REPORTED SPEECH
Reported speech
Câu gián tiếp là câu thuật lại lời nói, ý nghĩ của 1 ai đó.
Khi chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang gián tiếp, cần lưu ý 2 trường hợp:
Trường hợp 1: Từ trần thuật chia ở thời hiện tại, hiện tại hoàn thành, tương lai
Đổi ngôi, không lùi thời.
E.g. Emma says: “I don 't have time.” Emma says that she doesn't have time.
Trường hợp 2: Từ trần thuật chia ở thời quá khứ
Đổi ngôi, lùi thời, đổi trạng ngữ.
E.g. Emma said: “I don 't have time.” Emma said that she didn’t have time.
Pronoun changes
(Quy tắc đổi ngôi)
Ngôi 1 I He/She
Ngôi 3 Me Him/Her
My His / Her
Mine His / Hers
Myself Himself / Herself
We They
Us Them
Our Their
Ours Theirs
Ourselves Themselves
Ngôi 2 You I/She/He/We/They My / Her /
Ngôi 1 hoặc 3 Your His / Our / Their
Yourself / Yourselves Myself / Herself / Himself /
Ourselves / Themselves
Ngôi 3 They They
Không đổi ngôi Them Them
Their Their
Theirs Theirs
Themselves Themselves
She She
Her Her
Hers Hers
Herself Herself
He He
Him Him
His His
Himself Himself
It It
Its Its
Itself Itself
Tense changes
(Quy tắc lùi thời)
Direct speech (Câu trực tiếp) Indirect speech (Câu gián tiếp)
Present simple (Hiện tại đơn) Past simple (Quá khứ đơn)
S + is/am/are + C. S + was/were + C.
S + V (s / es). S + V-ed/P1.
She said: “I study hard. ” She said she studied hard.
Present continuous (Hiện tại tiếp diễn) Past continuous (Quá khứ tiếp diễn)
S + am / is / are + V-ing. S + was/were + V-ing.
She said: “I am studying hard. ” She said she was studying hard.
Past simple (Quá khứ đơn) Past perfect (Quá khứ hoàn thành)
S + was/were + C. S + had + been + C.
S + V-ed/P1. S + had + PlI.
She said: "I studied hard. ” She said she had studied hard.
Future simple (Tương lai đơn)
S + will + V. S + would + V.
She said: “I will study hard.” She said she would study hard.
Near future (Tương lai gần)
S + am/is/are + going to + V. S + was/were + going to + V.
She said: ‘‘I'm going to study hard. ” She said she was going to study hard.
Modal Verbs (Động từ khuyết thiếu)
S + can / could + V. S + could + V.
S + may / might + V. S + might 4- V.
S + must / have to / has to + V. S + had to + V.
S + might / should / had better + V. S + might / should + V.
S + used to + V. S + used to + V.
S + mustn’t + V. S + mustn’t + V.
S + ought to + V. S + ought to + V.
Note:
No change in tenses
(Các trường hợp không lùi thời)
Sự thật hiển nhiên She said: “The Earth goes around the Sun.”
She said that the Earth goes around the Sun.
Mệnh đề thời gian He said: “I lived in Ha Noi while I was at high
school.”
He said that he lived in Ha Noi while he was in
high school.
Câu điều kiện If loại 2 hoặc 3 They said: “If he were taller, he would join a
basketball club.”
They said he would join a basketball club if he
were taller.
Câu điều ước wish The children said: “We wish we didn't have to clean
the house.”
The children said they wished they didn't have to
clean the house.
Câu tường thuật ngay sau thời điểm What did Ms. Lien say?
nói She says we have to finish our projects by Monday.
Changes in time expressions
(Quy tắc đổi trạng ngữ thời gian, nơi chốn)
Now (bây giờ) Then / At that moment
Today (hôm nay) That day
Tonight (tối nay) That night
Last night (tối qua) The night before / The previous night
Tomorrow (ngày mai) The day after / The following day
Yesterday (hôm qua) The day before / The previous day
This That/The
These Those / The
Last + N The + N + before / The previous + N
Ago Previously / before
Next + N The + N + after / The following + N
Here (ở đây) There
Reported speech: statements
Cấu trúc câu gián tiếp trong câu kể
Positive statement (Câu khẳng định)
“S2 + V + C + C.” S1 said.
said (that)
said to sb S2 V O C
S1
(that) told sb (đổi ngôi) (lùi thời) (đổi ngôi) (đổi
(that) trạng ngữ)
E.g. She said: "I will go camping tomorrow.” She said she would go camping the
following day.
Negative statement (Câu phủ định)
“S2 + Vaux + not + V + O + C.” S1 said.
said (that) Vaux + not
said to sb S2 + O C
S1
(that) told sb (đổi ngôi) V (đổi ngôi) (đổi
(that) (lùi thời) trạng ngữ)
E.g. She said: “I won’t go camping tomorrow.” She said she wouldn't go camping the
following day.
*** Vauc: trợ động từ (be/do/have/can...)
Note
- Say và tell đều có thể dùng cho cả câu trực tiếp hoặc gián tiếp.
- Khi muốn đề cập tới người nghe, bắt buộc phải dùng tell/told sb.
- Khi không đề cập tới người nghe, có thể sử dụng say/said.
- Nếu muốn đề cập tới người nghe, dùng say/said to sb.
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words.
1. Direct: “I am hungry.” said Tom.
Reported: Tom said that he ____________________________ hungry.
2. Direct: “We will see you tomorrow.” said Mary.
Reported: Mary said that they ____________________________ us tomorrow.
3. Direct: “I can't come to the meeting.” said John.
Reported: John said that he ____________________________ to the meeting.
4. Direct: “It's raining outside.” said Sarah.
Reported: Sarah said that it ____________________________ outside.
5. Direct: “I love chocolate cake.” said Julie.
Reported: Julie said that she ____________________________ chocolate cake.
6. Direct: “We need to leave now.” said Mark.
Reported: Mark said that they ____________________________ then.
7. Direct: “I have a headache.” said Jane.
Reported: Jane said that she ____________________________ a headache.
8. Direct: “I saw a movie last night.” said David.
Reported: David said that he ____________________________ a movie the previous
night.
9. Direct: “I’m getting married next month,” said Lisa.
Reported: Lisa said that she ____________________________ married the following
month.
10. Direct: “I don’t like seafood.” said Peter.
Reported: Peter said that he ____________________________ seafood.
Exercise 2. Circle the correct answers.
1. Direct: “I’m going to the store.” said Rachel.
A. Reported: Rachel said that she was going to the store.
B. Reported: Rachel said that she is going to the store.
C. Reported: Rachel says that she was going to the store.
2. Direct: “I’m sorry for being late.” said Mike.
A. Reported: Mike said for being late.
B. Reported: Mike apologised for being late.
C. Reported: Mike sorried for being late.
3. Direct: “I’m feeling better today.” said Kate.
A. Reported: Kate said that she was feeling better today.
B. Reported: Kate said that she is feeling better that day.
C. Reported: Kate said that she was feeling better that day.
4. Direct: “I passed my driving test.” said Tim.
A. Reported: Tim said that he passed his driving test.
B. Reported: Tim said that he had passed my driving test.
C. Reported: Tim said that he had passed his driving test.
5. Direct: “I’m going to visit my parents.” said Susan.
A. Reported: Susan said that she was going to visit her parents.
B. Reported: Susan said that she is going to visit her parents.
C. Reported: Susan said that she was going to visit my parents.
6. Direct: “I can’t believe he did that.” said Emily.
A. Reported: Emily can’t believe that he had done that.
B. Reported: Emily couldn’t believe that he had done that.
C. Reported: Emily couldn’t believe that he did that.
7. Direct: “I’m a vegetarian.” said Joe.
A. Reported: Joe said that he was a vegetarian.
B. Reported: Joe said that he is a vegetarian.
C. Reported: Said Joe that he was a vegetarian.
8. Direct: “I haven’t seen that movie before.” said Alex.
A. Reported: Alex said that he hasn’t seen that movie before.
B. Reported: Alex said that he hadn’t seen this movie before.
C. Reported: Alex said that he hadn’t seen that movie before.
9. Direct: “I want to go skiing this winter.” said Tom.
A. Reported: Tom said that he wants to go skiing that winter.
B. Reported: Tom said that he wanted to go skiing that winter.
C. Reported: Tom said that he wanted to go skiing this winter.
10. Direct: “I don’t know what to do.” said Laura.
A. Reported: Laura said that she didn’t know what to do.
B. Reported: Laura said that I didn’t know what to do.
C. Reported: Laura said that she doesn’t know what to do.
Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words.
1. Direct: “I’m so happy to see you.” said Grace.
Reported: Grace said that _________________________________________________
2. Direct: “I’m going to take a nap.” said Mike.
Reported: Mike said that _________________________________________________
3. Direct: “I have to work tomorrow.” said John.
Reported: John said that _________________________________________________
4. Direct: “I need to study for my exam.” said Sarah.
Reported: Sarah said that _________________________________________________
5. Direct: “I’m going to start a new job next week.” said Jason.
Reported: Jason said _________________________________________________
6. Direct: “I can’t wait for the weekend.” said Kelly.
Reported: Kelly said that _________________________________________________
7. Direct: “I think he’s lying.” said Mary.
Reported: Mary said that _________________________________________________
8. Direct: “I’m not feeling very well.” said Tim.
Reported: Tim said that _________________________________________________
9. Direct: “I don’t like this food.” said Peter.
Reported: Peter said that _________________________________________________
10. Direct: “I’ll call you later.” said Angela.
Reported: Angela said that _________________________________________________
Exercise 4, Fill in the blanks with the suitable words.
1. Direct: “_________________________________________________” said Rachel.
Reported: Rachel said that she was going to the beach the following day.
2. Direct: “_________________________________________________” said Lisa.
Reported: Lisa said that she had a dentist appointment the next week.
3. Direct: “_________________________________________________” said Mike.
Reported: Mike said that he was going to buy a new car.
4. Direct: “_________________________________________________” said Kate.
Reported: Kate said that she had forgotten her keys at home.
5. Direct: “_________________________________________________” said Tim.
Reported: Tim said that he was going to watch a movie that night.
6. Direct: “_________________________________________________” said Jane.
Reported: Jane exclaimed that she had won the lottery.
7. Direct: “_________________________________________________” said Tom.
Reported: Tom said that he was going to propose to her.
8. Direct: “_________________________________________________” said John.
Reported: John said that he had gotten an A on his test.
9. Direct: “_________________________________________________” said Sarah.
Reported: Sarah said that she didn't want to go to the party.
10. Direct: “_________________________________________________” said Mike.
