Republic of the Philippines

ZAMBOANGA STATE COLLEGE OF MARINE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

Fort Pilar, Zamboanga City
Tel No. 992-3092/Tel No: (062) 991-0643 Telefax: (062) 991-0777
website: http:www.zscmstedu.ph

ARTS AND HUMANITIES: PHILIPPINE POPULAR

CULTURE
NGEC-11

PREPARED BY:
RUBY B. AVILA, Ed.D.
MARIA ELENA B. CONCEPCION
MILLEN GRACE M. WEE

SOCIAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

ZAMBOANGA STATE COLLEGE OF MARINE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

Copyright © by Zamboanga State College of Marine Sciences and Technology

All rights reserved. Published (2020)

Printed in the Philippines

Page 1 of 108
ISBN _________________

No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed

in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or

TABLE OF CONTENTS

NTRODUCTORY NOTE ………………………………………….…........ 1

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE …………………………………………............ 1
COURSE DESCRIPTION ………………………………………..….......... 2
PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOME ....…………………………………................... 4
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME ………………………………………................. 4
COURSE OUTLINE ....................................................................... 5

MODULE 1 Vision- Mission, Goals of the college, and ZSCMST core values; ......... 6-8
Trace the History of the Philippine Art. ........................ 9-25

MODULE 2 Relate the Development of Visual Arts in the Philippines …………….. 26-29
Discuss the Development of Sculpture in the Philippines ……………. 30-32
Discuss the Development of Architecture in the Philippines ………….. 33-40

MODULE 3 Tell the Development of Literature in the Philippines …………………. 41-52

MODULE 4 MID TERM EXAMINATION

MODULE 5 Literature of Luzon ………………………………………………….. 53-70

Visayan Literature ………………………………………………….. 71-75
Literature of Mindanao ………………………………………………….. 76-78
MODULE 6 Explain the Development of the Music in the Philippines ………….. 79-87
Cite the Arts in the Cordillera Region and Muslim South …………. 88-93
MODULE 7 Identity Indigenous Crafts in Visayas …………………………….. 94-98
Identify the Indigenous Creative Crafts of Mindanao …………….. 99-102
MODULE 8 Final Examination …………………………………………………….. 103
APPENDIX
REFERENCES

Page 2 of 108
 NOTE TO THE STUDENT
Art and Humanities: Philippine Popular Culture is designed to increase knowledge and
appreciation of the visual arts. Students focus on interpreting and evaluating works of art within
formal, cultural, and historical contexts, as well as exploring a survey view of art history from
prehistoric to contemporary, including a deeper look at global artworks. As a student you will also
participate in a variety of art applications to experience and better understand the process of creating
art.
The culture of the Philippines comprises a blend of traditional Filipino and Spanish Catholic
traditions, with influences from America and other parts of Asia. The Filipinos are family oriented
and often religious with an appreciation for art, fashion, music and food.
Learning through and about the art and humanities: Philippine popular enriches the
experience of studying while at school as well as preparing students for life after
school. Arts subjects encourage self-expression and creativity and can build confidence as well as
a sense of individual identity.
OVERVIEW
This document is a series of 8 modules in Art and Humanities: Philippine Popular Culture.
You are given 18 hours, spread over two weeks, to accomplish a module. Follow the organization
of this module and avoid jumping to the subsequent sections without accomplishing the exercises
in the previous one. Basic conceptual resources and links are given for every module. For the
students without smart phone and no internet access, printed copies are available upon request.
(This section serves as a guide on how to use the document)

Before you start with this module, please read the following carefully. Note the icons and
shades throughout this module. They serve as sign posts.

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

In this phase learning objectives per module are posted. This is where student acquire the learning outcomes in every
module.

READINGS

Basic concepts of the topics and their references are posted in this area. Additional resources may be acquired at your
convenience.

LEARNING ASSESSMENT

Short test or activities which take place in this module, either as an individual task or as a group activity with fellow students
on your course. For some of the activities, you will receive feedback from your instructor and this therefore becomes an important way
for you to check and extend your understanding of the topics covered.

REFERENCES

This is where certain topic is taken from. Online lecture and other resources such as video link are also posted here.

Page 3 of 108
COURSE DESCRIPTION

Art and Humanities: Philippine Popular Culture is a three unit course that develops
student’s ability to appreciate, analyze, and critique works of art through interdisciplinary
and multimodal approaches, this course equips students with a broad knowledge of the
practical, historical, philosophical, and social relevance of arts in order to hone student’s
ability to articulate their understanding of the arts. The course also develops student’s
competency in researching and curating art as well conceptualizing, mounting and evaluating
art productions. The course aims to develop student’s genuine appreciation for Philippine arts
by providing them opportunities to explore the diversity and richness and their rootedness in
Filipino culture.

PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES

(Bachelor of Science in Technology and Livelihood Education)

a. Demonstrate the competencies required of the Philippine TVET Trainers-Assessors

Qualifications Framework (PTTQF);
b. Demonstrate broad and coherent, meaningful knowledge and a. Demonstrate skills in
technology and livelihood education.
c. Apply with minimal supervision specialized knowledge and skills in technology and livelihood
education;
d. Demonstrate higher level literacy, communication, numeracy, critical thinking, learning skills
needed for higher learning;
e. Manifest a deep and principled understanding of the learning processes and the role of the
teacher in facilitating these processes in their students;
f. Show a deep and principled understanding of how educational processes relate to larger
historical, social, cultural, and political processes,
g. Apply a wide range of teaching process skills (including materials teaching planning,
curriculum development, approaches); and development, educational lesson assessment, and
h. Reflect on the relationships among the teaching process skills, the learning processing in the
students, the nature of the content/subject matter, and other factors affecting educational
processes in order to constantly improve their teaching knowledge, skills and practices.
Common to a horizontal type as defined in CMO 46, 2012
a. BTLEd graduates of professional institutions demonstrate a service orientation in one’s
profession
b. BTLE graduates of colleges participate in various types of service orientation in ane's
profession, employment, development activities, and public discourses, particularly in response
to the needs of the communities one Serves
c. BTLE graduates of universities participate in the generation of new knowledge or in research
and development projects in technical education.

Page 4 of 108
COURSE OUTLINE AND TIMEFRAME
Week 1 A. Vision- Mission, Goals of the college, and ZSCMST core values
B. Rules and Regulations of the college’s
C. Teacher’s policies and students’ role
Course Orientation/ Grading system/ Requirements/ Relevance of the course
Week 2 Trace the History of the Philippine Art
Week 3 Relate the Development of Visual Arts in the Philippines
Week 4-6 Discuss the Development of Sculpture in the Philippines
Week 7 Discuss the Development of Architecture in the Philippines
Week 8 Tell the Development of Literature in the Philippines
Week 9 MID TERM EXAMINATION
Week 10 Literature of Luzon
Week 11 Visayan Literature
Week 12 Literature of Mindanao
Week 13-14 Explain the Development of the Music in the Philippines
Week 15 Cite the Arts in the Cordillera Region and Muslim South
Week 16 Identity Indigenous Crafts in Visayas
Week 17 Identify the Indigenous Creative Crafts of Mindanao
Week 18 Final Examination
Course Name Art and Humanities: Philippine Popular Culture
Course Credits 3 units
Course Art and Humanities: Philippine Popular Culture is a three unit course that
Description develops student’s ability to appreciate, analyze, and critique works of art
through interdisciplinary and multimodal approaches, this course equips
students with a broad knowledge of the practical, historical, philosophical, and
social relevance of arts in order to hone student’s ability to articulate their
understanding of the arts. The course also develops student’s competency in
researching and curating art as well conceptualizing, mounting and evaluating
art productions. The course aims to develop student’s genuine appreciation for
Philippine arts by providing them opportunities to explore the diversity and
richness and their rootedness in Filipino culture.

Contact 3 hours per week

Hours/week
Prerequisite None

Page 5 of 108
 MODULE 1:
➢ Vision- Mission, Goals of the college, and ZSCMST core values;
➢ History of the Philippine Art.

Vision: A world-class institution for higher learning, research, development and innovation in
fisheries, marine sciences, maritime education, and technology by 2024.

Mission: Provide quality education and relevant research and extension to produce globally
competitive human capital for fisheries and marine-based industries.

Core Values: CARE - C-Commitment A-Attitude R-Relationship E-Excellence

I. VISION, MISSION, CORE VALUES

Page 6 of 108
BUBBLEGRAM GAME: Definition of terms
Directions: Follow the clues to find the mystery word.
Part I.
1. ______ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

2. ______ ______ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

3. _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

4. _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

5. _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

6. _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

Questions:
1. It is a process of designing new methods, ideas and product utilizing technological expertise.
2. A society or organization founded for a similar purpose.
3. An occupation or industry of catching or rearing fishes.
4. The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of physical and natural
world through observation and experiment.
5. Application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry.
6. It is a process that creates growth, progress and positive change.

Mystery word: _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

Part II.

1. _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

2. _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ______ _____ _____ _____

3. _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

4. _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

5. _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ____

6. _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

7. _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

Page 7 of 108
Question:
1. Anything related to the ocean, sea, ships, navigation of ships and other related activities.
2. Economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods.
3. The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
4. A part that is added to something to enlarge or prolong it.
5. Relating a situation of trying to be as good or as better.
6. Across the whole world.
7. The process of facilitating learning or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs and habits.

Mystery Word: _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

Part III.

1. _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

2. _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

3. _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ______ _____ _____ _____

4. _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

Questions:

1. The state or quality of being dedicated to a certain cause or activity.

2. A settled way of thinking, manner, disposition, feeling or position.
3. The way in which two or more concepts, objects or people are connected.
4. The quality of being outstanding or extremely good.

Mystery Word: _____ _____ _____ _____

Page 8 of 108
 LESSON 1: HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE ART

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

• Trace the History of the Philippine Art

READINGS

PHILIPPINE ART PERIOD TIMELINE

Pre-Colonial Art Period Spanish Colonial Art Period American

Colonial Art Period

Post War Colonial Art Period Contemporary Art Period

The Objective of the Timeline Study

• Identify the development of Philippine art aesthetics from its most primal to its contemporary
form.

Page 9 of 108
 • Understand the process and iconography of Philippine art as it progresses overtime.
• Co-relate the Philippine contemporary art to its origin and the world
• Define what makes an art work distinctly Filipino

AESTHETICS
• A set of principles concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty, especially in art.
• The branch of philosophy that deals with the principles of beauty and artistic taste.
• Aesthetics and esthetics, the word is derived from the Ancient Greek aisthetikos meaning
"esthetic, sensitive, sentient, pertaining to sense perception which in turn was derived from
aisthanomai, meaning "I perceive, feel, sense"

Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy that examines the nature of art and our experience of it. It
emerged during the 18th century in Europe and developed in England as philosophers grouped
together such fields as poetry, sculpture, music, and dance.

PRE-COLONIAL ART PERIOD

(6185 BC to 1520 AD)

• AGE OF HORTICULTURE/ NEOLITHIC PERIOD (6185 to 4,400 BC)

• METAL AGE (3190 to 190 BC)
• IRON AGE (200 BC TO 1000 BC)

Local communities are being established and art starts to go beyond mere craft, i.e. stone
weapons or jewelry but starts to have decorative elements, meaning and context.

Old Stone Age (Paleolithic)

Espinosa Ranch Site, Cagayan
16000-8000 BC
The proof of earliest man’s presence was recovered from a ranch site in
Cagayan Province-two flake tools dated about .9 million years, the oldest man-
made object associated with the fossils of a proboscidean, a prehistoric
elephant. Other flake tools are recovered in Tabon Caves, Palawan and some stone tools in Bolobok
Cave, Sanga-Sanga in Tawi-Tawi

Page 10 of 108
NOTABLE ART PIECES/ART WORKS
Shell Bracelets and Pendants (Neolithic) Cagayan, Palawan, and
Sorsogon 4854 BC Shells were fashioned into tools, as well as
ornaments. The oldest known ornaments made from cone shells
were found in the early 1960’s in the grave of an adult male in
Duyong Cave in Palawan. A shell disk with a hole in the center was
found next to his right ear and a disk with a hole by the edge was
found on his chest. The shell ornaments were dated 4854 B.C.

Agono Petroglyphs are oldest known work of art in the

Philippines located in the province of Rizal. There are 127
human and animal figures engraved on the Rockwall
probably carved during the late

IMPORTANT ARTS WORKS

Lingling-o (2000 BC – 1000 AD) Duyong Cave, Palawan a kind of ear
pendant fashioned from green nephrite (jade) is the characteristic trait of the
Early Metal Age. One of the finest jade ornaments found to date is the double-
headed pendant recovered from Duyong Cave, Palawan. It is an example of
the superb craftsmanship of ancient carving in jade.

Manunggul Jar Burial jar excavated from a Neolithic burial site in Manunggul
cave of Tabon Caves at Lipuun Point at Palawan dating from 890–710 B.C.

Maitum Jar (Metal Age: 190 BC to 500 AD) In 1991, the National
Museum archaeological team discovered anthropomorphic
secondary burial jars in Ayub Cave, Barangay Pinol, Maitum,
Sarangani Province, Mindanao, Philippines.

Page 11 of 108
 The center graphic is a watercolor image from the Boxer
Codex, published c. 1590. The rare publication helped date
and ID many pieces that were discovered in Surigao.
Surigao gold objects’ date- stamp could be placed in the
span of the 10th to the 13th centuries, A.D., pre-Hispanic
era

PRE-COLONIAL ART FORMS

• Pre-colonial traditional art has religious symbols, every day activity such as fishing, farming,
etc., or a specific decorative art pattern to the community
• It has either the influence of local religion (animistic) or Islamic based
• There is also an exchange of art aesthetics and art processes with the Chinese and other
Asian countries who frequents as traders with our indigenous groups.

Baybayin a Tagalog ancient script also known in Visayan as

badlit, derived from Brahmic scripts of India and first recorded
in the 16th century. It continued to be used during the Spanish
colonization of the Philippines up until the late 19th century.

Pottery Weaving Tattoo

Jewelry Carving Metal Crafts

Page 12 of 108
Unchanged Art design still existing
The Okir (motif) is an artistic cultural heritage of the Maranaos of Lanao,
Philippines. It is as an artistic design of the Maranao native inhabitants of
southern Philippines beginning from the early 6th Century C.E. before the
Islamization of the area.
Okir is a design or pattern often rendered or curved in hardwood, brass, silver
and wall painting in curvilinear lines and Arabic geometric figures.

Patterns of Okir
In the book of Dr. Nagasura Madale, it explains that the Okir has
patterns which are used by the Maranao artists. 1. Matilak
(circle)
2. Poyok (bud)
3. Dapal (leaf)
4. Pako (fern or spiral form)
5. Todi (fern leaf with spiral at upper edge)
6. Pako lungat (fern leaf with a cut at one edge)
Another element found Dr. Madale are: Naga, obid-obid binotoon, kianoko, pakonai and tialitali.
Maranao Okir Motif: Pako Rabong

Common Them of the Okir

Torogan known as the flower symbol of the ancestral home of
the highest titleholder in a Maranao village. The prominent part
is panolong, carved beam that protrudes in the front of the
house, it symbolizes power and prestige.

Nāga or serpent

Page 13 of 108
Sarimanok, a chicken-like figure that carries a fish in its
beak

Modern Interpretation of the Okir Rendered in an Art Work

Sarimanok and Fish Abdulmari Asia Imao National Artist for Painting
Acrylic on Canvas 24" x 24" 2011

SPANISH COLONIAL ART PERIOD

(1521-1898)
• Introduced formal Painting, Sculpture and Architecture which was inspired by the Byzantine,
Gothic, Baroque and Rococo art styles.
• Most art works are Religious (Catholic) based
• Art works bear the Philippine themed décor even with Spanish influence

Page 14 of 108
Spanish Art Aesthetics as Adopted by Filipino Artist

Byzantine Painting Style: Filipino Interpretation:

Attributed to Maître à la Ratière, Esteban Villanueva,
Battle of Marignano, 1515 Basi Revolt, 1821 (1 of 14 paintings)

Byzantine frescoes 11th–12th-century

Church of Panayia Phorviotissa Cyprus.

Page 15 of 108
 Langit,
Lupa at Impierno Josef Luciano Dans ca. 1850

Byzantine art are artistic products of the Eastern

Roman (Byzantine) Empire, as well as the nations
and states that inherited culturally from the empire.
These are more Christian based art.

Baroque Aesthetics: Filipino

interpretation: Miago Church also known as the
Cathedral Church of Saint Sto. Tomas
Mary in Murcia, Spain de Villanueva Parish Church
Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines

Page 16 of 108
The Baroque is often thought of as a period of artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear,
easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting,
architecture, literature, dance, theater, and music.

Page 17 of 108
Uprising of the Philippine Artist
• In the formation of the elite Filipino class, the Ilustrado, paved way for the rich locals to study
abroad, a more “academic” and “western” approach has been learned.
• The Filipino Classicism is formed that borrows the Neo- Classicism, Romanticism and even
a hint of Impressionism.

Juan Luna y Novicio was a Filipino painter, sculptor and a political activist
of the Philippine Revolution during the late 19th century.
His Spoliarium won the gold medal in the 1884 Madrid Exposition of Fine Arts

Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo

• One of the greatest Filipino painters along with fellow painter Juan Luna in the
19th century
• His work has a touch of Romanticism and aesthetics of the Neoclassicism

Page 18 of 108
Two Filipino Art Styles developed during the Spanish Period

Miniaturismo art style that

pays attention to the embroidery
and texture of the costume.

Letras y Figuras art style that fuses letters with figures in

every day activity amidst a common background. Usually
used in painting a patron’s full name.

Page 19 of 108
LEARNING ASSESSMENT

Part I: CROSSWORD PUZZLE

Page 20 of 108
 American Colonial Art Period
(1898-1946)
The Filipino artist starts looking for his identity

Page 21 of 108
Page 22 of 108
 POST-COLONIAL ART
(1946-1986)
Art after the war: The Growing and Expanding Philippine Art

Philippine Modern Art (1946 – 1970)

• The study of determining what is Philippine Contemporary Art Period is still being determined
since the word has been used loosely used even during the American Colonial Period.
However, some Philippine art historians/critics has always been a follower of the Western Art
Style and its trends at that point and thus, suggested that this was actually the point where
Philippine Modern Art Period started but went only full swing only after the war. This is set by
the creation of the Art Association of the Philippines (AAP) that in a way has a strong leaning
with the Modernist than the Conservatives (the traditional art also termed as the Amorsolo
School)

Philippine Post Modern Art (1970 – 1980s)

• The support of the Philippine Government for the arts via the creation of the Cultural Center
of the Philippines during 1969, gave a venue for all artist to experiment and explore different
art medium tying closely to the Post Modern Art Period of the West with Pop Art, Installation
Art, Performance Art, dominating the scene. In contrast, social realism became a heavy
theme by most Filipino Artist as a social commentary of the problem brewing in the Philippine
political and social landscape.

Philippine Contemporary Art (1980s to Present)

• It was on the on-set of the sudden rise of personal computers and new technology created a
new art medium for the arts and human expression. But there were also countless revivals
of old styles being done. This started a new direction for the arts thus, setting the name,
momentarily, the Philippine Contemporary Period

Modern Art Aesthetics

• Modern art is characterized by the artist's intent to portray a subject as it exists in the world,
according to his or her unique perspective and is typified by a rejection of accepted or
traditional styles and values.

Post Modern Art Aesthetics

Page 23 of 108
 • Postmodern art is a body of art movements that sought to contradict some aspects of
modernism or some aspects that emerged or developed in its aftermath.
• In general, movements such as intermedia, installation art, conceptual art and multimedia,
particularly involving video are described as postmodern.

Contemporary Art Characteristics

• Contemporary art as the work of artists who are living in the 21st
century.
• Contemporary art mirrors contemporary culture and society,
offering the general audiences a rich resource through which to
consider current ideas and rethink the familiar.
• The work of contemporary artists is a dynamic combination of
materials, methods, concepts, and subjects that challenges
traditional boundaries and defies easy definition.
• Diverse and eclectic, contemporary art is distinguished by the
very lack of a uniform organizing principle, ideology, or - ism.

Contemporary Art Characteristics

• In a globally influenced, culturally diverse, and technologically
advancing world, contemporary artists give voice to the varied and
changing cultural landscape of identity, values, and beliefs.
• Contemporary audiences play an active role in the process of
constructing meaning about works of art. Some artists often say that
the viewer contributes to or even completes the artwork by
contributing his or her personal reflections, Lord of the Flies #3 3D
Printing, Plastic Toys, and Paint 20.5 cm x 23 cm x 14 cm Felix
Bacolor

New Term. . . Altermodernism

• An attempt at contextualizing art made in today's global context as a reaction against
standardization and commercialism.
• Artists are looking for a new modernity that would be based on translation: What matters
today is to translate the cultural values of cultural groups and to connect them to the world
network. This “reloading process” of modernism according to the twenty-first-century issues
could be called altermodernism, a movement connected to the creolisation of cultures and
the fight for autonomy, but also the possibility of producing singularities in a more and more
standardized world.
• Altermodern can essentially be read as an artist working in a hypermodern world or with
supermodern ideas or themes.

Page 24 of 108
LEARNING ASSESSMENT

Part II: Find Me (Word Search)

Aesthetics Amorsolo Art

Commercial Contemporary Modern
Painting Philippine Popular
Tolentino

Page 25 of 108
Part III

Instruction: Describe painting in the Philippines during Spanish Period.

➢ What is the purpose of painting during American Period, Spanish Period, and Modern Period? Write your
answers in the table.

Period Painter Description Purpose/significant

American Period

Spanish Period

Modern Period

10 points 8 points 6 points 4 points

Content Ideas are well develop, clarity of Clarity of purpose is generally Some sense of purpose is Clarity of purpose is incompletely
purpose is exhibited throughout: evident throughout: good maintained, ideas may be vague expressed, little evidence of
-Clarity evidence of critical, careful examples of careful thought and or too broad, some evidence of careful thought and insight
thought and insight. insight. careful thought and insight
-Critical and original thought

-evidence and elaboration

Structure Paper is logically organized, Clear organizational structure Some level of organization, No apparent organization, difficult
writing is easy to follow. with some digressions, writing is though digressions interrupt to follow
-Organization easy to follow. thought, difficult to follow.

-Flow of thought

Language Vocabulary is sophisticated and Vocabulary is varied, specific, Vocabulary is used properly Vocabulary is basic and may not
correct sentence structure varies. and appropriate though sentences may be simple be used properly, very simple
-Vocabulary sentences are used

-Sentence structure

Grammar/mechanics No errors in spelling, grammar, Makes a few errors in spelling, Makes several errors in spelling, Makes numerous errors in
or mechanics. grammar, or mechanics but they grammar, or mechanics that spelling, grammar, or mechanics
-Spelling do not interfere with interfere with understanding that interfere with the
understanding understanding
-Grammar

-Punctuation

REFERENCES:

https://www.slideshare.net/wilfreddextertanedo/philippine-art-history-67264203

Page 26 of 108
MODULE 2: The Development of Visual Arts, Sculpture, and
Architecture in the Philippines

LESSON 2: The Development of Visual Arts in the Philippines

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

• Relate the Development of Visual Arts in the Philippines

READINGS

Pre-Spanish Colonial Period

Early Filipino painting can be found in red slip (clay mixed with water) designs
embellished on the ritual pottery of the Philippines such as the acclaimed
Manunggul Jar.
The Manunggul Jar is a secondary burial jar excavated from a Neolithic burial
site in Manunggul cave of Tabon Caves at Lipuun Point at Palawan dating
from 890–710 B.C

Page 27 of 108
Pre-Spanish Colonial Period
Painting are also manifested in the tattoo tradition of early Filipinos,
whom the Portuguese explorer referred to as Pintados or the 'Painted
People' of the Visayas.

Pre-Spanish Colonial Period

Early Filipino’s painting can be manifested today among the arts and
architecture of the Maranao who are well known for the Nāga Dragons
and the Sarimanok carved and painted in the beautiful Panolong of their
Torogan or King's House.

Spanish Colonial Period

• Artistic paintings were introduced to the
Filipinos in the 16th century when the
Spaniards arrived in the Philippines.
• Spaniards used paintings as religious
propaganda to spread Catholicism throughout
the Philippines.
• Paintings appeared mostly on church walls,
featured religious figures appearing in Catholic
teachings.

Spanish Colonial Period

Filipinos began creating paintings in the European tradition
during the 17th- century Spanish period.
Most of the paintings and sculptures between the 19th, and
20th century produced a mixture of religious, political, and
landscape art works, with qualities of sweetness, dark, and
light.

Page 28 of 108
Post-Spanish Colonial Period (Modern)
Early modernist painters such as Damián Domingo was
associated with religious and secular paintings.
The art of Juan Luna and Félix Hidalgo showed a trend
for political statement.
Artist such as Fernando Amorsolo used post-
modernism to produce paintings that illustrated
Philippine culture, nature, and harmony.

LEARNING ASSESSMENT

Part I: FILL ME

Directions: Fill in the blanks by using the words given inside the box.

Spaniards Catholicism Philippines

Filipinos Religious Century

Paintings Teachings

Church Propaganda

Artistic ____________ were introduced to the ___________ in the 16th ___________ when the
Spaniards arrived in the Philippines. ____________ used paintings as religious _____________ to
spread ___________ throughout the _____________. ____________ appeared mostly on church
walls, featured __________ figures appearing in Catholic ______________.

Page 29 of 108
 Part II
Fill in the Box with the different Philippine Popular Visual arts found below and put them in their respective region.

Manunggul Jar Panolong -Torogan or King's House

Pintados or the 'Painted People' Damián Domingo
Nāga Dragons The art of Juan Luna and Félix Hidalgo
The Sarimanok carved Fernando Amorsolo

LUZON VISAYAS MINDANAO

Page 30 of 108
LESSON 3: The Development of Sculpture in the Philippines

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

• Discuss the Development of Sculpture in the Philippines

READINGS

Page 31 of 108
Page 32 of 108
 LEARNING ASSESSMENT

How would you describe sculpture in the Philippines during the Spanish Times?
Name some of the Sculpture during this period:

Name of Sculpture Description

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

10 points 8 points 6 points 4 points

Content Ideas are well develop, Clarity of purpose is Some sense of purpose is Clarity of purpose is
clarity of purpose is generally evident maintained, ideas may be incompletely expressed, little
-Clarity exhibited throughout: throughout: good examples vague or too broad, some evidence of careful thought
evidence of critical, careful of careful thought and evidence of careful thought and insight
-Critical and original thought and insight. insight. and insight
thought

-evidence and elaboration

Structure Paper is logically organized, Clear organizational Some level of organization, No apparent organization,
writing is easy to follow. structure with some though digressions interrupt difficult to follow
-Organization digressions, writing is easy thought, difficult to follow.
to follow.
-Flow of thought

Language Vocabulary is sophisticated Vocabulary is varied, Vocabulary is used properly Vocabulary is basic and may
and correct sentence specific, and appropriate though sentences may be not be used properly, very
-Vocabulary structure varies. simple simple sentences are used

-Sentence structure

Grammar/mechanics No errors in spelling, Makes a few errors in Makes several errors in Makes numerous errors in
grammar, or mechanics. spelling, grammar, or spelling, grammar, or spelling, grammar, or
-Spelling mechanics but they do not mechanics that interfere mechanics that interfere with
interfere with understanding with understanding the understanding
-Grammar

-Punctuation

Page 33 of 108
LESSON 4: The Development of Architecture in the Philippines

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

• Discuss the Development of Architecture in the Philippines

READINGS

Page 34 of 108
Classical Period
Invention of various tools allowed for the fabrication of tent-like shelters
and tree houses.
Early Classical houses were characterized by rectangular structures
elevated on stilt foundations and covered by voluminous thatched roofs
ornamented with gable- finials and its structure could be lifted as a
whole and carried to a new site.

The Bahay Kubo is the Filipino word for Nipa huts, they
were the native houses of the indigenous people of the
Philippines before the Spaniards arrived.
They are still used today, especially in rural areas.
Different architectural designs are present among the
different ethnolinguistic groups in the country.

Page 35 of 108
With the arrival of Indianized and Muslim scholars from nearby
Indonesia, the native Filipinos were introduced to the concept of
the Kota or fort.
The Muslim Filipinos of the south built strong fortresses called
kota or moong to protect their communities.
These kotas were usually made of stone and bamboo or other
light materials and surrounded by trench networks.
Many of these forts were also destroyed by American expeditions,
as a result, very very few kotas still stand to this day.

The existing torogans were built by the community

and the slaves for the King in 1800s.
The windows of torogan are slits and richly framed
in wood panels with okir designs located in front of
the house.
The distinct high gable roof of the torogan, thin at
the apex and gracefully flaring out to the eaves,
sits on a huge structures enclosed by slabs of
timber and lifted more than two meters above the
ground by a huge trunk of a tree that was set on a
rock.
The house was built to sway during earthquakes.
Twenty-five post of huge tree trunks were not
buried but are freestanding.

Page 36 of 108
With the arrival of Islam in Mindanao, Mosques, the masjid
was extensively built, like the Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque
in Simunul, Tawi-Tawi, which was built in 1380.
During the establishment of the Sultanate of Sulu , a wooden
palace was built for the Sultans which had the name Astana
Darul Jambangan which has been destroyed by a typhoon in
1912.
A replica of the royal palace was rebuilt as an attraction in Mt.
Bayug Eco-Cultural Park in the town of Talipao, Sulu.

Spanish Colonial Period

The arrival of the Spaniards in 1571 brought in European colonial
architecture to the Philippines.
Since the Spaniards brought Christianity to the islands, they created
the need to establish religious structures to support the growing
number of religious organizations.
Some of the best preserved colonial churches in the country are found
in the Ilocos Region, as well as those in the provinces of Laguna,
Batangas, Cebu and Bohol.

The Bahay na bato, the colonial Filipino house,

followed the nipa hut's arrangements such as
open ventilation and elevated apartments.
The bahay na bato was constructed out of brick
and stone rather than the traditional bamboo
materials. It is a mixture of native Filipino, Spanish
and Chinese influences.
During the 19th century, wealthy Filipinos built
some fine houses, usually with solid stone
foundations or brick lower walls, and
overhanging, wooden upper story with
balustrades and capiz shell sliding windows, and
a tiled roof.

Page 37 of 108
 Intramuros is the old walled city of Manila located
along the southern bank of the Pasig River.
The historic city was home to centuries-old
churches, schools, convents, government buildings
and residences, the best collection of Spanish
colonial architecture before much of it was
destroyed by the bombs of World War II.
Of all the buildings within the 67- acre city, only one
building, the San Agustin Church, survived the war.

Fort Santiago (Fuerza de Santiago) is a defense

fortress established by Spanish conquistador, Miguel
López de Legazpi.
The fort is the citadel of the walled city of Intramuros,
in Manila.
The location of Fort Santiago was also once the site
of the palace and kingdom of Rajah Suliman, king of
Maynila of pre-Spanish era.

The order of the Augustinians, Augustinian

Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the
Philippines, built many churches all over the
Philippines.
These magnificent structures can still be found
throughout the Philippine Islands.The Paoay
Church in Ilocos Norte is one of the most
prominent types of these churches.
This unique specimen of Filipino architecture
from the Spanish era has been included in the
World Heritage Sites List of the UNESCO.

Page 38 of 108
 American Colonial Period
With the arrival of the Americans in 1898 came a new
breed of architectural structures in the Philippines.
Foremost of the American contributions to the country
was the establishment of civil government.
This led to the erection of government buildings from the
city all the way to the municipal level.

At the Far Eastern University (FEU) in Quiapo,

Manila, five Art Deco structures on the campus were
designed by National Artist Pablo Antonio.
Three were built before World War II and two, after.
Although FEU buildings were totally damaged
during the war, the university was restored to its
original Art Deco design immediately after.
The university was given a UNESCO Asia Pacific-
Heritage Award for Cultural Heritage in 2005 for the
outstanding preservation of its Art Deco structures.

Page 39 of 108
 The Manila Metropolitan Theater is an Art Deco
building designed by the Filipino architect Juan M.
Arellano, and built in 1935.
During the liberation of Manila by the combined
American and Flipino troops in 1945, the theatre
was totally destroyed. After reconstruction by the
Americans it gradually fell into disuse in the 1960s.
In the following decade it was meticulously restored
but again fell into decay.

The Iglesia ni Cristo is an international Christian religion that

originated in 1914. Their church buildings primarily serve as
places of worship and are used for other religious functions.
These churches were described as structures "which
employ exterior neo-Gothic vertical support columns with
tall narrow windows between, interlocking trapezoids,
and rosette motifs, as well as tower and spires."
There are multiple entrances leading to the main
sanctuary, where males and females sit on either side of
the aisle facing a dais where sermons are made.

Modern Period
The modern era dawned on Philippine architecture
using the simple straight lines of the International
Modern Style as a chief mode of expression.
By the 1970s, a new form of Philippine architecture
emerged with the filipinization of architecture. By
the 1980s the country’s architectural idiom was
swept by the tide of Post Modernism, a hearkening
back of some sort to classical architecture.
Today, architecture in the Philippines continue to
be vibrant and with the country opening up to the
world, more first rate architecture is pouring in.

Page 40 of 108
The Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex is
home to the National Theater (Tanghalang
Pambansa).
The theater is the centerpiece of the 77 hectare (190
acres) arts and culture complex located along Roxas
Boulevard in Manila. Designed by Leandro V. Locsin,
the construction of the National Theater began in
1966 and was completed in 1969.
The theater is a primary example of the architect's
signature style known as the floating volume, a trait
can be seen in structures indigenous to the
Philippines such as the nipa hut. It houses three
performing arts venues, one theater for film screenings,
galleries, a museum and the center's library and archives.

The Philippine Arena is a multi- purpose indoor arena

being constructed at Ciudad de Victoria, a 75-hectare
tourism enterprise zone in Bocaue and Santa Maria,
Bulacan, Philippines.
With a capacity of up to 55,000, it is the world's largest
indoor arena once completed.

The Iloilo Convention Center (also known as ICC or

I-Con) is a state- of-the-art convention center in the
Iloilo Business Park in Mandurriao, Iloilo City,
Philippines.
Its construction was completed in September 2015
in time for the APEC 2015 hosting.
It is built on a 1.7-hectare of lot in the district of
Mandurriao donated by the Megaworld Corp.

Page 41 of 108
 LEARNING ASSESSMENT
Part I:
What are the distinct qualities, similarities, differences of some of the early churches?

Period Distinct qualities Similarities Differences

Sheik Karimal
Makdum Mosque

Fort Santiago
(Fuerza de Santiago)

Paoay Church

The Manila
Metropolitan Theater

The Iglesia ni Cristo

10 points 8 points 6 points 4 points

Content Ideas are well develop, Clarity of purpose is Some sense of purpose is Clarity of purpose is
clarity of purpose is generally evident maintained, ideas may be incompletely expressed, little
-Clarity exhibited throughout: throughout: good examples vague or too broad, some evidence of careful thought
evidence of critical, careful of careful thought and evidence of careful thought and insight
-Critical and original thought and insight. insight. and insight
thought

-evidence and elaboration

Structure Paper is logically organized, Clear organizational Some level of organization, No apparent organization,
writing is easy to follow. structure with some though digressions interrupt difficult to follow
-Organization digressions, writing is easy thought, difficult to follow.
to follow.
-Flow of thought

Language Vocabulary is sophisticated Vocabulary is varied, Vocabulary is used properly Vocabulary is basic and may
and correct sentence specific, and appropriate though sentences may be not be used properly, very
-Vocabulary structure varies. simple simple sentences are used

-Sentence structure

Grammar/mechanics No errors in spelling, Makes a few errors in Makes several errors in Makes numerous errors in
grammar, or mechanics. spelling, grammar, or spelling, grammar, or spelling, grammar, or
-Spelling mechanics but they do not mechanics that interfere mechanics that interfere with
interfere with understanding with understanding the understanding
-Grammar

-Punctuation

REFERENCES:

https://www.slideshare.net/JasonCasupanan/development-of-visual-arts-in-the-philippines

Page 42 of 108
 MODULE 3

LESSON 5: The Development of Literature in the Philippines

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

• Tell the Development of Literature in the Philippines

READINGS

What is Literature?

Literature Three Points of Literature

Is a body of written works Literature portrays human experience.
Originated from oral traditions. Authors interpret these human
experiences.
Are imaginative works.
It is an art form and a style of
Deals with stories and poetry.
expression.
The content depends on the author.

The Three Literary Periods

BC-1564 The Pre-Colonial Period
• This existed before the Spanish occupation in the 1500s.
• It is oral in nature and is full of lessons and ideas about life, its blessings, and its
consequences.
• It contains ideas from birth to the grave.

Page 43 of 108
 • The oral characteristic of pre-colonial literature gives the possibility for many alterations.
• In the Philippine context, no matter how it may be considered as altered, pre-colonial literature
is still revered to by many Filipinos.
• The sources are usually the local native town folk.
Forms

1. Oral Literature
a. Riddles 2. Folk Songs

b. Proverbs a. Lullabies
b. Drinking Songs
c. Love Songs
3. Folk Tales
d. Songs of Death
a. Myths
e. Religious Songs
b. Legends
c. Fables
d. Epics

Riddles (Mga Bugtong)

• These are statements that contain superficial words, but they function figuratively and as
metaphors, and are in the form of questions.
• These are questions that demand deeper answers.
• Deals with everyday life. • It usually has mundane things as answers.
• This is used in the past as a form of game in small or large gatherings.
Examples:
Bisaya
Baboy sa lasang, (A wild pig of the forest,)
Ang tunok puro lansang. (Is covered with spikes.)

Answer: Nangka (Jackfruit)

Maranaw
Sominub lawiyan, (It dived,)
Mbowat lawitan. (It rose.)

Page 44 of 108
Answer: Ragum (Needle)
Chabacano
Tagia que tagia, (You keep on slashing it,)
Hende ta penetra. (But it does not penetrate)

Answer: Agua (Water)

Proverbs (Mga Salawikain)

• These are statements that are considered as wise.
• These are usually given by parents or elders of the community.
• There is belief that experience is the best teacher.
Examples:
Mandaya on Viriginity
Yang ataog aw madugdug, (An egg once broken,)
Di da mamauli. (Will never be the same.)

Tausug on Secret Affairs

In lasa iban uba, (Love and cough,)
Di hikatapuk. (Cannot be hidden.)

Ilocano on Guilt
Ti agutak,(He who cackles)
Isut nagitlog. (Laid the egg.)

Folk Songs
• These are folk lyrics that are usually chanted.
• These usually contain ideas on aspirations, hopes, everyday life and expressions of love for
loved ones.
• It is bounded by the learning of good morals.
• It is easy to undestand because it is straightforward and not figurative in nature.

Page 45 of 108
Forms
• Lullabies- these is locally known as the Hele. These are sung to put to sleep babies. The
content varies, but usually, parents sing these with ideas on how hard life is and how they hope
that their child will not experience the hardships of life.
• Drinking Songs- these are locally known as Tagay and are sung during drinking sessions.
• Love Songs- to many Filipinos, these are known as the Harana. It can also be called Courtship
Songs and are used by young men to capture the heart of the girl that they love.
• Religious Songs- are songs or chants that are usually given during exorcisms and thanksgiving
during good harvest.
• Songs of Death- are lamentations that contain the roll of good deeds that the dead has usually
done to immortaliz his or her good image.
Examples:
Lullabies
Ilocano
Maturog, duduayya Go to sleep, dear little one
Maturog kad tay bunga, Will my child please sleep,
Tay lalaki nga napigsa This strong boy
Ta inton dumakkel tay bunga, So when the child grows big
Isunto aya tay mammati He will obey
Tay amon a ibaga me. Everything that we say.

Folk Tales (Mga Kwentong Bayan)

• These are stories of native Filipinos.
• These deal with the power of nature- personified, their submission to a deity- usually Bathala- and
how this deity is responsible for the blessings and calamities.
• These also tackle about irresponsibility, lust, stupidity, deception, and fallibility that eventually leads
to the instilling of good morals.

Usual Themes:
• Ceremonies needed to appease the deities.
• Pre and Post apocalypse
• Life and Death
• Gods and Goddesses

Page 46 of 108
• Heroes and Heroines
• Supernatural beings
• Animals

Forms
• Myths- these tackle the natural to strange occurences of the earth and how things were created
with an aim to give an explanation to things.
-There is Bathala for the Tagalogs and the Gueurang for the Bikolanos.
- Paradise is known as Maca, while Hell is Kasanaaan
• Legends- through legends, the natives uderstood mysteries around them. These stories usually
come with a moral lesson that give credit to supernatural powers, supernatural occurences, and
other out-of- this-world native imagination.
• Fables- are short or brief stories that cater the children of the native Filipinos and are usually
bounded by good manners and right conduct. These stories use animals as characters that
represent a particular value or characteristic.
• Epics- are very lengthy narratives that are based on oral traditions. These contain encounters of
fighters, stereotypical princes or heroes that save a damsel in distress.
Examples:
Myths The Story of Bathala
Ang Pag-aaway ng Dagat at Langit
Legends The Legend of Maria Makiling
The Legend of the Sampaguita
Fables Ang Kuneho at and Pagong
Si Juan Tamad
Epics Hinilawod Darangen

1521-1898 The SPANISH Period

The Spanish Period
• The start of the Philippine's more colorful history took place in March 6, 1521 when Ferdinand
Magellan docked on the shores of Homonhon.
• The Filipinos were then called “Ladinos”, meaning they were latinized.
• Filipinos were called two things. One is the “Taga-Bayan”, while the other is the “Taga-bukid” or
“Taga-bundok”.
• A person who is a Taga-bayan is considered urbane and civilized and were in easy range of the
church and state.
Page 47 of 108
• A person who is a Taga-bundok or Taga-bukid is called a Bruto Salvage (Savage Brute) or Indio
and were the ones who lived far from the center of the Spanish power.

Forms
1. Religious Literature 2. Secular or Non-Religious Literature
a. Pasyon a. Awit
b. Senakulo b. Korido
c. Komedya c. Prose Narratives

3. Propaganda Literature 4. Revolutionary Literature

Religious Literature
• Revolves around the life and the death of Jesus Christ.
Forms of Religious Literature:
Pasyon- it is about the passion (journey and suffering) and the death of Jesus Christ.
Senakulo- it is the re-enctment of the Pasyon.
Komedya- it depicts the European society through love and fame, but can also be a narrative about
a journey, just like Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy. It is also considered religous, because it usually
depicts the battle between the Christians and the Saracens or the Moros.

Secular or Non- Religious Literature

• Revolves around tales of valiance and adventure.
Forms of Secular or Non-Religious Literature:
Awit- these are tales of chivalry where a knight saves a princess. Florante at Laura is a good
example.
Korido- is a metrical tale or a tale that follows the struture of a poem.
Prose Narratives- are easy to understand instructional materials that in a literary light that teaches
Filipinos on proper decorum. Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na si Urbana at Feliza (1864) is a
good example.

Propaganda Literature
• These were in the forms of satires, editorials, and news articles that aimed to attack the Spanish
Rule.

Page 48 of 108
• The propaganda trinity is composed of Dr. Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez
Jaena.
Examples:
Graciano Lopez Jaena
Ang Fray Botod- One of his works written in Jaro, Iloilo in 1876, six years after the Cavite Revolt
attacking the friars in the Philippines. He exposed how some of the friars were greedy, ambitious
and immoral.

LA HIJA DEL FRAILE (The Child of the Friar) and EVERYTING IS HAMBUG (Everything is mere
show)- Here Jaena explains the tragedy of marrying a Spaniard.
Marcelo H. Del Pilar
KAIINGAT KAYO (Be Careful)- a humorous and sarcastic dig in answer to Fr. Jose Rodriquez in
the novel NOLI of Rizal, published in Barcelona in 1888. He used Dolores Manapat as pen-name
here.
DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayers and Jokes)- similar to a cathecism but sarcastically done
agains the parish priests, published in Barcelona in 1888. Because of this, del Pilar was called
“filibuster.” Done in admirable tone of supplication and excellent use of Tagalog.
ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DIOS (God’s Goodness)- published in Barcelona, it was also like a
cathecism sarcastically aimed against the parish priests but also contains a philosophy of the power
and intelligence of God and an appreciation for and love for nature.
Dr. Jose Rizal
NOLI ME TANGERE- his was the novel that gave spirit to the propaganda movement and paved
the way to the revolution against Spain. In this book, he courageously exposed the evils in the
Spanish-run government in the Philippines.
Revolutionary Literature
• are exposes that sparked revolution and resistance in the hearts of Filipinos.
Examples:
Andres Bonifacio
Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Obligations of our Countrymen) – an outline of
obligations just like the Ten Commandments, hence, it is likewise called Ang Dekalogo.
Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog (What the Tagalogs should Know) – an essay outlining the
basic tenets of Bonifacio’s ideas on nationalism.
Examples:
Emilio Jacinto
Liwanag at Dilim (Light and Darkness) – a collection of essays on different subjects like freedom,
work, faith, government and love of country.
Apolinario Mabini
Page 49 of 108
El Desarollo y Caida de la Republica Filipina (The Rise and Fall of the Philippine Republic) – this
essay highlights the establishment of the Philippine republic and its subsequent doom due to
disunity among the Filipinos
Examples:
Dr. Jose Rizal
El Filibusterismo– This is a sequel to the NOLI. While the NOLI exposed the evils in society, the
FILI exposed those in the government and in the church. However, the NOLI has been dubbed the
novel of society while that of FILI is that of politics.
Publications
El Heraldo de la Revolucion (Herald of the Revolution) – printed the decrees of the Revolutionary
Government, news and works in Tagalog that aroused nationalism. This is the Official Newspaper
of the Revolutionary Government of Aguinaldo.
La Independencia (Independence) – an independent newspaper founded and edited by General
Antonio Luna.
La Republica Filipina (The Philippine Republic) – a private newspaper edited by Pedro Paterno.
La Libertad (Liberty) – another private newspaper edited by Clemente Zulueta.

1900-1942 The AMERICAN Period

The American Period
• The Philippines had a great leap in Education and Culture.
• The use of English alongside Filipino was practiced.
• The Philippines Public School system was introduced.
• Free public instruction was given to the Filipinos.
• The literature during the American period was considered as imitative of American model. Instead
of asking the students to write originals, students ended up following the form of American poets.

Forms
1. Poetry- poetry under the American rule still followed the style of the old, but had contents that
ranged from free writing to societal concerns under the Americans.
2. Drama- was usually used in the American period to degrade the Spanish rule and to immortalize
the heroism of the men who fought under the Katipunan.
3. Remake Novels- took up Dr. Jose Rizal's portrayal of social conditions by colonial repression.

Page 50 of 108
Poetry
Jose Corazon de Jesus (1832-1896) popularly known as “Batute,” created his own generation with
his first book of poems.
Mga Gintong Dahon (1920)- were poems pre-occupied with such non- traditional themes as
passion-slaying, grief-induced, insanity, and lover’s suicide.
Sa Dakong Silangan (1928)- returned to the awit form, retelling the history of Philippines under
Spain, the coming of the U.S under the guise of friendship to take over from Spain

Drama
Severino Reyes (1861-1942) – spearheaded a movement to supplant the komedya with a new type
of drama, the sarsuwela, a Filipino adaptation of the Spanish zarzuela.
Examples:
Walang Sugat (1902)- is a sarsuwela (drama in the form singing) drawn from the period of
Revolution, depicting the cruelty and corruption of friars and the heroism of the soldiers of the
Katipunan.

Other successful sarsuwelas:

Hindi Aco Patay (1903) by Juan Matapang Cruz Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas (1903) by Aurelio
Tolentino- is an allegorical presentation of the history of the nationalist struggle and how the U,S.
frustrated the Philippine revolution.
Tanikalang Guinto (1902) by Juan Abad (1872-1932)- is about Liwanag and K’Ulayaw, lovers who
stand for freedom and the Filipino.

Remake Novels
Gabriel Beato Francisco (1850-1935)- is best known for his trilogy of Fulgencia Galbillo (1907),
Capitan Bensio (1907), Alfaro (1909), depicting the 30 years of colonial repression by the Spanish
rule.
Inigo Ed. Regalado (1888-1976)- Madaling Araw (1909) was his first novel showing the complex
interrelations of issues and people in contemporary Philippine society.
Juan Lauro Arsciwals (1889-1928)- Lalaking Uliran o Tulisan (1914), allusion to the colonial law
that branded Filipino patriots as bandits.

1941-1945 The JAPANESE Period

1946- 1985 The REPUBLIC

Page 51 of 108
The Japanese Period and the Republic
• The Philippine literature came into a halt.
• The use of the English language was forbidden, and the use of the Filipino language was mandated
under the Japanese rule.
• For some this was a problem, but to most writers, it was a blessing in disguise.
• Almost all newspapers were stopped except for some.
• Filipino literature was given a break during this period. Many wrote plays, poems, short stories,
etc. Topics and themes were often about life in the provinces.

Forms
1. Poetry
2. Fiction
3. Drama
4. Newspapers
5. Essays

Drama
The drama experienced a lull during the Japanese period because movie houses showing American
films were closed. The big movie houses were just made to show stage shows. Many of the plays
were reproductions of English plays to Tagalog..
Newspapers
Writings that came out during this period were journalistic in nature. Writers felt suppressed but
slowly, the spirit of nationalism started to seep into their consciousness. While some continued to
write, the majority waited for a better climate to publish their works.
Poetry
The common theme of most poems during the Japanese occupation was nationalism, country, love,
and life in the barrios, faith, religion and the arts.
Fiction
The field of the short story widened during the Japanese Occupation. Many wrote short stories.
Essays
Essays were composed to gorify the Filipinos and at the same time to figuratively attack the
Japanese.

Page 52 of 108
 LITERATURE OF THE PHILIPPINES TODAY
21st Century Literature
In the 21st century Philippines, there are a lot of literary innovations that are adapted and created
by Filipinos. Nowadays, even those who do not have any significant literary background make their
own way using the freedom that they have to write and to express.
There are a lot of new forms from the basic genres of literature; thus, proving how far the literature
in the Philippines has gone and how far it will go on from here.

Page 53 of 108
 LEARNING ASSESSMENT

Part I: TEXT TWIST (10 pts)

Directions: Below are definitions/descriptions on The Development of Literature in the Philippines.
Text your answer by writing it on the space provided.

1. It is a body of written works. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
5 4 8 3 7 2 8 8 7 3
2. It usually has mundane things as answer ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
7 4 3 3 5 3 7
3. These are the statements that are ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
Considered as wise 7 7 6 8 3 7 3 7

4. These tackle the natural to strange ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
occurrences of the earth and how things 6 9 8 4 7
were created with an aim to give an explanation.

5. It is usually used in the American period ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
to degrade the Spanish rule and to immortalize 3 7 2 6 2
the heroism of the men who fought under the Katipunan.

Page 54 of 108
Part III
Give at least 2 Examples of each of the following: (10 pts)
Topic Examples
1.Riddles

2.Folksongs

3.Proverbs

4.Epic
5.Folk tales

Part II: Essay (30 pts)

Discuss briefly the following terms:

Topic Discussion

Literature

Lullaby

Epic

Riddles

Proverbs

REFERENCES:

https://www.slideshare.net/augustianelijah/the-philippine-literary-history

Page 55 of 108
 MODULE 4 (Midterm Examination)

YOUR INSTRUCTOR / MODULE FACILITATOR WILL CONTACT YOU FOR THE

DETAILS OF YOUR SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT.

MODULE 5

LESSON 6: LITERATURE OF LUZON

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

• Discover the literature Of Luzon

READINGS

Philippine Literature
Is literature associated with the Philippines from prehistory, through its colonial legacies, and
on to the present.
Pre-Hispanic Philippine literature was actually epics passed on from generation to
generation., originally through an oral tradition.

The post-colonial literature in the Philippines exhibited several

characteristics. The first covered a literary period typified by
experimentation with a new language, particularly the forms and imagery
that are offered by English and American literature.

Page 56 of 108
 -A portion of early modern Philippine literature
was written during the American period, most
often as an expression of post-Hispanic
nationalism by those who had either been
uneducated in Spanish or had lived in the
Bisaya-speaking cities, and whose principles
entered in conflict with American cultural
trends.

Pre- Spanish Colonial Period – prior

to Spanish colonial period, the Ilocano literature
is purely alive in form of written and oral literature. Ancients poets expressed
their works through folk and war songs:

• Riddles
• Proverbs
• Lamentation called “Dung-aw”
• Dallot (an improvised, versified and at times impromptu long poem
delivered in a sing-song manner).
Spanish Period - during Spanish regime the poetry was generally patterned after Spanish models.
The earliest known written Iloko poems were the romances translated from Spanish by Francisco
Lopez.
• Grammatika Ilokana
• Arte De La Lengua Iloca

Page 57 of 108
Region 2: Cagayan Valley
Description of Cagayan Valley
Cagayan Valley (Ilokano: Tanap ti Cagayan; Ibanag: Tana'
na Cagayan; Itawit: Tanap yo Cagayan; Gaddang: Tanap na
Cagayan; Tagalog: Lambak ng Cagayan) (designated as
Region II) is an administrative region in the Philippines
located in the northeastern portion of Luzon.

Page 58 of 108
 Brief Biography

• He was born in Savidug, Sabtang, Batanes on October 16, 1938.

• He received his BSE from the University of Santo Tomas in 1961,
his MAs in English and Philosophy from St. Louis University in 1966
and 1972 respectively, his Ph.D. in Literature from UST in 1977, and
a post doctorate in History and Political Science from UST completed
in 1985-88. He also has training in Journalism and Cultural
Anthropology.
• Dr. Hornedo has authored 13 books in Philosophy, Education,
Culture and History.

Literary Works

• He has been editor of Ad Veritatem , a Journal of Research at the UST Graduate School,
and Ivatan Studies Journal , a Graduate School Research Journal at the Saint Dominic
College of Batanes.
• He has garnered several awards , among them the Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards
for Literature, National Catholic Authors Award and Pilak Award for Service to Culture.
• Taming the wind : ethno-cultural history on the Ivatan of the Batanes isles
• The glitter of gold in Batanes cultural heritage – a book
• Culture and community in the Philippine fiesta and other celebrations
• Ideas and ideals : essays in Filipino cognitive history

Brief Biography
Fernando Maramag was an excellent poet and journalist in English.

He had a rich style and deep understanding of human nature – qualities

which made his poetry appealing to all readers.

On the other hand, his editorial writings “exerted great influence on the
various phases of the Filipino way of life, particularly in its government,
economics, education and politics,” according to a critic.

Literary Works

• Maramág translated Ibanag folk songs into English, such as the “Cagayanon Labor Song,”
“A Translation of an Orphan’s Song,” and “Cagayano Peasant Song”.

• His poems include “To a Youth,” “The Aetheist,” and “Moonlight on Manila Bay”.

• His essays were anthologized in Leopoldo Yabes’ Filipino Essays in English 1910-1954
(1954).

Page 59 of 108
 Brief Biography
She is a poet, fiction writer, teacher and literary critic was a Filipino
writer in the English language.

Her poems are intricate verbal transfigurations of significant

experiences as revealed, in two of her much anthologized pieces,
"Halaman" and "Bonsai."

Together with her late husband, writer and critic Edilberto K. Tiempo, they founded (in 1962) and
directed the Silliman National Writers Workshop in Dumaguete City, which has produced some of
the Philippines' best writers.

Literary Works
A Blade of Fern (1978) His Native Coast (1979) The Alien Corn (1992) One, Tilting Leaves (1995)
The Builder (2004) The Jumong (2006) Abide, Joshua, and Other Stories (1964) The Tracks of
Babylon and Other Poems (1966) The Charmer's Box and Other Poet (1993) Marginal
Annotations and Other Poems

Background of the Region

In 1908, the Cordillera region was organized as one

administrative region called the Mountain Province, with
an American governor at helm. The post-colonial period
saw the political reorganization of the Cordillera into
separate provinces and the shifting provincial and
regional boundaries.

Cordillera Literature
Cordillera Literature is in the oral tradition and may be classified into ritualistic and non -
ritualistic.
Ritualistic Literature
• consists of songs, chants, and narratives which can only be performed or recited in a religious
context in the observance of certain rituals or ceremonies in divine or supernatural intervention in
human affairs are invoked.

Page 60 of 108
Non-ritualistic literature
• consists of secular forms which can be performed on any occasion, during festivities or moments
of leisure, to express communal sentiments or personal yearning.

Epic Poetry
➢ Like other Philippine folk epics, Cordillera epic poetry revolves around the daring feats and
adventures of a folk hero who possesses extraordinary attributes and embodies the beliefs
and ideals held by the community.

Hudhud (Aliguyon)
➢ a mythical figure known for wealth and prowess. It is sung: during the wake for the member
of the upper class, at weeding time when women work the rice fields, and during the
harvest season.

Ullalim
➢ are long ballads chanted either by men or women during feats and other social occasions
such as peace pact assembles. It represents the epic tradition of Southern Kalinga.

Gawan
➢ In the northern part of the province the main hero is Gawan, a human being who has
supernatural attributes. Called gasumbi these epic songs are sung at night during the
harvest time and are all about headhunting and courtship, with the narrative being
enlivened by elements of magic and supernatural.

Alim
➢ has ritual connections and its principals characters are divine beings, not mortal. It also
exclusively by men. It may be performed on other occasions, e.g., during the conduct of
prestige feasts and at harvest time.

Other Examples
Examples of Cordillera epic poetry are The Harvest Song of Aliguyon (Ifugao) and The Heroic
Exploits of Banna (Kalinga).

Cordillera Myths
Cordillera myths talk of a very remote past when the world had not yet taken its present
form and human affairs went on with a lot of divine intervention.
Their myths are of a sacred nature, hence there are restrictions as to when and where they
can be told. They are recited to affirm the propriety of ceremonies, to summon the spirits,
or to validate certain belief.
Page 61 of 108
Diam
➢ ritual myth, recited be mediums, meant to explain the origin of the particular rituals and how
these rituals should be conducted. Examples of Cordillera myths are How Balitok and
Bugan Obtained Children (Ifugao), Lumawig and Kabigat and Balitok and Kabigat (Ibaloy).

Legends
Legends are considered as truthful acc ounts although the events they narrate often takes
place at a time that is more recent than the mythological past. The principal characters are
human and not supernatural being, and they are not recited as part of ritual or sacrifice.

Page 62 of 108
 LEGEND
Alamat ng Bundok Pinatubo

Notable Author and his contributions

Rommel N. Angara
• Why do they cut me, Lord?
• Pa’no and Pasko
• Ituro nyo sakin ang magpakababa
• Ako’y tunay na pangahas
• Ang mga Griego at ang mga Judio pagdating ni Kristo

Francisco Balagtas

• Alamansor at Rosalinda – a komedya stages at Udyong during the town’s feast

• La India elegante y el negrito amante – a short play in one part

• Nudo gordeano

• Rodolfo at Rosemonda

• Mahomet at Constanza

• Claus (translated into Tagalog from Latin)

• Florante at Laura, an awit (metrical narrative poem with dodecasyllabic quatrains [12
syllables per line, 4 lines per stanza]). Balagtas’ masterpiece.

Page 63 of 108
Tomas Pinpin

• Arte y Reglas de Lengua Tagala,1610, by Padre Blancas

• Librong Pagaaralan nang manga Tagalog nang Uicang Castilla, 1610

• Vocabulario de Lengua Tagala, 1612, by Pedro de San Buenaventura

• Relacion de Martirio, 1625

• Triunfo by Carreras, 1626

• Arte Ilocano by Lopez, 1627

• Vocabulario de Japon, 1630

Notable authors and their contributions (Bulacan)

Levi Celerio
Christmas Songs: Pasko na Naman, Maligayang Pasko at Manigong Bagong Taon (Ang pasko ay
Sumapit), and Misa de Gallo.

His more popular love songs include: Saan Ka Man Naroon?, Kahit konting Pagtingin, Gaano ko
ikaw Kamahal, Kapag Puso’y Sinugatan, and Ikaw, O Maliwanag na Buwan, Dahil sa Isang
Bulaklak, Sa Ugoy ng Duyan, Bagong Pagsilang, and Sapagkat Kami’y Tao Lamang.

Nicanor Abelardo
• Ang Unang Buko

• Nasaan ka Irog

• Magbalik ka Hirang

• Himutok

• Butuing Marikit

Notable authors and their contributions (NUEVA ECIJA)

• Herber Bartolome
• “Pasahero” or “Passenger’ (1977)

Page 64 of 108
 • Almusal or Breakfast

• Inutil na Gising or an an awake fool (1985) – “Karaniwang tao” or ‘ordinary person (1985). He
was the songwriter of the tune for Bulwagang Gantimpala’s “Ibong Adarna”, a 1989 musical
drama with a libretto written by Rene O. Villanueva.

Damiana Eugenio
• Philippine Proverb Lore (1975)

• Awit and Korido: A study of Fifty Philippine Metrical Romances in Relation to Their Sources
and Analogues (1965)

• Philippine Folk Literature: An Anthology (1981)

• Philippine Folk Literaturilippine Folk Literature, (May 31, 2008)

Rogelio R. Sikat
• Impeng Negro

• Dugo sa Bukang Liwayway

• Tatlo sa Tanghalan

Notable authors and their contributions (PAMPANGA)

Juan Crisostomo Soto

• Alang Dios (There is No God)

• Perlas quing Burac

• Anac ning Katipunan

• Lydia and many others Zarzuelas and Playwrights

Francisco Liongson
• Ang kahapong nagbalik

• Juan Dela Cruz

• Parity

Page 65 of 108
 • Viva la Pepa

Amado Yuzon
• Ing Catuliran

• La Libertad

Anselmo Fajardo
• Moro-Morong Vida de Gonzalo de Cordova

• Comedia “Don Gonzalo de Cordoba”

Don Ziolo Hilario

• Adelfas

• Ang Bayong Sunis (Bagong Simponiya)

Anico Pascual
• Juan Manalaksan

Macaria Garcia
• Juan , Suan, The Good Guesser

Notable authors and their contributions (TARLAC)

Gregorio Brillantes
• Catholic Writer

• The Distance to Andromeda and Other Stories – The Apollo Centennial

• Help

• On a Clear Day in November Shortly Before the Millennium

• Stores for a Quarter Century

• Looking for Rizal in Madrid

• Chronicles of Interesting Times

• The Cardinal’s Sins

Page 66 of 108
 • The General’s Cross

• The Martyr’s Testimony and other Affirmations

Carlos Romulo
• I Saw the Fall of the Philippines

• Mother America

• My brother Americans

• I See the Philippines Rise

• The United

• Crusade in Asia (The John Day Company, 1955; about the 1953 presidential election
campaign of Ramon Magsaysay)

• The meaning of Bandung

Forms of Literature (Cavite)

Urban Legends

Page 67 of 108
Forms of Literature (Batangas)

• Folktales
• Kumintang
• Kundiman
• Awit
• Huluna
• Pasyon
• Duplo and Karagatan
• Balitao
• Legends

Page 68 of 108
Forms of Literature (Rizal)

Forms of Literature (Quezon)

Page 69 of 108
Page 70 of 108
Folk Song (Awiting Bayan)
“Bahay Kubo”

– the most popular folksong in NCR and even all over the Philippines.

Leron Leron Sinta

• It is traditionally a work song, representing those who work in the fields harvesting fruits.

• It is also a courtship song that depicts the humbleness of a man who tries to win a woman's heart
by showing what he got.

SHORT STORY (Maikling Kwento)

Poems (Mga Tula)

Page 71 of 108
 Sa Anak ng Bayan

Emilio Jacinto

Sa iyo, O Anak ng Bayan, anak ng dalita, na nagbabatang

pumapasan ng madlang kabigatan sa balat ng lupa, sa iyo ko

inihahandog itong munting kaya ng kapos kong isip.

Iyo ngang marapatin sapagkat iniaalay ng isang pusong nabubuhay

at nabubuhol sa iyo sa pamamagitan ng lalong tapat na pakikipagkapwa

Page 72 of 108
Sanaysay

Ang Ningning at Ang Liwanag (Mula sa Liwanag at Dilim) ni Emilio Jacinto

Source

Meaning :

➢ Balse means waltz ; Valse in Spanish Dance Culture:

➢ Lowland Christian Place of Origin:

➢ Marikina, Rizal Ethno-Linguistic Group:

➢ Tagalog Classification of Dance:

➢ Religious

Famous Authors In Ncr

• Liwayway Arceo

• Jesus Balmori

• Rosarion Almario

• Amado V. Hernandez

• Faustino Aguilar

Page 73 of 108
 • Iñigo Ed. Regalado

• Andres Bonifacio

• Severino Reyes

• Emilio Jacinto

• Jose dela Cruz

• Cecilio Apostol

Literary Works and Authors

Page 74 of 108
 LEARNING ASSESSMENT

Make a historical profile for Luzon on what Philippine Popular Arts each region possess by tabulating them below.

Region Literary Language Famous Contributions Legends Period Literature Folk Folk
Works Authors songs tales

REFERENCES:
https://prezi.com/p/cmnlzotlathd/luzon-literature/

Page 75 of 108
 LESSON 7: LITERATURE OF VISAYAS

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

• Discover the literature Of Visayas

READINGS

CENTRAL VISAYAS
Cebu, Bohol, Negros Oriental and Siquijor. Cebu City is the regional center.

EASTERN VISAYAS

Page 76 of 108
Leyte, Samar and Biliran, with Tacloban City as its center.

Region 6
WESTERN VISAYAS
Aklan- Kalibo
Antique – San Jose Buenavista
Capiz – Roxas
Guimaras – Jordan
Iloilo - Iloilo City
Negros Occidental - Bacolod City

Panayon Literature
Includes the literature of the provinces into which the island of Panay is dividd – Iloilo, Capiz,
Aklan, and Antique. Although Negros Occidental and Guimaras Island is not part of Panay, their
literature is still considered as Panayon.

Major languages
➢ Hiligaynon
➢ Akeanon
➢ Kinaray-a

Early forms of Oral Literature in Western Visayas

1. Ambahan - an unrhymed seven syllabus line containing a complete thought.
2. Balak – a love song which can also be a song of praise sung by a man and woman
3. Paktakon – riddle
4. Hurubaton – proverb
5. Haya – dirge

Binalaybay
Hiligaynon word for poetry. It is how a man expresses himself about anything as when he woes a
lady; says soothing words about a city or a barangay muse; proclaims a queen in a town fiesta and
utters descriptive words on her highness, the “Queen” or tells a story about the school’s anniversary

Page 77 of 108
or awakens the longing heart when in sadness. Poetry can have anything for a subject matter on
which a poet may express himself in a language that is fitting to the mood he wishes to convey.

The Bamboo Water Carrier and The Clay Jar

Translated by: Sharlene G. Gotico

What is a Binalaybay?
Binalaybay is the Hiligaynon term for poem. Traditionally the binalaybay was written in
metered form with terminal rhymes. With the advent of modernization, the binalaybay has
metamorphosed into the combination of its classic form with contemporary issues.

TO WHOM DOES THE AUTHOR DIRECT THE MESSAGE OF THE SAMPLE BINALAYBAY?
- To the young maidens -

In this particular binalaybay, what metaphor is used to refer to a man? To a woman?

- The metaphor used to refer the man is the “bamboo water carrier” and to the woman
she is referred as the “clay jar”.

One of the longest known epics in the world is the ethno-epic Hinilawod of the ancient people
of Sulod in Central Panay, the only epic recorded in the Visayas. Recorded in the 1950s by
anthropologist F. Landa Jocano who hails from the province of Iloilo, Hinilawod is more than 53,000
lines long and takes thirty hours to recite. Segments of this epic have been adapted at festivals (the
Hirinugyaw-Suguidanonay in Calinog, Central Panay) and for the stage (e.g., Nicanor Tiongson’s
Labaw Donggon: Ang Banog ng Sanlibutan).

During the Spanish colonial period when natives were indigenizing the pasyon and
korido/corrido (metrical romances), Spanish and native aspiring writers were also looking to the
available literary models at that time, the religious and didactic genres like saints’ lives, prayers, and
books of conduct. The first literary works in the Visayas were a miscellany of these forms: the
immensely popular Lagda sa pagca maligdon sa tauong Bisaya (1734) and another Cebuano work,
Fr. Bias Cavada de Castro’s Ang Suga nga Magadan-ag sa Nagapuyo sa Cangitngitan sa Sala
(1879), combined into one book several dialogues, maxims, tales, meditations, and ejemplos
(pananglitan).

Toward the end of Spanish rule in the 19th century, a new set of economic and social
conditions prepared the ground not just for the revolution at the end of the century but also the rise
of vernacular writ-ing in the Visayas (as elsewhere in the archipelago). Relative prosperity in Iloilo,
Negros, and Cebu where large haciendas grew export crops like sugar helped create a middle class
who could send their children to Manila or abroad to study. Educational reforms were introduced in
1865 with secondary schools being built in Cebu and Jaro. Filipino-led movements (the
secularization of the Filipino clergy, the Propaganda Movement, the Revolution in 1896) slowly
changed the atmosphere from monastic to liberal, that although the early 20th century saw the

Page 78 of 108
Philippines only changing colonial masters rather than gaining long-term independence, the liberal
atmosphere that Filipino-led movements helped create led to a burst of provincial journalism and
native language writing. It also helped that the Spanish language was already losing favor, and the
English language had not yet taken root at this time of the early American colonial period.
This golden age of vernacular literature in the first decades of the 20th century would not
have been possible without the rise of provincial journalism, because it was in the spate of native
language periodicals that a new form of literature gained wide popularity for many years: the
serialized novel. Before the turn of the century, the dominance of pro-Spanish periodicals was
already being eclipsed by native language papers like El Porvenir de Visayas (1884-1989) of Iloilo
and El Boletin de Cebu (1886). The creation of new native language 3 periodicals continued: in
Cebu, Ang Suga (1901) and Ang Camatuoran (1902); in Iloilo, Ang Kagubut (1900) and Kadapig
sang Banwa (1905); and later on, in the 1920s and the 1930s, Bag-ong Kusog (1915-
1941), Nasud (1930-1941), and Babaye (1930-1940), and the weeklies Bisaya and Hiligaynon.
Serialized fiction that dramatized popular sentiments became such a hit especially in the 1930s that
periodicals heavily depended on them for sales.

These works of fiction were hugely popular because they hardly departed from traditions
beloved by the ordinary folk. For instance, when Magdalena G. Jalandoni moved on from writing
versified corridos to long prose narratives, she imported the romantic element of the corrido into her
“novels,” which ended up reading more like corridos-in-prose rather than real novels.
Let’s pause for a while to ask what we mean by “novel” because com-mon usage defines it
as any book-length story in prose, as in the term “romance novel,” which is actually a contradiction
in terms. Strictly speaking, the novel of the European Enlightenment tradition (in which Rizal wrote
his Noli and Filz) is a long work of realist prose that focuses on the psychological aspects of human
character and the socio-political dimensions of collective existence. Realism in a long work like the
novel provides ample space to develop several psychologically complex characters moving together
in a multifaceted social environment. Romance, on the other hand, is an older mode that celebrates
and idealizes life, and is usually rendered in poetry (itself a genre as old as oral forms) but has also
found its way into later literary developments like written prose. Because romance does not incisively
examine social issues like realism does, these two modes are seen as opposites, with the novel
more strongly associated with realism.

At this point in Visayan literary history, vernacular writers deeply steeped in the age-old
versified romance tradition of the corrido were experimenting with a new genre, the prosaic realist
novel that could tackle newer social realities. The result was the voluminous production of hybrid
“romance novels” and other hybrid forms.
The first Visayan novel, Hiligaynon Angel M. Magahum’s Benjamin (1907), was one such
hybrid that combined the Spanish-era exemplum (novel of manners) and the modern chronicle
(short historical account). The chronicle, a newer form closer to realism than romance, enabled
fictionists to tackle current social problems that the idealized worlds of romance could not adequately
represent. However, the pull of romance proved difficult to resist. Nicolas Rafols in his novel Ang
Pulahan (1919) attempted to present a semi-fictionalized chronicle of actual events in Cebu, the
abuses of the Philippine Constabulary, yet it could not be called a fully realist novel because like
many novels of its kind, it could not resist the romantic impulse popularized by the corrido. It is the
Page 79 of 108
characteristic of early novels like Ang Pulahan to combine the realist chronicle with the devices of
the romance mode: idealized characters, surprises and coincidences, sudden changes in fortune.
As novels-in-installments published in newspapers and magazines dependent on profit to sustain
circulation, this popular literary form is, of course, subject to commercial demands and readers’
tastes. But it was also through this that journalists-turned-novelists were able to sustain age-old folk
sensibilities (especially the tendencies to romanticize and moralize in the epics and tales, corridos,
and Spanish-era friar literature) in new forms and in the context of emerging modern realities. The
vernacular writers deeply steeped in tradition started adding the socio-political element (as in Rizal’s
novels) to this mixed stream of native expression. For example, Cebuano Juan I.
Villagonzalo’s Walay Igsoon (1912) added the social element of labor problem to the familiar
romantic-didactic mold.

LEARNING ASSESSMENT

Let's do it!

1. What are the features of didactic melodrama? Do you still encounter this mode in today’s popular
novels, films, and TV serials? Do the didactic melodramas of today still attempt to bring up
sociopolitical issues? (ESSAY)

2. Do a quick research to familiarize yourself with the values associated with terms like “low culture”
and “high culture.” What are your thoughts about popular melodrama being labeled as “low culture
and a high culture”?

REFERENCES:
https://www.elcomblus.com/visayas-hybrid-modes-in-local-color/

Page 80 of 108
 LESSON 8: LITERATURE OF MINDANAO

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

• Discover the literature of Mindanao

READINGS

BRIEF HISTORY

Mindanao is named after the Maguindanaons who constituted the largest Sultanate historically, and
evidence from maps made during the 17th and 18th centuries suggests that the name was used to
refer to the island by natives at the time.

Islam first spread to the region during the 13th century through Arab traders from present day
Malaysia and Indonesia. Prior to this contact, the inhabitants of the area were primarily animists
living in small autonomous communities.

The indigenous population was quickly converted and the first mosque in the Philippines was built
in the mid-14th century in the town of Simunul. The Philippine sultanates of Sulu and Maguindanao
were subsequently in the 15th and 16th centuries, respectively. In the late 16th to early 17th
centuries, the first contact with Spain occurred.

Upon the Spaniards' arrival to the Philippines, they were dismayed to find such a strong Muslim
presence on the island, having just expelled the Moors from Spain after centuries of fighting. In fact,
the name Moros (the Spanish word for "Moors") was given to the Philippine Islands' Muslim
inhabitants by the Spanish.

LITERATURE
Page 81 of 108
 The Mindanao has its hidden literature that everybody doesn’t know. Their literature is a
diverse culture which displays the features and culture of the Muslim people in the Philippines.
Mindanao has thirty-three ethno-linguistic groups, which thirteen of them are Islamized; nineteen
are Lumads and third and fourth are Christian settlers. It was then the Americans colonize the region,
and the lands of the Lumads and Muslims have been taken by the colonialist, so they had lost a
large area of their ancestral lands. The land ownership comes from Muslim is Tawhid which means
“oneness” or unity.

1. Folktales

2. Myths

3. Legends

4. Epics

GREATEST LITERATURE

Mindanao literature includes fictions, non-fictions, proses and poetry. Some of the known literature
in Mindanao are:

Page 82 of 108
 LEARNING ASSESSMENT

Make a historical profile for Mindanao on what Philippine Popular Arts each region possess by tabulating them
below.

Region Literary Language Famous Contributions Legends Period Literature Folk Folk
Works Authors songs tales

REFERENCES:
https://prezi.com/65q-nlybsxv1/literature-in-
mindanao/?frame=e90df452a2a855d40177404e9e7676865a0ab487

Page 83 of 108
 MODULE 6

LESSON 9: Development of the Music in the Philippines

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

• Explain the Development of the Music in the Philippines

READINGS

 Filipinos are said to be Musical Peoples.

 In most cases, singing is accompanied by dancing.
 They used Bamboo canes, Palm leaves and bark of trees to write their songs and a piece of sharp
stick or iron for their pen.
 Even their instruments were made of Bamboo and wood which indicated their primitiveness.

Functions of their music

✓ Religious
✓ Social life

Characteristics of their Music

✓ Recitative
✓ Mostly simple two note music

Example of these are:

• Dal-lot – a song sung by farmers during wedding, baptismal and others parties accompanied
by Kutibeng (guitar).
• Pamulinawen – is a love song
• Dung-aw – is a song requesting a dead person to be good in his next life.

Page 84 of 108
Origins of their Music
Early Filipinos music was influenced by trade relations other races like:
✓ Malays 
✓ Indonesians 
✓ Arabs 
✓ Chinese 
✓ Indo-Chinese 
✓ Japanese and 
✓ Hindus

Chinese,Japanese and Hindus introduce their five-tone scale called pentatonic.

The rhythmic effects through the use of gongs, drums and cymbals were brought by Hindus and
Mohammedans.

Reed type of wind instruments were brought by Japanese and Chinese.

Music according to their category:

Ordinary songs (diyuna, talindaw)
Street songs (indulamin, suliranin)
Sorrow (dalit, umbay)
Wedding (ihiman)
Rowing (tigpasin, kalusan)
Lullaby (hele-hele, hili, oyayi, iyaya)
Success (baling- kungkong, dapayanin, hiliran, sambotani, tag umpay)
House (tingad)
General merry making (kalipay)
Counting (urukay)

Musical Airs From different Regions

Filipino Music has grown from the simple two note melody to the music that has become today.
The following are the native music from different provinces in the Philippines.

Bontoc Province:
✓ Ayegkha
✓ Agusan
✓ Pagpag
✓ Tub-ob
✓ Bontoc
✓ Annaoy

Zambales
✓ Whistle

Davao
✓ Toddonan

Sulu
✓ Tungungo

Page 85 of 108
 Igorot
✓ Milling Ayoweng

Negros
✓ Kalooye

Benguet
✓ Igorot

Nueva Icija
✓ Kadumang

Bukidnon
✓ Dilay-on

Abra
✓ Diwdiw-as
✓ Bunkaka

Batanes
✓ Kalusan

Forms
Their songs were more of recitative but the melody exudes customs, traditions and aspirations.

Origins
Most of the songs were adapted to other countries who traded with them, like:
• Malays
• Indonesians
• others

CHARACTERISTICS
▪ More conservative style of sacred music.
▪ Minor key at the beginning shifts to a major key in the 2nd-half Kundiman.
▪ Canto Ilocano, monophonic unmeasured style notated utilizing note shapes diferrent from the
neumes of Gregorian chant (composition of the Kirial).
▪ Canto de Oregano, simple polyphonic settings in to two or more vocal portraying.
▪ Religiosity and Musicality – salvation of self- expression

Musical Forms
➢ Sacred Music
✓ Figured Chant Music
✓ Measured Plainsong
Page 86 of 108
 ✓ 1795 (Golden Age of Sacred Music)
✓ Passion Song

➢ Other Musical Forms

✓ Songs
✓ Harana

➢ Music
✓ as a fine art
✓ as a subject to be taught

1.Tagulaylay: counterpart of “lamentation”

2. Palimos: song for begging

3.Kumintang: originated in Balyan, Batangas

a. Kumintang of the conquest

b. Kumintang of the Balayan
c. Kumintang with which the Awits are accompanied

Examples:
“La Tagala” -- Jose Estella
“Amihan” -- Antonio Molina
“Auras de Terruno” -- Juan S. Hernandez
“Pagdilidli” -- Lucino Sacramento

4. Awit

Examples:
“Awit” -- F. Santiago
“Ang Ulila” -- Antonio Molina
“Batingaw na Pilak” -- Antonio Molina
“Recuerdo de Filipinas y Sus cantares”--Diego Perez

5. Balitaw
➢ Balitaw Mayor
✓ Visayan Balitaw
✓ Tagalog Balitaw
✓ Dansa Menor

Examples:
1. “Hating-gabi” -- Antonio Molina
2. “Sampaguita” -- Dalores Paterno
3. “Ay, Ay, Kalisud” -- Visayan Folksong

6. Kundiman: came from the words “king hindi man”

Page 87 of 108
The American Educational System have greatly influenced the Philippine system of music education
with the treatment of music as a part of broad pattern of liberal education.

With the establishments of conservatories (schools for special instruction in music), formal education
in music started.
Philippine Opera evolved from the Zarzuela.

Zarzuelawas based on the European metrical tales and set to the familiar Spanish tunes which
easily gained approval among the traditionally theater loving Filipinos.

All Zarzuelas are nationalistic in nature.

Examples of Zarzuelas:
✓ Minda Mora (Minda, the Moro Girl) – Juan Hernandez
✓ Pa-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love of Country) – Pascual Poblete
✓ Tanikalang Guinto (Chain of Gold) – Juan Abad
✓ Walang Sugat (No Wound) – Severino Reyes

Characteristics:
▪ American singing trough jazz invaded the country
▪ Most of the songs are nationalistic in nature
▪ Instrumental music and vocal music are both important in this period
▪ Non-commercial

Musical Form(s):
✓ Symphony
✓ Opera (Opera Buffa)

Their desire to propagate nipongo as the common language was a dismal failure.

This was the darkest period in the history of the Philippines.

Page 88 of 108
CHARACTERISTICS:
▪ Pentatonic
▪ Employs the universal material of sound organized by rhythm, melody and tone quality
▪ Monophonic
▪ Sentimental and religious
▪ uplifting, driving, and rollicking
▪ emotional, poetic, or even somber
▪ emotional, poetic, or even somber
▪ The rhythms are based on ma; silence is important
▪ The tempo usually starts out very slow and gets faster, returns to being slow again, and
has a drawn-out ending

FORMS
▪ Musical March
▪ Symphony
▪ Orchestra

The reawakening of interest in diverse forms of culture is manifested in the proliferation of

ensembles, vocal and instrumental not only in schools but also in churches, government and private
offices, communities and within the family.

Need for professional growth is evident in holding of in-service-training programs, seminars,

workshops, and conferences sponsored by schools, government agencies and musical
organizations such as the Philippine Society for Music Education, and the Philippine National
Society for music Education.

CHARACTERISTICS
▪ Vocal and instrumental music are both important
▪ Emotional and creative
▪ Songs of nobility and nationalism were common in that period
▪ The use of found sounds, recorded voices, the shift from increasingly chromatic surfaces to
more triadic ones or the reverse, the use of new instrumental combinations

FORMS:
▪ Symphony
▪ Orchestra
▪ Sacred/Religious (Instrumental soloist)

Page 89 of 108
 A. Nationalism in Music
B. Passage of R.A. 4723
C. Formation of Music Organizations
A. The Music promotion Foundation was created
B. The Philippine Theater of Performing Arts produces operas and musicals.
D. Use of Educational Television

Original Pilipino Music, now more commonly termed Original Pinoy Music or Original Philippine
Music, (frequently abbreviated to OPM) originally referred only to Philippine pop songs, especially
those in the ballad form.

Having successfully created a subgenre of Philippine Rock they called Bisrock, the Visayans by far
have the biggest collection of modern music in their native language

Inspired by what the locals call "Kapampangan cultural renaissance," Angeles City-born balladeer
Ronnie Liang rendered Kapampangan translations of some of his popular songs such as "Ayli"
(Kapampangan version of "Ngiti"), and "Ika" (Kapampangan version of "Ikaw") for his repackaged
album..

BEST – SELLING ALBUMS

1. Christmas in Our Hearts 1990 Jose Mari Chan (20x Platinum)
2. Constant Change 1989 Jose Mari Chan (10x Platinum)
3. Cutterpillow 1995 Eraserheads (10x Platinum)
4. Nina Live! 2005 Nina (8x Platinum)
5. Forevermore EP 1995 Side A (8x Platinum)
6. Paraiso 1991 Smokey Mountain (8x Platinum)
7. Smokey Mountain 1989 Smokey Mountain (8x Platinum)
8. Halik 2000 Aegis (7x Platinum)
9. Ten Years Together 1980 APO Hiking Society (7x Platinum)
Page 90 of 108
10. Habang May Buhay 1995 Donna Cruz (7x Platinum)

Juan Dela Cruz Band, a Garage Rock- and Blues Rock-influenced group consisting of guitarist Wally
Gonzalez, bassist Mike Hanopol, and drummer Pepe Smith, are often credited for ushering in the
first "rock & roll revolution" in the Philippines that lasted from the late 60s to the late 70s (also known
as the Golden Age of Pinoy Rock). Considered by many to be the "grandfathers" of Pinoy Rock

The most notable achievement in Philippine rock of the 1960s was the hit song "Killer Joe," which
propelled the group "Rocky Fellers" which reached number 16 on the American radio charts.

Folk-rock became the Philippine protest music of the 1980s, and Aguilars "Bayan Ko" (My Country)
became popular as an anthem during the 1986 EDSA Revolution. At the same time, a counterculture
rejected the rise of politically focused lyrics

1990ssaw the emergence of a superstar pop-rock group, the Eraserheads, considered by many
Philippine nationals as the number one group in the Philippine recording scene.

CHARACTERISTICS
▪ Philippine rock musicians added folk music, and other influences
▪ Pop-rock groups became more popular among teens
▪ The Neo-Traditional genre in Philippine music is also gaining popularity
▪ Vocal music is more important than instrumental music
▪ An aim of appealing to a general audience, rather than to a particular sub-culture or ideology
▪ An emphasis on recording, production, and technology, over live performance.

Page 91 of 108
 LEARNING ASSESSMENT

ESSAY

Question:
• Explain the Development of the Music in the Philippines according to the
period.
• Which of the following period of music you like? And why?

Instruction: 10 points 8 points 6 points 4 points

Follow
Content the rubrics below.
Ideas are well develop, Clarity of purpose is Some sense of purpose is Clarity of purpose is
clarity of purpose is generally evident maintained, ideas may be incompletely expressed,
-Clarity exhibited throughout: throughout: good vague or too broad, some little evidence of careful
evidence of critical, examples of careful evidence of careful thought and insight
-Critical and original careful thought and thought and insight. thought and insight
thought insight.
-evidence and elaboration

Structure Paper is logically Clear organizational Some level of No apparent organization,

organized, writing is easy structure with some organization, though difficult to follow
-Organization to follow. digressions, writing is digressions interrupt
easy to follow. thought, difficult to
-Flow of thought follow.

Language Vocabulary is Vocabulary is varied, Vocabulary is used Vocabulary is basic and

sophisticated and correct specific, and appropriate properly though may not be used properly,
-Vocabulary sentence structure varies. sentences may be simple very simple sentences are
used
-Sentence structure

Grammar/mechanics No errors in spelling, Makes a few errors in Makes several errors in Makes numerous errors in
grammar, or mechanics. spelling, grammar, or spelling, grammar, or spelling, grammar, or
-Spelling mechanics but they do mechanics that interfere mechanics that interfere
not interfere with with understanding with the understanding
-Grammar understanding
-Punctuation

REFERENCES:
https://www.slideshare.net/markalcazar/period-in-history-of-philippine-music-
14480664

Page 92 of 108
 LESSON 10: Arts in the Cordillera Region and Muslim South

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

• Cite the Arts in the Cordillera Region and Muslim South

READINGS

ARTS IN THE CORDILLERA REGION

WOODCRAFTS
Wood is the raw material of the people of the Cordillera Region in Manufacturing of artistic
shields, decorated contains, home utensils, figurines and religious images.

2 Types of Cordilleran Art:

• The decorative
• The realistic or magical

There are several types of blankets: the gamong, which is for the dead and has several designs
(mortar, little men, python, lizard, snake, ladder and shuttle); The hape, which is for the wealthy,
usually worn by the young, and has three pieces; and the kintog, formerly used to exchange for pigs
but now known as oban and used for carrying babies.

Textiles with dyed designs of blue, red, and black threads are made into blankets, skirts and G-
strings.

Page 93 of 108
 The elaborate headdress and G-string of the man and the heavy necklace of
heirloom beads of the woman typify the traditional Ifugao costume of the early
20th century. (Field Museum of National History, Ayala Museum Collection)

The Bulol, or "Ifugao rice god," is a carved human figurine into which
a certain class of anito is said to incorporate itself when worshipped.

Ifugao Priests (Mombaki) Baptizing Granary Deities

Baptizing and re-energizing a bulul pair with the

blood of sacrificed pigs, as a feature of annual
harvest time rituals and festivities. One of the priests
(a mombaki in their language) pours the blood from
a coconut shell cup, which he has removed from its
keeping-place in a ceremonial box (an innama)

ARTS IN MUSLIM SOUTH

Page 94 of 108
Page 95 of 108
 MUSLIM LITERATURE
DARANGEN
A popular epic sometimes called the story of Bantogen. It tells the
adventure of the characters aboard swift boats in search of rich bootyand
slaves from far lands, and love, courtship and marriage binges.

KAPMABANING: so kiyaprawa’a ko
lawanen
ifugao couple

▪ Abduction of Lawanen”
▪ It is about a prince searching for his princess.

AG TOBIG NOG KEBOKLAGAN

• The Kingdom of Keboklagan”

• From the Subanons of Zamboanga Peninsula, it is about the
adventure of the hero Taake. One of the themes of the epic
is human sacrifice.

O PAPANOK AND BANSAMORO

Two revolutionary songs from Cotabato that reveal the aspiration and preceptions of the
native Mindanao people against migrants

PARANG SABIL

A ballad or narrative song about an outlaw or bandit. Literally, the term means “to fight in the
path of God or Allah.”

• Male art is predominantly curvilinear design

• Female art is largely geometric in form
• Masculine decorative compositions are devised from few basic motifs like circle, bird, leaf,
fern and flower
• Feminine form include circle, ‘artificial moo’, square, rectangle, diamond and zigzag
• Serpent and artificial cock are common animate representations they used

Page 96 of 108
 LEARNING ASSESSMENT

Choose one place between Cordillera Region and Mindanao South, and Make your own
infographic according to their art works and culture.

Example:

(the infographic above is not mine)

REFERENCES:

https://prezi.com/s3y6ew7rbcdf/arts-in-cordillera-region-and-muslim-
south/?frame=12385289302d98e4382f363cdf74825d64b059b7

Page 97 of 108
 MODULE 7

LESSON 11: Indigenous Crafts in Visayas

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

• Identity Indigenous Crafts in Visayas

READINGS

The Visayas is a region popular for its breathtaking natural landscapes, from unspoiled beaches
and dome-shaped hills to vast oceans with backdrops of majestic sunrises and sunsets. But while
nature reflects this stunning creativity, the region’s respective communities boast of sophisticated
artistry as well. In every province, you’ll find a vibrant traditional arts and crafts scene. In fact, it’s
one of the best things tourists love to see when they visit the Visayas.
Western Visayas

Famous for its indigenous fiber production, Region VI is the place to be when you’re looking for high-
quality textiles. They come in different colors and patterns, making them ideal travel souvenirs and
home decors. Going to the local neighborhoods, you’ll not only find these goods, but also the very
weaving communities that help preserve the vibrancy of the arts and crafts in Visayas.
Some of the provinces organize different festivals to showcase products. That’s why when visiting
the region, it’s best to time it on days when districts come together for a celebration. Here are the
specific arts and crafts items you’ll find in different Western Visayan provinces:

Page 98 of 108
1. Panay
One of the popular woven products you’ll find in Antique is
the patadyong. Usually made from cotton and abaca, this
tube-like wraparound garment can be worn in different
ways, much like the malong. It can be a stylish skirt or a big
shawl. It usually bears a checkered design crafted with
bright hues.
Meanwhile, in Iloilo, locals take pride in their hablon, a plain
weave that has a plaid design. While it’s used in
patadyong, it’s also common in locally-made panuelo or
handkerchiefs.
Photo courtesy of Rod Long via Unsplash
On the other hand, the most popular arts and crafts of Aklan typically use piña. Pineapple leaves
have two kinds of fibers: the bastos (rough portion) and the liniwan (smooth one). Artisans use a
shard of Chinese porcelain to expose the bastos and then a coconut shell to bring out the liniwan.
Piña is commonly used in barong tagalog. If you’re planning to see Aklan this year, book your trip in
April to catch the province’s celebration of the Piña and Fiber Festival.

2. Negros
Sinamay, a material woven from abaca fiber, has long been a popular textile in Visayas, specifically
the Negros island. This cloth can be used in different products, from outfit accessories such as hats
and home decor items, like storage boxes and placemats. In each of the provinces on the island,
however, you’ll discover unique handicrafts.
For instance, in Dumaguete, there’s a group of artisans focusing on crafting rocks and stones into
vases, wall art, jewelry boxes, dining ware, and picture frames, among other home ornaments. The
Negros Oriental Arts and Heritage carves mosaic-like patterns into these rocks before polishing.
In Bacolod, the festive masks represent the
arts of Visayas. These are a hit especially
during the Masskara Festival held during the
fourth Sunday of October. The masks typically
have smiling faces, true to the city’s nickname:
City of Smiles. Buy the festive masks when
you join the celebration this year. There may
be some variations in social gatherings as part
of the new travel trends this year, and you may
not be able to show off your mask to crowds,
but at least, you’ll be able to bring home a
piece of the festival when you return from
vacation.

Eastern Visayas

An agricultural region, Eastern Visayas produces different kinds of crops, from rice to coconut to
sugarcane. But the fertile soil and vast greenery not only feed communities but also help locals
enrich the traditional arts of Visayas. From mats weaved from plant materials to ceramic products
made from certain types of clay, you’ll discover native goods worth taking with you after your trip to
each of the three islands of Region VIII.
Page 99 of 108
1. Samar
A grass called tikog is abundant in this province. You may not be familiar with this raw material, but
you surely know its popular by-product: banig or sleeping mat. When you go to Samar, especially in
September, you'll catch the Banigan Festival (also known as Kawayan-Banigan Festival) at Basey,
a celebration of the province’s dynamic mat-weaving industry.

The dance parade features performers adorned in different

banig-inspired costumes, a blend of two different folk arts of
Visayas in one event. There are also pocket events
showcasing artisans’ banig creations.

2. Leyte
Similar to Samar, you can expect tikog crafts in this province. If ever you miss buying the famous
banig in Samar, you can shop around in Leyte. But aside from sleeping mats, you can buy uniquely-
designed rattan and bamboo goods here. What makes them extra special is that they’re crafted by
the hardworking hands of indigenous people, such as the Mamanwa tribe in Southern Leyte. These
IPs are one of the pillars of the arts and crafts in Visayas.

There are also native goods that reflect the

resilience of the community in Leyte. When the
province was struck by Yolanda, the worst
typhoon in the country’s history, artisans
nonetheless found strength and inspiration for
their art. For instance, there were Yolanterns
(Yolanda lanterns), hand-cut, hand-carved
coconut shell adornments, as well as rosary
beads crafted from wood debris left by the
typhoon.

3. Biliran
The town of Naval in Biliran is famous for its vibrant mat-weaving industry, led by the Higatangan
Mat Weavers. Visit Biliran in May, in time for the Higatangan Island Festival, so you can catch these
colorful mats in fairs and fully appreciate this piece
of art of Visayas. In 2019, 5,000 people joined the
celebration and witnessed the mat weaving
expertise of the artisans.
Aside from mats, the province also has skilled
craftsmen who make different kinds of ceramic
products. The entire island of Maripipi, for instance,
has an abundance of kaolin, a type of clay ideal for
pots. For this reason, many communities on the
island produce clay pots, flowerpots, and jars,
among other ceramic goods.

Page 100 of 108

Central Visayas

This region may be marked by highly urbanized cities, but the heritage of handicrafts remains vibrant
in communities in Central Visayas. From bamboo to coconut products, there are plenty of traditional
crafts from these areas.
Small towns especially stay true to the tradition of educating younger generations about folk arts,
so these are the ones worth including in your trip if you want to score good native finds and get an
idea of how it’s made. There are some sold in popular markets, too, so you shouldn’t have trouble
finding the arts and crafts even when you’re traveling alone.

1. Cebu
What else are the traditional arts and crafts of Visayas? Well, Cebuanos have their own version of
weaved baskets, locally known as bakat. Made of bamboo strips, the native craft is put together by
hand, forming lattice patterns. Uniquely designed, it boasts of a hexagonal shape.

Believe it or not, bakat baskets have been in Cebu even

during pre-colonial times. Natives and Chinese traders
use it to store farm produce during harvest. From then
to now, it’s part and parcel of Cebuano culture.

2. Siquijor
If you're on the lookout for coconut handicrafts to add to your home decor or perhaps, cutlery set,
then Siquijor is the place to be. The province has several artisans specializing in carving coconut
wood.

The raw material has played such a big role in the

traditional arts and crafts scene that one town in the
province called Maria celebrates the Lubi (coconut)
Festival, a thanksgiving feast in honor of the patron
saint, Our Lady of Divine Providence. The festival
dances depict the importance of the crop to the life of
the townspeople.

3. Bohol
Aside from the Chocolate Hills, Bohol is famous for its expertly-weaved baskets, which are notably
from different raw materials. Bamboo, rattan, wicker, sig-id, or buri, you name it, they have it,
specifically the municipality of Antequera. The town isn’t named the “Basket Capital of Bohol” for no

Page 101 of 108

reason. The traditional art of weaving is passed from generation to generation in the communities
here.

Antequera celebrates the Basket Festival every March. Visit

Bohol around this time, so you can catch a momentous
celebration of the vibrant arts and crafts of Visayas.

LEARNING ASSESSMENT

Make a power point presentation or video clip (2-3min.), Choose one place to advertise
the Indigenous Crafts in Visayas.

REFERENCES:
https://altavistadeboracay.com.ph/blog/arts-crafts-visayas

Page 102 of 108

 LESSON 12: Indigenous Creative Crafts of Mindanao

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

• Identify the Creative Crafts of Mindanao

READINGS

MINDANAO

➢ referred to as “THE LAND OF PROMISE”

➢ The second largest and southernmost island in the Philippine Archipelago
➢ Mindanao also has the largest concentration of ethno-linguistic groups and culturally diverse
island
➢ These groups are mostly Muslims from the Badjao, Iranun, Jama Mapun, Kalagan,
Kalibugan, Manobo, Maguindanao, Sama Bangingi, Sama Pangutaran, Samal, Sangil,
Tausug, and Yakan groups
➢ Other groups are the Lumads, or those who have maintained their indigenous beliefs and
traditions instead of converting to Islam or Christianity
➢ Before Islam came to the Philippines, early Filipinos worshipped believe that plants and
inanimate objects are home to ancestral spirits.
➢ They also believed that natural phenomena are caused by gods. This indigenous beliefs
system is called animism
➢ The conversation of the natives and the arrival of Muslim traders and merchants resulted in
new forms of artistic impressions. This fusion of beliefs created a unique blend of spirituality
and creativity

Page 103 of 108

ATTIRE, TEXTILES, AND TAPESTRIES

1. BILAAN or B’LAAN

▪ The Bilaan or B’laan is an ethnolinguistic group that inhabit

some parts of South Cotabato, North Cotabato, and Davao
del Sur.
▪ B’laan is a combination of two words, “bila” which means
“house” and “an” which means people.
▪ They are known for embroidery, brass ornaments and
beadwork that are integrated in their traditional clothing.
▪ The women wear heavy brass belts with numerous tiny bells
that hang around their waistline.

▪ Ikat is a process of dyeing the fabric wheree

the yarns are tightly wrapped with the strings
and dyed before weaving.

▪ the textiles usually contain three colors:

shades of black or browns, red or ochre (darker
shade of orange), and ecru (the color of undyed
abaca).

2. Bagobos
▪ The bagobos are the group of people that live in Davao. According to anthropologists, the
name of this ethnolinguistic group comes from the words “bago” means “new” and “obo”
means “growth”
▪ This is because they are believed to have come from the
mixture of the native population with the Hindu migrants that
entered Mindanao during the Sri Vijayan and Majapahit
Empires.
▪ They make these clothes from a special textile woven from
abaca fibers called T’nalak
▪ the men wear t’nalak shorts, an undershirt, and a T’nalak coat.
▪ The Bagani or hero wear blood-red clothes and a head-
kerchief
▪ The women wear wrap-around t’nalak skirt and blouses are
adorned with floral pattern

3. Tiboli
▪ The T’boli who live in and around Lake Sebu, South Cotabato are famous for their
complicated beadwork, wonderful woven fabrics, and beautiful brass ornaments.
▪ The weavers believe that their gods and ancestors visit them in their dreams to teach them
the designs and patterns that they have to weave.

Page 104 of 108

 ▪ The most famous T’boli dream weaver is Lang Dulay who received the National Living
Treasures – Gawad Manlilihikha ng Bayan awarded by the National Commission for Culture
and the Arts or NCCA
▪ Men are not allowed to touch the materials
used in the weaving process. They believe
that if they break the rules, the fiber will snap
and the designed will be ruined.
▪ production is a painstaking process that
requires patience, a lot of creativity, good
memory, and a range of skills learned from a
young age by the weavers.

4. Maranao
▪ Maranao means “People of the Lake” referring to the people who occupy the lands
surrounding Lake Lanao
▪ The Maranaos are known for their Malong. The Malong is a traditional Filipino tube skirt that
is made of hand woven or machine made multi colored cotton cloth.
▪ Women wear it as a skirt, a dress, or a gown. Depending on how its folded, it can also be
used as hammock, a basket, a sleeping bag, a bathrobe, or a baby carriage.
▪ The Malong is important part of Maranao life. A new born is wrapped in it and, as he or
she grows, it becomes a part of his or her daily life as clothing and as material for everyday
use. When a person dies, he or she is once again wrapped in a malong
▪ A traditional dance called Kapa Malong Malong or Sambisa Malong, demonstrates the
various ways of wearing a malong and its uses.

5. Yakan
▪ Basilan is the home to the Yakans. They are popular for their skills in weaving. They weave
very intricate designs in their textiles, which they use for their clothes and other accessories
▪ hand-gloomed fabrics are known for their use of bold colors and geometric patterns.

Page 105 of 108

Page 106 of 108
 LEARNING ASSESSMENT

Name: ___________________________ Date: ____________

Course & Section: _________________

Let’s do this!

Choose a tribe and take a photo of yourself with their native attire. And give a back
ground/introduction of the tribe.

Attached your photo here!

REFERENCES:
https://www.slideshare.net/Redscai/arts-andcraftofmindanao1

Page 107 of 108

MODULE 8: FINAL EXAMINATION
YOUR INSTRUCTOR / MODULE FACILITATOR WILL CONTACT YOU FOR THE
DETAILS OF YOUR SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT.

Page 108 of 108