Gender and Health Issues 4.

The Impact on Men Gender

discrimination also harms men by
Gender Discrimination reinforcing toxic masculinity. Many men
avoid seeking medical help due to pressure
Gender discrimination refers to unfair to appear strong or independent. leading to
treatment or unequal opportunities based on preventable health issues
a person's gender.
It can occur in various forms. including pay Gender Discrimination in
gaps, unequal access to education. the Healthcare Workforce
workplace harassment, and healthcare
biases. 1. The Gender Pay Gap
Women in healthcare earn significantly less
Why it Matters in Healthcare? than men, even in the same roles. The
healthcare gender pay gap is larger than the
Gender discrimination affect how individuals average in all labor sectors combined.
receive medical treatment, how
professionals are treated at work, and the 2. Career Advancement Barriers
overall effectiveness of healthcare systems, Women are less likely to be promoted to
it can lead to worse health outcomes, leadership roles, such as chief surgeons or
violence, poverty, and unequal career hospital directors, due to gender blades.
opportunities in the healthcare Even: when they are in
decision-making positions, their opinions
The effects of gender discrimination on may be undervalued compared to male
health colleagues.
1, Limited Access to Heatncare Women and
marginalized gender groups often struggle 3. Workplace Harassment and Violence
to receive timely and accurate clognoses. Many female healthcare workers face
Exampic A 2020 study found that women harassment and violence at work, including
with hemophilia receive a diagnosis 39 verbal abuse, burying. and sexual
months later than men, despite noticing harassment.
symptoms earlier.
Violence against female health workers
2. Dismissal of Symptoms Research shows What is Workplace Violence?
that doctors are more likely to consider
women's pain as psychological or Defined as any abuse, threats, or physical
exaggerated, lending to misdiagnosis and assaults directed at staff in reaction to their
untreated conditions. work. Violence can be verbal threats. ,
psychological bullying, harassment),
3. Obstetric violence occurs when medical
interventions are forced upon women during
childbirth without their consent. In some
regions verbal and physicatabuse of women
during tabor is a documented issue.
The Structural Barriers of Gender Power GENDER EQUALITY
Relations
Key Gender Power Imbalances: GENDER GAP
Who Has What? Women lack resources, The above scenario is a typical example of
legal protection, and fair pay. a gender gap, one of the gender issues
Who Does What? Women are assigned observed worldwide. The gender gap, as
riskier, lower-paid jobs in healthcare. defined by the World Economic Forum
Who is Valued? Women's contributions are (WEF), is the difference women and men as
undervalued. while men are seen as more reflected in social, political, intellectual, or
authoritative economic attainments, or attitudes. It shows
Wno Decides?- Men dominate us how unequal access to opportunities
decision making roles in global healthcare maintains inequality between the sexes.
leadership
But where do we often see the
Solutions & Strategies for Gender occurrence of gender gap in the
Equality in Healthcare society ?
It is not always on pay gap but it can also be
1, Strengthening Legal Protections observed on jobs or occupations made
Governments must enforce anti-harassment available to women. In American research,
policies in hospitals and clinics. Ratifying finding revealed only 2% of executives at
ILO Convention 190 ensures a workplace major corporation were women. In some
free from gender-based violence, Middle Eastern countries, education is
limited to men an women remain at home
2 Promoting Equal Pay and Leadership for domestic chores. Women leaders all
Opportunities Equal pay initiatives should over the world are still less than 25%
be actively implemented in the healthcare ironically, the most democratic country, USA
sector. Leadership training programs for has not even Elected a lady president to
women should be expanded. these days.
3. Encouraging Cultural & Institutional
Change
Challenging gender stereotypes in medical Gabriela Silang First Female Revolutionary
education and workplace culture. in the Philippines
Encouraging men to be allies in gender
equality initiatives. Kamal Harris First Female and
49th Vice President of USA
Conclusion
A Call to Action Gender discrimination is a
global health crisis affecting millions. It
harms mental and physical well-being, limits
career growth, and weakens healthcare
systems. We must take action now by.
Raising awareness implementing policies
Supporting women in leadership
Causes of Gender Gap for instance men are always expected to be
What causes gender gap? breadwinners in the family while women are
Sociologists believe that here are some of confined at home to attend to the household
the reasons: chores.
Stereotyping is one reason for gender
inequality. Stereotyping is attributes, Gender prejudice likewise causes
characteristics, or roles by reason only of *preferential treatment in work places. The
his or her apparent membership in a notion on men's superiority over women
particular group. In the Philippines, for often taints women's success in most
as thrifty and industrious. categorizing offices. In staff recruitment alone, a study
individuals, often is consciously, into reveals that male candidates always stand a
particular groups or types, in part. It is the better of chance of getting hired than their
process of ascribing to an individual general female counterparts.
example, when we speak of Ilocanos,
immediately we think of them. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling
toward an individual based solely on one's
Gender Stereotypes are concerned with membership in a particular group (Brown,
the social and cultural construction or 2010). Prejudice is common against people
understanding of men and women, due to who are members of an unfamiliar group.
their different physical, biological, sexual
and social functions. The term 'gender Discrimination is another negative action
stereotype is an overarching term that toward an individual as a result of one's
includes stereotypes of women and membership in a particular group (Dovidio &
subgroups of women, and stereotypes of Gaertner, 2004). In schools, in offices and in
men and subgroups of men. Its meaning almost every place, discrimination is often
reflects different social and cultural the reason for bullying. A
construction of men and women. A good newcomer/stranger,
example is in politics, people usually elect *a child out of wedlock, a student from a
men in government offices believing marginalized family, a member of LGBT,
leadership trait is inherent among men. and a person of different skin color are
usually heckled and ridiculed
The concept of gender roles also results to
gender inequality. Gender roles determine Racism refers to prejudice and
how men and women should think, speak, discrimination against an individual based
dress, and interact within the context of solely on one's membership in a specific
society. These *gender schemas are deeply racial group (such as toward African
embedded cognitive frameworks regarding Americans, Asian Americans, Latinos,
what defines masculine from feminine. Native Americans, European Americans).
The rising hate crimes against people of
Gender roles adopted during childhood Asian descent are examples of racism,
normally continue into adulthood. At home, blaming on Asians the outbreak of the
people have certain presumptions about pandemic
decision-making, child-rearing practices,
financial responsibility, among others. Take
Sexism likewise is prejudice and 3. Political empowerment gap has widened
discrimination toward individuals based on considerably in the past two years, from
their sex. Typically, sexism takes the form of 41.6% in 2019 to 35.3% in 2020.
men having biases against women, but
either sex can show sexism toward their 4. Female representation in Congress fell
own or their opposite sex. In some countries slightly at 28% at the beginning of
in the Middle East, (North Africa, Saudi 2019; while female representation in the
Aribia) women are not yet allowed to drive a Cabinet dipped to 10% from 25% between
car; worse, some women are not even 2017-2019.
allowed to leave their houses without
permission even at the age of 40. Islamic Gender Parity in 99 years?
country The report forecasts that gender parity shall
not be attained for 99.5 years, and so "none
of us will see gender parity in our lifetimes,
The Global Gender Gap and nor likely will many of our children."
2016-2017
The Philippines ranked 16th among the 153 "Overall, the pursuit of gender parity has
countries in the Global Gender Gap Index improved, ducking back under a century
2020 and has remained the top Asian and registering a marked improvement on
country in terms of closing the gender gap, the 108 years in the 2018 index," the report
according to the annual survey conducted shows
by the World. .
Educational attainment, as well as health
The Global Gender Gap Report 2020 and survival, has moved closer to parity
measures countries on their progress (96.1% and 95.7% respectively), but
towards gender parity in four dimensions: economic participation and opportunity trails
economic participation and opportunity, behind. Figures show that it shall take a
educational attainment, health and survival, massive 257 years before gender equality in
and political empowerment. The 2020 report this aspect can be achieved.
showed that the Philippines remained
strong in three of these four dimensions. The report highlights three primary reasons
for this: women have greater representation
The country was in 14th place in the in roles that are being automated; not
economic participation and opportunity enough women are entering professions
gender gap with 79% score. Moreover, it where wage growth is the most pronounced
has closed the gender gap in educational (most obviously, but not exclusively,
attainment and health and survival. Among technology), and women face the perennial
the findings are the following: problem of insufficient care infrastructure
1. Female life expectancy is five years and access to capital.
longer than male, while the literacy rate is The top country for gender parity remained
above 98% for both sexes. Iceland. Countries that improved their
rankings include Albania, Ethiopia, Mali,
2. A larger percentage of women and girls Mexico and Spain, which has levelled up by
are enrolled in tertiary and secondary 21 spots.
The World Economic Forum has Gender equality by 2030 requires urgent
established the Global Gender Gap Report action to eliminate the many root causes of
in 2006, aiming to create global awareness discrimination that still prevent women's
of the challenges that gender gaps pose. It rights in private and public spheres. Among
is anchored on the truism that, without its targets are:
gender parity, economies and societies will
not thrive. 1. Eliminating gender-based violence,
including trafficking and sexual and
Gender equality other types of exploitation
Gender equality remains a controversial
gender issue that needs to be addressed Types of Gender Based Violence
not only in the Philippines but also Sexual
worldwide. Women, in particular, experience Physicall
inequalities in schools, in peer groups, in Emotional
workplaces, in almost every place they Cultural
frequent. Young girls are teased in schools; Religious
teenage women are forced into prostitution; Socio-economic
wives get beaten by their partners; job- Patriarchy
seeking women end up as human trafficking Domestic
victims; female employees are harassed; all family
these are prevalent in the society.
Gender equality, as defined, is the granting 2. Eliminating all harmful practices, such as
of equal rights, responsibilities and early and forced marriage and female
opportunities to both men and women. genital
Equality between men and women exists 3. Ensuring women's full and effective
when both sexes are able to share equally participation and equal opportunities for
in the distribution of power and influence; leadership at all levels of decision-making in
have equal opportunities for financia political, economic and public
independence through work or through 4. Undertaking reforms to give equal rights
setting up businesses; enjoy equal access to economic resources, as well as access to
to education and the opportunity to develop ownership and control over land and other
personal ambitions, interests and talents; forms of property, financial services,
share responsibility for the home and inheritance, and natural resources, in
children and are completely free from accordance with national laws;
coercion, intimidation and gender-based 5. Adopting and strengthening sound
violence both at work and at home. policies and enforceable legislation for the
promotion of gender equality and the
Gender equality is one of the 17 Global empowerment of all women and girls at all
Goals making up the 2030 Agenda for levels.
Sustainable Development of the United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
together with other UN international
 Cultural Impact
Impact of Gender Inequality Stereotypes and Norms: Gender
Economic Impact stereotypes and societal norms can limit
individuals' potential and reinforce
Wage Gap: Women, on average, earn less discriminatory behaviors and attitudes.
than men for similar work, limiting their Media Representation: Inadequate
economic independence and reducing representation of women in media and
overall household incomes. culture can perpetuate harmful stereotypes
Underemployment: Women are often and limit role models for young girls
underrepresented in high-paying and
leadership positions, impacting their career
growth and economic contributions. .Opportunities in Achieving Gender
Equality.
Social Impact 1.Education and Awareness: Increasing
Health and Well-being: Gender inequality awareness and education about gender
can lead to disparities in healthcare access equality can help challenge stereotypes and
and outcomes, particularly in maternal and promote more inclusive behaviors.
reproductive health. 2. Policy and Legislation: Enacting and
Education: In some regions, girls face enforcing policies that promote gender
barriers to education, limiting their equality, such as equal pay laws, parental
opportunities for personal and professional leave, and anti-discrimination measures,
development. can create a more equitable society.
3. Technological Advancements:
Political Impact Technology can play a crucial role in
Representation: Women are often advancing gender equality, from providing
underrepresented in political decision- access to education and healthcare to
making processes, affecting policy promoting flexible work arrangements.
outcomes and governance. 4. Global Collaboration: International
Legislation: Gender biases in laws and organizations and partnerships can work
policies can perpetuate inequality, impacting together to address gender inequality on a
women's rights and freedoms. global scale, sharing best practices and
resources.
Psychological Impact 5. Youth Engagement: Engaging the
Self-esteem and Confidence: Persistent younger generation in discussions about
gender biases can affect women's self- gender equality can foster a culture of
worth and confidence, influencing their inclusivity and respect, leading to lasting
personal and professional lives. change.
Mental Health: Exposure to gender
discrimination and violence can lead to
mental health issues, such as anxiety and
depression.
Gender equity “The route to achieving equity will not be
accomplished through treating everyone
Efforts are made to make both men and equally. It will be achieved by treating
women at equal footing, allowing both everyone equitably, or justly according to
genders to enjoy similar privileges and their circumstances.” —Paula Dressel, Race
opportunities. That is gender equality. Matters Institute

GENDER EQUITY

But allowing a woman earn her living,

staying in a male-populated workplace or
having her voice heard does not totally Gender equity leads to actual gender
make her at par with her male counterparts. equality. Actual gender equality means
equal outcomes for men and women; equal
WHAT IS EQUITY AND EQUALITY? enjoyment by women and men of goods,
opportunities, resources and rewards.
Equity vs. Equality: What’s the Difference? Gender justice is the ideal end point, and
can be achieved by removing barriers to
Equality opportunities and resources through
addressing the root causes of gender
inequality.

It means each individual or group of people DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GENDER

is given the same resources or opportunities EQUITY AND EQUALITY
or it’s providing the same to all.
EDUCBA.COM

Measures to PromoteGENDER EQUITY

Equity
Republic Act No. 9710

It refers to fairness and justice and is

distinguished from equality. "An Act providing for the Magna Carta of
Women". This was signed into law in 2009.

Recognizes that each person has different

circumstances and that some people face The Magna Carta of Women ensures the
different barriers to success due to their equitable participation and representation of
circumstances. women in government, political parties, the
civil service, and the private sector.

SIGNIFICANCE OF EQUALITY AND

EQUITY Republic Act No. 9710

Equity is a process and equality is an

outcome of that process.
Highlights of the law:
The Philippine Commission for Women The number of women in third level or
(PCW), formerly the National Commission supervisory positions in government must
on the Role of Filipino Women - the primary be increased within the next five years to
policy-making and coordinating body for achieve 50-50 gender balance.
women and gender equality concerns.
Republic Act No. 9710

The Department of Labor and Employment

(DOLE) and the Department of Social Highlights of the law:
Welfare and Development (DSWD) are
mandated to strengthen the delivery of
services to women migrant workers abroad.
The law mandates the establishment of
Republic Act No. 9710 violence against women's desk in every
barangay.

Highlights of the law:

In education, the law requires that all
educational materials and curriculum that
tend to stereotype women be revised
The Commission on Human Rights (CHR) -
the gender and development ombudsman - Republic Act No. 9710
has the major role of helping government
agencies monitor compliance with the law's
provisions. The law tasked the government
to ensure that women are protected from all Highlights of the law:
forms of violence. It is the right of women to
seek protection and security in situations of
armed conflict and militarization. Women
shall be protected from all forms of gender- No educational institution will be allowed to
based violence, particularly rape and other expel or refuse readmission to women
forms of sexual abuse. faculty members due to pregnancy outside
of wedlock.
Republic Act No. 9710

No school would be allowed to expel or

Highlights of the law: refuse admission to a female student solely
on the act of her getting pregnant outside of
wedlock

The government shall not force women, Republic Act No. 7192, "Women in
especially indigenous peoples, to abandon Development and Nation-Building Act".
their lands, territories and means of
subsistence or relocate them in special
centers for military purposes under any
discriminatory conditions.
The law promotes the integration of women between peers, by a subordinate to a
as full and equal partners with men in superior officer, or by a trainee to a trainer.
development and nation-building. the
National Economic and Development "Gender Equity Starts in the Home“
Authority (NEDA) is responsible for ensuring
the participation of women as recipients of by David G. Smith and W. Brad Johnson.
foreign aid, grants, and loans. The law
grants women, regardless of their marital
status, full legal capacity to act and enter
into contracts. This story is about Jack Koban, a geologist
and engineering project manager, who is
Republic Act No. 7877, "The Anti-Sexual working from home during the pandemic
Harassment Act of 1995". shutdown while his wife, Ashley Saucier,
work long hours as a pediatric emergency
medicine physician.

The law mandates that the employer or the

head of the work-related, educational or
training environment or institution must During the pandemic, many men working
provide the procedures for the resolution, from home took on more housework and
settlement or prosecution acts of sexual childcare, especially when their wives, often
harassment healthcare workers, had longer hours. This
experience helped men appreciate women's
Republic Act No. 8353, "The Anti-Rape Law work-family challenges, flexible work, and
of 1997”. value more equitable work-family gender
roles for children. Sharing household duties
supports women's careers, teaches children
equality, and normalizes work-life balance.
The law reclassified the crime of rape as a
crime against a person instead of a crime
against chastity. As such, rape is now not
considered a private crime. Thus, anyone When men genuinely enact equal
who knows of the crime may file a case on partnership at home, it accelerates gender
the victim's behalf, and prosecution may equality at work in three ways.
continue even if the victim drops the case..

Republic Act No. 11313, "The Safe Spaces

Act". •First, women with equal partners at home
are more successful at work.

This law widened the scope and

strengthened the 25-year old Anti-Sexual •Second, fathers who are equal domestic
Harassment of 1995 (RA7877). Enacted in partners role model equity for their children,
2019, it covers harassment in public places shaping expectations of our future
and online, including social media and workforce.
email, and includes acts of harassment
against those who identify themselves as
nonbinary. Moreover, the new law explicitly
provides that the crime of gender-based •Finally, men who equally share unpaid
sexual harassment may also be committed work at home aren't afraid to ask for and
discuss why they need flexibility in their
work schedule. This helps eliminate stigma
and make flexible work feel normal and To improve gender tracking, the National
acceptable for everyone, not just for Commission on the Role of Filipino Women
women. (NCRFW) suggests enhancing systems that
monitor education, employment, and
Gender equity starts at home when both development. Achieving the Millennium
partners fully support both of their careers Development Goals (MDGs) requires policy
by balancing work, childcare, and reforms to ensure equal access to quality
household duties. Model allyship for your education, fair employment, and meaningful
children through transparency and shared participation in decision-making. True
responsibilities. Embrace the realities of gender equity demands recognition of
work-family life and use your experiences to women's rights and contributions in policies
build connection and community at work. and programs. Without these fundamental
Authenticity makes you more effective in all changes, gender and development efforts in
your roles. the Philippines will fall short of their
intended outcomes.
Facing the Continuing Challenge of Gender
Inequality and Inequity by Jessica Dator- Why We Need Gender Equity Now by
Bercilla (An Excerpt from a Midterm Report) Katica Roy

Facing challenges of gender inequality and We need gender equity now. Those words
inequity often uttered in social justice circles, and
recently, a cross a number of headlines.

Gender inequality and inequity persist in the

Philippines, as reflected in slow progress More broadly, how is gender equity different
toward gender equality. However, existing from gender equality? If gender equality is
research tools may not fully capture the end, gender equity is the means.
women's contributions to political decision-
making and economic activities. Many
Philippine societies are matriarchal, and
while women may not hold formal political Gender equality "does not mean that
positions, they influence policies and women and men will become the same, but
decisions. Women-led productive efforts, that women's and men's rights,
particularly in poverty-stricken households, responsibilities and opportunities will not
are well-documented but often overlooked depend on whether they are born male or
in official gender equity measures. female

Facing the Continuing Challenge of Gender Why We Need Gender Equity Now by
Inequality and Inequity by Jessica Dator- Katica Roy
Bercilla (An Excerpt from a Midterm Report)

Gender equity means fairness of treatment

Facing challenges of gender inequality and for women and men, according to their
inequity respective needs. This may include equal
treatment or treatment that is different, but
which is considered equivalent in terms of 3.Peer Groups – Friends and social circles
rights, benefits, obligations, and shape behavior based on gender norms.
opportunities
4.Mass Media – TV, movies, and
.Gender Role in Asian, African and advertisements reinforce stereotypical
Western Europe gender roles.

What is Role? Gender Roles in the Philippines (Pre-

Colonial Era)
Roles are the tasks and responsibilities
expected of individuals in specific situations. Before Spanish colonization, Filipino men
and women had equal rights and privileges.
Both could own property, trade, divorce, and
even rule villages. Notable female leaders in
•At school, you are a student; early Philippine history included Dayang
Buka, Hara Udaya, Dayang Sima, and
•At home, you have roles as a son, Dayang Kalangitan. Women leaders, such
daughter, or sibling. as Dayang Buka and Dayang Kalangitan,
held political power
•In the community, you act as a neighbor
and citizen. Notable female leaders in early Philippine
history
What is Gender Role?
1. Dayang Buka (c. 900 CE) - She was a
These roles are often ascribed from birth noblewoman mentioned in the Laguna
based on biological sex. Copperplate Inscription (900
CE), the oldest written document in the
Philippines.
She was likely an influential figure in her
Societal norms dictate expectations: time.

Sons are expected to be strong, protective, female leaders in early Philippine history
and financially responsible.
2. Hara Udaya (c. 1301–1377) – A queen or
noblewoman believed to have been
associated with early Muslim or pre-Islamic
Daughters are expected to be nurturing, polities in the Philippines. Information about
assist in household chores, and become her is limited, but she likely played a
obedient wives. significant role in governance.

How Are Gender Roles Formed? 3.Dayang Sima (c. 637 CE) – A legendary
queen of the Kingdom of Ma-i (believed to
Gender roles are reinforced by four main be in Mindoro or other parts of Luzon). She
social agents: was known for her strict enforcement of
justice and honesty, reportedly punishing
1.Family – Parents assign different tasks her own son for theft.
and responsibilities to boys and girls.
The Role of the Babaylan
2.Education – Schools influence gender
norms through curriculum and teacher Babaylan were female spiritual leaders in
expectations. pre-colonial barangays. They conducted
rituals, provided medical knowledge, and invest in their training because
guided communities. Some men cross- varner are expected to devote more
dressed to assume the role of female time to their families.
babaylan. 7. Japanese parents save money and
spend more sending their sons to
Evolution of Gender Roles universities. Daughters are
encouraged to take two-year
The arrival of the Spaniards shifted the courses.
status of Filipino women, who were once 8. Marriage is considered a national
nearly equal to men, by placing them in duty for women; thus, they are not
domestic roles while men took full authority expected work full-time and spend
in decision-making. This gender disparity years in a company.
persisted through colonial rule by the 9. Japanese women, once married to
Americans and Japanese. It was only after the eldest sons, are supposed to
two world wars that women, including take care of not only the children but
Filipinas, gained rights and opportunities also their husbands' parents.
once exclusive to men, such as voting,
career choices, and freedom in marriage Latin America
and travel. Despite modern advancements,
cultural influences continue to shape gender In Latin America, traditional gender roles
roles in many societies today. are shaped by machismo and marianismo.
Machismo idealizes men as dominant,
Gender Role in Asian, African and Western assertive, and sexually aggressive, granting
Europe them control over the public sphere (politics,
economy, etc.) while exempting them from
Asia With Japan recognized as an household responsibilities. Marianismo
economic superpower, gender roles remain portrays women as morally superior,
highly influenced by its culture. Societal selfless, and submissive,* assigning them
obligations are still observed in their roles. duties related to family and child-rearing.
Men are expected to provide for and protect
1. Japanese women still control the their families, but this empowerment often
household, family decision and fina reinforces dominance within the home.
2. Japanese mothers are expected to
prepare obento box tradition or ● *
elaborate lunches for their children ●
to take to school. ● **
3. Japanese men have to work for ●
hours on end for their companies
and even spend their free time for Europe
the company.
4. Japanese men are expected to Economic restructuring in Europe has
socialize with their managers after greatly influenced the traditional gender
long work days. norms.
5. Men are usually recruited directly
from colleges and universities by Gender Role in Europe:
large Japanese companies that seek
to foster loyalty and train employees 1. Both men and women engage in
for their own purposes. earning as well as caring activities.
6. Women are considered temporary 2. More fathers embrace the idea of
workers and companies do not active parenting
 3. Women do not withdraw from the women have the same jobs, mer are
labor market upon marriage or always paid more.
motherhood but continue their work
in companies North America
4. Women's increasing economic
independence has been seen as a American women have made great
main cause of new family progress in closing the gaps and achieving
equality with their male counterparts. The
Africa following are prevalent in the American
society.
Africa, home to 54 sovereign states, has
long-standing beliefs concerning gender Gender Role in North America
roles. Most of its traditional social
organizations are m. centered and male 1. Both wives and husbands earn for
dominate their family.
2. More men help in household duties.
Gender roles remain unchanged. 3. Both parents are becoming more
involved in raising their children.
Gender Role in 4. Women have become more involved
in recreation activities such as
1. Patriarchy upholds the cupreinaz/ of sports.
the man over the woman no 5. More women have joined once
matter how young, immature and male-dominated occupations like
uneducated the man is he is the key firefighting, construction, agriculture,
decision-maker and the protector of aerospace engineering, among
the family. others
2. Women are viewed as home
makers, child bearers, and wives.
3. Women are expected to raise
children, cook, clean house, fetch
wood, and serve others.
4. Women are subjected to repeated
childbearing at short intervals either
to satisfy their husband's quest for
large family size or as a solution to
the high infant morbidity and
mortality in the continent.

Gender Role in

Africa

1. In most societies, men dominate

and, in some cases, absolutely
control the interactions and actions
of their family members in virtua all
spheres of social relationship.
2. In all sectors of the economy, men
occupy the majority of the high paid
jobs. Even when both men and