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INTRODUCTION TO SEROLOGY,
DNA AND IT,S ROLE IN
FORENSIC INVESTIGATION
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Contents
Introduction to Forensic Serology
Introduction to Forensic DNA Technology
Serology Tests Facility at NFSA Laboratory
Role in Forensic Investigation
DNA Laboratory of NFSA
Case Types dealt by Laboratory
Process Flow at DNA Laboratory
Important cases dealt by NFSA
Future Perspectives
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Serology
A broad range of laboratory tests using reactions of blood
serum and body fluid.
Blood
Seminal Excretions
Saliva
Urine
Sweat
Tears
Ear Wax
Nasal Secretions
Forensic Serologists: Scientists who examine evidence with the
intent of finding, identifying and individualizing stains of
biological origin.
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• Definition:
DNA profiling (also called DNA testing, DNA typing, or genetic
fingerprinting) is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist in
the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles
– Investigators gather samples from the crime scene, victim and from
suspects and then analyze it for a set of specific DNA regions or
markers.
Crime Scene
VICTIM SUSPECT
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What is DNA?
• DNA makes up chromosomes and controls all
inheritable traits.
• DNA has often been described as the ‘blueprint of
life’, containing all the information that an organism
requires in order to function and reproduce.
• Over all DNA is different for every individual except
identical twins. (only mono zygotic twins).
• DNA is found in all cell, except few viruses.
• In humans, half of an individual’s chromosomes come
from the father & the other half from the mother.
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DNA
cell
nucleus
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DNA chromosomes
cell
nucleus
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DNA chromosomes
cell
nucleus
locus
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DNA chromosomes
cell
nucleus
alleles locus
Short Tandem Repeat (STR)
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chromosomes
cell
nucleus
alleles locus
Short Tandem Repeat (STR)
Genotype
7,8
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Serology Tests Facility at NFSA
Laboratory
Blood Serology
1) Is it blood?
2) Is it form human source?
3) Can it be associated with an individual?
Benzidine Test
Kastle-Meyer Test
Hemastick (o-tolidine, TMB)
Luminol Test
Enzymatic Tests
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Semen Serology
Identification of Semen on evidence material
Microscopic Examination to find Sperm
Acid Phosphatase Test
PSA -prostate specific antigen test
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Role in Forensic Investigation
The DNA has potential to link a series of crimes and/or
to place a suspect at the scene of a crime.
Help to solve undetected cases where there is no eye
witness.
DNA can help to prove a suspect’s innocence.
The disputed parentage cases can be resolved.
Establishment of criminal data base.
Providing standards in criminal investigation on
scientific grounds.
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Sources of Biological Evidence:
Saliva
Blood
Hair
Skin
Nails (plucked)
Tooth And Bones
Body Secretions
Tissues
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What can DNA tell us about a crime?
Determine the
DNA profile Compare each crime scene
Biological DNA profile to profiles
material collected from suspects
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Nuclear DNA Analysis
Short Tandem Repeat (STR) are short sequences of
(DNA segments that are repeated several times at a
particular location on the chromosome)
Different individuals can have up to two different lengths
of repeats at the same location.
A DNA profile is obtained from (including 13 CODIS
Markers) different STR locations (loci) on the DNA
molecule.
STR analysis is currently the most popular and widely
used forensic DNA analysis method
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DNA Profiles
Crime scene evidence
(MIXTURE of victim and perpetrator)
SUSPECT
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Paternity Test:
(5) CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG (4)
(6) CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG (7)
Father’s Type: 5, 6 Mother’s Type: 4, 7
(6) CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG CAG
CAG CAG CAG CAG (4)
Baby’s Type: 4, 6
*(Other possibilities: 4, 5 or 5, 7 or 6, 7)
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Sample Submission Criteria
Proper collection, storage and transportation of samples
Letter from concerned authorities/court order
Case submission form
Copy of MLO report
Road Certificate
Copy of FIR
NFSA HELPLINE. 051-9267685
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3130xl Genetic 3500 Genetic
310 Genetic Analyzer Analyzer
Analyzer
PCR Thermocycler RT PCR 7500
9700
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Future Perspectives
DNA Data Base
Capacity Enhancement
Hiring of Technical Staff
Training
Accreditation of Laboratory
Training Institute
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