Renal System Questions - 1
MCQ
1. Concerning renal functions:
a) Kidneys play a role in regulation of plasma insulin level.
b) Acute renal failure results in marked loss of endocrine functions of kidneys.
c) Chronic renal failure can be completely corrected by artificial kidney.
d) Normocytic anemia is an association of chronic renal diseases.
2. Which renal function is essential to life:
a) Secretion of renin.
b) Excretion of excess wastes, metabolites, water and electrolytes.
c) Secretion of prostaglandins.
d) Gluconeogenesis.
3. Which of the following chemicals is not a secretory
function of the kidney:
a) Angiotensinogen.
b) Erythropoietin.
c) Prostaglandins.
d) Calcitriol.
4. Renal hypertension is a complication of:
a) Increased renal blood flow.
b) Acute renal failure.
c) Renal ischemia and hypoxia.
d) Vasodilatation of renal blood vessels.
5. The best treatment of renal hypertension is:
a) Angiotensin-II receptor blocker.
b) Renin.
c) Vasodilator prostaglandins.
d) Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor.
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Renal System Questions - 1
6. The kidneys do not play a role in:
a) Regulation of erythropoiesis.
b) Detoxification of foreign drugs and chemicals.
c) Ca++ homeostasis.
d) Long-term control of arterial blood pressure.
7. Nephrons:
a) Are made up of a vascular and muscular components.
b) 75% of nephrons normally act as reserve inside the body.
c) Cortical nephrons constitute 15% of total nephrons.
d) Juxtamedullary nephrons are the primary ones responsible for the volume of glomerular
filtration.
8. Juxtamedullary nephrons:
a) Have a missed thin ascending limb of loop of Henle.
b) Have thick muscular afferent arterioles.
c) Their main function is Na+ reabsorption.
d) Do not have intrarenal chemoreceptors..
9. Cortical nephrons:
a) Have a missed thin ascending limb of loop of Henle.
b) Have thin afferent arterioles.
c) Main function is water reabsorption.
d) Have no macula densa.
10. Compared to juxtamedullary nephrons, cortical nephrons
are:
a) Having their glomerulus in the renal cortex.
b) Having well developed loop of Henle.
c) Having thick muscular afferent arteriole that responds to sympathetic nerve stimulation.
d) Concerned mainly with water reabsorption.
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Renal System Questions - 1
11. Compared to cortical nephrons, juxtamedullary nephrons:
a) Represent the majority of nephrons.
b) Their efferent arteriole gives rise to a special type of hair-pin, high resistance capillaries.
c) Their macula densa monitor NaCl concentration of tubular fluid.
d) Play a role in maintenance of a relatively constant renal blood flow
12. Juxtaglomerular apparatus:
a) Present in all types of nephrons.
b) Macula densa is responsible for renin formation and secretion.
c) Sympathetic nerves activate the macula densa.
d) Play a role in tubule-glomerular feedback mechanism involved in autoregulation of renal
blood flow and GFR.
13. Juxtaglomerular apparatus:
a) Contains mesangial cells that secrete rennin.
b) Sympathetic nerves activate the juxta-glomerular cells.
c) Juxta-glomerular cells act to monitor NaCl concentration in tubular fluid.
d) Renin secretion is directly proportionate to the degree of stretch in wall of afferent
arteriole.
14. Juxtaglomerular apparatus is NOT:
a) Specialized vascular and tubular cells of cortical nephrons.
b) Involved in regulation of glomerular filtration rate.
c) Contains intrarenal baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.
d) Depends on the high resistance of vasa recta.
15. Intrarenal baroreceptors are:
a) Mesangial cells.
b) Macula densa.
c) Granular cells.
d) Podocytes.
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Renal System Questions - 1
16. Intrarenal chemoreceptors are:
a) Mesangial cells.
b) Macula densa.
c) Granular cells.
d) Podocytes.
17. Renal blood flow:
a) Normally is about 10 % of cardiac output.
b) Most of it passes in peritubular capillaries and little amount passes in vasa recta.
c) Is greater in renal medulla than cortex.
d) Vasa recta offer little resistance to blood flow.
18. Renal blood flow:
a) Is inversely proportionate to mean arterial pressure.
b) Is directly proportionate to renal vascular resistance.
c) Decreases by 10% when arterial pressure decreases by 10%.
d) Afferent and efferent arterioles are the main sites of renal resistance.
19. Normal renal blood flow is:
a) 0. 2 -0.5 L/min
b) 0.5 -1.0 L/min
c) 1.0 -1.5 L/min
d) 1.5 -2.0 L/min
20. Normal renal plasma flow is about approximately:
a) 300 ml/min
b) 700 ml/min
c) 900 ml/min
d) 1200 ml/min
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Renal System Questions - 1
21. All of the following characterize renal blood circulation
EXCEPT:
a) Glomerular capillaries helps in urine concentration.
b) Peritubular capillaries help in reabsorption and secretion, but not in filtration.
c) Vasa recta capillaries prevent escape of solutes from the medullary interstitial fluid.
d) It is a portal circulation.
22. In regulation of renal blood flow, all of the following are
true EXCEPT:
a) Severe sympathetic effects constrict renal vessels leading to decrease RBF & GFR.
b) Low levels of angiotensin-II constrict efferent arteriole and increase GFR.
c) High levels of angiotensin-II constrict afferent arteriole and may decrease GFR.
d) Intrinsic autoreglulation operate in pressure range of 50-150 mmHg.
23. Which value is correct regarding renal hydrostatic
pressures?
a) Pressure in arcuate arteries is 80 mmHg.
b) Pressure in glomerular capillaries is 60 mmHg.
c) Pressure in peritubular capillaries is 30 mmHg.
d) Pressure in arcuate veins is 15 mmHg.
24. Intrinsic autoregulation of RBF & GFR:
a) Is a property of juxtamedullary nephrons.
b) Operates by myogenic property of efferent arteriole.
c) Operates when mean arterial pressure rises above 180 mmHg.
d) Macula densa is responsible for tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism of autoregulation.
25. There is a marked fall in glomerular filtration rate as the
mean systolic blood pressure drops below:
a) 60 mmHg
b) 70 mmHg
c) 80 mmHg
d) 90 mmHg
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Renal System Questions - 1
26. Efferent arteriole resistance helps in:
a) Increasing the pressure in glomerular capillary to help reabsorption.
b) Decreasing the pressure in peritubular capillaries to help urine concentration.
c) Decreasing the pressure in vasa recta to decrease its blood flow rate.
d) Autoregulation of renal blood flow by juxtamedullay nephrons.
27. Extrinsic regulation of renal blood flow includes:
a) Vasodilator effects of local renal prostaglandins on renal vessels.
b) Vasoconstrictor effects of catecholamines mainly on efferent arterioles.
c) Vasoconstrictor effects of low levels of angiotensin-II mainly on afferent arterioles.
d) Vasoconstrictor effects of atrial naturetic peptide on renal vessels.
28. During tubule-glomerular autoregulation of renal blood
flow, increased mean arterial pressure produces:
a) Increase NaCl reabsorption from tubular fluid.
b) Decrease release of ATP & Adenosine.
c) Decrease Ca++ in smooth muscles of afferent arteriole.
d) Decrease renin secretion leading to efferent arteriole dilatation.
29. Concerning urine formation:
a) Excretion = filtration – reabsorption + secretion.
b) Depends primarily on filtration process.
c) Involves 3 selective processes.
d) Excretion is the same as secretion.
30. Regarding glomerular filtration, all are true EXCEPT:
a) Is an ultrafiltration of plasma.
b) Allows filtration of plasma substances of colloidal size.
c) Is a passive process.
d) Osmolarity of filtered fluid is 300 mosmol/L, isotonic to plasma.
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Renal System Questions - 1
31. GFR:
a) Is measured in units of time per units of volume.
b) Is normally higher by 10% in females than males.
c) Is a non-selective process.
d) Is normally 175 ml/min.
32. Concerning filtration fraction, all are true EXCEPT:
a) Is the percentage of renal plasma flow that becomes a glomerular filtrate.
b) Is the volume of plasma completely cleared from a certain substance per minute.
c) Is normally ~ 20 %.
d) Is not affected by vasodilatation or vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole.
33. Concerning filtration fraction, it is:
a) Increased in conditions of ureteric obstruction.
b) Decreased by severe sympathetic stimulation.
c) Increased by vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole.
d) Constant in conditions of changes in plasma proteins.
34. Which of the following is NOT a character of GFR:
a) It is a mechanical process.
b) Requires energy provided by ATP hydrolysis.
c) Osmolarity of the filtrate is 300 mosmo/L.
d) Specific gravity of the filtrate is 1010.
35. Normal glomerular filtration rate is:
a) 25 ml/min
b) 50 ml/min
c) 100 ml/min
d) 125 ml/min
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Renal System Questions - 1
36. Regarding the filtering membrane:
a) The membrane that separates blood in peritubular capillaries from Bowman's capsule.
b) Its endothelial layer is non-fenestrated capillaries.
c) Epithelial cells of Bowman's capsules contain narrow filtration slits.
d) Its basement membrane repels cations.
37. Regarding the filtering membrane:
a) Is 5 times more permeable than other capillaries.
b) Its total surface area is 5 square meters.
c) Is semipermeable membrane, rich in transport carriers.
d) Contains contractile mesangial cells between basal lamina and endothelium.
38. Regarding the filtering membrane, all are true EXCEPT:
a) Allows free filtration of substances less than 4 millimicrons (MW 5500).
b) Does not allow filtration of substances more than 8 millimicrons (MW 70000).
c) Anions are easily filtered than cations.
d) Is more permeable than capillaries of skeletal muscles by 50 times.
39. Concerning the mechanism of GFR:
a) Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure is about 32 mmHg.
b) Bowman’s intracapsular pressure opposes filtration.
c) Decrease plasma proteins lead to decrease filtration.
d) Colloidal pressure of proteins in Bowman's capsule is 60 mmHg.
40. GFR is determined by all of the following EXCEPT:
a) The net filtration pressure.
b) The glomerular capillary filtration coefficient.
c) Filtration coefficient is determined by permeability and surface area.
d) The active glomerular pumping mechanisms.
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Renal System Questions - 1
41. Glomerular capillary:
a) Is less permeable than other body capillaries.
b) A less volume is filtered across which at any given pressure difference.
c) Allow only filtration throughout the length of the capillary.
d) Allows reabsorption at is venous end.
42. Regarding the GFR:
a) Dilatation of afferent arteriole decreases the GFR.
b) Severe constriction of efferent arteriole increases, then decreases the GFR.
c) Increase mean arterial pressure to 150 mmHg causes a marked increase in GFR.
d) Severe sympathetic stimulation causes increase in GFR.
43. Regarding the GFR:
a) GFR is directly proportionate to functioning kidney mass.
b) GFR is directly proportionate to plasma protein concentration.
c) GFR is directly proportionate to Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure.
d) Hypoxia and fever decrease permeability of filtering membrane and decrease GFR.
44. The GFR is:
a) Increased in uretric obstruction or tight renal capsule.
b) Increased in renal failure.
c) Increased in hypoproteinemia.
d) Increased by contraction and decrease by relaxation of mesangial cells.
45. All of the following lead to anincrease the GFR EXCEPT:
a) Vasodilatation of afferent arteriole.
b) Increase mean arterial pressure to 150 mmHg.
c) Mild vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole.
d) Hypoproteinemia.
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Renal System Questions - 1
46. All of the following decrease the GFR EXCEPT:
a) Mild sympathetic stimulation.
b) Dehydration.
c) Increased intracapsular pressure by a renal stone.
d) Vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole.
47. Through their effects on mesangial cells, all of the
following increase the GFR EXCEPT:
a) ANP.
b) cAMP.
c) Dopamine.
d) ADH.
48. Which of the following does not produce contraction of
mesangial cells:
a) Adrenaline.
b) Prostaglandin E2.
c) Angiotensin-II.
d) ADH.
49. Which of the following factors increases the filtration
fraction:
a) Afferent vasodilatation.
b) Sympathetic stimulation.
c) Ureteric obstruction.
d) Efferent vasoconstriction.
50. Which of the following factors does not affect the
filtration fraction:
a) Afferent vasoconstriction.
b) Dehydration and Hyperproteinemia.
c) Efferent vasodilatation.
d) Increase Bowman’s capsule intracapsular pressure.
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Renal System Questions - 1
Answers
1 D 21 A 41 C
2 B 22 D 42 B
3 A 23 B 43 A
4 C 24 D 44 C
5 D 25 C 45 B
6 B 26 C 46 A
7 B 27 A 47 D
8 D 28 D 48 B
9 A 29 A 49 D
10 C 30 B 50 A
11 B 31 C
12 D 32 B
13 B 33 C
14 D 34 B
15 C 35 D
16 B 36 C
17 B 37 D
18 D 38 C
19 C 39 B
20 B 40 D
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Renal System Questions - 1
Essay Questions
1) List the overall functions of the kidneys.
2) Outline the role of the kidneys as endocrine organs.
3) Outline the homeostatc kidney function.
4) Outline the function of the kidney that is essential to maintain life.
5) List the causes of increase renin secretion by the kidneys.
6) List the causes of renal hypertension, and its treatment strategies.
7) List renal vasoactive prostaglandins, and their role in renal
protection.
8) Describe the anatomical structure of kidneys.
9) Describe the general structure of a nephron.
10) Compare and contrast between superficial (short-loop, cortical) and
deep (long-loop, juxtamedullary) nephrons.
11) Compare between the characters of afferent and efferent arterioles
in cortical and in juxtamedullary nephrons.
12) Outline the structure and function of the juxta-glomerular
apparatus.
13) Define and list the characters of the: intrarenal baroreceptors and
the intrarenal chemoreceptors.
14) Describe the role of juxtaglomerular apparatus in maintenance of a
relatively constant RBF & GFR
15) Discuss renal blood flow, its % from the cardiac output and its
unique characteristic features.
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Renal System Questions - 1
16) List renal capillaries. Compare between them regarding their
pressures and function.
17) List the determinant of RBF.
18) List the main sites of renal vascular resistance. Explain the
importance of each one.
19) Discuss the importance of preglomerular and postglomeular
resistance
20) Describe the extrinsic regulation of renal blood flow.
21) Describe the extrinsic nervous regulation of renal blood flow.
22) Describe the extrinsic hormonal regulation of renal blood flow.
23) Discuss the role of hormonal and nervous factors in regulation of
RBF.
24) Discuss the mechanisms by which a kidney maintains its renal
blood flow relatively constant over a wide range of arterial pressure
changes. (Autoregulation).
25) Explain the myogenic mechanism of autoregulation.
26) Explain the tubule-glomerular feedback mechanism of
autoregulation.
27) Describe the processes involved in urine formation.
28) Describe the glomerular filtration process. List the characters of the
filtrate.
29) Define glomerular filtration rate and its normal value.
30) Describe the glomerular filtering membrane.
31) List the characters of the glomerular membrane.
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Renal System Questions - 1
32) Describe the factors affecting filtration of substances across the
filtering membrane.
33) Define glomerular filtration rate and explain the mechanism of
filtration (Starling forces, pressures).
34) Define glomerular filtration rate and list factors affecting it.
35) Discuss the effects of changes in surface area of filtering membrane
on glomerular filtration rate.
36) Discuss the effects of changes in permeability of filtering
membrane on glomerular filtration rate.
37) Discuss the effects of changes in glomerular capillary hydrostatic
pressure on glomerular filtration rate.
38) Discuss the effects of changes in Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic
pressure on glomerular filtration rate.
39) Discuss the effects of changes in plasma proteins osmotic pressure
on glomerular filtration rate.
40) Define the filtration fraction. List the factors that increase or
decrease or do not affect it.
41) Define each of:
- Glomerular filtration rate.
- Filtration coefficient.
- Filtration fraction.
- Net filtering pressure.
42) How GFR can be evaluated clinically.
43) How GFR can be evaluated experimentally.
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