LUBRICATION SYSTEM Effects:

Lubricants can be: 1) Lowers Volumetric Efficiency

2) Distortion of Engine Components
• Oil – used in engine, transmission, and differential
3) Decreases Oil Viscosity
• Grease – used in bearings in wheels
4) Engine Shutdown

Functions:
Oil ring – distributes oil in the cylinder wall

1) Lubricate – less friction

Oil sampling – to predict the life of the engine
2) Cooling
3) Cleaning - to determine the wear and tear of a specific material
4) Prevent rust and corrosion
Regular Change Oil – the key to lubrication
5) Seal – fill the gaps
6) Absorb shock

** oil and fuel filtering are different from each other Oil Additives:

1) Rust Inhibitor
2) Antioxidant
SAE 40
3) Antifoaming
15W – 40 → common lubricant in the Philippines 4) Viscosity Improver
5) Pour Point Depressant
ATF – Automatic Transmission Fluid

SAE 90 → commonly used in differential

SYNTHETIC OIL – usually does not come from a petroleum base
** the higher the SAE number, the higher the viscosity
Advantages:

Can perform better even in harsh conditions

Parts:
Increase the oil change interval
1) Oil Pump
2) Pan (Sump) Disadvantage:
3) Oil Filter
Cost
4) Oil Cooler – to control the oil temperature
5) Oil Pressure Regulator
6) Oil Temperature Gage
Tribology – according to Merriam-Webster, is a study that deals with the
7) Oil Pressure Gage – common: 60 psi
design, friction, wear, and lubrication of interacting surfaces in relative
8) Oil Pressure Sensor – senses if the oil pressure is low
motion (as in bearings or gears)
9) Oil Galleries - passageway
10) Cooling Jet – placed under the piston

LOW OIL PRESSURE:

Causes: AIR INTAKE AND EXHAUST SYSTEM

1) Defective Oil Pump – is caused of fatigue

2) Clogged Oil Filter
3) Clogged Oil Galleries
4) Low Oil Level
5) Wrong Viscosity
6) High Temperature (Overheating)
7) Dirty Oil
8) Sludge
Why air should not be below freezing? Throttle body - controls the amount of air entering, regulating engine
power
• Additional load in the engine

Why is fuel not necessarily cooled? Is connected to the

accelerator pedal /
• Not easy to burn gas pedal (old term)

Air filter – responsible for preventing dirt, debris, and other contaminants
from entering the engine
Intake manifold - distributes the air-fuel mixture or just air into the
cylinder

Air filter elements

Intercooler – (Caterpillar term: aftercooler) uses either air or water that

cools down the air after it has been compressed by the turbo
or supercharger before it goes to the car engine

When to change the air filter elements?

▪ During scheduled regular maintenance

▪ Low power
▪ Black smoke
Types of intercoolers:

Air filter gauge – (air filter indicator) placed after the air filter
• ATAAC (Air-to-air aftercooler)
that warns if filter is restricted and needs replacement
• WTAAC (Water-to-air aftercooler)

- operates by detecting drop in air pressure

Turbocharger – driven by exhaust gas to spin the turbine

- not dictated by the rotation of the crankshaft

Hot part

** Piston ring – most vulnerable part if there is no air filter or the air
filter is damaged**

Mass flow sensor – used in engine with ECU

Supercharger – modified part; driven by belts or gears; dependent on
- used to measure the air flow in the intake manifold
the crankshaft

** belts cannot be used in camshafts because of slippage**

Naturally Aspirated – (naturally ‘breathing’) engines that take in air
under normal means at normal atmospheric pressures

Other types:

• Turbocharged Twin carburetor Supercharger

• Turbocharged aftercooler

Intake manifold runners

• Long Intake Manifold Runners – favor low-end torque, better

for everyday drivability, and efficiency at lower RPMs
• Short Intake Manifold Runners – favor high RPM power and
performance, better for racing and applications where peak
power is prioritized
Variable Valve

Timing - Intelligent

** usually, runners are in the intake manifold**

Vertical Stack – (air inlet is open) for maximum airflow; can sometimes opening

be horizontal Air filter

Adjusts air flow

Intercooler

Cooper T43 – was a racing car built by the Cooper Car Company that
participated as a Formula One and Formula Two entry from 1957 to 1960. **Kompressor – first car with turbo By Mercedes Bez**
The car was used by the works Cooper team in 1957, as well as other
entrants in this and subsequent seasons, most notably by the Rob Walker
Racing Team. It became the first mid-engined car to win a championship
race when Stirling Moss won the 1958 Argentine Grand Prix.

Wastegate – opens if there is an overpressure so there is another

passageway for the exhaust gases
Roots Supercharger (Roots Blower) – developed by Francis and Philander
Roots in the 1850s to pump water, but it turned out that it was great - Equalizes the pressure
moving gasses as well as fluids. It is used to pressurize air at intake or - Protects the turbine from overspinning
increase the air density supplied to internal combustion engines
Backpressure – phenomenon caused by restrictions
Intercooler cooled by fan Water-cooled

Turbo to intercooler

MAP Sensor – pressure EGR - recirculates exhaust gases;

MAF Sensor – airflow; volume - to get rid of hazardous nitrous oxide;

- to ensure that everything is burned

• The LTO has announced a lower standard sound level for motor
vehicles, from the original 115 dB to the new 99 dB
• 99 dB qualifies as very loud in terms of noise level
• The LTO has also given out guidelines on how to check the sound
level of a motor vehicle
• Violation of the LTO standards may entail a penalty of up to
P5,000, a mandatory replacement of exhaust pipes, and re-
inspection
• In cases of impounded motor vehicles, the owner may need to
get the exhaust pipes replaced at the impounding area
• Other fees may need to be paid for, including a re-inspection
fee amounting to P300.

Oxygen sensor

Oxygen Sensor – detects/measures unburned oxygen in the exhaust

manifold

Catalytic Converter – capture passing gases to make sure they’re not

harmful when exhausted; electronically charged

Resonator – captures high frequency sounds

Muffler – cancels noise

 FUEL AND IGNITION SYSTEM

EFI – Electronic Fuel Injector

Fuel Pressure Regulator - helps

maintain the fuel pressure in the
Electronic Fuel Injection System. If the
system needs more fuel pressure, the
fuel pressure regulator allows more
fuel to go to the engine

** if there is no pressure, the unit

injector cannot spray (atomize) the
fuel
Hyundai Santa Fe –
operates on CRDI

Seal of gaskets – most vulnerable in overpressure

gasoline

injector Conventional Fuel Injector

Port Injection - when fuel (either gasoline or diesel fuels) is injected prior
to the valve and cylinder, where the combustion happens

Throttle Position Sensor – senses the position of the throttle valve in the
throttle body

High Pressure Pump - a device that delivers fuel to the engine at a

significantly higher pressure than regular fuel pumps. Its purpose is to
ensure that the engine receives the right amount of fuel with the
necessary pressure for combustion

Common rail – usually used in diesel engines; a long metal cylinder, it

Solenoid – triggers the injector to spray
receives the fuel from the pump and distributes it to the injectors under
extremely high pressure

ELAB – (brand) shut off valve

HYDRAULIC ELECTRONIC UNIT INJECTION (HEUI)

Oil Pressurization: Engine oil is pressurized by the engine's oil pump and
directed to the HEUI injector.

Electronic Control: The engine control unit (ECU) monitors various engine
parameters (such as speed, load, and temperature) and determines the
Dual injection – commonly used in high performance cars
optimal timing and amount of fuel to inject.

Accelerator – connected to the injection pump

Hydraulic Actuation: When the ECU signals the injector to fire, the
pressurized oil enters the HEUI injector, which uses this hydraulic pressure Governor – will control the flow of fuel to prevent over speeding
to drive the injector nozzle open.
- Behind the injection pump
Fuel Injection: As the nozzle opens, fuel is injected into the combustion
chamber at high pressure, atomizing the fuel for efficient combustion.

PCM – Power Control Module; manages the ignition timing by processing

data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors. It determines the optimal
time to trigger the ignition system for each cylinder, ensuring efficient
combustion.

4 different types of fuel injection systems in cars

• Single-point or throttle body injection

• Port or multipoint fuel injection

Throttle body

SIGNS OF DEFECTIVE FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM:

1) Low Power

• Sequential fuel injection – each fuel injector sprays according to 2) Black Smoke

timing 3) High Fuel Consumption

• Direct injection 4) Rough Idling

COMMON CAUSES OF DEFECTIVE FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM:

1) Clogged Fuel Line

2) Defective Pump
3) Defective Fuel Injector
 4) Defective Sensor 4) Waste Spark Ignition – high performance application
5) Defective ECU 5) IGC (Ignition Coil with Integrated Ignition Control)
6) Fuel Leak 6) MSD (Multi-Spark Ignition Distribution) – usually used for racing
7) Fuel Contamination

OBD – On Board Diagnostics

Terminal

Ribs
Insulator

Resistor

Hexagonal Head

Gasket

Ground/Side electrode
Central electrode

*threaded to avoid loose compression*

Air filter
distributor

High tension wire

gap

Distributor – where the timing for the spark takes place

Defective Ignition Coil = no spark

FIRING SEQUENCE/ORDER:

4 cylinder – 1342

V6 – 142536

Straight 6 – 153624

Magneto – (no battery) supplies energy to the spark plug

- (with battery) generates power to recharge the battery

TYPES OF IGNITION SYSTEM:

1) Conventional (Distributor Type Ignition System) – has an

ignition coil and distributor
2) Distributorless
3) Coil on Plug