High sea temperatures also threaten the survival of coral reefs, which generate an es mated $375

billion per year in goods and services.

By other measures, India’s emissions are low compared to those of other major economies. India
accounts for only 2% of cumula ve energy-related emissions since 1850. On a per capita basis,
India’s emissions are 70% below the world average and 93% below those of the United States.

Other facts
1. Na onal Solar Mission: The NAPCC aims to promote the development and use of solar
energy for power genera on and other uses with the ul mate objec ve of making solar
compe ve with fossil-based energy op ons. The plan includes: specific goals for increasing
use of solar thermal technologies in urban areas, industry, and commercial establishments; a
goal of increasing produc on of photovoltaic to 1000 MW/year; and a goal of deploying at
least 1000 MW of solar thermal power genera on. Other objec ves include the
establishment of a solar research centre, increased interna onal collabora on on technology
development, strengthening of domes c manufacturing capacity, and increased government
funding and interna onal support. 2. Na onal Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency:
Ini a ves based on increasing the energy use efficiency were expected to yield savings of
10,000 MW by 2012. Building on the Energy Conserva on Act 2001, the plan recommends:
o Manda ng specific energy consump on decreases in large energy-consuming industries,
with a system for companies to trade energy-savings cer ficates; o Energy incen ves,
including reduced taxes on energy-efficient appliances; and o Financing for public-private
partnerships to reduce energy consump on through demand-side management programs in
the municipal, buildings and agricultural sectors. 3. Na onal Mission on Sustainable Habitat:
To promote energy efficiency as a core component of urban planning, the plan calls for: o
Extending the exis ng Energy Conserva on Building Code; 14 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS o
A greater emphasis on urban waste management and recycling, including power produc on
from waste; o Strengthening the enforcement of automo ve fuel economy standards and
using pricing measures to encourage the purchase of efficient vehicles; and o Incen ves for
the use of public transporta on. 4. Na onal Water Mission With water scarcity projected to
worsen as a result of climate change, the plan sets a goal of a 20% improvement in water use
efficiency through pricing and other measures. 5. Na onal Mission for Sustaining the
Himalayan Ecosystem The plan aims to conserve biodiversity, forest cover, and other
ecological values in the Himalayan region, where glaciers that are a major source of India's
water supply are projected to recede as a result of global warming. 6. Na onal Mission for a
"Green India" Goals include the afforesta on of 6 million hectares of degraded forest lands
and expanding forest cover from 23% to 33% of India's territory. 7. Na onal Mission for
Sustainable Agriculture The plan aims to support climate adapta on in agriculture through
the development of climate-resilient crops, expansion of weather insurance mechanisms,
and agricultural prac ces. 8. Na onal Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change To
gain a be er understanding of climate science, impacts and challenges, the plan envisions a
new Climate Science Research Fund, improved climate modelling, and increased
interna onal collabora on. It also encourages private sector ini a ves to develop
adapta on and mi ga on technologies through venture capital funds.

At present about 65,000 PACS are under implementa on and we have decided that we will make 3
lakh new PACS in 5 years. Thus, we have set a target of registering around 2,25,000 PACS. These
packs will also be of dairy, will also be FPO, will also distribute water, will also distribute gas, will also
make cow dung gas, will also engage in storage work pib 2022

op Trading Partners (2023-24):

 United States: Total trade value of $118.28 billion.

 China: Total trade value of $118.4 billion.

 United Arab Emirates (UAE): Total trade value of $83.65 billion.
 Russia: Total trade value of $65.69 billion.
 Saudi Arabia: Total trade value of $43.37 billion.
 Singapore: Total trade value of $35.61 billion.
Other Notable Trading Partners:
 Netherlands: A major export destination for India.

 Bangladesh: A significant trading partner, with a trade surplus for

India.
 Germany: A major trading partner.
 Italy: A major trading partner.
 Indonesia: India has a balanced trade relationship with Indonesia.
 Iraq: A major trading partner.
 Hong Kong: A re-export hub for India.
 ASEAN: India has a free trade agreement with the ASEAN region.
 South Korea: India has a free trade agreement with South Korea.
 Japan: India has a free trade agreement with Japan.
 Bhutan: India's bilateral trade with Bhutan was INR 11,178 crores in
2022.
Country Popula on of Indian Diaspora
(approximate)
United Arab Emirates Around 3.5 million
United States of America Around 2.7 million
Saudi Arabia Around 2.5 million
Malaysia Around 2 million
United Kingdom Around 1.4 million
Country Percentage of popula on (approximate)
Qatar Around 30.5 %
United Arab Emirates Around 27 %
Bahrain Around 19 %
Oman Around 18 %
Kuwait Around 17.5 %
SourceCountry Share inremi ances
United States of America 23.4 %
United Arab Emirates 18 %
United Kingdom 6.8 %
Singapore 5.7 %
Saudi Arabia 5.1 %... Read more at: h ps://vajiramandravi.com/upsc-
exam/indian-diaspora/
Country Approximate
Population of Indian
Diaspora

United States 5.4 million

United Arab 3.6 million

Emirates

Malaysia 2.9 million

Canada 2.8 million

Saudi Arabia 2.5 million

Myanmar 2 million
United 1.8 million
Kingdom

South Africa 1.7 million

Sri Lanka 1.6 million

Kuwait 995,000

 exports (merchandise):
The top exports of India are Refined
o

Petroleum ($86.2B), Diamonds

($25.9B), Packaged Medicaments
($19.5B), Jewellery ($12.6B), and Rice
($11.1B).
o It exports mostly to the United

States ($82.9B), United Arab Emirates

($31.6B), Netherlands ($17.6B), China
($15.3B), and Bangladesh ($13.8B).
o In 2022, India was the world's

biggest exporter of Diamonds

($25.9B), Rice ($11.1B), etc.
 Imports (merchandise):
o The top imports of India are Crude

Petroleum ($170B), Coal Briquettes

($58.7B), Gold ($35.8B), Petroleum Gas
($32B), and Diamonds ($26.1B).
 o It imports mostly from China ($110B),
UAE ($51B) and the US ($48.5B), Saudi
Arabia ($46.2B), and Russia ($40.4B).
o In 2022, India was the world's
biggest importer of Coal Briquettes
($58.7B), Diamonds ($26.1B), Palm Oil
($11.1B), Mixed Mineral or Chemical
Fertilizers ($7.88B), and Nitrogenous
Fertilizers ($7.37B).
At present about 65,000 PACS are under
implementa on and we have decided that we will
make 3 lakh new PACS in 5 years. Thus, we have
set a target of registering around 2,25,000 PACS.
These packs will also be of dairy, will also be FPO,
will also distribute water, will also distribute gas,
will also make cow dung gas, will also engage in
storage work pib 2022
due to poor financial condi ons, 17 coopera ve banks in
India were shut down in 2023. This number represents the
highest annual license cancella ons by the Reserve
Bank of India (RBI).
[22-03-2025 01:45] Raja Kumar: India hosted the 3rd
Voice of Global South Summit on 17 August 2024, in
virtual format, with the overarching theme, "An
Empowered Global South for a Sustainable Future”.
Prime Minister of India Shri Narendra Modi
inaugurated the Summit and hosted the Inaugural
Leaders’ Session. The Inaugural Session was followed
by 10 Ministerial sessions, which included two Foreign
Ministers’ Sessions, and one Session each hosted by
the Health, Finance, Energy, Educa on, Commerce, IT,
Youth, Educa on and Environment Ministries. The
Summit witnessed the par cipa on of 173 dignitaries
from 123 countries from across the Global South,
including 21 HOS/G, 34 Foreign Ministers and 118
Ministers and Vice Ministers
[22-03-2025 01:48] Raja Kumar: The text describes an
investment of $8 billion for the development of road,
rail, shipping, and port infrastructure. To Bangladesh
since 2016 to 2023 under line of credit
[22-03-2025 02:06] Raja Kumar: India and Africa share
a combined popula on of 2.3 billion people. The Indian
diaspora in Africa consists of 3 million people, while
there is an African diaspora in India of 50,000,
descended from people of Siddis or Habshis. India-
Africa bilateral trade is es mated to be around $70
billion, having increased 20 mes in the past 15 years.
Nearly 4,500 Indian soldiers are sta oned in Africa
under UN peacekeeping missions. India provides 900
scholarships annually to African students, and Indian
companies are the second largest employers in Nigeria.
3% of the South African popula on is of Indian origin.
India is currently inves ng $7.5 billion in infrastructure
projects across over 40 African countries. A fully
formed Indian female police unit is present in Liberia.
[22-03-2025 02:11] Raja Kumar: India has become a
prominent des na on for medical tourism, par cularly
for African pa ents. In 2020, 19.5% of tourists arriving
in India from Africa traveled for medical reasons.
Several factors contribute to this trend:
[22-03-2025 02:11] Raja Kumar: Medical treatments in
India are significantly more affordable compared to
Western countries, some mes cos ng 60% to 90% less.
For instance, heart bypass surgery in India may cost
around $5,000, whereas it could be $144,000 in the US.
[22-03-2025 02:14] Raja Kumar: The global drone
market size was worth approximately USD 30.21 Billion
in 2022 and is predicted to gain revenue of about USD
260.5 Billion by 2030, is set to record a CAGR of nearly
38.75% over the period from 2023 to 2030.
[22-03-2025 02:15] Raja Kumar: The Israel-Hamas
ceasefire was implemented a er a 15-month war that
began on October 7, 2023. This war resulted in over
46,900 deaths in Gaza, predominantly civilians, and
displaced nearly 2 million people. In Israel, 1,200
people were killed, and 251 were taken hostage by
Hamas.
[22-03-2025 02:17] Raja Kumar: Canada's 10th Largest
Trading Partner:
Canada is India's 10th largest trading partner.
Bilateral Trade (FY 2024):
Bilateral trade amounted to $8.4 billion, down from
$10.50 billion in 2022.
India's Exports to Canada (2022-23):
$4.10 billion, including gems, jewelry, pharmaceu cal
products, ready-made garments, and mechanical
appliances.
India's Imports from Canada (2022-23):
$4.05 billion, including pulses, newsprint, pulp, potash,
iron scrap, and copper.
Investment:
Canada's Investment in India: 18th largest foreign
investor, contribu ng 0.5% of total direct investment
(FDI) into India.
Canadian Pension Funds: $55 billion invested in India.
Cumula ve FDI from Canada: $4.07 billion since 2000,
with services and infrastructure accoun ng for 41% of
Canadian FDI into India
[22-03-2025 02:20] Raja Kumar: The text discusses the
Indian diaspora and remi ances in Canada, highligh ng
that Canada hosts a large Indian diaspora, with
approximately 1.6 million people of Indian origin,
including 700,000 NRIs and a significant Sikh
popula on. In 2022, around 230,000 Indian students
were studying in Canada, making India the top source
of foreign students, contribu ng nearly 40% of all
interna onal students. These students play a crucial
role in remi ance flows and Canada's economy.
Canada contributed about 0.6% of total inward
remi ances to India in 2021-22. Possible measures by
India include restric ng Indian students from studying
in Canada, which could nega vely affect Canada's
educa on system, given that nearly 25% of foreign
students in Canada are Indian. Addi onally, India could
cancel OCI cards of pro-Khalistan Canadian ci zens of
Indian origin to pressure them to reconsider their
involvement in the movement.

Genera ve AI is experimental.
[22-03-2025 02:20] Raja Kumar: Possible measures by
India include restric ng Indian students from studying
in Canada, which could nega vely affect Canada's
educa on system, given that nearly 25% of foreign
students in Canada are Indian. Addi onally, India could
cancel OCI cards of pro-Khalistan Canadian ci zens of
Indian origin to pressure them to reconsider their
involvement in the movement.
[22-03-2025 02:22] Raja Kumar: Trade Rela ons:
India had a $28 billion trade surplus in 2022-23.
Bilateral trade reached $128.55 billion in 2022-23, a
7.65% increase from the previous year.
Defense trade increased alongside oil exports.
The Indian service sector relies heavily on US markets,
especially IT.
163 Indian companies in the US have created $40
billion in investments and 425,000 jobs.
A trade target of $500 billion is set, with mini trade
deal discussions ongoing.
Agreement on Equalisa on Levy (EL) for digital tax.
[22-03-2025 02:23] Raja Kumar: India usa
[22-03-2025 02:28] Raja Kumar: The Bihar Business
Connect 2024 Investors Summit a racted ₹1.8 lakh
crore in investments, which is three mes more than
the previous year. Key investment proposals include:

• Adani Group: ₹20,000 crore for a thermal power

plant and expansion in cement, warehouses, and
logis cs.
• NHPC: ₹5,500 crore in renewable energy projects.
• SLMG Beverages: ₹3,000 crore for food processing.
• Shree Cement: ₹800 crore for general manufacturing.
• Haldiram Snacks Pvt Ltd: ₹300 crore for food
processing.

Sector-wise investment proposals include:

• Tourism: ₹2,900 crore.

• Tex le sector: ₹1,300 crore.
• Plas c rubber units: ₹665 crore.
• Health sector: over ₹3,360 crore.
• Renewable energy sector: ₹90,000 crore, the highest
among all sectors.

Genera ve AI is experimental.
[22-03-2025 02:31] Raja Kumar: The text discusses the
makhana (fox nut) market, research and innova on,
and Geographical Indica on (GI) tag. Key points
include:

• Market Growth: The makhana market is expanding,

with a turnover of ₹150 crore in 2023 and a 30%
growth in 2023-2024 compared to the previous year.
• Research and Innova on: The ICAR-Na onal Research
Centre (NRC) for Makhana in Darbhanga was
established in 1997-2002 and restored to its full status
in May 2023, expanding its mandate to include other
aqua c crops like fish.
• GI Tag: Mithila Makhana received a GI tag in April
2022, recognizing its uniqueness and authen city.

Genera ve AI is experimental.
[22-03-2025 02:35] Raja Kumar: The text in the image
describes the Na onal Mission on Edible Oils - Oilseeds
(NMEO-Oilseeds), an ini a ve by the Indian
government to boost domes c oilseed produc on and
achieve self-reliance in edible oils. Key details include:

• Approval and Objec ve: Approved by the Union

Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the
NMEO-Oilseeds aims to enhance domes c oilseed
produc on.
• Implementa on Period: The mission spans seven
years, from 2024-25 to 2030-31.
• Financial Outlay: The project has a financial alloca on
of ₹10,103 crore.
• Focus: The mission will concentrate on increasing the
produc on of key primary oilseed crops such as
rapeseed-mustard, groundnut, soybean, sunflower, and
sesame. It also aims to improve collec on and
extrac on efficiency from secondary sources like
co onseed, rice bran, and tree-borne oils.
• Aims and Targets:
• Increase primary oilseed produc on from 39
million tonnes (2022-23) to 69.7 million tonnes by
2030-31.
• Together with NMEO-OP (Oil Palm), the mission
targets increasing domes c edible oil produc on to
25.45 million tonnes by 2030-31, mee ng
approximately 72% of India's projected domes c
requirement.
• Expand oilseed cul va on by an addi onal 40
lakh hectares by targe ng rice and potato fallow lands,
promo ng intercropping, and diversifying crops.

Genera ve AI is experimental.
[22-03-2025 02:38] Raja Kumar: The 18th India State of
Forest Report 2023 (ISFR 2023), released by the
Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change at
the Forest Research Ins tute, Dehradun, provides a
comprehensive assessment of India's forest resources.
Published biennially by the Forest Survey of India (FSI),
the report u lizes satellite imagery from ISRO's LISS-III
sensor on IRS Resourcesat satellites. Key findings
include:

• Forest Cover:
• Total Forest and Tree Cover: 8,27,356.95 sq km
(25.17% of India's geographical area).
• Forest Cover: 7,15,342.61 sq km (21.76%).
• Tree Cover: 1,12,014.34 sq km (3.41%).

• Changes in Forest Cover:

• Increase in Forest Cover: 156.41 sq km (0.05%).
• Increase in Total Forest and Tree Cover: 1,445.81
sq km (0.18%).

• Mangrove Cover:
• Total Mangrove Cover: 4,992 sq km (0.15%).
• Net Mangrove Cover decrease from 2021: 7.43
sq km, with the highest losses in Gujarat (-36.39 sq km)
and increases in Andhra Pradesh (+13.01 sq km) and
Maharashtra (+12.39 sq km).

• State Rankings (Largest Forest and Tree Cover):

• Madhya Pradesh: 85,724 sq km.
• Arunachal Pradesh: 67,083 sq km.
• Maharashtra: 65,383 sq km.
• Top States by Increase in Forest and Tree Cover
(2021-2023):
• Chha sgarh: 684 sq km.
• U ar Pradesh and Odisha: 559 sq km each.
• Rajasthan: 394 sq km.

• Forest Classifica on:

• Very Dense Forest (VDF): Canopy density ≥70%.
• Moderately Dense Forest (MDF): Canopy density
40-70%.
• Open Forest (OF): Canopy density 10-40%.
• Scrub: Canopy density <10%.

Genera ve AI is experimental.
[22-03-2025 02:39] Raja Kumar: The image presents
data related to forest cover in India, highligh ng state
rankings, changes in forest cover, carbon stock, and
agroforestry. Key points include:

• State Rankings (Highest Percentage Forest Cover):

• Lakshadweep: 91.33% of geographical area
covered
• Mizoram: 85.34%
• Andaman & Nicobar Islands: 81.62%

• States with Maximum Changes in Forest Cover:

• Maximum Increase: Chha sgarh (+684 sq km)
 • Maximum Decrease: Madhya Pradesh (-612 sq
km)

• Carbon Stock:
• Total carbon stock: 7,285.5 million tonnes
• Increase of 81.5 million tonnes since 2021
• Soil organic carbon accounts for 55.06% of the
total stock

• Western Ghats Eco-Sensi ve Areas (WGESA):

• Forest cover: 44,043.99 sq km (73% of WGESA)
• Loss over 10 years: 58.22 sq km

• Forest Cover in the North Eastern Region:

• Total forest cover: 1,74,394.70 sq km (67% of the
geographical area)
• Decline of 327.30 sq km in forest cover
• Mizoram recorded an increase of 178 sq km

• Forest Cover in Hill Districts:

• Total forest cover: 2,83,713.20 sq km (40% of the
geographical area)
• Increase of 234.14 sq km since 2021

• Agroforestry:
• Total tree green cover: 1,27,590.05 sq km
• Increase of 21,286.57 sq km in tree green cover
since 2013
 • Total growing stock: 1,291.68 million cubic
meters, a 28.56% increase compared to 2013

Genera ve AI is experimental.
[22-03-2025 02:42] Raja Kumar: The image presents a
summary of Bihar's performance in the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDG) India Index 2023-24. Key
points include:

• Overall Performance: Bihar is ranked as the worst-

performing state in the SDG Index 2023-24, with 57
points, though it has improved by 5 points since the
previous year.
• Poverty Allevia on: Bihar scored the lowest (39 out
of 100) in poverty allevia on. The poverty ra o is
33.76%, and only 17.4% of households are covered by
health schemes or insurance. 11.3% of households s ll
reside in "kutcha" (rudimentary) houses.
• Hunger and Malnutri on: Bihar has the lowest score
(24 points) in addressing hunger and malnutri on. 41%
of children under five are underweight, 42.9% suffer
from malnutri on, and 63.1% of pregnant women aged
15-49 are anemic, despite the Na onal Food Security
Act's 100% coverage.
• Health Care: Bihar is ranked 22nd in health services
with 67 points. The maternal mortality rate is 118 per
100,000 births, and the under-five mortality rate is 30
per 1,000 births. Life expectancy is 69.5 years.
• Quality Educa on: Bihar is at the bo om in quality
educa on with 32 marks. While primary educa on
enrollment is high (97%), the secondary level dropout
rate is 20.5%, and higher secondary enrollment is only
35.9%.
• Gender Equality: Bihar's performance in gender
equality is average, with 44 points. There are 908
women per 1,000 men, and women make up 22% of
the labor force.
• Clean Water: Bihar excels in providing clean water,
ranking third na onally with 98 marks. 96.42% of rural
households have access to be er water supply, and
almost all families have toilets.
• Employment: Bihar has limited employment
opportuni es, ranking lowest in this area with 54
points. The annual GDP growth is 9.07%, and the
unemployment rate is 4.3%. There are only 6 banks and
7.15 ATMs per one lakh popula on.
• Industry, Innova on, and Infrastructure: Bihar's
performance is sa sfactory in this area, ranking 16th
with 53 points.

Genera ve AI is experimental.
[22-03-2025 02:43] Raja Kumar: The text in the image
discusses development and inequality in Bihar, India,
highligh ng the following points:
• Innova on: Bihar lags in innova on with only 11.29
points in the India Innova on Index.
• Infrastructure: Almost all villages in Bihar have road
connec vity under the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak
Yojana, and 91.9% of families have mobile phones. 3G
or 4G internet is available in 96.08% of villages.
• Inequality: Bihar faces challenges in reducing
inequality, with a Gini coefficient of 0.22, indica ng
high income inequality.
• Representa on: There is a need to improve the
representa on of women and marginalized
communi es in poli cal and professional fields. Only
31.5 women are selected for professional and technical
posts for every 100 men.
• Par cipa on: Women's par cipa on in Panchaya
Raj ins tu ons is 52.02%, while the par cipa on of
Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) in the
Legisla ve Assembly and Legisla ve Council is 16.46%.
• Crime: Per one lakh popula on, 39.3 SC and 10.9 ST
people face crime incidents.

Genera ve AI is experimental.