PHYSICS

APPENDIX-A
A.1 SI Units
SI Base Unit
Base Quantity Name Symbol
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Temperature kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol
Luminous intensity candela cd

A.2 Some Derived SI Units

Quantity Name Symbol Expression in Terms Expression in
of Base Units Terms of SI Units
Plane angle radian ω m/m
Frequency hertz Hz s–1
Force newton N kg · m/s2 J/m
Pressure pascal Pa kg/m · s2 N/m2
Energy joule J kg · m2/s2 N·m
Power watt W kg · m2/s3 J/s
Electric charge coulomb C A·s
Electric potential volt V kg · m2/A · s3 W/A
Capacitance farad F A2 · s4/kg · m2 C/V
Electric resistance ohm Ω kg · m2/A2 · s3 V/A
Magnetic flux weber φ kg · m2/A · s2 T· m
Magnetic field tesla B kg /A · s2 Nb/m2 or tesla
Inductance henry L kg · m2/A2 · s2 T · m2/A

APPENDIX-B
B.1 Conversion Factors
Length
m cm km in. ft mi
1 meter 1 102 10–3 39.37 3.281 6.214 × 10–4
1 centimeter 10–2 1 10–5 0.3937 3.281 × 10–2 6.214 × 10–6
1 kilometer 103 105 1 3.937 × 104 3281 × 103 0.6214
1 inch 2.540 × 10–2 2.540 2.540 × 10–5 1 8.333 × 10–2 1.578 × 10–5
1 foot 0.3048 30.48 3.048 × 10–4 12 1 1.894 × 10–4
1 mile 1609 1.609 × 105 1.609 6.336 × 104 5280 1

Mass
kg g slug u
3 –2
1 kilogram 1 10 6.854 × 10 6.024 × 1026
1 gram 10–3 1 6.852 × 10–5 6.024 × 1023
1 slug 14.59 1.459 × 104 1 8.789 × 1027
1 atomic mass unit 1.660 × 10–27 1.660 × 10–24 1.137 × 10–28 1
Note : 1 metric ton = 1000 kg.
2 Oswaal JEE (Main) Mock Test 15 Sample Question Papers

Time
s min h day yr
1 second 1 1.667 × 10–2 2.778 × 10–4 1.157 × 10–5 3.169×10–8
1 minute 60 1 1.667 × 10–2 6.944 × 10–4 1.901×10–6
1 hour 3600 60 1 4.167×10–2 1.141×10–4
1 day 8.640 × 104 1440 24 1 2.738×10–5
1 year 3.156 × 107 5.259 × 105 8.766 × 103 365.2 1

Speed
m/s cm/s ft/s mi/h
1 meter per second 1 102 3.281 2.237
1 centimeter per second 10–2 1 3.281 ×10–2 2.237 ×10–2
1 foot per second 0.3048 30.48 1 0.6818
1 mile per hour 0.4470 44.70 1.467 1
Note : 1 mi/min = 60 mi/h = 88 ft/s.

Force
N lb
1 newton 1 0.2248
1 pound 4.448 1

Energy, Energy Transfer

J ft · lb eV
1 joule 1 0.7376 6.242 × 1018
1 foot-pound 1.356 1 8.464 × 1018
1 electron volt 1.602 × 10–19 1.182 × 10–19 1
1 calorie 4.186 3.087 2.613 × 1019
1 British thermal unit 1.055 × 103 7.779 × 102 6.585 × 1021
1 kilowatt-hour 3.600 × 106 2.655 × 106 2.247 × 1025

cal Btu kWh

–4
1 joule 0.2389 9.481 × 10 2.778 × 10–7
1 foot-pound 0.3239 1.285 × 10–3 3.766 × 10–7
1 electron volt 3.827 × 10–20 1.519 × 10–22 4.450 × 10–26
1 calorie 1 3.968 × 10–3 1.163 × 10–6
1 British thermal unit 2.520 × 102 1 2.930 × 10–4
1 kilowatt-hour 8.601 × 105 3.413 × 102 1

Pressure
Pa atm
1 pascal 1 9.869 × 10–6
1 atmosphere 1.013 × 105 1
1 centimeter mercurya 1.333 × 103 1.316 × 10–2
1 pound per square inch 6.895 × 103 6.805 × 10–2
1 pound per square foot 47.88 4.725 × 10–4

cm Hg lb/in.2 lb/ft2
1 pascal 7.501 × 10–4 1.450 × 10–4 2.089 × 10–2
1 atmosphere 76 14.70 2.116 × 103
1 centimeter mercurya 1 0.1943 27.85
1 pound per square inch 5.171 1 144
1 pound per square foot 3.591 × 10–2 6.944 × 10–3 1
At 0°C and at a location where the free-fall acceleration has its “standard” value, 9.80665 m/s2.
Appendix (Physics) 3
B.2 Conversions of useful physical quantities
Length Acceleration
1 in. = 2.54 cm (exact) 1 m/s2 = 3.28 ft/s2 = 100 cm/s2
1 m = 39.37 in. = 3.281 ft 1 ft/s2 = 0.3048 m/s2 = 30.48 cm/s2
1 ft = 0.3048 m
12 in. = 1 ft
Pressure
3 ft = 1 yd 1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 14.50 lb/in.2
1 yd = 0.9144 m 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 76.0 cm Hg
1 km = 0.621 mi 1 atm = 14.7 lb/in.2 = 1.013 × 105 N/m2
1 mi = 1.609 km 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 = 1.45 × 10–4 lb/in.2
1 mi = 5280 ft
1 μm = 10–6 m = 103 nm
Time
1 light-year = 9.461 × 1015 m 1 yr = 365 days = 3.16 × 107 s
Area 1 day = 24 h = 1.44 × 103 min = 8.64 × 104 s
1 m2 = 104 cm2 = 10.76 ft2 Energy
1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2 = 144 in.2 1 J = 0.738 ft · lb
1 in.2 = 6.452 cm2
1 cal = 4.186 J
Volume
1 Btu = 252 cal = 1.054 × 103 J
1 m3 = 106 cm3 = 6.102 × 104 in.3
1 eV = 1.602 × 10–19 J
1 ft3 = 1 728 in.3 = 2.83 × 10–2 m3
1 L = 1000 cm3 = 1.0576 qt = 0.0353 ft3 1 kWh = 3.60 × 106 J
1 ft3 = 7.481 gal = 28.32 L = 2.832 × 10–2 m3 Power
1 gal = 3.786 L = 231 in.3 1 hp = 550 ft · lb/s = 0.746 kW
Mass 1 W = 1 J/s = 0.738 ft · lb/s
1000 kg = 1 t (metric ton) 1 Btu/h = 0.293 W
1 slug = 14.59 kg
1 u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg = 931.5 MeV/c2
Some Approx imations Useful for Estimation
Problems
Force
1 m ≈ 1 yd 1 m/s ≈ 2 mi/h
1 N = 0.2248 lb
1 lb = 4.448 N 1 kg ≈ 2 lb 1 yr ≈ π × 107 s
Velocity 1
1N≈ lb 60 mi/h ≈ 100 ft/s
1 mi/h = 1.47 ft/s = 0.447 m/s = 1.61 km/h 4
1 1
1 m/s = 100 cm/s = 3.281 ft/s 1 L ≈ gal 1 km ≈ mi
4 2
1 mi/min = 60 mi/h = 88 ft/s

APPENDIX-C
C.1 Important Constants
Symbol Meaning Best Value Approximate Value

c Speed of light in vacuum 2.99792458 × 108 m/s 3.00 × 108 m/s

G Gravitational constant 6.67408(31) × 10–11 N . m2 /kg2 6.67 × 10–11 N . m2 /kg2

NA Avogadro’s number 6.02214129(27) × 1023 6.02 × 1023

k Boltzmann’s constant 1.3806488(13) × 10–23 J/K 1.38 × 10–23 J/K

8.31 J/ mol · K = 1.99 cal / mol . K

R Gas constant 8.3144621(75) J/ mol . K
= 0.0821 atm . L/mol . K
s Stefan-Boltzmann constant 5.670373(21) × 10–8 W/m2 . K 5.67 × 10–8 W/m2 · K

k Coulomb force constant 8.987551788… × 109 N . m2/ C2 8.99 × 109 N . m2/ C2

qe Charge on electron –1.602176565(35) × 10–19 C –1.60 × 10–19 C

ε0 Permittivity of free space 8.854187817… × 10–12 C2/N . m2 8.85 × 10–12 C2/N . m2

µ0 Permeability of free space 4π × 10–7 T . m/A 1.26 × 10–6 T . m/A

h Planck’s constant 6.62606957(29) × 10–34 J . s 6.63 × 10–34 J . s

4 Oswaal JEE (Main) Mock Test 15 Sample Question Papers

C.2 Submicroscopic Masses

Symbol Meaning Best Value Approximate Value

–31
me Electron mass 9.10938291(40) × 10 kg 9.11 × 10–31 kg

mp Proton mass 1.672621777(74) × 10–27 kg 1.6726 × 10–27 kg

mn Neutron mass 1.674927351(74) × 10–27 kg 1.6749 × 10–27 kg

u Atomic mass unit 1.660538921(73) × 10–27 kg 1.6605 × 10–27 kg

C.3 Solar System Data

Sun mass 1.99 × 1030 kg

average radius 6.96 × 108 m
Earth-sun distance (average) 1.496 × 1011 m
Earth mass 5.9736 × 1024 kg
average radius 6.376 × 106 m
orbital period 3.16 × 107 s
Moon mass 7.35 × 1022 kg
average radius 1.74 × 106 m
orbital period (average) 2.36 × 106 s
Earth-moon distance (average) 3.84 × 108 m

C.4 Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols

Prefix Symbol Value Prefix Symbol Value
tera T 1012 deci d 10–1
giga G 109 centi c 10–2
6
mega M 10 milli m 10–3
kilo k 103 micro µ 10–6
hecto h 102 nano n 10–9
1
deka da 10 pico p 10–12
– – 100 ( = 1 ) femto f 10–15

C.5 Selected British Units 1 barn (b) = 10–28 m2

Volume 1 liter (L) = 10–3 m3
Length 1 inch (in.) = 2.54 cm (exactly) 1 U.S. gallon (gal) = 3.785 ×10–3 m3
1 foot (ft) = 0.3048 m Mass 1 solar mass = 1.99 × 1030 kg
1 mile (mi) = 1.609 km 1 metric ton = 103 kg
Force 1 pound (ld) = 4.448 N 1 atomic mass unit (u) = 1.6605 × 10–27 kg
3
Energy 1 British thermal unit (Btu) = 1.055 × 10 J Time 1 year (y) = 3.16 × 107 s
Power 1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W 1 day (d) = 86,400 s
Pressure 1 lb / in2 = 6.895 × 103 Pa Speed 1 mile per hour (mph) = 1.609 km/h
1 nautical mile per hour (naut) = 1.852 km/h
C.6 Other Units
Angle 1 degree (°) = 1.745 × 10–2 rad
15
Length 1 light year (ly) = 9.46 × 10 m
1 minute of arc (‘) = 1 / 60 degree
1 astronomical unit (au) = 1.50 ×1011m
1 second of arc (“) = 1 / 60 minute of arc
1 nautical mile = 1.852 km
1 grad = 1.571 × 10–2 rad
1 angstrom (Å) = 10–10 m
Energy 1 kiloton TNT (kT) = 4.2 × 1012 J
3 2
Area 1 acre (ac) = 4.05 × 10 m
1 kilowatt hour (kW . h) = 3.60 × 106 J
1 square foot (ft2) = 9.29 ×10–2 m2
1 food calorie (kcal) = 4186 J
Appendix (Physics) 5
1 calorie (cal) = 4.186 J C.7 Useful Formulae
-19
1 electron volt (eV) = 1.60 × 10 J Circumference of a circle with radius r
C = 2πr = πd
Pressure 1 atmosphere (atm) = 1.013 × 105 Pa or diameter d
Area of a circle with radius r or A = πr2= πd2/ 4
1 millimeter of mercury (mm Hg) = 133.3 Pa
diameter d
1 torricelli (torr) = 1 mm Hg = 133.3 Pa
Area of a sphere with radius r A = 4πr2
Nuclear
1 curie (Ci) = 3.70 × 1010 Bq Volume of a sphere with radius r V = (4 / 3) (πr3)
decay rate

C.8 The Greek Alphabet

Alpha A a Eta H η Nu N ν Tau T τ
Beta B b Theta Θ θ Xi Ξ ξ Upsilon ϒ υ
Gamma Γ g Iota I ι Omicron O o Phi Φ φ

Delta ∆ d Kappa K κ Pi Π p Chi X χ

Epsilon E e Lambda Λ l Rho P ρ Psi ψ ψ
Zeta Z z Mu M m Sigma Σ s Omega Ω ω

APPENDIX-D
Symbols, Dimensions, and Units of Physical Quantities
Common Unit in Terms of
Quantity Unit Dimensions
Symbol Base SI Units
→
Acceleration a m/s2 L/T2 m/s2

Amount of substance n MOLE mol

Angle θ, φ radian (rad) 1
Angular acceleration  rad/s 2
T–2 s–2
α

Angular frequency ω rad/s2 T–1 s–1

Angular momentum  kg.m2/s ML2/T kg . m2/s
L

Angular velocity  rad/s T–1 s–1

ω

Area A m2 L2 m2
Atomic number Z
Capacitance C farad (F) Q2T2/ML2 A2.s4/kg.m2
Charge q, Q, e coulomb (C) Q A.s
Line Charge density l C/m Q/L A⋅s/m
2 2
Surface Charge density s C/m Q/L A⋅s/m2
Volume Charge density ρ C/m3 Q/L3 A⋅s/m3
2 3
Conductivity s 1/Ω⋅ m Q T/ML A2⋅s3/kg⋅m3
Current I AMPERE Q/T A
2 2
Current density J A/m Q/TL A/m2
Density ρ kg/m3 M/L3 kg/m3
Dielectric constant κ
Electric dipole moment  C⋅m QL A⋅s⋅m
P

Electric field  V/m ML/QT2 kg⋅m/A⋅s3

E
6 Oswaal JEE (Main) Mock Test 15 Sample Question Papers

Electric flux ΦE V⋅m ML3/QT2 kg⋅m3/A⋅s3

2 2
Electromotive force e volt (V) ML /QT kg⋅m2/A⋅s3
Energy E, U, K joule (J) ML2/T2 kg⋅m2/s2
2 2
Entropy S J/K ML /T K kg⋅m2/s2⋅K
Force  newton (N) ML/T2 kg⋅m/s2
F
Frequency f/ν hertz (Hz) T-1 s-1
2 2
Heat Q joule (J) ML /T kg⋅m2/s2
Inductance L henry (H) ML2/Q2 kg⋅m2/A2⋅s2
Length ,L Meter L m

Displacement 
∆x , ∆r
Distance d, h
Position 
x, y, z, r
Magnetic dipole moment  N ⋅ m/T QL2/T A⋅m2
µ
Magnetic field  tesla (T) (=Wb/m2) M/QT kg/A⋅s2
Β

Magnetic flux ΦB weber (Wb) ML2/QT kg⋅m2/A⋅s2

Mass m, M Kilogram M kg
Molar specific heat C J/mol ⋅ K kg⋅m2/s2⋅mol⋅K
Moment of inertia I kg ⋅ m2 ML2 kg⋅m2
Momentum  kg ⋅ m/s ML/T kg⋅m/s
P
Time Period T S T s
2 2
Permeability of free space m0 N/A (=H/m) ML/Q kg⋅m/A2⋅s2
2 2 2 2 3
Permittivity of free space ε0 C /N ⋅ m (=F/m) Q T /ML A2⋅s4/kg⋅m3
Potential V volt (V) (=J/C) ML2/QT2 kg⋅m2/A⋅s3
2 3
Power P watt (W)(=J/s) ML /T kg⋅m2/s3
Pressure P pascal (Pa)(=N/m2) M/LT2 kg/m⋅s2
2 2
Resistance R ohm (Ω)(=V/A) ML /Q T kg⋅m2/A2⋅s3
Specific heat c J/kg ⋅ K L2/T2K m2/s2⋅K
Speed v m/s L/T m/s
Temperature T Kelvin K K
Time t Second T s
Torque  N⋅m ML2/T2 kg⋅m2/s2
τ

Velocity v m/s L/T m/s

Volume V m3 L3 m3
Wavelength l m L m
Work W joule (J) (=N⋅ m) ML2/T2 kg⋅m2/s2
Appendix (Physics) 7

APPENDIX-E
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) - - - - [1975 to 2020]
India has been successfully launching satellites of many types since 1975.
Satellites have been launched from various vehicles, including those launched by American, Russian and European rockets, as
well as those launched indigenously by India.
The organization responsible for India’s satellite program is the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

Satellites Launch Date Launch Vehicle

Aryabhata 19-Apr-75 u-11 Interkosmos
Bhaskara-I 07-Jun-79 C-1 Interkosmos
Rohini Technology Payload 10-Aug-79 SLV-3
Rohini RS-1 18-Jul-80 SLV-3
Rohini RS-D1 31-May-81 SLV-3
Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment 19-Jun-81 Ariane-1 (V-3)
Bhaskara-II 20-Nov-81 C-1 Intercosmos
INSAT-1A 10-Apr-82 Delta 3910 PAM-D
Rohini RS-D2 17-Apr-83 SLV-3
INSAT-1B 30-Aug-83 Shuttle [PAM-D]
Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-1) 24-Mar-87 ASLV
IRS-1A 17-Mar-88 Vostok
Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-2) 13-Jul-88 ASLV
INSAT-1C 21-Jul-88 Ariane-3
INSAT-1D 12-Jun-90 Delta 4925
IRS-1B 29-Aug-91 Vostok
INSAT-2DT 26-Feb-92 Ariane-44L H10
Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-C) 20-May-92 ASLV
INSAT-2A 10-Jul-92 Ariane-44L H10
INSAT-2B 23-Jul-93 Ariane-44L H10+
IRS-1E 20-Sep-93 PSLV-D1
Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-C2) 04-May-94 ASLV
IRS-P2 15-Oct-94 PSLV-D2
INSAT-2C 07-Dec-95 Ariane-44L H10-3
IRS-1C 29-Dec-95 Molniya
IRS-P3 21-Mar-96 PSLV-D3
INSAT-2D 04-Jun-97 Ariane-44L H10-3
IRS-1D 29-Sep-97 PSLV-C1
INSAT-2E 03-Apr-99 Ariane-42P H10-3
Oceansat-(IRS-P4) 26-May-99 PSLV-C2
INSAT-3B 22-Mar-2000 Ariane-5G
GSAT-1 18-Apr-01 GSLV-D1
Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) 22-Oct-01 PSLV-C3
INSAT-3C 24-Jan-02 Ariane-42L H10-3
Kalpana-1(METSAT) 12-Sep-02 PSLV-C4
INSAT-3A 10-Apr-03 Ariane-5G
GSAT-2 08-May-03 GSLV-D2
INSAT-3E 28-Sep-03 Ariane-5G
RESOURCESAT-1(IRS-P6) 17-Oct-03 PSLV-C5
EDUSAT 20-Oct-04 GSLV-F01
HAMSAT 05-May-05 PSLV-C6
CARTOSAT-1 05-May-05 PSLV-C6
INSAT-4A 22-Dec-05 Ariane-5GS
INSAT-4C 10-Jul-06 GSLV-F02
CARTOSAT-2 10-Jan-07 PSLV-C7
Space Capsule Recovery Experiment(SRE-1) 10-Jan-07 PSLV-C7
INSAT-4B 12-Mar-07 Ariane-5ECA
INSAT-4CR 02-Sep-07 GSLV-F04
CARTOSAT-2A 28-Apr-08 PSLV-C9
8 Oswaal JEE (Main) Mock Test 15 Sample Question Papers

IMS-1 (Third World Satellite − TWsat) 28-Apr-08 PSLV-C9

Chandrayaan-1 22-Oct-08 PSLV-C11
RISAT-2 20-Apr-09 PSLV-C12
ANUSAT 20-Apr-09 PSLV-C12
Oceansat-2(IRS-P4) 23-Sep-09 PSLV-C14
GSAT-4 15-Apr-10 GSLV-D3
CARTOSAT-2B 12-Jul-10 PSLV-C15
StudSat 12-Jul-10 PSLV-C15
GSAT-5P /INSAT-4D 25-Dec-10 GSLV-F06
RESOURCESAT-2 20-Apr-11 PSLV-C16
Youthsat 20-Apr-11 PSLV-C16
GSAT-8 / INSAT-4G 21-May-11 Ariane-5VA-202
GSAT-12 15-Jul-11 PSLV-C17
Megha-Tropiques 12-Oct-11 PSLV-C18
Jugnu 12-Oct-11 PSLV-C18
RISAT-1 26-Apr-12 PSLV-C19
SRMSAT 26-Apr-12 PSLV-C18
GSAT-10 29-Sep-12 Ariane-5VA-209
SARAL 25-Feb-13 PSLV-C20
IRNSS-1A 01-Jul-13 PSLV-C22
INSAT-3D 26-Jul-13 Ariane-5
GSAT-7 30-Aug-13 Ariane-5
Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) 05-Nov-13 PSLV-C25
GSAT-14 05-Jan-14 GSLV-D5
IRNSS-1B 04-Apr-14 PSLV-C24
IRNSS-1C 16-Oct-14 PSLV-C26
GSAT-16 07-Dec-14 Ariane-5
IRNSS-1D 28-Mar-15 PSLV-C27
GSAT-6 27-Aug-15 GSLV-D6
Astrosat 28-Sep-15 PSLV-C30
GSAT-15 11-Nov-15 Ariane 5 VA-227
IRNSS -1E 20-Jan-16 PSLV-C31
IRNSS -1F 10-Mar-16 PSLV-C32
IRNSS-1G 28-Apr-16 PSLV-C33
Cartosat-2C 22-Jun-16 PSLV-C34
CartoSat-2E 8 September 2016, INSAT-3DR
Pratham 26 September 2016, PSLV-C35
GSAT-18 6 October 2016, Ariane-5 ECA
ResourceSat-2A 7 December 2016, PSLV-C36
CartoSat-2D 15 February 2017, PSLV-C37
South Asia Satellite (GSAT-9) 5 May 2017, GSLV Mk.II[3
GSAT-19 05-Jun-17 GSLV Mk.III-D1
NIUSat[ 23-June 2017, PSLV-C38
GSAT-17 29 June 2017, Ariane-5 ECA
IRNSS-1H 02-Sep-17 PSLV–C39
CartoSat-2F 10-January 2018, PSLV-C40
GSAT-6A 29-Mar-18 GSLV-F08
IRNSS-11 12-Apr-18 GSLV-F08, PSLV-C41
GSAT-29 01-Nov-18 GSLV Mk III D2
HySIS 29-Nov-18 PSLV-C43
GSAT-7A 19-Dec-18 GSLV Mk.II-F11
Microsat-R 23-Jan-19 PSLV-C44
EMISAT 01-Apr-19 PSLV-C45
PS4 Stage attached with ExseedSat-2, AMSAT, 01-Apr-19 PSLV-C45
ARIS and AIS payloads
Risat-2B 21-May-19 PSLV-C46
Chandrayaan-2 22-Jul-19 Chandrayaan-2

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