. . . .

~
. :

The cominunicati\re world begi ns with··Wh .. -questio:hs, , viz,' . ,, wlia t',

.

'whq, why , whe n, '!'Ii.e re . So, _let-us star t wit~ wh~q~~~~~~~' ~06.
·, ·: ·. r~ , ·.
• _, . ...
, ! '.

Wha,t is ~o~ upi cati on?. :· ... , . , . . . · -: ., . ~., . . r-

. Communication in Lati n 'is kno ~n'a s communicAre; -~~~s wnich js

. J 11'1 ,ff/ ,~ • ' •' ) I

~
-

~ mg~-,~ ~W
.

j~ t~e act 1of conveJiI].g _o~ .sh:sp~g :tend eq _m~_

\ '" '
I f ••

"to' shar~ "· It

.stq~ ~
o;nelentity qr_~9~l? .~c;>~ oth~ ! t~o.t?-ilJ1:t ~e,u~~ ofmut~~~y: ~4~f
signs and symbols and a part icula r rules. ,. .r ·,[( ·. :_,.
ects
Communication connects not_oQ.ly hum an beings >but also .conn
all .living things ..: I. •' .'

It connects people across the globe.

• • ' •
. . 1 (.

Why is Com mun icat ion requ ired ? ·

) of
Communication is a moduS" operan9,i ( the method and the 'Way
socia l inter cour s~A s a memb.e r of the. fami ly, a..soci ~l grcn~p: and as a
-- , ~
. . \ '

part -ofth e-workite am ., we.n eed to co~ µnic ate with ,(!t~ers.
To ·emote. 'and expr. ess . . .•
\

► our emotions,
► thou ghts. ~d • I

► .feelil)gs
:,
► professional . and non- p,:r;ofessional purp os,es, -yve need
to have
1
\.
i this system:
' . 14 . •

What are the obje ctiv es of Co1:11111unieation? •,

• • I

s of
So for all practical purposes, we have the following objective
Communication·: .. · · ,, _·_ 1
•• ·, ' • ' 1 : ·,

I •
I

. ·
1. Inform~ To inform is ·the first objective· ·9f ·cq~munic~tioµ
I
i

1.
t As . ~he pro,verb goes, ." information is·, power\ TJJ.e c{is;;em~
ation ·of
l-the
information lays·the foundation·of.anyo rgan izati on. ,Lett ing in·al
how f~
information:and !etti ng out onlYr selective.information ,decides
an organization wollld go! · ·
ates
I 2. Edu cate : Information impa rts-knowledge. Knowledge .educ
~m~ts
t a wider section. The process o~ education _niay exte nd to c-µst
l I,

i
 '
'

- 2 1· Eng lish Oomh;lunicative '•

e, public~ty ,
-~ .weµ .. This .may be done · t!i:rc;mgh product ·literatur ~
presentations and demonstrations. . I •

·. s..Train: ·co~ Qll icat ion is-~he !ba·sjC? ~lement to .be -t aug h~. The _
~ 9f know~g to C.onuriunicate IS known ·as ·-~
spft skill~ in profe~sional,
t / . ~:~
•., .
world; ,1his 'sJtHl')1s:enlianced via proper.training. .· ·;•:.
I
' ..W~tJ;iQut •.hi~~ ·.. ~o~iv~t
.f J :~'.4/ ~o.titi.t~j.- ·: mov j9n ,. '_.Of/ :.it~ e_mpl6~ees, -->
I.
'' .organistaioni6arlnot e:Wtead, .A pow~rful'cobimwne«tion-1s~t'he·.only
¥~~tio~. . ..,,, .
I

I. ~~ W-~ajse the ni~tiv~~i,onal l~vel ~ ~-an orga

.· _T ~; J~q~µr~s,.,.fih;n~_,. ~~~ t,4tg~.,-~.t~r~h<? P.S ,~d,:' Iio~;v~r~al
• · . _
. messages are different mea,ns used to ~ot ivat e people.-..
r
'
. 5._: ln~ gat e:: Large busm:ess organizatiohshatie<U
fter~ht.bu~fuess·
I ,

-lJW-~,. ~ep~~~~ts .,~<;l ~eirito,tjal .}liyi_~o~~ io~s._,, · ~~~h'.· At -~~~IR-.· -~~ ues
goajs and:t~e .t secti -.Oo.~ uru caµ o~ ~~«;>~de_ss.
I• I,
. I,.
~ft'e r~nt ·go~s~ suh-
I: 'the me w·for an·mtegrated approa~h:m !p~s.uirig ,o.rgari
1 izatio~al gmi!
Col'Dllltihlcation:binds togetlier ·peop)e worlpng:,for. Ii' ~oljunon objective
aild ·helps team ·spiri_t. ". ·:-" , · ,· , :, ~. · -·
,. t:
·: .,;;_•6; 'Enti,riain .': lt'also:helps US'to:enterW
treaeh-.,tit~er.'.' Jln~tlus way
j· us
it relieves · from our day- to -da y work p~es.sure ~cl
.. · . ~-,_ _· ,. · .... ·,·, ,; . : ...:: _.'. ··. ;.
·.Jlelpi \eadirig:a
healthy Jue~ . · • , , \ , I ' ~ , •\ •1 i -; ' •·

gorize th_e very p1µ1>ose of

, , •
• •
•

. So ;in nu~shell, :we -can bro~dly cat~ · ·_· ' · :' ·,·· .: ·., :-.. ~·:. · ; · \ i :' \ ..- •
cominunication as follows: '· J: · ·. . ·..·._:., .,.-.:~ ... .,:..:. . . . . . ,._. ,., .:,.;;..,.,•••,-:,;,~~• - :-..\ •:._-:-••
•
••••'-'a
• • ~ - .., • 'O
~~
' •
';:i

ofaf iother
1

L Ex ression of needs.and want;..: i~,rel .l~ti thl·b~havlour-1

ersoh to . et somethin'
2. Infoiination"transfer - to ;conve )rifortnifib'~'. from ' -~is6fkto
s with
3; Social closeness - to establish and·maintain relatio,-ishi
I

.r .
. 'I

,~
:I.

I ;:
'j PROCESS OF COMMl)NiCATION: ·.·. -·,••,;--·;
· ·· =.·· ·
j I. • I
•

a cbam made
• •

;I: . Robert Kreitri~r. defined, "C~mmunication process· is

oding,; message, .
i
; 1·
i up of i~entifiable links:Tl'.te ~hain _includes sender;' enc
.. I'
I I
i -1 rece~v~~~ 1f•~~?~~-gi·.~d f~~-~b~c~.~ . . · . · · _ :, ~--. .. · .:. , . .
ess is the
. In the Opllllon of s. 1t Kapur, "The communication proc
~i
• JI j method. by•whi ch ~he sender
. .". ·I --~..~ . · ir
transfers information ,
and understanding
to·th
. . .
' ' !'
j l
·. e receiver . •• . . , •· . •: , •

jI
-Schatzinan, -"The commti.ni~~tion
l 1,
: I
I'
•
L ·. Accdrding-to ··Bovee, Thi ll and
·process consists of six ph~ esJJinking sender,and · receiv~r
." :·...· . . _·: I
l i.
◄ '
· The above 6 phases as discussed can·bro~dly:be explain
ed as,follows:
I
r
l
'
I
·m B II F I ' ' j
 ,
•I
: __/
1
lntt0,d11ction IB
.fAE.SSAGe .
I ~ • •

~. ·(.~".- ) ·

, . ,,., ;· ·..,, ·, .1'r, .,

. . .
• I
• I ~ 't (., •.
'•
r. 8tnde;
·. The above diagram can be e~~lainetl thr~~gh: the; rojI~~-;k~ges :
~ •, ' . . '. ' ' .. . .' ~ . t. . ' • :(·' ~(, .
,.
•..,
. -~ . · . ·-1~ .. "'4 .~r:.·.
• J' -~ ~-- . •• J .

\ •' ; ' ' :

:FEEDBACK ott
• ' • I I .:, • • • 0
!_ : · J~ . ..
.~ use or action is
. '
. i se1Jt ba~k tp;
~ 1,sender by the . ,. .
I •
. .receiver . ·.
I •
\ .

.. - . "" . :·

•, ..• ' . . .

. .
!.-Message. I • • • • •, • '~-' .. ,- ! ' ·, •. , ·.:_ '-'

.. The first step ~ communi~ation proces~ is ~e,nder·: ha~ i ~iii'' rdei~ .

Thal contains the information or tidings· to convey or,s~nd·~ :him or
her..-The message may_b~ verbal~nonverbal; dral/ wntten;•tir·syiµliolfo.
· _B.~~id~s t~a~1 -mess~g( ~ -~~~e froin feeHng, .tl~ough~, i~~~~a~ip~7 i~~
many more: You conce1v~ an idea and want,to share 1t. For example, m t ~ ,

t4~
1 , ( ' • • , I T t ' ' • • , ~• f f", • , I • I l / ,;, • \

advertising
. that simply ..~ ~es .some words ·~d
. pµt
. iril~g~_
. . . to_c~ilyey_
' . ...
p~bl. IC. •: : ... ~ . t / . r

SHIKSHA SAGAR
..-. .
 I
I
~ ·/ ~n g~ Coµununicative
cod ing· , -. , . . . . · .
2. En
. ..,,_ ,. l . ! ..• r ·.. , , •"
sendE:f M~~t~~ ~ ord :~~nderAi~·~ o_u"_h~nc
eforth
. · 'rb~ ~e~ st~p i~the·~~~ ~ ?s't ~e 1~e.!J. m~ ~s_a_.~e· i l i, pr~c-~ss ~
.own
for·your con:ve~el];Ce ) 1~e1 ~, or(: ~~~~at~on 1~to a
as enc«;> ~g, {~~ ;~ t~~liitt~n g. tho u~h t~,
'!ecer~: .r .'-,;911 !1st m1e r for you r
. message th~{ ~o u;, ecelt-e r (read the
i
odJ Sf. 1:~ [ e~ :ef.':rnple·, m~ny
I! I coriveniencef._wll}·~~~rs1tand, you ate enc£;1.'i i red £11!~i ~w, th a· red hn e
II
symbols ha\\':l µni v~ a14 ne~ 1l8'.t..fil19P~J
:
e'
1
ho or s~ p~ fflfd ~. i
t(.s ·~me im ag~i~~.)Jsy , mbol suc h as
;tho ugh t it to~d~ 6·t
km g. ..~.,_ ;;.t_,,..,~1~, . -i • i · ;+ · .
Pis me an no par ~- i••(
1
♦ •~ t f' t
• ,. •
I • : """' ~
. ' IJ: .
. ·.
i~i ,. t~ · ·
. .
~~,. .iµiq JW ~ channel .. . ~,:-. . ;r p
3. Choice of ~ .. .. I. •
~ 'e
.

I! , .. l..

~~e:-
.

ini~ · ':1:h~-.~~~ d~ p~~'1leedt

i
.

II J .
~~ , s~
. ,;\HfW ~
J?-1: ~~c s
~, J1¼~mi~~~ ~
J ~diU.~ sen
: ::> <>:
to ct oose the medium and d ianne1 .to be useci, tha t wa y you to pr~
· 1f. I ·
tni ess age to .~~ de d.auc e
#,, n
_yoru:
c~; · The me diu m,BJld .~haimel of
th.~
ai ·:~ d 1:1,onpersJ)i:k .P~r~_o n~ are
, I
I

com mu nic atio n .are o~two ·typ es, pet so~

f/ F~r' exa ~p le, _t~e .sa ,e~ ma n
' I

:9ire ct fac e to fac e co~ tac t wit h· a per$'<?1

w..9us tom er, and •'sa les ~a n usiµg µjq vth ~*plain: .
'Ii I sellin
and
g
con
so.m
iinu
e p;rq
nic ate
duc
:to
t
c~ tom er. Be sid es tha t, .t his
/ Thf hoh 'personal ·:~re fat ty
it-b etw een mefhbd·us'es
' •I : / in f~ y, coll~~gues; qeig~bor or frien~$
! '' ;
;~'.b~twe(;}n se.~ de-r-:an 1 . :,e~~i".'~r.
a ~e s·sag~ ·wj~~~~t ;tjt~e~ ~t1~a1 cpp.~~c ~~ ma gaz me s;~- niail,_._,SMS,
N?~ )>erso~~·~·~ ~ .~1uar eexa _' a~s; ~.ewspap~ to
'
I. radio, and teleYJs10.n: Fo mple; the·JCX'company usel"m aga zm es
.. \ .
communicate wit h public. <·': : ' · ·-" . .
,:i,.··. . . , .. _... .-
4. Tr an~ ~sion and dec~diri:g..:_· . .·::.,. -,. ~- -
I: ..... ~ ' ' '

i'
.. ' .
itiu ~
. s to provide
ti•Kel,, -it.Aont
.I After/you choice of the met;ii~ :~~ cha
:I

new c~ junication channels ;;roi1 ~ an ·.ugg;tif # ah.s.m it ·YCJUI' µie ssa ges . .
41/ , ch ~e ~ ·'is') vhiQ~ allows .
~j Medium is _which c~ er _the · ~ess.a~e.)
h~ P,Q~( compariy choose the
{'. access fof the message. Fo r exampl~f ia;~~ ge to.tar ge t
'
I
i .
i . audieneeir,,:,:.
a tr,9.1J1S~p th~ mess~
· televi~!~'iriji.. -.~hannel and medi1:Iffi for . .( ' .,- .,.., . ' .
11 ._,.
' I'
I '
5. ·Recepti~ .a~ d Understanding I,
• I • ••

. The a~diJ~~~r~~~,t~~~t~~·
••""

i
1,/
I! Wh~n .audi~rice ·rece
·.~~s~a~~-. ives the n
as ·mi sun der sta ndi ng, me ssa ge
. '

·m~ssage, some t~ -ha~ :problem. Such

/ 'f
; II !
;I. me ssa ge is no gu ara nte e the
m1s~ed or message 1gnor,~-~~~.However, the le; the stu den t ·.are receive
mp
~i receiver understood .correctly ~ Fo r exa
., ./ ,I
,. th~ ?1essage froni_the tea che r or lec turer, the y wi ll pay att~ntioils ·for
· . . . ·· i:!li J · ·· --· ·:
·,
.... 'J ,.
~ ~ee,e_ 1v~ ,the m~s~a'(,ge.,. J ·J :;1:-·· ·1''lf "';f\ .--1t1r ·• n• · t '. 't :l
· ·- ·., ,; , !J c ! ·ff ,~·'
I
II
·6i Respondi
:.ri:~f'.:.: .
~~ ·1 i. : .·.: ;: .
andi~~dba~k .~,,:-'.: : 11 :., . . ·i, :i :.· P j r•-_, . , . :· ;_·
•
I
.

1~:~:. , ·_,_·;_#~~~iig~:·}~cl':.'~!14~rs~~~s:
i, ::!:.·, ·~ -~~ itfwe~ce.,i~~;~o~e~. ~haf~
'f~~· ,,
• • '
. ..:. , ' •.
,.· I .. ,1 1 - -., , .
-.;
,
t i ' - .,. ... i •

I
•:. ~ ) '
1

the iluc;be nce who :read ·he ar

,I
!

co~~n~s.J ~#,~~vers} ll'e _the ,c<;>nsumers 1n

I
I
or ~f~.,t~e~f ·t~~~~e; ot:~e5 ~? ~iuti~#f;
'3d_e it. Foi:;. e~~n,ipI~;_'·~hEl the ~afte;
e t~e me gsa ge or 1~f n1a tion , the y wil l'be arit:ilyze· •me ssa ge or ·
~ece1v
information and decode 1t. ·
I
I
i
 The .audience the~:responds tb ;the message.. The .~ecei;e~s~need.to
say or does something•.answ;ervori1~action to something.after receives
the . .message. ·F.qr , , ,, . tl"f 1ft'Ie~man;-
,, . ·examplP.,..:S
01 int:;-or1uce product
TI • 7fi 1,rrr ·~ l ·
A. and ·+he
I "l • ·, , f• .• n l' . 1

audience can·buy .or reJect t(? buy the ·product·A; this re~ction is_r'espond
to the;saHisrtiati'. '·' ' l' •'--!' b ff~ 1 1• .t! .1 -0')fj . t'.11 ,,. H 1'> ·,' 'U·' ·,r: ( '!I,, ,I I I • •

. 'Pte audiences fin~lly .send .fesdback .to y.olh-··The:~ric:l~iv~r~ _ when:.

• • .,.
;

after you give the ~m~J5~age11audien:c~s~!may afs~ give fee'clbs:clc t8 the 1

sender~ Feedbackjs iJ;if9rn,iation or COJD@e~t ,abou.t i'sQmething,tha t·you

have.dQ.ne J~~~der·teU~~y:oq hQ'Y ggod Or•h~~- ~pr -e~a~:pt!e;i~J~ P,~~~onfi;l_
se~lin~ a prod~ct ~.o c,~s~,9 ~~r,,~~stpme~ JP.~YaJ,k que.~tip~,. p~pipi~~t pr;
objection or gives suggestions J~ -~ ,~~~~r~~k. to th~ send~r.~r f AO~e~pian.
·. How does one ensure that the intended ·audience Ji.a~ r~ce~:ve'd the
right mess~ge? , ·. ·. · ·
To ensure that the audience has received right message; the sender a
of the. message .should ask the audience whethe~ .they ttnderstand the 0

context of the me~sage. The sender should give ch~cesJo;r..th.e audience·

.t9 ask a questionba.sed to·the understanding of the cont.~.x t.pi~~sage~
·,- .. -T ypes of Com1:~11mication·_:;r:,· \ !.J~/;,,+: · · ·, · . .
• 'f • • f ., ' '. • •• ' • ' !, . "' • ' , ,

· · Communication takes place through ·different . .m&hods· and

c;hannels,. . r. .!;T::' : . .·~. .

. . :.The three.fflain .types of communication are ~ .... ,; ,;,,; ,~.~-

1. Oral or Verbal . .-.. . ,
.,.
. It includes i.

a: Talks~;
, . . 1,'•'-r.~- I > '.

•• .I •
·b >· Speeches · -
I

,
.:~i·.,-,:ri - . -- -· .
c. D1scuss1ons. . . . . - .
.. .
·a·. M.eetings...
' •. · .; :1 ' .. · .
··:•·~. --:'
..· ,
e. Semi~~ ·,·., · J _.

.f. ' Counseling.

: . .. .:.: . . ' ~
. . . - ·- . -
'
~- g. ~- lijt~rf~ce: :.' : . , • ., ' I I ' \
I
•r
., •' i
-~ ·. h,} T~iephone , l ..' - . . •· . - • ... .,~- • -:\ '.. 1 ••• • -. ,; • ; · ~ ~

. ~ _i . .:...iQ!l4sJ?eM~r •.

: ,_;_:, . -j ; •-lrape recorder ··,,' ..·,·.,: .

· .i I )': . I

· .'.! ; ' . ' '

- ~
k Radio
' .- ..- . . ....
·.·' ... , .·.Merits aitd·Demerits of Oral Communicat ion·~ .• •
: ; I ·,
• r • ' • '

•
'
J.
-. '
•
'~ ' ...
-- ~ I ' \
\..., .,.•
•

. ·-
1 •
•
I . • , -
•
, .. .,
' l I 1 • ' : ' ' , .~' • ' \ ••- , .... ,., ( ., ; . ,;,,

Merits I,
: Demerits .. -~- - {
'
..
i:-1~ -can readily·be·u sed l -l ,., , It 1s ffiot eff~cti~e~when the Ui-get
. . /•

. .. . . , tf' · ..,1.)';
..
". I<' .. audierice-is' spre'ad out 1 -. ·;!,-,-
C •

J
,
Ii is .instantaneous It lS constrained by larigtlage,
. (!: -~ {: ~ ( :accent:and·.vocabulary • i - ~}

It is. persuasive , ' - .· . - : ' .~ . . .· : [~t is also cop;~tr~jI].effi-P.Y. .n~~se ,a nd

,. '. pth~r. p;liysical l:>~ers ,,I,.. ';•: . .
,: • r

SHIKSHA SAGAR
 !, • •
,.. ·, .. J • i ..
.. .
6·j E~gli.sq,Cp~umcative . _. .. __ .. .

I
I I
I

I :·
j/
I •

I '1 !

I\ ,,
I .
I !

,.
! :;
I l :
i '•

II: rea:¢hJ ts·'tkrg~t-.

I l
It b1ur an extremely wide reich:J~r;~; Jftakes time tQ
it ~creaijs. a record and is eas~y::·t(J$ les{k,~eracti~e· ·-_·< .·,_:·::
' 0

·
•' •
-· • • , .,

,. :I , • • • ~.,✓ ,., ,
'.
-: .. "' · . · . · •• .
..

docum~nted
-,
- .· .
•·· •
·i . ..
11ii' ' ,i . n c~ be er~ ed ·and rewritten It depends on wor c;l!pQ\\ter .. -_
,I . I
ie.time •to get feedback;
">:i j · It is· agreeable·· to a ·high level of ·1t'take· s mo
- · ., .. :. .;., i;/:J~;..
'- • • • . I . • .

lanning and structuring. •

' .. , 1·· ·,. :_ ·
' : I . . .. . . ( ~ ;r ' .t' ~ - ..-1.J,,1' 1 ... ,J I- '
I
P
•
' ' ..
• '
' '
* • • •

It. d~p~ri¥ ;le~~ !Ori1JP.~~oz y s~~,;. l~, ~+~ co,n~_

g a.n,d ·efficiency :of the
·~. tr~i~,~d;t P-3-~<fJY ailgiJ.~ge,
f@.qts. ~d 1i_gµr~s··c~·b~ Jnobiliz~d·:-4~dwritm
7
:-~::. ·,!,':' .
b~fQrehand ;~-i,i-J:,s....,.~ t~. _ . · tools used.·
k°p#~wµyf.obuses oµ this Writ~ ~~~qitlc~ ii9n,
';.<i:~~[$tu4eqts~~i'i ~pocha uss·.the· -writt en··.coininu nication •i n·
only, The re&t·•OJ' th¢; pt~rr( disc .. :_ ' . .:
d tail.1 : ..
.. ' '. .
, ..,. . .
..~ '' •·..~
'
. . ,, '. .
. :. ''
'•• . . . ...

... .
Fo nn s.:ofQDQllllunic~tion
. - ... . i ·:,

many ways~'.•Fu- the sake =of

!b~tian~an. b~··categrirized asin foll
i _; . . C0.~ii~
ow·- s· ·.
conveJll_~nce; we~h'.~ve'takeft-it-to'- be:ten
...,, , ·
. . . . ..
... ,
. . . .
'f. •
.. ' . '
.,

f.
,,,.. . ..
•
 .. . '1 .

,:.~~es.:pl~eeJbe~w~~-),~;-·
.,._.

· 1. ~P.~~-s~n'Al·i~Q o~uirlp ation~: It"

two ~di~d~al,~r}~·,mar-·be#i~:_.fanijly:~grotip, ·<,9mmlPiiiy,:t>r.,-~ven_~ .·_ .
orgamzati~_b:J$uQh corµm~~•tions :are mformaL Element of pn:vacy 1s "'-,
also fountl,ini; it~h· ' •
, ·.o:'' ►r- ·'tr ·. .. ,.
1 , I
......
• •
J•
1• •... t I , , , ' ., ,•.. '
'

·~ I It .c an.~e-,the,!~nn:;o~.P~r~o~ call:S,;per~ox.i~ e- ~aµs, -or le~ters,

sms·or the like •.· · · · .. . · · · . .ao. n- N• ·: • • •

. ,: 2.-ie~~~, ~s,;~~IQ;~~·q~~,~ipn .;.:Busµie~9; .~oxpm1Jili~~ti'Pnt~~g~ts ..

• to .~upport-·t~e-,,go~~ ~ .~€ nb~~~~s·. ,_ lt.,:.take.s\LPla.c.e.i iBIWOpg:1b~~~~ij
j

·'enterprises ., inar~et,,.~~:tl1in1:Qr~~~a:tiQns :an~-b~.twe.e~ ~~w p.~i gt.qp~s

of ~JllP~.9M~~~,·o~~~i:~..,ljW~~~.~~d. ~~_lie.rs,, ~'1~s ~xe~µtJv~s~ \~ ,.l?r_ess
p~~~~nst,q R ~~pq, 'Yi~.:~ ·p~~~,sio~.'gi~e~ ·a..n~.~ ·1mpetu~ to ~y 1

b:µsmess ; .· ·- ... 1..·,•· ... , ;;:,. :. · •. ,.- , · -- . . · . ... . ,·:7' •;•: .··· __ ·,·,,_;_,,·. ·:. ' 4
..,. , ~ ',. •f ~ I • ;~· IV"> • I •

.. 3•.Intem'1l-,;.{Jom,qunic,ation. _,: It'- 1.tak~B; place ',~thl1;l):,, 'a ll

C?f.g~~z~ti~q·P!-1Hf9l\P.·J ~cp~~ ~e ~r~ 9r_w1:it~~n, .yi~~aj 1~t~1i\~~ir.~~~~' .
'fon;nal . orJ~t(o!1Il:-1al...: :· .. · : · . ;_ .. · . . . · · : :.1:=1:.i-:!:., ./:/ 1.<·;:i~i~·t
.. 4. .Extema l. ~'l~Ufli~~~!g~;:.l{µli~~}p.t~fllaj, co.n,i~wµ-~at~on,_
external conimum.cation°flows -outw:ard. Jt .ad<ires_se~..people out.side the ·
organization;. like jibe potentiaj .cu~tomers;-;- comp~ti-t~:t~,;publier'. pie~s ,
meclia.a.ndthei_goyernmept. ;, ·,•· ,··•: r ' . ·:ic.ni':: · .\.::.~:·:.::·..- l/1 ·< ._; ·.:· .: 1 •• .

· External· !eomniurtication ,can~-take pi~ce ;in•·yarious::.:~ays :,and

,through·different:bhannels like ·: ;.) , ·:. · . · ·>·., ·,. !: _.- · i ·, . 1~

.. ✓ - Letters :;,- ·~:.~:- ~. :' .! •. 1 ·:

• ·: '·i!l:' ;, .

Notices·
, ' I
. , ;_, .
• 1
.
)
.
. •. ✓ .

rY.-Br.ochures ~-: .· :. · ,~,- . , :_ ·\ : : :_·· ,·, ·_< : :} .~· .• :.)/··\~:.,!'.·.n: · -~~-·:}.· .

-,-·- · - ·✓··n \ :n. s·h1,.1.-
,..~'..-·o
"'.'e·:m i-- o
·-.·a·•.~t. i_: - .·:
~ .o·· _·.- . " .' . " ' ' ...,,... .. '\' ..... ·,· ~},~
"~'" '4.:J i-tJI
,,, ..... ·,rl ····•·•·
; . •· '·• , .. -- ~- --,
·.- ..-.)!I
~- ,,_ •;• t
..• .·"'t). . •

.·,' .:,: .·:.VI:··(·:·.~... . ~-:!.. ~ !\'{t;j

j . ..

.. . . ' . ... .. ·.
· :.·{. .'F,~\~_ppo~~:pall~:-.: :; .:.;.:,'. , ;·:•·.:!:- · .· ·. .:. · .. ;7: , ,\~ ' .·::,. • :1,:. \ .~,£~\ 1 i , ' ·• .

· ··· ~ .J3risines~ M;ee.tings · · , · · ··· · .-:~: f'X)~l'.t

✓ Pr~ss Releases <·: ·.-. . > . . , ,... , :; ,-,·-: .,.·-;.- . ; . ,..
- . ' -· ✓; Press Co.... rerences, . : . ·,.,. · ,1- , : .
1J. J'' r r ,_.. ~ ~••/'-~ ;;,-, ) ,., • , , , • . • ) · ',
:· .; .. .·. . ·,
' •• '
:
'.,.,• 1
•.·i .- ·(·•· ··1.-.:. ,,. i., , _::,,, -.' .
• .I ' ••~ -• ' •
•

. :. I. ✓• . ·u.dio,.:visual:p.,r~s~nt'at.i9_ris,_...
A ,
. ·. . . · · ·· ·:·i···--~~L·
. •. • ~
·.r
·, /.•
">
•h; ~1m·s·•,•1,':.~
. •• ·b1·· 1··c,1
· -✓.,···1Pu • ~~J AJ1
.,: 1.'ii·. · ·,:.',.'· ' •·
·:· J: '•- , . . . ,' , :· • · : ,: , ),, 1·~ ~J; '"i:f.i:·:~.t, / , t t1• , ' .
. .· . .. r::; , r:,•·:· >t:' ..' \~ i i 't,• ··
, J .•

. ." ✓· ..£roductjaunth
events :.,· ·:
.i ·A:dvertiserilents '• . . '·.. ··i -··~ ·-' • • . ' .' ' . :-:1" I . ;: · • •; !l

.::~.·~kid•.:an.~ther ~et~oiis ~textitrhal.~ol$.)i¥~~atfon:..· · .:, (: ~ :<·

1
·· );.:

'. . .' l)~ Formal, Coimnunication·. ':·. ·To :;erisure ;.'Coiliinunicatidn on

.regular ·b~is,:>every :o~ganizati9µ .~deyelops :«·kind.:of :foriruutsystems.
SWf •Illeeting~,·~ul)i~ij :Jll8~Uig~me.pt;;-mje~~g~~·-~ ~r~9-t ~CQ~~flD.C~S '
are,~pm.e;fQ~s ;t9,.:d¢lv~ mto.a:fonn~,~d ;Qf•_co,~u,nj~J1,ti9q, :i·1, · ... t ,
.Also ~e ·d~ fomfal e6mmµnicaµon with :oflice.>,~ear.ers; .~iv.ijtco~,
gove~e11~-~a~al?,lishm~nt~.·~r .Priva~:oi:g~~~fon~ _; . ·, . ... . .
. ' Meihos, .~cir~ lar.s; · i 1:'.itis~ctioµs ,': · guidelines,' · .:claii.fica(ions;
agre~meri.ts·:· ·and1treports .';'~ e'·.:SOm~ :of:it~ei·~ h~eJs :th~t facilitate.
-----:-.-
anisatthe flow.·or formal . .. ·:' . ication
coinni"Q.n . .
in business
.
organizat
.. - .

SHIKSHA SAGAR
ions:· · :·. .
'
" ;

~
 ioti tna lle. Q~ ~ca .tio n)
~ ·.~~( thi,s,l>Qok1.c.on~.entr,aties excluslv,ely; p:q ,~ 1

flJ:i 'c6~'. f!-lnf orli :tal!C() mm uni

cation-~: This: typ e :~f conimurtjC8.~ ob: t~e s
,,"
nne ~ ~·~p(?~tane:9u~--ar,e:t?ey,;~~~~a i~;~ ~~~ ;~~
!I:
' 1,1. plaee,titt ·a n '1nr0S~cte~:ma rarc hy or orde :r of r
se; :119 r:ity 1s ~e¢ i ,,._,.._, .. ·,1 ·
use d whe re no stn ct hie
,.I
II
._it ~aj{ ~ip l~e .thro lig! t)•.1 cha ts) url'onnaiit~ iks}~·e~s9.na:!~le~~rs·ari~ .
i.

I! :1
I ~ ~:._1

so ori:' . . ' . ' . ·, . . \·' ' ,· ' . .-·n r~- ~,-:t :'.'. , '/ ·\'
ii .
,d s·~7~:ilal~er~tommunication~ itiiaik~~ee iplacei_in'an ~ttgtijizaiio#-an d ·
I I
iain eith ~r -~\\fard~-ttor{dowri:Waitd~-~~-: pi,~ ds, in
a:<horlibnt11l-~anner,
~if~ake~cp~~c~ ~~ tr~ '.equ-al~#c1rf~fg~b f>~~ltY~~~l: ·.
.J~-1'. r~! ,;~ >t: :·: ~; .~ ~ i :1~ f : · ,:.·:

~~ss oaHilu'linicatio#~ ~~ punun1~atilfif is-·distrfib: tive •i'w-

r ; ,. ~: . s.• ·
I
,,
Ii :i·,
~ ofitJ 'scale>Es'seritifillyf flii i~s se~ ra11
vi~w ~
arg~ m·a'.S'!i.lof'p~ople' ~l io
· spe akin g,' new spa per s, magazines .and jou
rna ls, rad io, televi~iotfLaricl
de~ ms :and 1pub lic hoa rdin gs:ate d:ti~ttel~£
tm-ass=-cbmitttmic~tiori·:
f: ; ··MaiW-b~aiicli~fb fi;t Wd fflt «tµ \g:'tb~k
~ifcbfumw,.ic'attdiV a~e:puBli~
i and dig i'fm tv~m~dia:-:' r-: ;•
. rela ti_o ns, adv erti sing and publicity, jo~ rna lisn
. a~~!H~iq;.~,1R~~ 1~'B~n1 ~g~rcdifdi,lil:H~ati6ti':': _lJ_u~:~~•\ . :.' i/:.l -~
~ ta '" . ')1:al?i¼' ' I ., .,,· •• < r, . . , (
.,, ,
r ["·'.1.••
,..,. . 1,·,
. _.._ ,. _ .,' _.I\'
. , '-· ._ .. ·,. • L . ~
·,
>AN)
-• • • 4 •
f-s,,, +1 , c\ ,~fnn .~N! t/"J
I ,.
I1, ( , ''"' •... .o.
--::,j,J ~ V-J"'• -lf-lf', l't'~"'t, 1,-""
. __. . ~ l _,. .- -

~-~• -1-hp~~~~~~~QWdl).'.~e e·r,dhat ·, [e.omm uqioatiedil pet wae n-::~ o .

':
:i
·.:·'
indiyiduals -~ ho~ d be-s~p l~. Wh en you com mu nic ate·,,_yqu:ar~ ;suf ces sfu l
YP:~~Rll~ -~a]Jtjn,.g ~<;h ::n~.r ·:►; · : . ·
inig etti ng,,yQ.~ ~j nt d}.~;9Ji.§ltp ~'e.'Pe tsqn
: ' I

I
ere nce a:be twe en
It is importan.t·-to' rem~Diber ·tha t. ,t her e>a re;,diff ere,At,.ba rrie rs
•, I

t~lki,ng :an d ·.com.¢µ,nicaµ.Jlg. , When .w.e.talk

, w~ ten d to
e of the .c .o~ ~c ati on .
. •·! tha t hin der our ability__·to ·-~ ~u ni~ ~t~ .-· Som
ioifm
baniej-s. dur ing..conye,ri:pat•!'i5.Ji cl,tide;~;. ~ ., ' . ••• • '.•: .. .~ . ~: • • • •, •

1:1i'
I ,- . '
'•. ,- _-t .'..'" ~ w_a\ i' •i~i,t--t"':_-,~ •
' f q~ ~~' j./~ :l 1 • '. · ,,/1, t• 'i,

'it·a na/ orl ech nic al

. ,c -,I • •· '" •.f,• •• 1.

;·unf8:P\ilia
•- ,· · · '· ; • ·\ •

."·.. - ~ ·T he US~ ·ofj arg on~:o - re:r~~mwi.eated

I

. : :ii iu-~ 1'~f l')CH ~'' ' " '••·

' ' _.· : ,· ,· ...... ' ~ '-:.' : --:.::·~' t ·.· :,~·. . .. /·~\. .,
• , ...c:;.• ,. •• •
, . ¥ ... : :_ ,_ .. - -~

·Ii J! terms.. r . _·.··; .... ,_ .• ,: .. .

1
I
I 11
,· • . • l,ack of ·attentioi:i;. in:tei-e$ t,"f;ijst:rae.ti9ns/ b~.<W,A'.te~~.ie~~} :ti>·:th~·
:il ·,~ ~ .r:.,• ·• _7· ,·.•.: ,•-·-?..• ·~.:}() .'ti . .....·
1
1 1

receiver. 1• :' '" ,t .' __

•
' l.

. :j _, ; _·. - •: ; : -~ .: ::·2~•.-s· 1. ,.-, ·.

. •,. ,.
, ' ',
II ,
• I
·, ·.. • •Differ~nces·in perception ·~d•vi e~ int
II I J:: Ii :.~~ ~g '··p:ro11>1enis,i:•o /t ~~e ech
. . : .·~ -~h ysic al : 'di~abi)iti~s . S~?~:·, ~ ~
1

· · f\f,tt: iJ-e}r•_•r ''} .,·.1 ; . ,.. · c~.:.· , ·; ·1 )-tf., u /'. . \ ~ : •·

I I j
. 11
. . ·1; diff icult1es. .
., ':1,
i '. .
.. ..·.• . .~~g uag ~ differences and '., iii:e.· · difficult~ ·: m;.:tm d~~ stan Jiri g
11 :1:
·. . · · · .~·~,-:... , t i -·. · ,. • ,.; ' ·.:• \ .·,.. . . · · .
• I 1'·. wu ann har accents. ' ' '
-~ . ~ .f'•'\. . • . ' ~ <I t '

~-~~ther,·tha n··w hat .is

: I, i •

·:i·, :·.: . . ~- People"ofteii hea r wh at the y e~ ~t·;tp_h~

, I· a~~-aJ,~~ ~aid ari4j~ffip.~o.- ~cQ IJec t1f~ fflf ~! ~.
-,i/ <~;. -·..-H.\'.· ~ ·. ·,:. _._ 1 , . ( ~
.;, .,~, ,I
~~µss ~he,~a mft ff.t §~~qµf ,i;~ ~ C{lt~goi:i~s .:· . ·
.1 ' . '.
·-:.;·~
•J
:. i! .]~l ' ·R~ ~~ e,~0'1l<t~
.'
1'
11· ··;' ,~··. •,·i "-n•DJ iw~1c·,.;.l ·Bam"ers :1:"• ·,i'.~ ·, :· ·li' .r~ o.i- L~s : ,,.-:1.-;_ 1.) . ·, · •: ,;.. .~. : . , .··, .:- _
~ fl7'D,. .., ·
t are dos ed; walls
·· ~ ', ,11

i :~f .· ~·,, ·P.liysic,aJHiairii'.~" 'Bre >e~C,to:'Spot-dlf?rs tha

e. ~e · ~en' people ~11'-work·-agamst the ·g oal .
,:-. !
,I .
i I :. tha t are..._e~eotedpan~ -«i~tan~
I
' i.
l pf~{ ffe. .
ctive com mn mc atio n • ,· " I" ·~·.} ·. .· •. ·: ft- k 'fl , , ~:1'\\ , ~· •i.• , . . 1 ; • • , • • , , • •• •
,..; · t ,,;.
•

i~:-~i-eak;: eeili~g fan

, 'I
. ~s~...some soun~~ _;e~liliflg•:~frpm , out sid e:_o ri~tl
, I
of JX>.ike~or lou dsp eak er
pver.:~~ ~.roo~ or sc~.e~<;,hmg~ so\lll.d·i.eoming· -.o utt
.W~1 :1 YQ.1)·ar~ !J.d· .dressw.g usm g:th ose · too ls:alsotb~Qome: a: par t •of phy sica l
•
bam er • , , . .. •1~ • . - , )~ •tt,· ·.J·
• • .11 .J,
• ,
'"' ~
..
.............
·
-~.. .,.,., ;_ ,"·. :~_ . .:r;;:,:
,•• •
:~:;r t t " .: L
.·-~ ..
,: . · :~ q.

..

: . !A Sh GAR
S11'''(Cl· 11
I t' i
i .J
 '--

. ·. ,... . ., ·. .lrit~att~~g!t~
1
~~~-~9fat em:ef~~:ft J)~~1~R~;.4:i~eif :Q~~)~i ~~(j~~ ·~~~~ ;~)~~-
ic,~ b~~ r,.s,~~J~~ .ftt:~~
•.

\fOrkpla~~,.d~~~~P!~ifnu~l-~-
· towar• . S•)·open1 M
-P~~e. to~r~~~y~l.· .P~.Y.~. . . . ' ' ,. ' ' ~•'· ,. ·., . ..
wiicati o:n.' ·: ' . '
steP •'iJ'i"EP·-,r.f!HP, . •· • . 1 · · •· •
Many:·• prof~sslonals \ vho .·wo~k ·\ii. industne·s . thai · thri;ye
, ,
,1
·· on •I J ,ti, . ; 1,

coll~borativ~ f~~~ ~at~? ':1;,,.su~~l~!.Ff.}tj}~9~~e,, Pp.rPO,~~Ix·.d_ , ~i~

their wor~11-~2es. ~9:unµ ..an. ~PP,eA officJ~\ nlan. This. layout esc~ew~
cubicles in fav(it ~f°de'skJ,gro\ip~d kf:lln.8 l ~cCat~if4rteetfug spac~·."\y.hlle .
each indiviq~fil:h~~ tlieir bwri:a~l:ticatia1\'i~1t~pace;' there itt~.nb!vi·.ible.
barriersJo 'pi-event collab(ftalioh'vliliN:ii~i¥ co~~r1iEii-s."fiif~•~n~<>~kg&s
greater openrtes's)infft~que'ntif~~tes-cl1oserworking·bo~ ds:' ·J_••(J/·.:_ :
So we ·c~--,s~y'\)i~{;tliit't&rrd~g ;:t~e~ i fict<>i-il c~h~titµ~ ''ti.ti
1

important .'-jfarf ~ of ph:fsit?a'l'·~.-.>arriefs! ._,·'ertviro rimeriit lfilstaiice (_;and .

· e· d1"um ' ,,:,l, '"1,i ,' ' ,. I '· ' - · , · • ·•. ' · · ' . ·: • ~ ' , ·;,, ,-.; } ·.
'
'. 1•gn'orance ·o·r· m · • •· '- .! ... I ,...l \ .I ; .. '. ~' . ,; • • , • , , ; , • , , 1• , • ,

., · ·2.:c1cwturat-.u~e~,~~ J·resutt}~f Hvi~g· k mi ·•ever -~ ~g

~
;:!~~t=~~~::;:~
~.;:~~1:!~til[~~~:!h:f_
F.. communication if·two•-.different·-cultures clash or-because :·ofigno.rance·.
r In tliese case~; =itijgii.mp_ortah~-to~pnd ·a common grountl:,~'~t~?,r,k ~~~~-
~ In-work'. ~itua,ibn~; :rdentifymg1a/prt>blem afid,connp.g:up;Wilti:a}~~ltly
::;· efficient way to .solve it can quickly·topple any:.cultural_:o t ·mstitutit>n'~
'":,; barriers. Qu#i sitnply, people.J~-~e_:r~s,u_lt~. · . :.....· .
r.· . ·. Examples of .culturincludal bart,iers ·_t~at prevent . in~:vid1:1:~s .fro~
effective communication e:· . .' · ·. ·. :· : ' · :::. "·. .'; '· ' :.·
• :Generational ~Each"}ige;grotlp .has a different general'. ippro ach
to ,work, ~wh)ch o~n-leads,to.conflicts::wit;h·'older.,.W:orkers:i~esc~binJ
younger workers. as· "slackers," and younger : w~rkers ~~~~$'
older .workers as· ·being:~"out of{.toucht ~ .Thi~'. is:-,wha'fu we. ,refer .-~ --·.as,
.
" • n+ • . " ; . . ► .
comm~c;:u.~on gap:.·· ·;~.. '1.. ·. 1 ., - -;_ :· • · . · • "· · •· .' ; . : ·· · : ~ ~-.q .,,; ·· ·
• ~~gi. -aph ic~ .-· .~~op!e ,~ 9,f~g in a:sapie ~opip~y:m,ay;~oni~ 1

~om .different lop~~~o~~.~t~ J~e~ ,c~t~ e1• : ~~~~-:.F~~- P,~ 1~~~h ed_~
Other may.be.less -refiried. The.re we have to understand each other by
knowing the. real'interition arid 'cwt~al·background-·ot the ~oncehied. .
is
It riot-very often1that"which may sound· off~il~_ive·~ ·l!fds,, iti~~~s
;
, ', :·
sarily
intentional. . l ' ' '., r' ·• . ' ' •

3. Psychological Barriers : ·The psychological -~tate . of .the.

communicators will influence how the message is· sent, receiv·ed)·and
perceived.
For example, if sonie_one is stressed they may be preo~~upied :by .
personal conc~ms .and not as receptive to the·message a~ ·if they were
not 'Stress~d. . ·
Ang~r _is another exanipl~ of a ps;chologi~al · barrier · ·~
commumcation, when:~-~.~e angry it is easy to say things that we-ina y
later regret and also to Illlsmterpret what others are saying . · · · ·
4. ~ys~m ati~ Barri~rs : Systematic barriers to comm ~cati on
may exist m structures and organisations where there are ineffipient
SHIKSHA SAGAR
r;. ' '' .

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