EST I – Literacy Test I

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Duration: 35 minutes
44 Multiple Choice Questions

Instructions:
- Place your answer on the answer sheet. Mark only one answer for each of the
multiple choice questions.
- Avoid guessing. Your answers should reflect your overall understanding of the
subject matter.
1. As used in line 13, "civil" most nearly 5. The author's tone in discussing "the
means liberal military code" (line 39) can best be
described as
(A) polite.
(A) approving.
(B) noncriminal.
(B) ironic.
(C) nonmilitary.
(C) irked.
(D) individual.
(D) regretful.
2. In cinematic terms, the first two
paragraphs most nearly resemble 6. It can most reasonably be inferred from
the passage that Peyton Farquhar would
(A) a wide-angle shot followed by a close-
consider which of the following a good
up.
example of how a citizen should behave in
(B) a sequence of cameo appearances. wartime?
(C) a trailer advertising a feature film. (A) He should use even underhanded
methods to support his cause.
(D) two episodes of an ongoing serial.
(B) He should enlist in the army without
3. It can most reasonably be inferred from
delay.
the passage that the man awaiting hanging
was (C) He should turn to politics as a means
of enforcing his will.
(A) innocent of any criminal intent.
(D) He should avoid involving himself in
(B) an unlikely candidate for execution.
disastrous campaigns.
(C) a victim of mistaken identity.
7. As used in line 59, "consistent" most
(D) purposely assuming a harmless nearly means
demeanor.
(A) unchanging.
4. Which choice provides the best
(B) compatible.
evidence for the answer to the previous
question? (C) logically sound.
(A) Lines 25-27 ("The man ... age") (D) steady and predictable.
(B) Lines 27-29 ("He was ... planter")

(C) Lines 33-38 "He wore ... hemp")

(D) Lines 44-47 ("Being ... cause")
8. It can most reasonably be inferred from 10. From Farquhar's exchange with the
the passage that Mrs. Farquhar is soldier (lines 84-102), it can most
reasonably be inferred that Farquhar is
(A) sympathetic to the Confederate cause.
going to
(B) too proud to perform menial tasks.
(A) sneak across the bridge to join the
(C) uninterested in news of the war. Confederate forces.
(D) reluctant to ask her slaves to fetch (B) attempt to burn down the bridge to halt
water. the Yankee advance.
9. Which choice provides the best (C) remove the driftwood blocking the
evidence for the answer to the previous Confederates' access to the bridge.
question?
(D) undermine the pillars that support the
(A) Lines 56-64 ("No service ... war") railroad bridge.

(B) Lines 68-70 ("Mrs. Farquhar ...

hands")
11. The main purpose of the concluding
(C) Lines 70-73 ("While she ... front") sentence of the passage is to

(D) Lines 104-106 ("He thanked ... away") (A) offer an excuse for Farquhar's failure
to destroy the bridge.
(B) provide context useful in
understanding Farquhar's emotional
reactions.

(C) establish that Farquhar has been

entrapped into taking an unwise action.
(D) contrast Farquhar's patriotic behavior
with the scout's treachery
12. As used in line 14, "plain" most nearly 15. The author uses the Mayflower
means Compact, Declaration of Independence,
Constitution, and Gettysburg Address as
(A) candid.
examples of
(B) ordinary.
(A) subjects of previous inaugural
(C) homely. addresses.
(D) intelligible. (B) expressions of the democratic
aspiration.
13. The author indicates which of the
following about the American belief in (C) documents of historical interest.
freedom?
(D) writings with ongoing legal
(A) It lacked any supporters who belonged implications.
to the upper classes.
16. The author recognizes
(B) It had its origins at the time of the counterarguments to the position he takes
American Revolution. in lines 33-39 ("Those who first …..
generation") by
(C) It is an ideal that has lost its hold on
the public. (A) acknowledging that economic
injustices must be addressed before
(D) It has deep-seated historical roots.
democracy can prevail.
14. Which choice provides the best
(B) admitting that the native-born
evidence for the answer to the previous
descendents of our immigrant forebears
question?
have lost faith in democracy.
(A) Lines 1-3 ("A nation . . . parts")
(C) conceding the lack of resources and
(B) Lines 17-21 ("The democratic ... capacity that hinder the fulfillment of the
Carta") American dream.

(C) Lines 23-28 ("America has been ... (D) likening the Nation to a human body
freedom") with physical, mental, and spiritual needs.

(D) Lines 33-39 ("Those who first ... 17. As used in line 76, "directed" most
generation") nearly means
(A) addressed.

(B) ordered.
(C) supervised.

(D) guided.
18. What main effect does the repetition of 20. Which choice provides the best
the phrase "It speaks to us" in lines 62-70 evidence for the answer to the previous
have on the tone of the passage? question?

(A) It creates a whimsical tone, endowing (A) Lines 56-59 ("But ... perished")
an abstract quality with a physical voice.
(B) Lines 60-62 ("That spirit ... obvious")
(B) It creates a colloquial tone, describing
(C) Lines 83-87 ("If we ... establish")
commonplace activities in ordinary words.
(D) Lines 92-94 ("In the face ...
(C) It creates a dramatic tone, emphasizing
democracy")
the point being made and adding to its
emotional impact. 21. It is reasonable to conclude that a
major goal of Roosevelt in making this
(D) It creates a menacing tone, reminding
speech was to
us of our failure to heed the voices of
freedom crying for our aid. (A) inform American citizens of changes
of policy in the new administration.
(B) impress his European counterparts
19. It can most reasonably be inferred that
with the soundness of America's foreign
the experiment to which Washington refers
policy.
in line 81 is
(C) encourage American voters to avoid
(A) a scientific investigation.
the divisiveness inherent in partisan
(B) a presidential inauguration. politics.

(C) democratic government. (D) inspire the American people to defend

the cause of freedom in dangerous times.
(D) national defense.
22. The passage is best described as
(A) a definition of a concept.
(B) an example of a particular method.

(C) a lesson on a technique.

(D) a description of a process.
23. It can most reasonably be inferred from
the passage that the "wake of red" to which
the author refers (line 7) is

(A) a sign of embarrassment.

(B) an infectious rash.

(C) a line of blood.

(D) the blade of the knife.

24. Which choice provides the best

evidence for the answer to the previous
question?
(A) Lines 1-2 (*One ... stem")
(B) Lines 2-4 ("Not ... fingers")
(C) Lines 7-8 ("The flesh ... fat")

(D) Lines 17-18 ("A stillness ... hand")

25. As used in line 8, "parts" most nearly
means
(A) leaves.

(B) splits.
(C) surrenders.
(D) distributes.
 30. Which choice provides the best
evidence for the answer to the previous
26. As used in line 42, "engaged" most
question?
nearly means
(A) Lines 36-40 ("Beneath the fat ...
(A) betrothed.
wound")
(B) engrossed.
(B) Lines 44-48 ("The peritoneum ...
(C) hired. abdomen")

(D) embattled. (C) Lines 54-57 ("The vista ... sun")

27. In lines 49-50, the comment "One (D) Lines 62-64 ("It is a ... washed")
expects to find drawings of buffalo on the
31. One aspect of the passage that may
walls" metaphorically compares the
make it difficult to appreciate is the
abdominal cavity to
author's apparent assumption throughout
(A) an art gallery. that readers will
(B) a zoological display. (A) have qualms about reading
descriptions of major surgery.
(C) a Western film.
(B) be already adept at handling surgical
(D) a prehistoric cave.
tools.
28. The author most likely describes the
(C) be familiar with the organs and tissues
colors of the internal organs as "secret"
that are named.
(line 52) because
(D) relate accounts of specific surgical acts
(A) they are beyond ordinary human
to their own experience of undergoing
understanding.
surgery.
(B) they normally are hidden from sight.
(C) their access is limited to authorized
personnel.
(D) they are darker in color than the
external organs are.
29. In creating an impression of abdominal
surgery for the reader, the author primarily
makes use of
(A) comparison with imaginary
landscapes.
(B) contrast to other types of surgery.

(C) references to religious imagery.

(D) evocation of the patient's emotions.
32.The main purpose of Passage 1 is to 33.According to the opening paragraph of
Passage 1, all American presidents have
A. Examine methods of evaluating the
experienced
relationship between the press And the
president. A. Defects in the quality of their press
coverage.
B. Argue that the adversarial relationship
between the press and the Presidency has B. Goodwill from some reporters in the
proven deleterious to both. press corps.
C. Present an overview of an inherently C. Alternating periods of antagonism and
conflicted relationship that faces New harmony with the press.
challenges.
D. Mutual animosity involving themselves
D. Consider a political dilemma created by and the press.
the mutual antagonism between two major
34. Which choice provides the best
institutions.
evidence for the answer to the previous
Question?

A. Lines 7–10 (“The record . . . mistrust”)

B. Lines 11–14 (“This . . . may have”)

C. Lines 14–20 (“While . . . ruled”)

D. Lines 27–31 (“Reduced . . . principle”)

35. As used in line 27, “reduced” most 38. In the opening sentence of the final
nearly means paragraph (lines 55–59) of Passage 1, The
authors seek primarily to
A. Decreased.
A. Define a term.
B. Boiled down.
B. Defend a widely held belief.
C. Marked down.
C. Correct a misconception.
D. Demote
D. Champion a cause.
36.The authors of Passage 1 caution the
reader about judging the actions of Long- 39. As used in line 107, “open” most
dead presidents because nearly means
A. Historical accounts, when investigated, A. Receptive.
have proven to be Untrustworthy.
B. Unrestricted.
B. Contemporary authors have rewritten
C. Unconcealed.
history to reflect current Academic
opinions. D. Vulnerable.
C. Readers today cannot fully grasp the 40. Data in the graph about presidential
significance these actions had in Their own solo and joint press conferences from
time. 1981–2004 most strongly support which of
the following statements?
D. History, at best, is an imprecise science.
A. President Clinton held more solo press
37. Which choice provides the best
conferences than President George H. W.
evidence for the answer to the previous
Bush did.
Question?
B. Presidents Clinton and George W. Bush
A. Lines 1–7 (“In the shifting . . . treated”)
held a far higher percentage Of joint press
B. Lines 20–26 (“The press . . . public conferences than either of their
view”) predecessors did.
C. Lines 27–37 (“Reduced . . . C. President Reagan’s failure to hold joint
government”) press conferences resulted From a
reluctance to share the spotlight with other
D. Lines 43–54 (“Certain parallels . . .
members of his Administration.
years”)
D. While President George H. W. Bush
held far more press conferences Than his
son President George W. Bush did, both
Presidents Bush Held more joint sessions
than solo sessions.
41. Which choice best describes the
relationship between the two passages?
A. Passage 2 denies the static nature of the
phenomenon described in Passage 1.
B. Passage 2 evaluates the conclusions
drawn from assertions made in Passage 1.
C. Passage 2 predicts the eventual healing
of a breach reported in Passage 1.
D. Passage 2 critiques the hypotheses
proposed by researchers cited in Passage 1.
42. On which of the following points
would the authors of both passages most
Likely agree?
A. Those who criticize the press for its
treatment of the president fail to
Understand the press’s watchdog function.

B. Members of the press corps are unlikely

to prefer joint press Conferences to solo
sessions.
C. The relationship between the press and
the presidency is inherently Adversarial,
and likely to remain so.
D. The president needs to regain agenda-
setting control of traditional Solo press
conferences.
43.In line 1, the author chooses the word 46. What function does the discussion of
“fractious” (contentious; heated) to Create. fracking legislation in lines 32–38 Serve in
A. A metaphor. the passage?

B. A play on words. A. It describes specific responses to

concerns raised in the previous Paragraph.
C. An exaggeration.
B. It analyzes theoretical objections to a
D. A counterargument.
claim made in the previous Paragraph.
44.To call fracking-related gas recovery “a
C. It provides an unanticipated reaction to
game changer” (line 7) is to assert That
an explicit demand made in The previous
fracking
paragraph.
A. Has no foreseeable negative
D. It contradicts a working hypothesis
consequences.
proposed in the previous Paragraph.
B. Will radically alter natural gas
47. As used in line 58, “open” most nearly
production.
means
C. Is not taken seriously by its proponents.
A. Unresolved.
D. Will require active federal regulation.
B. Vulnerable.
45. Which choice provides the best
C. Accessible.
evidence for the answer to the previous
Question? D. Ajar.
A. Lines 9–14 (“The gas . . . energy”) 48. The stance that the author takes
throughout the passage is best described
B. Lines 15–20 (“But . . . sick”)
As that of
C. Lines 20–24 (“What’s more . . .
A. An advocate of technological
Gasland”)
innovations.
D. Lines 51–59 (“While . . . question”)
B. An opponent of pointless regulatory
oversight.

C. A legislator concerned about potential

danger.
D. An observer striving to present a
balanced account.
49. Which choice provides the best 51. As used in line 87, “pronounced” most
evidence for the answer to the previous nearly means
question?
A. Noticeable.
A. Lines 25–28 (“Fears . . . political
B. Declared.
action”)
C. Decided on.
B. Lines 32–38 (“Legislation . . . support
it”) D. Articulated.

C. Lines 51–59 (“While . . . question”) 52. It can be most reasonably inferred from
the concluding paragraph that Ellsworth
D. Lines 93–95 (“It’s hard . . . Ellsworth”)
looks on current hypotheses about
50. The graph based on Ellsworth’s figures connections between the Recent increases
accentuates the in earthquakes and the start of the fracking
boom as
A. Validity of his research team’s
methodology. A. Corroborated by pre-quake data.
B. Increased magnitude of each individual B. Based on insufficient knowledge.
earthquake.
C. Evidence of seismic activity.
C. Increasing frequency of earthquakes in
D. Contradicted by his research findings.
the region.
D. Amount of fracking fluid injected into
wastewater wells.
Questions 1-11 are based on the following
passage.

Out with the Old and the New

1. Which wording is most consistent with
Modernism can be characterized by its the paragraph as a whole?
complete rejection of 19th- century
(A) NO CHANGE
traditions and values of prudish and proper
etiquette. F. Scott Fitzgerald's "Bernice Bobs (B) ignorance
Her Hair" was written in 1920 and reflects
(C) rebuff
this (1) embrace of conventional morality
most effectively through the character of (D) significance
Marjorie Harvey. Marjorie, an immensely
2. (A) NO CHANGE
popular and desirable young woman, is
plagued by Bernice, her dull cousin who (B) and entertainment
fails to entertain (2) or be entertained by
(C) with the entertaining of
Marjorie's many social environments. In a
desperate attempt to make Bernice more (D) of the entertaining for
popular and therefore, more bearable,
3. (A) NO CHANGE
Marjorie teaches Bernice to appear
beautifully at ease with (3) itself in order to (B) oneself
gain social favor. Fitzgerald uses Bernice's
(C) themselves
transformation to embody Modemist ideals
of moral relativism and (4) the (D)herself
implementation of mockery of former
(A) NO CHANGE
Victorian standards of custom.
(B) revolutionary dogmatism
(C) false facades
(D) frivolous piety

4. (A) NO CHANGE

(B) for the mocking of

(C) to mock

(D) mocking
Marjorie, a quintessential modern girl, 5. (A) NO CHANGE
represents the destruction of conventional
(B) who
norms and former ideas of femininity. Young
and beautiful, she is interested only in (C) whose
having a good time and being good company
(D) who's
to the many suitors (5) whom flock to her.
Despite her good looks and family wealth, 6. Where in this paragraph should the
Bernice is disliked for her stifling and overly underlined sentence be placed?
formal Victorian 1. propriety. (6) On the
(A) where it is now
other hand, Bernice is old-fashioned,
outdated, and unpopular. The "new," modern (B) before the first sentence
woman is best denoted by her wit,
(C) before the second sentence
carelessness, and lack of emotion. Where the
dignified nature of Bernice is seen as (D) before the third sentence
snobbish and out of style, Marjorie's
7. (A) NO CHANGE
sardonic and indifferent manner is fresh and
exciting. The stark contrast (7) between the (B) among
Victorian and Modernist eras is even
(C) for
depicted in the girls' taste in literature:
Marjorie casts off Bernice's reference to (D) on
Little Women in exchange for the more
recent Oscar Wilde. Still, Modernism isn't
let off easy in Fitzgerald's well-liked short
story.
(8)When Marjorie is preferred socially, she 8. (A) NO CHANGE
is flagrantly rude and always needing to be
(B) While
entertained. She instructs Bernice in social
protocol in a (9) few short sentences, (C) Because
causing the reader to question the frivolous
(D) Since
hedonism that dominates the early 20th
century. Once Bernice adopts her cousin's 9. (A) NO CHANGE
apathy, she easily falls into the world of
(B) short few
dancing, dating, and laughing. In fact, never
being serious happens to come quite easy. (C) few, short
The equally (10) kind-hearted natures of
(D) short, few
both of Fitzgerald's characters come
crashing down when Marjorie tricks Bernice 10. Which choice would best be logically
into getting her hair bobbed—a style so placed here to represent the characterizations
rebellious that it causes Bernice to faint. of Marjorie and Bernice in the passage?
Bernice finds revenge in severing off a
(A) NO CHANGE
golden lock of Marjorie's hair while she
sleeps. While using Bernice and Marjorie to (B) revolutionary dogmatism
model both eras, Fitzgerald finds flaws in
(C) false facades
(11) both: the old manner is a lifeless
forgery, while the new approach is only (D) frivolous piety
relaxed on the surface
11. (A) NO CHANGE

(B) both, the old manner is a lifeless forgery

while

(C) both—the old manner is a lifeless,

forgery, while

(D) both; the old manner, is a lifeless

forgery while
Questions 12-22 are based on the
following passage and supplementary
material.

Extra, Extra (Written in 2015)

12. Which choice most specifically
If any field has drastically changed in the
elaborates on the first part of this sentence?
last two decades, it is journalism. Journalism
includes the gathering and distribution of (A) NO CHANGE
news through a variety of mediums,(12)
(B) growing its reach to include urban,
building upon the long-standing professional
suburban, and rural population centers.
excellence with which journalism is
associated. Whether via print, broadcast, or (C) which have recently expanded to
digital, journalists are responsible for incorporate smartphones, tablets, and blogs.
keeping the public informed, and often play
(D) demonstrating that seeking the average
a vital role in allowing the general
public opinion is most objective.
population to participate in the political
process. Although the digital age has 13. (A) NO CHANGE
understandably discouraged popularity in
(B) news media, the field itself is optimistic,
some traditional forms of (13) news media
not only
the field itself is optimistic, not only is the
digital platform more than making up for the (C) news media, the field itself is optimistic:
moderate declines in traditional news not only
sources, (14) but also research shows that
(D) news media the field itself; is optimistic
Americans are spending more time
not only
consuming news than they have since the
early 1990s. 14. (A) NO CHANGE

(B) and
(C) for

(D) since
(15) The traditional dominance of 15. Which choice best concludes this
newspapers has continued unabated. Quite paragraph and transitions to the topic of the
simply, the days of print-only newsrooms next paragraph?
are past. Now, one doesn't wait until the 6
(A) NO CHANGE
PM. broadcast to hear what's happening
around the world, (16) nor does one grab the (B) Journalism isn't dying; the way reporters
newspaper on Sunday morning for breaking do their job is changing.
news. The public expects minute-by-minute
(C) Journalism is no longer the sort of career
updates, and media companies meet this
that globally minded people would chose.
demand with 24-7 online newsreels.
Journalists can no longer limit themselves to (D) With the steady demise of public interest
gathering stories or writing articles or in quality journalism, it is only a matter of
speaking publicly—they must be able to do time before journalism falls by the wayside.
it all and then some. Even entry-level
16.
positions require candidates who have had
media training and internship experience in (A) NO CHANGE
addition to a formal education. Internships at
(B) because
most media outlets include everything from
copy editing to blogging. The tough (C) for
competition and demanding prerequisites for
(D) while
the job market need not be deterrents.
Leading journalism (17) department's are 17. (A) NO CHANGE
reassuring that their students leave
(B) departments' are insuring that they're
undergraduate with all the tools necessary
for success. For instance, the University of (C) departments are assuring there
Missouri at Columbia (18) —boasting the
(D) departments are ensuring that their
number one journalism department in the
nation according to The Huffington Post— 18. Which choice best connects this sentence
offers more than 30 interest areas, to the previous sentence?
incorporating an intensive liberal arts
(A) NO CHANGE
education along with hands-on experience in
media labs and internships for academic (B) —located in the geographic near-middle
credit. of the United States—

(C) —a university that offers a variety of

possible undergraduate majors and minors—

(D) —ranked among the best universities for

average starting salary among its
graduates—
Ohio (19) University also having, a 19. (A) NO CHANGE
journalism department ranked in the top ten
(B) University also having a journalism
nationwide offers three campus publications
department ranked in the top ten nationwide
plus a broadcasting outlet for students to
offers
gain professional experience before
graduation, not to mention OU's Institute for (C) University, also having a journalism
International Journalism, which offers department, ranked in the top ten,
opportunities for reporting abroad. nationwide, offers
Technology and its (20) endless affects on
(D) University, also having a journalism
all areas of the job market are tedious
department ranked in the top ten nationwide,
subjects for the student and young
offers
professional. One cannot consider a career
field without hearing how formidable its 20. (A) NO CHANGE
outlook is and how quickly one could fail in
(B) endless effects
an uncertain economy. Indeed, journalism
students have been well informed (21) about (C) endlessly affects
the steadily increasing demand for
(D) endlessly effects
journalists in the recent past, but the truth
stands that there will always be a demand 21. Which choice offers the most accurate
for the news, and therefore, a need for interpretation of the data in the chart?
journalists. The field (22) is adapting and so
(A) NO CHANGE
are its constituents.
(B) about the gradual decline in jobs for
journalists in the past decade,

(C) about the constant level of employment

for journalists these past few years,

(D) about the job market fluctuations in

recent years,

22. (A) NO CHANGE

(B) was adapting

(C) is adopting

(D) was adopting

Questions 23–33 are based on the
following passage.
23. Which choice would most specifically
Parthenon describe how long ago the Parthenon was
constructed?
Of all the ancient, sacred, and truly splendid
buildings to visit, the Parthenon may just be A. NO CHANGE
the most treasured of all. (23) A long time
B. More than 2,500 years ago,
past, the Greeks built their apotheosis over a
span of nine years atop the Acropolis of C. Many decades of ages past,
Athens as a tribute to Athena, the city’s
D. In days gone by,
beloved patron goddess of war and reason.
The temple itself was completed in 438 24.
B.C., although decorative sculpting and
A. NO CHANGE
engraving within the structure went on for
several more years. Since then, the structure B. temple, treasury church, and most
has served (24) as temple, treasury, Church, recently, tourist attraction.
and most recently, tourist attraction.
C. temple treasury, church and most recently
th
Pericles—leading politician in 5 century tourist attraction.
B.C.—recruited the sculptor Phidias to
D. temple treasury church, and most recently
oversee two architects, Iktinos and
tourist attraction.
Kallikrates, in the Construction of the
Parthenon to house a forty-foot high statue 25. What could best be used for the
of Athena.(25) Honestly and judiciously, the underlined portion to convey the high
ancient Greeks planned an exceptional Priority the Greeks placed on completing the
Monument with a base the size of half a Parthenon in an extravagant Fashion?
football field and pillars over thirty feet tall.
A. NO CHANGE
Athenians stored their most lavish
possessions inside the Parthenon among a B. Sparing no expense,
host of statues, sculptures, precious metals,
C. With artistic patience,
and Treasures taken in the conquest of the
Persians. (26) Yet, the endeavor and all It D. Using architectural techniques,
stood for were short-lived: just seven years
26.
after the Parthenon was Constructed, war
broke out with Sparta. Sometime after the A. NO CHANGE
reign of Athens, in 5th century A.D., the
B. Additionally
statue of Athena was plundered and later
destroyed. C. In conclusion,

D. As a result,
Perhaps, even with Athena—the very core of 27.
Parthenon—missing, the temple (27) could
A. NO CHANGE
of still served as a great, inclusive museum
of Greek History, tracing the founding of B .might of
Ancient Greece, Athenian democracy, and
C. could have
Early western civilization; yet, the
Parthenon would endure many other Foes. D. should have been
The Parthenon was first converted to a
28.
Christian church, which led to the removal
of (28) its’ “pagan gods.” With the rise of A. NO CHANGE
the Ottoman Empire the monument was
B. it’s
used as a mosque until a Venetian attack on
Athens destroyed large parts of the building C. it is
and left its (29) archaeology deserted. By the
D. its
18th century, little was left of the Parthenon
after decades of European pillaging. 29.

(30) In the contemporary world in which we A. NO CHANGE

reside, the Parthenon is one Of the most
B. components
popular tourist attractions in the world,
enticing millions of People each year and C. particles
warranting an ongoing restoration project
D. remnants
currently in its third decade. Even in its
antiquity, its subtle beauty and architectural 30.
refinement (31) is uncontested. Its miracle
A. NO CHANGE
comes not from its magnitude, but from the
curvatures between its platform and columns B. In the world of today,
that offer an illusion of symmetry that
C. Contemptuously,
exceeds its true dimensions, and in the
elaborate engravings within its marble D. Today,
surfaces (32) that having to outlast centuries
31.
of Calamity. Now, architects, engineers, and
artists work to recreate the Surprisingly A. NO CHANGE
balanced and unbelievably precise work of
B. are
the Athenians. (33) How is it that today’s
architects are taking forty years to do what C. was
they did in less than ten?
D. were
32.

A. NO CHANGE

B. which has to outlast

C. that have outlasted

D. which had outlasted

33. Which of the following would be the

most effective conclusion to the Essay?

A. NO CHANGE

B. It is vital that we learn from the past in

order to not repeat the Mistakes of history.

C. Tourism is a growing business

worldwide, as people seek out Memorable
experiences rather than to accumulate
possessions.

D. The world continues to be haunted by the

Venetian attack on the Parthenon, turning a
brilliant accomplishment into utter ruins.
Questions 34–44 are based on the
following passage.

Where Have all the Cavemen Gone?

34. Which choice would best function as the
(34) All humans have their ultimate genetic introductory thesis of the essay?
roots in Africa. While our own ancestors
A.NO CHANGE
were battling drought on the coasts of the
African subcontinent, (35) the icebound B. The defeat of the Neanderthal invaders
north of modern Eurasia experienced the can only be considered a Triumph of human
spread of the evolutionarily distinct species ingenuity.
Homo neanderthalensis, where the
C. The disappearance of the Neanderthals is
Neanderthals developed the tools of flint and
one of the great mysteries in the
bone that have today come to characterize
evolutionary success of modern humans.
the so-called Mousterian culture of the early
Stone Age. D. In order to cope with the repercussions of
possible global climate change, we should
(1) Early hypotheses for their extinction
look to the example of Neanderthal
centered, predictably, around the (36)
adaptation.
climate extreme change of the last Ice
Age. (2) However, more recent studies 35.
of Neanderthal anatomy and artifacts
A. NO CHANGE
suggest that they were remarkably well-
equipped to deal with the fiercely cold B. the evolutionarily distinct species Homo
and barren conditions, (37) and even neanderthalensis had spread to the icebound
thrived within them for nearly 200,000 north of modern Eurasia,
years. (3) to cope with the glacial
C. the species Homo neanderthalensis, being
conditions, Neanderthals became short in
evolutionarily distinct, found itself spread to
stature —no more than a meter and half
modern Eurasia in the north icebound,
tall—and developed short, broad
Extremities that would have increased D. the north icebound of modern Eurasia
the efficiency of circulation, and helped experience evolutionarily Distinct species
to preserve body heat. (38) spread of the Homo neanderthalensis,

36.
A. NO CHANGE

B. climate, extreme

C. extreme climate

D. extreme, climate
37.

A. NO CHANGE

B. but

C. for it was the case that they

D. OMIT the underlined portion.

38. The writer would like to insert this

sentence to provide further support to his
argument in this paragraph.

“Further, there is strong evidence to suggest

that later Neanderthals were capable of
creating sophisticated and versatile garments
from animal pelts designed to maintain core
warmth without inducing perspiration.”

The best placement for this sentence is

A. Before sentence 1

B. Before sentence 2

C. Before sentence 3

D. After sentence 3
 Another popular theory posits that 39. Which choice is the most consistent
Neanderthals met their extinction Through elaboration on the first sentence of This
absorption. That is—supposing paragraph?
Neanderthals were not a distinct Species, but
A. NO CHANGE
rather a subspecies of Homo sapiens—some
researchers Believe that they disappeared B. interbreeding
after (39) conflicts with humans when they
C. discoveries
Arrived in Eurasia roughly 80,000 years
ago. However, a sample of Mitochondrial D. commerce
DNA surviving in the remains of a
40. Which wording best conveys that the
Neanderthal discovered In the Caucus
Neanderthals only have a slight Genetic
Mountains demonstrates 3.5 percent genetic
divergence from present-day humans?
divergence from (40) contemporary Homo
sapiens. While it is possible that some A. NO CHANGE
Neanderthals may have become culturally
B. punctual
assimilated with our ancestors, it is highly
unlikely that their DNA contributed to that C. unique
of modern humans.
D. scientific
Currently, the most widely held theory to 41.
explain the extinction of the Neanderthals
A. NO CHANGE
boils down quite simply to the processes of
natural selection. While Neanderthals appear B. a drastic genetic bottleneck by our
to have maintained a stable population African ancestors was experience
during the Ice Age, (41) a drastic genetic
C. our African ancestors drastically
bottleneck was experienced by our African
experienced a bottleneck that was Genetic,
ancestors, leaving only the strongest and
most intelligent to Survive and carry on the D. our African ancestors experienced a
species. When Homo neanderthalensis at drastic genetic bottleneck,
last met Homo sapiens, it is probable that
42.
(42) they was outmatched, at the very Least,
in technology, creativity, and social efficacy. A. NO CHANGE
In the several thousand Years that followed,
B. they were
competition for resources would have
pushed Neanderthals farther and farther to C. the Neanderthals are
the (43) oceans of Europe and Asia. The last
D. the Neanderthals were
known remnants of Neanderthal culture
issue from the remote location of Gorham’s 43.
Cave on the Gibraltar coast. By this time—
A. NO CHANGE
roughly 27,000 Years ago—Homo
neanderthalensis had been displaced by its B. margins
evolutionary Cousin (44) to the very edge of
C. debris
the land nearly back into Africa itself where
Our common ancestors, first emerged D. remains
millions of years prior.
44.

A. NO CHANGE

B. to the very edge, of the land nearly back

into Africa itself, where our Common
ancestor

C. to the very edge of the land, nearly back

into Africa itself, where our Common
ancestors

D. to the very edge of the land nearly, back

into Africa itself where our Common,
ancestors