Choose the best answer

1. What is the primary function of a diode in an electronic circuit?

a) Amplification
b) Rectification
c) Oscillation
d) Modulation

2. Which type of diode is specifically designed for use in rectification?

a) Zener diode
b) Schottky diode
c) Standard diode
d) Light-emitting diode (LED)

3. What does rectification refer to in electronics?

a) Converting AC to DC
b) Converting DC to AC
c) Amplifying signals
d) Storing energy

4. In a half-wave rectifier, what happens to the negative half of the AC signal?

a) It is amplified
b) It is inverted
c) It is blocked
d) It is passed through unchanged

5. Which component is commonly used to smooth the output of a rectifier circuit?

a) Resistor
b) Capacitor
c) Inductor
d) Transformer

6. What is the function of a transistor in an electronic circuit?

a) To store energy
b) To switch or amplify signals
c) To convert AC to DC
d) To regulate voltage

7. What are the three terminals of a bipolar junction transistor (BJT)?

a) Base, collector, emitter
b) Source, gate, drain
c) Anode, cathode, base
d) Input, output, ground

8. In which configuration does a transistor provide voltage gain?

a) Common base
b) Common collector
c) Common emitter
 d) All configurations

9. What is an integrated circuit (IC)?

a) A single transistor
b) A collection of electronic components on a single chip
c) A type of resistor
d) A power supply unit

10. What is the primary advantage of using integrated circuits?

a) Larger size
b) Lower cost and increased reliability
c) Higher power consumption
d) More complex design

11. What type of logic gate outputs true only when all inputs are true?
a) OR gate
b) AND gate
c) NOT gate
d) NAND gate

12. Which logic gate produces an output that is the inverse of its input?
a) AND gate
b) OR gate
c) NOT gate
d) NOR gate

13. What is the function of a flip-flop in digital electronics?

a) To amplify signals
b) To store binary data
c) To convert analog signals to digital
d) To rectify AC signals

14. In digital electronics, what does the term "logic level" refer to?
a) The physical height of components
b) The voltage levels representing binary states
c) The frequency of operation
d) The temperature of the circuit

15. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of semiconductors?

a) Conductivity between conductors and insulators
b) Variable resistance based on temperature and impurities
c) High thermal conductivity
d) Ability to form p-n junctions

16. What happens at the p-n junction of a diode when it is forward-biased?

a) The diode blocks current flow
b) Current flows easily through the diode
c) The diode becomes an insulator
 d) The diode generates heat without current flow

17. What is the main purpose of using Zener diodes in circuits?

a) For signal amplification
b) For voltage regulation
c) For rectification
d) For switching applications

18. In which application would you most likely find a light-emitting diode (LED)?
a) Power supply units
b) Display screens and indicators
c) Audio amplifiers
d) Oscillators

19. What type of transistor is commonly used for digital switching applications?
a) BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor)
b) FET (Field Effect Transistor)
c) MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FET)
d) All of the above
20. Which integrated circuit component can perform arithmetic operations?
a) Comparator IC
b) Operational amplifier (Op-Amp)
c) Timer IC
d) Voltage regulator IC

21. What is the purpose of using resistors in electronic circuits?

a) To store energy
b) To limit current flow and divide voltage
c) To amplify signals
d) To rectify AC signals

22. How does an operational amplifier (Op-Amp) function in an electronic circuit?

a) As a switch only
b) As an amplifier with high gain and differential inputs
c) As a rectifier only
d) As a voltage regulator only

23. In logic circuits, what does the term "truth table" refer to?
a) A table displaying physical dimensions of components
b) A table showing all possible input combinations and their corresponding outputs for
logic gates
c) A table for calculating power consumption
d) A table used for component inventory

24. Which logic gate is considered universal because it can be used to create any other logic
gate?
a) AND gate
b) OR gate
 c) NAND gate
d) NOR gate

25. What is the primary function of capacitors in electronic circuits?

a) To store electrical energy temporarily
b) To amplify signals
c) To convert AC to DC
d) To switch currents

26. When two or more transistors are connected together, what is this configuration
commonly called?
a) Cascade connection
b) Parallel connection
c) Series connection
d) Integrated connection

27. In which application would you typically find operational amplifiers?

a) Oscillators
b) Audio amplifiers
c) Voltage regulators
d) All of the above

28. What is the main difference between analog and digital signals?
a) Analog signals are discrete; digital signals are continuous
b) Analog signals are continuous; digital signals are discrete
c) Analog signals have high frequency; digital signals have low frequency
d) There is no difference

29. How do you represent the logical AND operation in Boolean algebra?
a) +
b) *
c) -
d). /

30. In which type of circuit would you find an astable multivibrator configuration?
a). Linear amplifier circuit
b). Timer circuit
c). Oscillator circuit
d). Rectifier circuit

31. What does the term "threshold voltage" refer to in diodes and transistors?
a). The maximum voltage before failure
b). The minimum voltage required to turn on the device
c). The average operating voltage
d). The voltage drop across the device

32. Which component is used to protect circuits from overcurrent conditions?

a). Resistor
 b). Diode
c). Fuse or circuit breaker
d). Capacitor

33. In which application would you most likely use a Schmitt trigger?
a). Amplifying audio signals
b). Signal conditioning and noise immunity
c). Rectifying AC signals
d). Storing data

34. What type of logic circuit can perform addition operations?

a). AND circuit
b). OR circuit
c). Full adder circuit
d). NOT circuit

35. What is the purpose of using diodes in rectifier circuits?

a). To amplify current
b). To convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC)
c). To filter out noise
d). To regulate voltage

36. Which type of transistor is controlled by voltage applied to its gate terminal?
a). BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor)
b). FET (Field Effect Transistor)
c). IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)
d). All of the above

37. In digital electronics, what does "high" and "low" refer to?
a). Voltage levels representing binary states
b). Physical dimensions of components
c). Frequency of operation
d). Temperature of the circuit

38. What is one common application for operational amplifiers in analog electronics?
a). Digital signal processing
b). Audio mixing
c). Voltage follower circuits
d). All of the above

39. Which component can be used as both an amplifier and an oscillator depending on its
configuration?
a). Resistor
b). Capacitor
c). Operational amplifier
d). Inductor

40. What does CMOS stand for in integrated circuits?

 a). Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor
b). Centralized Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor
c). Composite Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor
d). None of these

41. In logic circuits, what does the term "fan-out" refer to?
a). The number of outputs that can be driven by one output
b). The number of inputs that can control one output
c). The maximum voltage supplied by one output
d). None of these

42. What is the primary function of an inverter in digital electronics?

a). To increase voltage levels
b). To decrease current levels
c). To reverse the logic state of its input
d). To convert AC signals to DC

43. Which type of diode allows current to flow in both directions but has different forward and
reverse characteristics?
a). Zener diode
b). Schottky diode
c). Tunnel diode
d). Standard diode

44. What type of signal does an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) produce from an analog
input?
a). Continuous signal
b). Discrete signal
c). Sine wave
d). Square wave

45. In digital electronics, what does "de Morgan's theorem" state about logical operations?
a). It defines how to combine multiple gates.
b). It provides relationships between AND and OR gates.
c). It describes how to calculate power consumption.
d). None of these.

46. What is the role of feedback in operational amplifiers?

a.) It stabilizes gain and improves bandwidth.
b.) It increases power consumption.
c.) It decreases input impedance.
d.) None apply.

47. Which logic gate outputs true if at least one input is true?
a.) AND gate.
b.) OR gate.
c.) NOT gate.
d.) NAND gate.
48. How does an NPN transistor operate when it is in saturation mode?
a.) It blocks current flow.
b.) It allows maximum current flow.
c.) It operates as an open switch.
d.) It operates as an open circuit.

49. In which application would you typically find operational amplifiers configured as
comparators?
a.) Audio processing.
b.) Signal conditioning.
c.) Voltage level detection.
d.) All of these.

50. What is one common use for rectifier circuits in everyday applications?
a.) Converting solar energy into electrical energy.
b.) Powering electronic devices from wall outlets.
c.) Amplifying audio signals.
d.) Storing data.

51. Which type of transistor is commonly used for high-frequency applications due to its fast
switching capabilities?
a.) BJT.
b.) FET.
c.) MOSFET.
d.) All types can be used.

52. What kind of logic circuit can be built using NAND gates alone due to their universality?
a.) Only AND gates.
b.) Only OR gates.
c.) Any logical function can be implemented.
d.) None apply.

53. How do you determine the output of combinational logic circuits?

a.) By analyzing past outputs only.
b.) By examining current inputs only.
c.) By considering both past and current states.
d.) None apply.

54. Which component stores electrical energy in an electric field?

a.) Resistor.
b.) Inductor.
c.) Capacitor.
d.) Diode.

55. In what application would you typically find linear voltage regulators used?
a.) Switching power supplies.
b.) Battery chargers.
 c.) Providing stable output voltage for sensitive electronics.

d.) High-power motor drives.

56. What do you call the process by which an integrated circuit combines multiple functions
into one chip?
a.) Miniaturization.
b.) Integration.
c.) Fabrication.
d.) Synthesis.

57. Which type of flip-flop can change its output state based on clock pulses and input
conditions?
a.) SR flip-flop.
b.) JK flip-flop.
c.) D flip-flop.
d.) All types.

58. In terms of semiconductor physics, what are "holes" referred to as?

a.) Positive charge carriers.
b.) Negative charge carriers.
c.) Neutral particles.
d.) None apply.

59. Which type of logic family offers high-speed operation and low power consumption?
a.) TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic).
b.) CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor).
c.) RTL (Resistor-Transistor Logic).
d.) DTL (Diode-Transistor Logic).

60. How does temperature affect semiconductor conductivity?

a.) Conductivity increases with temperature due to more free charge carriers.
b.) Conductivity decreases with temperature due to fewer free charge carriers.
c.) Temperature has no effect on conductivity.
d.) Conductivity remains constant regardless of temperature changes.

61. What component can be used to isolate different sections of an electronic circuit while
allowing signal transmission?
a.) Resistor.
b.) Capacitor.
c.) Transformer.
d.) Inductor.

62. In digital systems, what does "propagation delay" refer to?

a.) The time taken for an input signal to affect an output signal.
b.) The time taken for power supply stabilization.
c.) The time taken for heat dissipation in components.
d.) None apply.
63. Which type of diode can operate at very high frequencies and is often used in RF
applications?
a.) Standard diode.
b.) Schottky diode.
c.) Tunnel diode.
d.) Zener diode.

64. What distinguishes an active component from a passive component in electronics?

a.) Active components can control current; passive components cannot.
b.) Active components require external power; passive components do not.
c.) Active components cannot store energy; passive components can.
d.) None apply.

65. How do you calculate the total resistance in series circuits?

a.) By adding all resistance values together.
b.) By multiplying all resistance values together.
c.) By finding the reciprocal sum of all resistance values.
d.) None apply.

66. In which application would you typically find digital-to-analog converters (DACs)?
a.). Audio playback devices.
b.). Digital signal processing units.
c.). Control systems requiring analog output from digital input.
d.). All apply.

67. Which type of modulation technique uses amplitude variations to encode information
onto carrier waves?
a.). Frequency modulation (FM).
b.). Amplitude modulation (AM).
c.). Phase modulation (PM).
d.). None apply.

68. In what scenario would you use an astable multivibrator circuit?

a.). For generating stable DC voltages.
b.). For producing square wave signals or clock pulses.
c.). For amplifying audio frequencies.
d.). For rectifying AC signals.

69. How do you determine the output state of sequential logic circuits?
a.). By analyzing current inputs only.
b.). By examining past outputs only.
c.). By considering both past states and current inputs together.
d.). None apply.

70. What type of integrated circuit combines both analog and digital functions on one chip?
a.). Digital signal processors (DSP).
b.). Mixed-signal ICs (MSIC).
 c.). Operational amplifiers (Op-Amps).
d.). None apply.

71. What device helps keep the voltage steady in electronics?

a) Resistor
b) Capacitor
c) Voltage regulator
d) Diode

72. Where would you use a comparator in a circuit?

a) Audio systems
b) To check voltage levels
c) Data storage
d) None of these

73. How do you show an OR operation in logic?

a) +
b) *
c) -
d) /

74. What makes MOSFETs good for fast switching?

a) Low input power
b) High heat resistance
c) No extra parts needed
d) All of the above

75. When would you use an operational amplifier as an integrator?

a) For audio mixing
b) In control systems
c) To keep voltage steady
d) None of these

76. Which logic gate gives a true output only if both inputs are false?
a) NAND gate
b) NOR gate
c) XOR gate
d) XNOR gate

77. How many inputs can most standard TTL logic gates handle?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four

78. What does connecting transistors in a "Darlington pair" do?

a) Increases current gain
b) Improves heat resistance
 c) Reduces need for extra parts
d) All of the above

79. What happens when you apply forward bias to a diode?

a) Current flows easily
b) No current flows
c) It gets hot and fails
d) All of the above

80. How do impurities affect conductivity in semiconductors like silicon?

a) Increase free charge carriers
b) Decrease free charge carriers
c) No effect at all
d) None of these

81. What happens when capacitors are connected to AC?

a) They block all current
b) They let some frequencies through
c) They act like resistors
d) All of the above

82. Which flip-flop keeps its output until changed?

a) SR flip-flop
b) D flip-flop
c) JK flip-flop
d) T flip-flop

83. What do minority carriers do in transistors?

a) Help keep balance between charges
b) Do nothing useful
c) Cause failure in circuits
d) None of these

84. What should you check regarding clock pulses in digital circuits?
a) Make sure they are timed correctly
b) Keep the frequency steady
c) Both must be correct
d) None of these

85. How do you find total capacitance with capacitors in series?

a) Add all capacitance values together
b) Find the reciprocal sum
c) Multiply and divide by total number
d) None of these

86. How does temperature affect conductivity in silicon?

a) Increases conductivity
b) Decreases conductivity
 c) No effect at all
d) None of these

87. What should you consider about propagation delays in digital circuits?
a) Timing must be synchronized
b) Frequency must be steady
c) Both must be correct
d) None of these

88. How do you know if an integrated circuit works correctly?

a) Measure output voltages against expected values
b) Compare performance with benchmarks
c) Observe behavior during tests
d) All of the above

89. What should you think about when using operational amplifiers as integrators?
a) Keep feedback steady
b) Time must be synchronized
c) Both must be correct
d) None of these

90. What happens when you apply reverse bias to a diode?

a) Current flows easily
b) No current flows at all
c) It gets hot and fails
d) All of the above

91. How do impurities affect conductivity in semiconductors like silicon?

a) Increase free charge carriers
b) Decrease free charge carriers
c) No effect at all
d) None of these

92. What advantage does connecting transistors in "Darlington pairs" provide?

a) Increases current gain
b) Improves heat resistance
c) Reduces need for extra parts
d) All of the above

93. What happens during forward biasing conditions applied across p-n junctions found
inside diodes?
a). Current flows easily through junction.
b). No current flows due to opposite charges.
c). High impedance levels cause heat buildup.
d). All apply.

94. In terms semiconductor physics, how do impurities affect conductivity levels found within
materials like silicon utilized commonly today?
 a). They increase overall number free charge carriers present allowing higher currents
pass through without significant losses encountered!
b). They decrease overall number free charge carriers present leading lower currents
passing through resulting increased losses experienced during operation cycles!
c). They have no effect whatsoever since intrinsic properties remain unchanged
regardless external influences applied during processing stages involved prior final product
creation stages themselves!
d). None apply!

95. When connecting multiple transistors together within certain configurations known
collectively referred as “Darlington pairs,” what advantage does this provide?
a). Increased current gain compared individual units connected separately without any
additional benefits gained through cascading them together!
b). Greater thermal stability under varying load conditions resulting from unique
construction involving insulated gates instead relying solely upon junctions like BJTs/JFETs
would require!
c). Ability operate efficiently without needing additional biasing circuitry unlike traditional
BJTs/JFETs which require constant voltage/current levels maintained throughout operation
cycles!
d). All apply!

96. What happens during forward biasing conditions applied across p-n junctions found
inside diodes?
a). Current flows freely through junction allowing electrons move across barrier created
between them easily without resistance encountered whatsoever!
b). No current flows whatsoever due opposite charge carriers repelling each other away
preventing any movement occurring whatsoever!
c). High impedance levels experienced causing significant heat buildup leading eventual
failure components involved within system itself!
d). All apply!

97. In terms semiconductor physics, how do impurities affect conductivity levels found within
materials like silicon utilized commonly today?
a). They increase overall number free charge carriers present allowing higher currents
pass through without significant losses encountered!
b). They decrease overall number free charge carriers present leading lower currents
passing through resulting increased losses experienced during operation cycles!
c). They have no effect whatsoever since intrinsic properties remain unchanged
regardless external influences applied during processing stages involved prior final product
creation stages themselves!
d). None apply!

98. When connecting multiple transistors together within certain configurations known
collectively referred as “Darlington pairs,” what advantage does this provide?
a). Increased current gain compared individual units connected separately without any
additional benefits gained through cascading them together!
 b). Greater thermal stability under varying load conditions resulting from unique
construction involving insulated gates instead relying solely upon junctions like BJTs/JFETs
would require!
c). Ability operate efficiently without needing additional biasing circuitry unlike traditional
BJTs/JFETs which require constant voltage/current levels maintained throughout operation
cycles!
d). All apply!

99. What happens during forward biasing conditions applied across p-n junctions found
inside diodes?
a). Current flows freely through junction allowing electrons move across barrier created
between them easily without resistance encountered whatsoever!

b). No current flows whatsoever due opposite charge carriers repelling each other away
preventing any movement occurring whatsoever!
c). High impedance levels experienced causing significant heat buildup leading eventual
failure components involved within system itself!
d). All apply!

100. In terms semiconductor physics, how do impurities affect conductivity levels found
within materials like silicon utilized commonly today?
a). They increase overall number free charge carriers present allowing higher currents
pass through without significant losses encountered!
b). They decrease overall number free charge carriers present leading lower currents
passing through resulting increased losses experienced during operation cycles!
c). They have no effect whatsoever since intrinsic properties remain unchanged
regardless external influences applied during processing stages involved prior final product
creation stages themselves!
d). None apply!