow labor, arising from four distinct abnormalities: ineffective uterine contractions, fetal factors, maternal pelvic abnormalities, and soft tissue issues. Uterine dysfunction can manifest as hypotonic, hypertonic, or incoordinate contractions, with various reported causes including epidural anesthesia and maternal position during labor. Active phase disorders and prolonged second stage labor can complicate delivery, necessitating careful management and monitoring of maternal pushing efforts.
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Dystocia

 
• Abnormally  slow  labor  
• Arises  from  4  dis2nct  abnormali2es:  
1. Abnormal  expulsive  powers  (POWERS)  
• UCs  are  insufficiently  strong  or  inappropriately  coordinated  (uterine  
dysfunc2on)  to  cause  cervical  dilata2on  and  effacement  
• Inadequate  voluntary  maternal  effort  during  the  2nd  stage  of  labor  
2. Fetal  factors:  presenta2on,  posi2on,  development  
(PASSENGER)  
3. Abnormali2es  of  the  maternal  bony  pelvis  (contracted  
pelvis)  (PASSAGES)  
4. SoK  2ssue  abnormali2es  
Most  cases  of  dysfunc2onal  labor  result  from  MALPOSITION  OF  THE  FETAL  
HEAD  WITHIN  THE  PELVIS  (ASYNCLITISM)  or  from  INEFFECTIVE  UTERINE  
CONTRACTIONS.  
Uterine  DysfuncEon  
• Myometrial  contrac2ons  are  greatest  and  last  
longest  at  the  fundus  (fundal  dominance)  
• The  s2mulus  for  uterine  contrac2on  starts  at  
the  cornu  
• The  lower  limit  of  contrac2on  pressure  
required  to  dilate  the  cervix  is  15mmHg  
Types  of  Uterine  DysfuncEon  
Basal  tone   Pressure  
gradient  
Hypotonic*     normal   normal/  
synchronous  
Hypertonic  or   elevated   Distorted**  
Incoordinate  
*pressure  during  a  contrac2on  just  isn’t  enough  to  bring  out  cervical  dilata2on  and    
   effacement  
**gradient  distor2on  may  result  from  more  forceful  contrac2on  of  the  uterine    
       midsegment  than  the  fundus  OR  from  complete  asynchrony  of  the  impulses    
       origina2ng  in  each  cornu  or  a  combina2on  of  these  two.  
Reported  Causes  of  Uterine  DysfuncEon  
• Epidural  anesthesia  
§ Prolongs  the  both  the  1st  and  2nd  stages  of  labor;  slows  rate  of  
fetal  descent  
• Chorioamnioni2s  
§ Unclear  whether  uterine  infec2on  causes  dystocia,  or  uterine  
infec2on  is  a  consequence  of  prolonged  labor  
• Maternal  posi2on  during  labor  
§ No  proven  benefit  nor  harm  in  assuming  varied  posi2ons  during  
labor  in  women  with  uncomplicated  pregnancies  
• Birthing  posi2on  in  the  2nd  stage  of  labor  
• Water  immersion  
AcEve  Phase  Disorders  
• A  woman  must  be  in  the  ac2ve  phase  of  labor  with  a  
cervical  dilata2on  of  at  least  4cm  to  be  diagnosed  with  
any  of  the  ac2ve  phase  disorders:  
§ ProtracEon  Disorder:  slower-­‐than-­‐normal  progress  
§ Arrest  Disorder:  complete  cessa2on  of  progress  
• Criteria  to  be  met  before  a  diagnosis  of  first  stage  labor  
arrest  is  made  (ACOG):  
1. Latent  phase  has  been  completed  
2. Cervix  is  dilated  4  cm  or  more  
3. Uterine  contrac2on  paaern  of  200  Montevideo  units  or  more  
has  been  present  for  at  least  2  hours  without  cervical  change    
Prolonged  second  stage                >2  hrs                    >1  hr            (without  epidural)    
of  labor                                  >3  hrs                    >2hrs            (with  epidural)  
Montevideo  units  are  calculated  by  subtrac2ng  the  baseline  uterine  
pressure  from  the  peak  contrac2on  pressure  for  each  contrac2on  in  a  10-­‐
minute  window  and  adding  the  pressures  generated  by  each  contrac2on.  
Second  Stage  Disorders  
• Dispropor2on  of  the  fetus  and  pelvis  becomes  
apparent  during  the  2nd  stage  of  labor  
§ the  2nd  stage  incorporates  many  of  the  cardinal  
movements  necessary  for  the  fetus  to  nego2ate  the  birth  
canal  
Prolonged  second  stage                >2  hrs                    >1  hr            (without  epidural)    
of  labor                                  >3  hrs                    >2hrs            (with  epidural)  
“…the  purported  safety  of  the  proposed  new  criteria  for  second  
stage  labor  management  should  be  viewed  with  cau2on  un2l  more  
published  experiences  accrue.”  
Maternal  pushing  efforts  
• During  the  second  stage,  most  women  cannot  resist  
the  urge  to  push  or  bear  down  each  2me  the  uterus  
contracts  
• Heavy  sedaEon  or  regional  anesthesia  (epidural)  
may  reduce  the  reflex  urge  to  push  and  may  impair  
the  ability  to  contract  abdominal  muscles  sufficiently  
PROM  at  Term  
• Membrane  rupture  at  term  without  spontaneous  
uterine  contrac2ons  
– managed  by  labor  induc2on  (IV  oxytocin)  if  contrac2ons  
do  not  begin  spontaneously  aKer  6-­‐12  hours  
Precipitous  Labor  and  Delivery  
• Extremely  rapid  labor  and  delivery  
§ 5  cm/hr  or  faster:  nulliparas  
§ 10  cm/hr:  mul2paras  
• May  result  from:  
§ abnormally  low  resistance  of  the  soK  2ssues  of  the  birth  
canal  
§ abnormally  strong  uterine  and  abdominal  contrac2ons  
§ absence  of  painful  sensa2ons  and  thus  lack  of  awareness  
of  vigorous  labor  
Precipitous  Labor  and  Delivery  
• MATERNAL  EFFECTS:  
§ seldom  accompanied  by  serious  maternal  complica2ons  if  
the  cervix  is  effaced  appreciably  and  is  compliant,  if  the  
vagina  and  perineum  are  relaxed  
§ vigorous  uterine  contrac2ons  combined  with  a  long,  firm  
cervix  and  a  non-­‐compliant  birth  canal  may  lead  to  uterine  
rupture  or  extensive  lacera2ons  of  the  cervix,  vagina,  
vulva,  or  perineum  
§ may  also  lead  to  amnio2c  fluid  embolism  
§ uterine  atony  
Precipitous  Labor  and  Delivery  
• FETAL  AND  NEONATAL  EFFECTS  
§ tumultous  uterine  contrac2ons  (with  negligible  intervals  of  
relaxa2on)  prevent  appropriate  uterine  blood  flow  and  
fetal  oxygena2on  
§ during  an  unaaended  birth,  the  newborn  may  fall  to  the  
floor  and  get  injured  
§ TREATMENT:  
§ use  of  tocoly2c  agents  unproven  
§ Oxytocin  administra2on  should  be  stopped  
immediately  
Fetopelvic  DisproporEon  
Fetopelvic  DisproporEon  
• Arises  from  diminished:  
§ pelvic  capacity  (pelvic  inlet,  midpelvis,  pelvic  
outlet),    
§ excessive  fetal  size  
§ or  both  
Contracted  Inlet  

Symphysis  pubis  

Sacral  promontory  

Diagonal  conjugate  <  11.cm  


Clinical  pelvimetry:  sacral  promontory  not  accessible  
Contracted  Inlet  
• predisposes  to  early  membrane  rupture  
• predisposes  to  less  effec2ve  contrac2ons  
• plays  an  important  role  in  the  produc2on  of  
abnormal  presenta2ons  
§ head  floats  freely  over  the  pelvic  inlet  or  rests  
more  laterally  in  one  of  the  iliac  fossae  
§ face  and  shoulder  presenta2ons  are  encountered  
3x  more  frequently,  and  the  cord  prolapses  4-­‐6x  
more  oKen  
Contracted  Midpelvis  
• Interspinous  diameter  measures  <8  cm  
• Clinical  pelvimetry  findings:  
§ Prominent  ischial  spines  
§ Pelvic  sidewalls  convergent  
§ Sacroscia2c  notch  is  narrow  
• More  common  than  inlet  contrac2on  
• Frequently  causes  transverse  arrest  of  the  fetal  
head  
Contracted  Outlet  
• Interischial  tuberous  diameter  <  8  cm  
• Outlet  contrac2on  without  concomitant  
midpelvic  contrac2on  is  rare  
• May  play  a  role  in  perineal  tears  
• Clinical  pelvimetry:  narrow  pubic  arch  
EsEmaEon  of  Pelvic  Capacity  
• Clinical  pelvimetry  
• Imaging:  
§ xray  
§ CT  
§ MRI  
Fetal  Dimensions  in  FPD  
• Fetal  size  
§ Fetal  size  threshold  to  predict  FPD  is  s2ll  elusive  
§ 2/3rd  of  neonates  who  required  CS  delivery  weighed  
<3.7kg  
• PosiEon  of  the  head  
§ Asyncli2sm  
§ Posterior  posi2on  
• Fetal  presentaEon  
§ Face  
§ Brow  
 
Face  PresentaEon  
• Occiput  is  in  contact  with  the  
fetal  back;  the  chin  is  
presen2ng  
• Precludes  flexion  of  the  fetal  
head  necessary  to  nego2ate  
the  birth  canal  
• Mentum  posterior  (in  rela2on  
to  the  symphysis  pubis)  is  
undeliverable  by  vaginal  
route  
• Mentum  anterior  may  be  
delivered  vaginally  
 
Face  PresentaEon  
• EEology:  (condi2ons  that  favor  extension  or  prevent  head  flexion)  
§ Preterm  infants  
§ Marked  enlargement  of  the  neck  or  coils  of  cord  
around  the  neck  (may  cause  extension)  
§ Fetal  malforma2ons    
§ Hydramnios  
§ Anencephaly  
§ Pelvic  contrac2on  
§ Large  fetus  
§ High  parity  (pendulous  abdomen)  
   
Face  PresentaEon  
• Diagnosis:  
§ By  vaginal  examina2on  and  palpa2on  of  facial  
features  
• Commonly  mistaken  for  a  breech  presenta2on  
§ The  anus  may  be  mistaken  for  the  mouth  and  the  ischial  
tuberosi2es  for  the  malar  eminences  
§ The  finger  encounters  muscular  resistance  with  the  anus,  and  
upon  removal,  may  be  stained  with  meconium  
§ The  mouth  and  the  malar  eminences  form  a  triangular  shape,  
whereas  the  ischial  tuberosi2es  and  anus  lie  in  a  straight  line  
§ Radiographic  demonstra2on  of  the  
hyperextended  head  
Face  PresentaEon  
• Management:  
§ Vaginal  delivery  is  possible  in  mentum  anterior  
posi2ons  (in  the  absence  of  pelvic  contrac2on,  
and  with  effec2ve  labor)  
§ Mentum  posterior:  CS  
§ Aaempts  to  convert  a  face  presenta2on  manually  
into  a  vertex  presenta2on  are  dangerous  and  
should  NOT  be  aaempted  
Brow  PresentaEon  
• Fetal  head  occupies  a  posi2on  
midway  between  full  flexion  
(occiput)  and  extension  (face)  
• Unstable  and  oKen  converts  to  
face  or  occiput  presenta2on  
• E2ology:  same  as  that  of  face  
presenta2on  
Brow  PresentaEon  
• Diagnosis:  
§ Both  the  occiput  and  chin  can  be  easily  palpated  
abdominally  
§ On  vaginal  examina2on:  
§ Frontal  sutures,  large  anterior  fontanel,  orbital  ridges,  eyes,  
and  root  of  nose  are  felt  
§ The  mouth  nor  the  chin  is  palpable  
§ Management:  
§ Vaginal  delivery  possible  only  if  the  fetus  is  very  small  
and  pelvis  is  large;  otherwise,  CS  is  warranted  
Transverse  Lie  
• Long  axis  of  the  fetus  is  perpendicular  to  that  
of  the  mother  
• Creates  a  shoulder  presenta2on  
§ right  or  leK  acromial,  depending  on  which  side  of  
the  mother  the  acromion  rests  
§ dorsoanterior  or  dorsoposterior:    whether  the  
fetal  back  is  directed  anteriorly  or  posteriorly  
Transverse  Lie  
• EEology:  
§ High  parity  (abdominal  wall  laxity)  -­‐  >4  
§ Preterm  fetus  
§ Placenta  previa  
§ Abnormal  uterine  anatomy  
§ Hydramnios  
§ Contracted  pelvis  
Transverse  Lie  
• Diagnosis:  
§ PE:  
§ Abdomen  is  unusually  wide  
§ Uterine  fundus  extends  to  only  slightly  above  the  
umbilicus  
§ No  fetal  pole  is  detected  in  the  fundus  
§ Ballotable  head  and  breech  are  found  in  the  iliac  fossae  
§ Dorsoanterior:  hard  resistance  plane  extends  across  
the  front  of  the  abdomen  
§ Dorsoposterior:  irregular  nodula2ons  (fetal  parts)  are  
felt  through  the  abdominal  wall  
Transverse  Lie  
• Diagnosis:  
§ PE:  
§ On  vaginal  examina2on,  a  “gridiron”  feel  of  the  ribs  
may  be  felt  if  the  side  of  the  thorax  can  be  reached  
Neglected  
Transverse  Lie  
• Shoulder  is  impacted  firmly  
in  the  upper  part  of  the  
pelvis  
• Pathologic  retrac2on  ring  
develops  
• Uterus  may  eventually  
rupture  
Conduplicato  Corpore  

• If  the  fetus  is  small  (<800g),  and  the  pelvis  is  


large,  spontaneous  delivery  is  possible  
despite  persistence  of  the  abnormal  lie  
 
• The  fetus  which  is  doubled  upon  itself  is  
expelled  
Transverse  Lie  
• Management:  
§ CS  is  usually  done  in  a  woman  who  is  in  ac2ve  
labor  
§ Before  labor  or  early  in  labor,  external  cephalic  
version  may  be  done  in  the  absence  of  other  
complica2ons  
§ Uterine  incision:  
§ Classic  (ver2cal)  for  dorsoanterior  posi2ons  
§ Low  transverse  for  dorsoposterior  
Compound  PresentaEon  
• An  extremity  prolapses  alongside  the  presen2ng  part,  and  
both  present  simultaneously  in  the  pelvis  
• Caused  by  condi2ons  that  prevent  complete  occlusion  of  
the  pelvic  inlet  by  the  fetal  head,  including  preterm  labor  
Compound  PresentaEon  
• Management:  
§ The  prolapsed  part  is  leK  alone  in  most  cases  
because  it  usually  doesn’t  interfere  with  labor  
§ If  it  fails  to  retract,  the  prolapsed  arm  should  be  
pushed  gently  upward  and  the  head  
simultaneously  downward  by  fundal  pressure  
ComplicaEons  with  Dystocia  
• MATERNAL:  
§ Chorioamnioni2s  and  postpartum  pelvic  infec2on  are  
common  in  prolonged  labor  
§ Postpartum  hemorrhage  from  uterine  atony  also  increases  
with  prolonged  labor  
§ Higher  incidence  of  uterine  tears  with  hysterectomy  if  the  
fetal  head  is  impacted  in  the  pelvis  
§ Uterine  rupture  in  prolonged  obstructed  labor  
§ Pathologic  ring  of  Bandl  –  associated  with  marked  stretching  and  
thinning  of  the  lower  uterine  segment;  seen  as  a  uterine  
indenta2on  and  signified  impending  uterine  rupture  
ComplicaEons  with  Dystocia  
• MATERNAL:  
§ Fistula  forma2on  
§ Excessive  pressure  on  the  2ssues  of  the  birth  canal  à  impaired  circula2on  
ànecrosis  à  fistula  forma2on  (vesicovaginal,  vesicocervical,  
rectovaginal)  
§ Pressure  necrosis  most  oKen  follows  a  very  prolonged  second  stage  
§ Pelvic  floor  injury  
§ Due  to  direct  compression  of  the  fetal  head  and  downward  pressure  from  
maternal  expulsive  efforts  à  func2onal  and  anatomical  altera2ons  in  the  
muscles,  nerves  and  connec2ve  2ssues  à  INCONTINENCE  and  PELVIC  
ORGAN  PROLAPSE  
§ Postpartum  lower  extremity  nerve  injury  
§ Due  to  external  compression  of  the  common  fibular  (formerly  common  
peroneal)  nerve  
§ Caused  by  inappropriate  leg  posi2oning  in  s2rrups  
§ Symptoms  usually  resolve  within  6  months  of  delivery  
ComplicaEons  with  Dystocia  
• PERINATAL:  
§ Peripartum  fetal  sepsis  is  increased  with  prolonged  labor  
§ Caput  succedaneum  and  molding  
§ Mechanical  trauma  
§ nerve  injury  
§ fractures  
§ cephalhematoma  

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