Expressions used in writing:

CONECTORES PARA EXPRESAR UNA OPINIÓN PERSONAL

Linking words
Utilízalos para empezar un escrito, expresar una opinión personal y dar razones o argumentos.
TO INTRODUCE: First of alI, en primer lugar
o Tobegin with, (coma+S)
o At/in the beginning, I suppose First of all, I don’t agree with your opinion.
o At first sight, I think En primer lugar, no estoy de acuerdo con tu opinión.
o In the first place, I believe that… In my opinion, en mi opinion
o As a matter of fact, I would like to say In my view,
o To start with, I guess In my opinion, listening to music is more entertaining than reading history.
(coma+S) En mi opinión, escuchar música es más entretenido que leer historia.
o First (of all),
o Firstly, Personally, personalmente
(coma+S)
ADDITION: SEQUENCE CONTRAST: GIVE EXAMPLE: Personally, I think reading is more important.
o resides, (narration): o nevertheless, o for instance, Personalmente, creo que leer es más importante.
o Furthermore, o First (of all), At first o however o for example, As far as I am por lo que a mí respecta / por lo que yo sé
o Moreover, Firstly o but o such as concerned,
o In addition, o thirdly, o although…,/even o like As far as I am concerned, Salamanca is one of the prettiest cities in Spain.
o What is more, o finally, though/ even if..., o such as
(coma+S) Por lo que a mí respecta, Salamanca es una de las ciudades más bonitas de
o as well as o at last, though o apart from España.
o not only ... but also o then, later, next o on the one hand … on o with the exception of From my point bajo mi punto de vista
o nother point is that o Before the other hand o take the case of
of view,
o after o Despite / in spite of From my point of view, I don’t think that’s the best.
GENERALIZING o after that o On the contrary, EMPHASIS (coma+S) Bajo mi punto de vista, no creo que ése sea el mejor.
o On the whole, o afterwards o Whereas o especially
o In general, To begin with, para empezar
o immediately o While o particularly
o In most cases, o In contrast (coma+S)
o once o naturally To begin with, l’d say that...
o Mostlty, o suddenly o Neither...nor o exactlty Para empezar, yo diría que.
o As soon as o Otherwise o above all
First, Firstly, primeramente
o Finally / Eventually o In fact,
AGREEING/ CLARIFYING COMPARISON: o Actually, (coma+S) First, I’d like to point out that...
DISAGREEING o I mean (that)... o as o As a matter of fact, Primeramente me gustaría señalar que
o I gree with /to o That is to say, o than o Definetely,
o I don’t agree with / to o similarly
Secondly en segundo lugar
o In other words, o Obviously,
o I disagree with / to o in the same way o (coma+S)
Without a doubt, Secondly, l’d hike to add that...
o I’m in favour of CAUSE/EFFECT: o in a similar manner o So...that En segundo lugar, me gustaría añadir que...
o because o in comparison with o Such a(n)...that
CONDITION: o As / since o like CONECTORES PARA EXPRESAR RESULTADO, RAZÓN, CAUSA O PROPÓSITO
o if / if not o So / Therefore, Usa este tipo de conectores a lo largo de todo el escrito para expresar razones o para unir
o unless o As a result, GIVE OPINION & EXPRESS PURPOSE: frases con consecuencias.
o in case o This is why, o In my opinion, Therefore, Por lo tanto
o otherwise o For this reason o From my point of view, In my view Thus, Dogs would never leave you; therefore, you should always love them.
o in case of o due to / owing to / o Personally, (coma+S) Los perros nunca te dejarían; por lo tanto, deberías amarlos siempre.
o as long as because of o As far as I’m concerned,
o provided that o consequently, o As regards As a result, Por eso, por esta razon
o in that case o As far as I can see, (coma+S) Tina keeps her car in good condition. As a result, it always passes his
o Quite honestly, annual road test.
o I would say that...
o I(don’t) think / believe (that) As a result of Como resultado de
TO CONCLUDE: (+SN) As a result of the bad habit of smoking, more and more people are dying
from lung cancer.
o To conclude, Como resultado del mal hábito de fumar, cada vez más gente está
o To sum up, I feel that… muriendo de cáncer de pulmón.
o In short, I understand
o In all, it is clear
Consequently, Por consiguiente, por eso
o In brief, I agree/disagree (coma+S) Consequently, I couldn’t afford all the expenses.
o In conclusion, Por consiguiente, no pude hacer frente a los gastos.
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 For this reason, Por esa razón, por eso While / Whereas Mientras que
(coma+S) For this reason, she shouldn’t go to Benidorm. (+Oración) This soap opera is very interesting, while/whereas that one is boring.
This means that..+ S) Por esa razón, no debería ir a Benidorm. On the one hand... por una parte... por otra parte...
That’s why.. esto es por lo que, por esa razón on the other hand...
On the one hand, living in the country is cheaper and more relaxing but,
(+ S) (coma+S)
Indurain had extraordinary physical qualities and that’s why he was so on the other hand, there are some disadvantages.
successful. Por una parte, vivir en el campo es más barato y más relajante pero, por
Indurain tenía unas cualidades físicas extraordinarias y por esa razón otra parte, tiene algunas desventajas.
tuvo tanto éxito. On the contrary, por el contrario
Consequently consecuentemente, en consecuencia (coma+S)
On the contrary, I do think he deserved a better mark.
Consequently, 1 couldn’t afford all the expenses. Por el contrario, sí creo que se mereció una nota más alta.
Consecuentemente, no pude hacer frente a los gastos. Anyhow / Anyway, En todo caso/ de todas formas / de todos modos /sea lo que fuere/ de
Because... Como, Ya que, Dado que, Porque... (coma+S) cualquier manera
As / Since... Anyhow, he would not have been able to stay there.
As it was raining, I didn’t go out. De todas formas, él no habría podido quedarse allí.
Seeing that.., (+ S) Como estaba lloviendo, no salí. Anyway, l’d rather live in Madrid.
Because of Por.../ Debido a.../ Porque... De cualquier manera, preferiría vivir en Madrid.
On account of In spite of / a pesar de
Because of the weather, we stayed at home.
Owing to... Despite
We stayed at home because of the weather. In spite of / Despite the noise and traffic, I like living in the City.
Due to.. (+SN) (SN / -ing)
Nos quedamos en casa por el tiempo. A pesar de todo el ruido y tráfico, me gusta vivir en la ciudad.
He arrive late in spite of / despite getting up late.
So así que
But / yet Pero, sin embargo
She called me, so I looked at her and I saw the most beautiful face I’d
ever seen before. (+ SN / S / Adj) The book is short but / yet interesting
Me llamó, así que la miré y vi la cara más bella que nunca había visto CONECTORES PARA AÑADIR INFORMACIÓN Y DAR EJEMPLOS
antes.
So...+ adjetivo + tan... que... And y
that... Susan carne in 1994 and has lived here ever since.
It was so beautiful that... Era tan bonito que...
Such a …+ adjetivo Susan vino en 1 994 y vive aquí desde entonces.
It was such a beautiful view that... Era un paisaje tan bonito que...
+ sustantivo +that... no sólo.., sino también...
Not only..., but
in order to (finalidad) para + verbo also...
so as to Not only are you funny, but you’re also witty.
She uses her computer in order to/ so as to / to download her No sólo eres divertida, sino que además eres lista
to
favourite films. As if, As though como si
(+S)
so as not to Para no The house looked as if nobody lived there.
La casa parecía como si nadie estuviera viviendo allí.
in order not to She is studying so as not to / in order not to fail It smells as though someone has been smoking here.
in order that... (finalidad) ( + oración con verbo modal) para que + verbo Huele como si alguien hubiera estado fumando aquí.
so that... Apart from / Except aparte de esto, aparte de aquello, además de, excepto…
She uses her video camera in order that/ so that she can have a (for) (this/that)
memory of her holidays Apart from sport, my only other interest outside class ¡s music.
(+SN/ -ing) Aparte del deporte, mi único interés fuera de las clases es la música.
CONECTORES PARA EXPRESAR UNA OPINIÓN DISTINTA
He eats nothing except (for) bread and fish.
(CONTRASTING IDEAS)
Con estas expresiones puedes añadir más información a las opiniones anteriores o contrastar In addition, (coma+S) además
Besides,
algunos de los argumentos antes aludidos. Con ellas, sugieres otros puntos de vista. In addition, there were meetings with the children’s parents.
However, (coma+S) sin embargo, aún así Moreover,
Además, hubo encuentros con los padres de los chicos.
Furthermore,
Nevertheless, However, I don’t think I would like to live in the country.
Even so, Sin embargo, creo que no me gustaría vivir en el campo. In addition to.. Además de…
As well as… In addition to classical music, she likes jazz.
Although / Though/ (+Oración) aunque / a pesar de que ...
(+SN/ -ing) The city has several main roads as well as a ring road around it.
Even though / In Although he was an excellent person, he was moody.
spite of the fact that Aunque era una excelente persona, tenía mal carácter. 6
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 APÉNDICE 1
Also también
Comillas is also a beautiful town. CONNECTORS: SOME GRAMMAR NOTES
Comillas es también un pueblo bonito. 1. INTRODUCING CONTRASTI NG OR OPPOSING IDEAS
For instance, For por ejemplo INTRODUCCIÓN AL MODO DE EXPRESAR CONTRASTE Y OPOSICIÓN DE IDEAS
example, (1 o +) Llamamos conectores a los términos que empleamos para señalar las relaciones entre
There are many good restaurants; for example, the one just around the
(comma+SN / S) ideas. A continuación verás algunos de los conectores más frecuentes.
comer.
Hay muchos buenos restaurantes; por ejemplo, el de la esquina.
Such as (+SN) A. Los conectores but y yet tienen el mismo sentido, indican contraste y van seguidos de
(+ than 1) una oración nominal (le falta el verbo) o una oración completa.
Singers such as Eminem and Rihana are popular around the World.
In the same way de la misma forma The book is short but/yet interesting.
(comma+S)
In the same way, we could eat first and then leave. The story is short, but/yet it’s interesting.
De la misma forma podríamos comer primero y marcharnos después
B. Los conectores In spite of / despite tienen el mismo significado. Van seguidos de una
EXPRESIONES QUE INDICAN TIEMPO (Útiles para narrar acontecimientos) oración nominal a menudo incluyendo un gerundio.

In spite of / despite the late hour, they went on with the meeting. (seguidos de nombre)
When cuando
He arrived on time despite / in spite of getting up late. (seguidos de gerundio)
I can’t remember when I last wrote. The weather was cold, but they went on the trip in spite of it / that. (seguidos de
No puedo recordar cuándo fue la última vez que escribí. pronombre)
As cuando
C. Los conectores although, though, even though e in spite of the fact that tienen el
As I left the house, 1 remembered the key.
Cuando salía de casa, me acordé de la llave. mismo significado, “aunque”.
Van seguidos por una oración completa y pueden ir al principio o en medio de una
While mientras
frase.
While he was standing there, he saw two men enter the bar.
Mientras estaba allí, vio a dos hombres entrando en el bar. Although / Though / Even though / In spite of the fact that the pupils had not
Meanwhile, mientras tanto studied as hard as they could, they all passed their exams.
In the meantime (seguidos de una oración completa)
Meanwhile, thousands of families were starving.
Mientras tanto, miles de familias morían de hambre.
Si el conector comienza la oración, se debe poner una coma para separar las dos ideas
Previously previamente que queremos contrastar.
He was previously the British consul in Spain.
Fue previamente cónsul británico en España. D. Los conectores however, nevertheless, even so, on the one hand, on the other hand y
Since desde on the contrary van seguidos en primer lugar por una coma y después por una oración
completa.
Since last month, I haven’t gone to the theatre.
Desde el mes pasado no voy al teatro. She was quite ill. However / Nevertheless / Even so, she went to school.
As soon as Tan pronto como (Sin embargo ...)
Until then hasta entonces On the one hand, the beach is fun. On the other hand, I don’t like the sand.
Before antes (Por una parte ... por la otra ...)
After después ‘I thought you liked classical music “On the contrary, I hate /t.”(Al contrario ...)
After that después de…
E. Los conectares while y whereas tienen el mismo significado y van seguidos por una
Afterwards después, más tarde,
oración completa.
We had lunch and afterwards we went to the cinema.
Comimos y después fuimos al cine.
This soap opera is very interesting, while / whereas that one is quite boring.
soon afterwards, poco después / straight afterwards, acto seguido
Later y después
Then entonces, después
Next acto seguido, después…
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2. SHOWING REASON, CAUSE AND PURPOSE – Nota:
MANERAS DE EXPRESAR RAZÓN, CAUSA Y PROPÓSITO Besides tiene un sentido algo diferente. Casi siempre introduce un argumento más fuerte
que el anterior o destaca el punto quecreemos de mayor importancia (puede ir seguido de
A. Los conectores because, as, since y seeing that que vamos a ver seguidamente tienen oración o de sustantivo).
todos el mismo significado y van seguidos de una oración completa.
I’m too fat to wear a pair of jeans. Besides, I haven’t got the money to buy them.
Indican la razón o la causa de algo. Si los conectores comenzaran la frase, la oración Who are you bringing to the party besides your boyfriend?
principal y la subordinada irían separadas por una coma.
C. In addition to y as well as se usan para añadir información, pero van seguidos de una
Becausel / As / Since / Seeing that it’s late, , we should all go horne. expresión sustantiva.
We should all go home because / as / since / seeing that it’s late.
In addition to classical music, she likes jazz.
The city has several main roads as well as a ring road around it.
B. Los conectores que ponemos a continuación significan “porque” (razón por la que):
because of, on account of, owlng to y due to. Van seguidos de una expresión sustantiva. Es importante que analices la diferencia entre:
Si son ellos los que comienzan la frase, ambas oraciones irán separadas por coma.
Besides, + oración = In additlon, + oración.
Because of / On account of / Owing to / Due to the weather, we stayed at home. besides + expresión sustantiva = In addition to + oración sustantiva
We stayed at home because of / on account of / owing to / Due to the weather. as well as suele ir al final de la frase.

C. Los conectores in order to, so as to y to expresan propósito. Van seguidos de la raíz del Nota:
verbo. Por el contrario In order that y so that van seguidos de una oración con verbo No debes confundir besides con beside que significa “al lado de”.
Who’s that beside Janet?
modal.
D. Apart from y except (for) se emplean para indicar que algo es una excepción a la idea
She uses her video in order to / so as to / to record her favourite shows.
general expresada en la frase.
She uses her video in order that/so that she can have a recording of her favourite shows.
Apart from English, she speaks three other foreign languages.
Nota: He eats nothing except (for) bread and fish.
1. En inglés oral se suele omitir that cuando se hubiera tenido que usar so that.
4. SHOWING SEQUENCE AND RESULT
She studied all week so she could pass the test. MODOS DE MOSTRAR LA SUCESIÓN DE HECHOS Y EL RESULTADO
A. Usamos una serie de expresiones que indican sucesión de hechos para poner en orden
2. Si queremos poner en negativa el propósito, podemos usar so as not to e in order not lo que estamos diciendo:
to, pero no se puede usar not to.
First of all / To begin with / First / Firstly, we should talk to the manager.
Estaría muy mal decir: She is studying not to fail. (Lo primero de todo, en primer lugar, deberíamos hablar con el gerente.)
Second / Secondly / Then, we must make a detailed plan.
(En segundo lugar, después, debemos hacer un plan detallado.)
Habría que decir: She is studying so as not to fail / The next stage is to view ... (El siguiente paso es ver ...)
She is studying in order not to fail. Finally / In short / To sum up / In conclusion / Lastly / Last but not least, we need to
have good ideas before we present our plan
3. GIVING EXAMPLES AND ADDING INFORMATION to the whole company. (Finalmente; en resumen, en conclusión, por último, por último
EXPRESIONES PARA DAR EJEMPLOS Y AÑADIR INFORMACIÓN pero no de menor importancia, necesitamos tener buenas ideas ...)
Nota: Todos ellos deben llevar una coma detrás al ir seguidos de una oración completa,
A. Las expresiones for example, for instance y such as pueden emplearse indistintamente.
B. Therefore, as a result, consequently y for this reason señalan la conexión entre la
Vegetables are a good source of vitamins; for example / for instance, pepper has vitamin C. acción y su resultado. Van seguidos por una oración completa. Thus tiene el mismo
Singers such as Michael Jackson and Madonna are popular throughout the world. sentido pero es menos formal.
B. Para añadir más información usaremos moreover, furthermore, besides e in addition. Tina keeps her car in good condition. Therefore / As a result / Consequently / For this
Todas ellas van seguidas de coma y significan “también”. reason, it always passes its annual road test.

C. As a result of tiene el mismo sentido que los conectores que acabamos de estudiar,
pero va seguido de una expresión sustantiva, no de una oración.
As a result of his brave action, he was awarded a military medal.11
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APÉNDICE 1
ERRORES MÁS COMUNES 1
ADJETIVOS
Los adjetivos en inglés no llevan la s del plural, y cuando acompañan a un sustantivo siempre van delante de éste.

YES a fast car / some fast cars NO a car fast / some fasts cars

AS, LIKE, HOW

La diferencia entre as, like y how es:
▪ As es una conjunción: va seguida de una oración con sujeto y verbo: She did as I told her. Puede funcionar
como preposición cuando babismos de trabajos, roles o funciones: Don’t use the plate as an ashtray.
▪ Like es una preposición: va seguida de sustantivos,
pronombres o un gerundio (-ing): She did it like her father.
▪ How tiene valor interrogativo: I wonder how to do it.

YES She used her book as a shield NO She used her book like a shield

-ING o INFINITIVO
Como sujetos los dos son posibles a veces pero el infinitivo es mucho más formal. Por eso es más frecuente el
gerundio. En el ejemplo, el infinitivo como sujeto no es posible.

YES Jogging is good for you NO Jog is good for you

LÉXICO
Hay ciertas palabras que son empleadas inadecuadamente por muchas/os alumnas/os.

YES He did/carried out his job properly NO He realized her job properly.

MUCH , MANY, ALOT OF

▪ Much se usa con sustantivos incontables.

▪ Many se usa con sustantivos contables.
Ambos son más comunes en oraciones negativas e interrogativas. Suelen ser frecuentes en oraciones
afirmativas cuando van después de too, so, as, very.
▪ A lot of se usa con sustantivos tanto contables como incontables. Es más frecuente en oraciones afirmativas
(mejor que much o many). Hay alumnos que usan very, para significar “muy”, en vez de many o a lot of.

YES I’ve got a lot of friends NO I’ve got very friends.

ORDEN DE PALABRAS

Es muy importante el orden de las palabras en la oración inglesa y normalmente no se puede alterar. Por ejemplo,
en una oración enunciativa afirmativa, el orden debe ser el siguiente:
Sujeto + adverbio de frecuencia + verbo + objeto de persona + objeto de cosa + complemento de modo +
complemento de lugar + complemento de tiempo (moluti)

YES NO
He speaks English very well. He speaks very well English.
She goes to school from Monday to Friday. She goes from Monday to Friday to school.

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ERRORES MÁS COMUNES 2
APÉNDICE 5
OTHERS, OTHER, ANOTHER
▪ Others es un pronombre que se usa para sustituir a un sustantivo plural mencionado anterior mente. Punctuation (Signos de puntuación)
▪ Other, usado como adjetivo, no tiene plural.

YES
Some people like football and others hate it.
NO
Some people like football and others people hate it. . Period ? Question ! Exclamation , Comma 'Apostrophe
She gave me the other magazine. She gave me the others magazines Mark Mark
▪ Puede ser un adverbio en expresiones como:
somehow or other (de alguna manera)
Somehow or other we will arrive on time.
"Quotati : Colon ; Semicolon - Dash - Hyphen
somewhere / sometime or other (en algún sitio / momento) on Marks
She must be here somewhere or other.
▪ Another puede ser adjetivo o pronombre. Su significado es “otro más” u “otro diferente”: Period [.] Quotation Marks ["]
He said one thing but did another. (pronombre)
1. Use a period to show the end of a sentence. Use quotation marks to show what someone has said
Can I have another piece of cake? (adjetivo)
Hockey is a popular sport in Canada. directly.
Se usa con expresiones en plural que empiezan por un número: The federal government is based in Ottawa. The prime minister said, "We will win the election."
Another four people arrived on time. 2. Use a period after certain abbreviations. "I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."
B.C. is the province located on the West Coast.
YES NO Dr. Bethune was a Canadian who worked in China. Colon [:]
I’d like to buy another shirt. I’d like to buy other shirt. The company is located at 888 Bay St. in Toronto.
He had to wait for another ten minutes He had to wait for other ten minutes. It is 4:00 p.m. in Halifax right now. 1. Use a colon to introduce a list of things.
There are three positions in hockey: goalie, defence, and
PARTICIPIOS PASADO Y PRESENTE Question Mark [?] forward.
2. Use a colon to introduce a long quotation.
El participio pasado expresa lo que siente una persona, mientras que el participio de presente expresa la sensación Use a question mark at the end of a sentence to show a The prime minister said: "We will fight. We will not give
que crea una persona o una cosa. direct question. up. We will win the next election."
How many provinces are there in Canada?
Note: do not use a question mark for indirect questions. Semicolon [;]
YES NO The teacher asked the class a question. Do not ask me why.
I feel bored I feel boring
1. Use a semicolon to join related sentences together.
The film was boring The film was bored Exclamation Mark [!] The festival is very popular; people from all over the
PREGUNTAS DIRECTAS world visit each year.
Use an exclamation mark at the end of a sentence to show 2. Use a semicolon in lists that already have commas.
surprise or excitement. The three biggest cities in Canada are Toronto, Ontario;
En las interrogaciones con do, el tiempo lo marca el auxiliar do/did, por lo que el verbo principal debe ir siempre We won the Stanley Cup! / The forest is on fire! Montreal, Quebec; and Vancouver, B.C.
en infinitivo sin to.
Comma [,] Dash [-]
YES NO
Did you go to Rome in 2006? Did you went to Rome in 2006? 1. Use a comma to show a pause in a sentence.
1. Use a dash before a phrase that summarizes the idea of
Therefore, we should write a letter to the prime minister.
PREGUNTAS INDIRECTAS a sentence.
2. Use a comma with quotation marks to show what
Hay dos problemas en cuanto a las preguntas indirectas: Mild, wet, and cloudy - these are the characteristics of
someone has said directly.
weather in Vancouver.
▪ No se emplea el verbo auxiliar do/did. "I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."
2. Use a dash before and after a phrase or list that adds
▪ El orden de las palabras en preguntas indirectas es: sujeto+verbo 3. Use commas for listing three or more different things.
extra information in the middle of a sentence.
Ontario, Quebec, and B.C. are the three biggest provinces.
The children - Pierre, Laura, and Ashley - went to the
4. Use commas around relative clauses that add extra store.
YES NO information to a sentence.
Most Canadians - but not all - voted in the last election.
Emily Carr, who was born in 1871, was a great painter.
He asked me where I worked He asked me where did I work 3. Use a dash to show that someone has been interrupted
I can understand what she’s talking about. 1 can’t understand what is she talking about. Apostrophe ['] when speaking.
I wonder how much the ticket will cost. I wonder how much will the ticket cost. The woman said, "I want to ask - " when the earthquake
I was wondering if you could help me I was wondering if could you help me 1. Use an apostrophe to show ownership of something. began to shake the room.
This is David's computer.
These are the player's things. Hyphen [-]
PRETERITO PERFECTO (things that belong to the player)
Un error muy común es la traducción directa del presente de indicativo castellano por el presente simple inglés. Es Note: For nouns in plural form, put the apostrophe at 1. Use a hyphen to join two words that form one idea
necesario traducirlo por el presente perfecto inglés si la acción tiene una duración desde el pasado hasta el the end of the noun. together.
These are the players' things. sweet-smelling / fire-resistant
presente.
(things that belong to the players) 2. Use a hyphen to join prefixes to words.
2. Use an apostrophe to show letters that have been left anti-Canadian / non-contact
YES NO 3. Use a hyphen when writing compound numbers.
out of a word.
I haven’t seen him for years I don’t see him for years I don't know how to fix it. Forty-seven

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