Oral Communication Reviewer || The Process AND Models of Communication

୨— Communication ―୧
❱ FEEDBACK
❱ COMMUNICATION - the reactions, responses, or information provided
- is a process of sharing messages or information by the receiver.
between the speaker and receiver using channels,
contexts, media, and cultures. ❱ CONTEXT
- communication could be done using the verbal and - environment where communication takes place.
non-verbal cues. ❱ BARRIER
- can be seen in different situations such as a - the factors that affect the flow of communication.
face-to-face interaction, a phone call conversation, a
varied group discussion, an interview, a class ୨— Nature of Communication ―୧
discussion and recitation, and many others.
❱ Communication is a process that unfolds over time
❱ VERBAL COMMUNICATION and creates our social world.
- can be written or spoken.
❱ Communication occurs between two or more
- It uses language, a symbol consisting of drawings, people (the speaker and the receiver).
letters and words.
❱ Communication can be expressed through words
❱ NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION (verbal), action (nonverbal), or both at the same time.
- consists of physical behavior commonly referred to
as body language, use of gestures, space and voice. ୨— Process of Communication ―୧

୨— Elements of Communication ―୧

Communication is divided into elements which help us

better understand its mechanics or process.

❱ SPEAKER
- the source of information or message.
❱ MESSAGE
- the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the
speaker in words or in actions.
❱ ENCODING
- the process of converting the message into words,
actions, or other forms that the speaker understands.
❱ CHANNEL
- the medium or the means, such as personal or
non-personal, verbal or nonverbal, in which the
encoded message is conveyed.
❱ DECODING
- the process of interpreting the encoded message of
the speaker by the receiver.
❱ RECEIVER
- the recipient of the message, or someone who
decodes the message.

🗒 ❛ notes by rai ༉‧₊˚✧ - Page 1

 ୨— Functions of Communication ―୧ ୨— Models of Communication ―୧

Basically, there are five functions of communication. THREE MAJOR MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
These are control, social interaction, motivation,
emotional expression, and information dissemination.
❱ LINEAR COMMUNICATION MODEL
❱ CONTROL
- is considered as a one-way process where the
- communication functions to control behavior. sender is the only source of the message and the
|| Example : Doctor's prescription - “Take your receiver doesn’t give feedback or response.
medicine 3 times a day.” || - the message signal is encoded and transmitted
through a channel with the presence of noise.
❱ SOCIAL INTERACTION
- communication where the sender is more
- this communication allows individuals to interact
prominent in a linear model of communication.
with others, used to produce social relationships;
used to develop bonds. ❱ TRANSACTIONAL COMMUNICATION MODEL
|| Example : Invitation - “Would you like some coffee, - two way process, purpose of transaction
tea, or me?” ||
- there's an exchange of information.
❱ MOTIVATION - is the exchange of messages between sender and
- this communication motivates or encourages receiver where each take turns to send or receive
people to live better. messages.
|| Example : Cheering - "Go girl! Slay!" || - both “sender” and “receiver” are known as
“communicators” and their role reverses each time in
❱ EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION the communication process as both processes of
- this communication facilitates people’s expression sending and receiving occurs at the same time.
of their feelings and emotions. ❱ INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION MODEL
|| Example : Appreciation - “I’m so glad that you - also known as convergence model
came into my life.” ||
- 21st century way of interaction where response is a
❱ INFOMATION DISSEMINATION must, channel is emphasized, message and
feedback is through a channel, and can
- communication functions to convey information. communicate to things, not just humans.
|| Example : Giving information - “Did you know that - deals with exchange of ideas and messages taking
there’s a secret apartment at the top of the Eiffel place both ways from sender and receiver and
tower?” || vice-versa.
- communication takes place between humans or
machines in both verbal and non-verbal way.
- this is a relatively new model of communication for
Additional Notes : new technologies like web.

୨— All Models of Communication ―୧

- Shannon-Weaver Model - Transactional Model

- Lasswell’s Cmm. Model - Barnlund's Model
- Aristotle's Model of - Interactive Model
Cmm. - Schramm's Model
- David Berlo's Model
 ୨— LINEAR MODELS OF COMMUNICATION ―୧
❱ ARISTOTLE'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
❱ SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL (1949) - the first and earliest linear model is that of Aristotle,
who was a teacher of Rhetoric and even put up an
- communication as linear or one-way process.
academy to produce good speakers.
- known as the mother of all communication models.
- the speech must relate to the audience based on
- consists of five elements namely: source (producer the occasion.
of message); transmitter (encoder of message into
signals); channel (signals adapted for transmission); || Example : A politician (the speaker) gives a speech
receiver (decoder of message from the signal); and on a market square during an election campaign (the
destination. occasion). ||
- lacks one essential element in the communication
process which is feedback.

Without feedback : speaker cannot know whether

the receiver understands the message or not.

|| Example : Telephone Call, Signal Disruption, ❱ DAVID BERLO'S MODEL

Language Barrier, Listening to Radio || - In 1960, David Berlo postulated Berlo’s
Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) Model
of Communication from Shanon Weaver’s Model of
Communication (1949).
- he described the factors affecting the individual
components in the communication which makes the
communication more efficient.
- focuses on the encoding and decoding which
happens before the sender sends the message and
before the receiver receives the message
respectively.
- the effectiveness of communication depends on the
❱ LASSWELL'S COMMUNICATION MODEL quality of each element / component.
- developed by communication theorist Harold D. - the more "series" involved, the more
Lasswell (1902-1978) in 1948. understandable and effective communication is
- also known as action model, linear model or one
way model of communication and is regarded as the
most influential communication model.
- describes an act of communication by defining who
said it, what was said, in what channel it was said, to
whom it was said, and with what effect it was said.

It's possible that communication doesn't have a

barrier. There is no effect from the receiver.

|| Example :Signages like entrance and exit ||

|| Example : The news presenter is the source of the

news who disseminates the information. The news is
the message, and television is the channel. Finally,
the audiences are the receivers of the message who
watch the television. In this context, the audience
cannot provide feedback ||
 - Behavioral cues (person’s behavior, that can be
୨— TRANSACTIONAL MODELS ―୧ verbal (Cbehv) and nonverbal (Cbehnv)).
- Jagged lines shows that the availability of cues
can be unlimited and are denoted as VVVV.
- The valence signs, +, 0 and – are also attached to
these types of cues which illustrates the
amount/degree/strength of attractiveness of the cues
in the message.
- Speech act refers to a particular instance of
communication in the model.
- Filters are the realities of people engaged in
The transactional model gives the opportunity for a communication. Here the senders’ and receivers’
lot of noise because the communication is personal filters might differ according to cultures,
simultaneous. For example, when many people traditions, content of the message, etc.
are talking at the same time in a meeting, the - Noise is the problem that arises in communication
objective of the meeting will not be fulfilled. flow and disturbs the message flow.
Transactional model - more noise because the || Example : Face-to-face interaction, chat sessions,
participants are talking at the same time. telephone conversations. ||
|| Example : The school bell rings (noise) interrupting
the students talking. The school bell is the noise
which is the barrier to the communication ||

❱ BARNLUND'S MODEL
- the most systematic model of communication
- Dean Barnlund proposed a transactional model of
communication in 1970 for the basic interpersonal
communication which articulates that sending and
receiving of messages happens simultaneously
between people which popularly known as
Barnlund’s transactional Model of Communication. ୨— INTERACTIVE MODELS ―୧
- the model has been further adapted and reformed
by other theorists as general transaction Model.
- this model shifted from the trend of linear model to
dynamic and two-way communication.
- process of community of communication
- This is a continuous process where sender and
receiver interchange their places and both are
equally important.
- a multi layered feedback system for all parties
involved. Anyone can be a sender or receiver
simultaneously. || Example : Withdrawing from an ATM machine ||
- The message passing takes place with constant
feedback being provided from both parties. A
feedback for one is the message for the other.
- Cues refer to the signs for doing something.
- Public cues (physical, environmental or artificial
and natural or man-made) and Private cues
(person’s personal thoughts and background).
❱ SCHRAMM'S MODEL
-Wilbur Schramm, the one who proposed the
schramm model, is considered the father of mass
communication.
- He asserts that communication can take place if
and only if there is an overlap between the Field of
Experience of the Speaker and the Field of
Experience of the Listener.
- Field of Experience are the things that influence the
understanding and interpretation of message like
culture, social background, beliefs, experiences,
values, and rules.
- there's a presence of signal
- very contextualize model
- depends on the field of experience

|| Example : when the information reaches the

recipient, the receiver must provide feedback and let
him know if XYZ has strictly received the message
that the speaker intended. If he is unclear about
anything or has any doubts, he should consult the
speaker. ||
 Effective Communication Strategies || PurPoses of Oral Communication

୨— Problems that Emanate from the Source / Sender ―୧

❱ Problems in the language proficiency or skills ୨— Barriers of Communication ―୧
- the receiver will have difficulty understanding a speaker
who has problems in any of the following: 1. EMOTIONAL BARRIERS
- a mental block that influences how you perceive others'
↗ choosing the right words to express the actions and prevents you from clearly communicating your
intended message due to poor diction or feelings and can trigger an emotional response that's
vocabulary; inappropriate or unproductive.
↗ weaving these words in grammatical or
comprehensible language structure; EXAMPLE
↗ pronouncing intelligibly the words and
employing appropriate stress, juncture, and You enter your room and you Recognize these kinds of
intonation; see your little sister holding emotions. Then control your
↗ using appropriate volume, pitch, and tone of the your favorite figurines and temper, relax for a while,
voice. some are on the floor calm yourself and be
scattering into pieces. You optimistic.
wanted to explode.
❱ Lack of sensitivity to the receiver’s background
- when the speaker does not consider the personal 2. LANGUAGE BARRIER (USE OF JARGON OR
background of the receiver (education, culture, personal UNFAMILIAR TERMS)
feelings, etc.), a breakdown in communication may result
because the intended message could not be understood. - excessive use of jargon, ambiguous words, or technical
- speaker must recognize the receiver’s age, culture, terminology is another kind of language barrier.
educational background, socioeconomic status, gender, - overuse of jargon can mean people disconnect from your
knowledge, social status, needs, and preferences in message, feel isolated and ultimately lead to
preparing a successful encounter with the receiver. miscommunication.

❱ Lack of preparation EXAMPLE

- speaking in front of your family and friends may not
You have a talk about health To avoid communication
require preparation, but may not be the case when you and nutrition in one of the breakdown due to lack of
are asked to deliver a speech in front of an audience. remote barangays in your clarity and understanding,
- need to organize the content of your speech and how municipality using English as adjust your language to the
you will deliver it considering the occasion, the purpose, a medium. While talking, level of your audience. Use
and the profile of the participants. some of your audience are layman’s terms or simple
- includes checking the accuracy of facts and details and looking at each other. words only.
verifying the credibility of your sources.
❱ Negative perception of self and other emotional 3. PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIER (LACK OF
problems CONFIDENCE)
- a speaker who lacks self-confidence or who possesses - lacking confidence can be a major barrier to effective
emotional problems may find it difficult to talk to other communication — shyness, difficulty being assertive, or
people especially to the large number of people. low self-worth can hinder your ability to make your needs
- called stage fright or communication apprehension. and opinions known.
- a good perception of yourself, a strong belief in your
capabilities, and a thorough preparation are good
measures to address any communication apprehensions
you may have.
❱ Language Barrier
- people who speak different languages from one another
will have problems in understanding.
- the use of slang — not considered part of standard
vocabulary of language and that are used very informally
in speech especially by a particular group of people
(Merriam-Webster) and jargon — language used by a
specific trade or profession — affect successful
communication.
 EXAMPLE

Develop self-confidence by
Your teacher assigns you to joining organizations and
deliver an informative speech school and community
in the next class meeting. activities where you can
You do not know how to do it share and develop your
because you are shy to be in interests and potentials.
front of your classmates. Identify your strengths and
improve your weaknesses to
become a good and effective
speaker.

4. PHYSICAL BARRIER (NOISY ENVIRONMENT) 6. Language Choice – Is the language understood by the
- the noise might distract the receiver, causing them not to person you are talking to?
hear the sender's message properly. Or it might distract the -Are you proficient enough in saying that language and
sender, making it difficult for them to communicate the creating sentences?
message effectively. Either way, noise becomes a barrier to
communication.

EXAMPLE ❱ Non-verbal Communication

You prepare yourself by Talk to your younger brother -transmitting messages without using words; can effectively
reviewing your notes for the politely to give you time to communicate many human feelings.
quarterly assessment while study quietly. Look for a quiet
your brother is playing his area in your house where 1. Language of gesture - spontaneous movements of the
electric guitar. You cannot you can resume your study. hands and body that universally accompany speech
concentrate well because of
the noise. 2. Facial Expressions - allow individuals to share a message
through the use of their eyes, eyebrows, mouth, and facial
muscles.
3. Language of color – colors used by the director/
୨— Verbal and Non-verbal Communication ―୧ cinematographer (in films)

❱ Verbal Communication -e.g. Blue  peaceful or sad, Yellow happiness/joy, Green

 disgust, Red  love/ sensual feeling/horror, Black 
-is the use of words in sharing information with other people. darkness
-includes both spoken and written communication 4. Language of flowers – e.g. red rose  love,
-mostly face-to-face 5. Language of space - proximity (distance) with another
person depends on how close they are.
-the verbal element of communication is all about the words
one chooses and how the receiver interprets it. -e.g. far from each other  friends/acquaintance/stranger,
close to each other  special relationship
POSSIBLE BARRIERS TO VERBAL COMMUNICATION
6. Language of time – e.g. morning  happiness/hope,
evening(darkness)  horror, afternoon  loneliness, dawn 
1. People – a person is physically bothering you or your horror/adventure
emotions are affecting you.
7. Language of touch (Haptics) – e.g. slap  angry, soft
2. Mores – tradition, beliefs, knowledge that you are used to touch  care, holding hands  I want to be with you
 may cause misinterpretation since what they might have
different backgrounds. 8. Posture and Body Orientation – good posture 
confident, no eye contact  lying/lack of confidence.
-what is right for others may not be right for you
3. Opinions and beliefs – you have different stands (field of ୨— Features of an Effective Communication ―୧
experience) which leads to conflict.
1. Completeness
4. Topic – one person may not know less about the topic
— essential to the quality of the communication process in
which causes confusion.
general. Hence, communication should include everything
5. Communicative Situation – loud environment, busy that the receiver needs to hear for him/ her to respond, react,
or evaluate properly.
-all of the information is present (sufficient information)
— ADDITIONAL NOTES —
2. Conciseness
❱ BARRIER
— does not mean keeping the message short but making it - a factor that affects or hinders the flow of communication
direct or straight to the point.
— insignificant or redundant information should be ❱ COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN
eliminated from the communication that will be sent to the - communication breakdown is a lack of communication;
recipient. a failure to exchange information.
— you say whatever you want to say directly
❱ EMOTIONAL BARRIER
3. Consideration - are mental walls that keep you from openly
communicating your thoughts and feelings to others.
— to be effective, the speaker should always consider They prevent you from being yourself and living your life
relevant information about his/her receiver such as mood, to the fullest.
background, race, preference, education, status, and needs,
❱ JARGONS
among others. By doing so, he/she can easily build rapport
with the audience - special words or expressions that are used by a
particular profession or group and are difficult for others
— audience analysis to understand.

❱ LOW SELF-ESTEEM
4. Concreteness - is characterized by a lack of confidence and feeling
badly about oneself.
— effective communication happens when the message is
concrete and supported by facts, figures, and real-life ❱ NOISE
examples and situations. - a loud or unpleasant sound or the cause disturbance
— in this case, the receiver is more connected to the
message conveyed.
— makes the message/speech more relatable

5. Courtesy
— the speaker shows courtesy in communication by
respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of his or her
receivers. Being courteous always creates a positive
impact to the audience.
- speech/words are not offensive to others, not
insensitive to others

6. Clearness

— implies the use of simple and specific words to

express ideas and is also achieved when the speaker
focuses only on a single objective in his/her speech so
as not to confuse the audience.

-no double meaning

-not vague

7. Correctness

— in grammar and sentence structure eliminates

negative impact on the audience and increases the
credibility and effectiveness of the message.

-avoid confusion
PurPose of Oral Communication || W4 and avoid fillers and insubstantial expressions which do not add
to the message, such as “uh,” “you know,” “I guess,” and
others.
୨— Purposes of Communication ―୧
❱ CLARITY
 To inform — meanings of words, feelings, or ideas may be
 To instruct interpreted differently by a listener; hence, it is essential
 To persuade for you to clearly state your message and express your
 To entertain ideas and feelings.

୨— Four Basic Types of Speeches ―୧ ❱ ETHICS

— words should be carefully chosen in consideration of
1. INFORMATIVE the gender, roles, ethnicity, preferences, and status of the
— provides interesting and useful information to an person or people you are talking to.
audience like your teacher talking about earthquakes or a ❱ VIVIDNESS
fellow learner presenting his/her research.
— words that vividly or creatively describe things or
2. DEMONSTRATIVE feelings usually add color and spice to communication.
Hence, you are encouraged to find ways to charm your
— has a similarity with an informative speech and also
audience through the use of vivid words.
teaches you on how to do or perform something.
— cooking demonstration is a good example of this kind of
speech which instructs the audience on how to cook a NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
certain menu step by step.
3. PERSUASIVE - this communication refers to an interaction where
— aims to persuade or convince people to change the behavior is used to convey and represent meanings. All
way they think or do something. An example is a political kinds of human responses that are not expressed in words
speech delivered during election or campaign period are classified as nonverbal communication.
which can make the audience laugh, like, love, want a - examples of nonverbal communication are stares,
specific change and reject or hate a policy, program, smiles, tone of voice, movements, manners of walking,
service, institution or other politicians. standing and sitting, appearance, style of attire, attitude
towards time and space, personality, gestures, and others.
4. ENTERTAINING
— given as an intermission number in a program, a kind
of after dinner talk and a toastmaster’s speech. The Mastery of nonverbal communication is important for
speaker provides pleasure and enjoyment that makes several reasons:
the audience laugh or identify with anecdotal information.
1. It enhances and emphasizes the message of your
speech, thus making it more meaningful, truthful, and
relevant.
୨— Two Types of Communication ―୧ 2. It can communicate feelings, attitudes, and perceptions
without you saying a word.
VERBAL COMMUNICATION 3. It can sustain the attention of listeners and keep them
engaged in the speech.
- an interaction in which words are used to relay a 4. It gives the audience a preview to the type of speaker
message. For effective and successful verbal you are.
communication, words are used to express ideas which 5. It makes you appear more dynamic and animated in
can be easily understood by the person you are talking to. your delivery.
Consider appropriateness, brevity, clarity, ethics and 6. It serves as a channel to release tension and
vividness when engaging in this type of communication. nervousness.
❱ APPROPRIATENESS 7. It helps make your speech more dramatic.
— language that you use should be appropriate to the 8. It can build a connection with listeners.
environment or occasion. 9. It makes you a credible speaker.
❱ BREVITY 10. It helps you vary your speaking style and avoid a
monotonous delivery.
— speakers who often use simple yet precise and
powerful words are found to be more credible.
— achieve brevity by being more direct with your words
 Oral Communication || TyPes of SPeech Context

❱ CONTEXT — often utilized by most organizations for resolving and

— refers to an external and personal or public managing conflicts, for building consensus and for
considerations that help people understand the true participatory decision-making.
meaning of any utterance or discourse.
— people communicate with each other with varying || Example : (1) A group consisting of members discussing
number of participants, channels, environment and the points to highlight in their thesis defense (2) Few
context. homeroom officers exchanging ideas on how to make their
Christmas party fun. ||
୨— Types of Speech Context ―୧
3. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
1. INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
● this involves communicating to a wide group of
● involves talking to oneself or a communication people with very varied traits, backgrounds,
process that takes place within one person. interests, and persuasions.
● “Intra” meaning on the inside or within ● requires a lot of background explanation in
● Talking to oneself is one of the things that others expressing your ideas.
consider as a necessary part of their daily routine. ● engaging in this type of communication means
● does not only allow you to audit how your day has avoiding specialized language such as jargon or
happened; it also allows you to affirm yourself for slang (because others might not relate to you).
the good things you have done, or to remind you ● requires you to avoid topics or discussions that
on the learning points you gained from an event or may be understandable to only a select few.
situation. ● when communicating publicly, you avoid any
● the context in which verbal and nonverbal comment that may be prejudicial to a particular
communication should be minimized. group of people.
|| Example : (1) Contemplating on the course you want to ● limits the opportunity for feedback and
pursue. (2) Congratulating yourself for a job well done. (3) clarification due to the large number of
Having committed a serious mistake and wanting to participants.
appease yourself || || Example : (1) Delivering a graduation speech to your
batch (2) Joining in speech competitions such as oration
2. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION and declamation or debate. (3) Delivering your campaign
speech during the SSG election grand rally. ||
● involves talking to one person or a limited number
of people and requires you to adjust your speech 4. MASS COMMUNICATION
to suit the character and personality of the person
or people you talk to. ● refers to communication that takes place through
● since you are communicating with a limited television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books,
number of people, the opportunity for feedback billboards, internet, and other types of media.
and clarification is much greater. ● more broad than public communication
୨— Types of Interpersonal Communication ―୧
|| Example : (1) An activist expressing his sentiments
❱ DYAD COMMUNICATION about social issues through a TV interview. (2) Listening to
— an interpersonal communication that takes place the latest weather update from a radio station ||
between two persons.
|| Example : (1) Two classmates working together on an
activity given (2) A daughter sharing her first day of school ❱ SPEECH
experience to her mother ||
— refers to the use of the oral medium of passing information,
❱ SMALL GROUP whether formally or informally, by a speaker to an audience.
— communication is between three or more (as large as
15) people and you often have one who acts as a leader
or facilitator ( this person can be appointed by the group
or initiated by a person who has the ability to facilitate the
discussion among the participants).
PRACTICE
 ACCORDING TO DELIVERY
Identify the type of speech context (intrapersonal,
interpersonal, dyad, group, or public) used in the following 1. MANUSCRIPT SPEECH
situations. — delivered by reading from a written text, a paper script
or a teleprompter
______________1. I can do this!
______________2. “ I would like to thank all my kababayan -verbatim
for helping us survive this pandemic.
______________3. Hello there! It is nice meeting you, I’m -typically used when time is limited
John.
2. MEMORIZED SPEECH
______________4. Mayday! Mayday! This is team Alpha
reporting! — requires the speaker to commit the speech to memory
______________5. To those whom I had hurt, I am sorry.
-no bringing of your note
______________6. Take this medicine three times a day.
______________7. Class, please pay attention ! -typically used when time is not limited
______________8. You are doing well in sports, keep it up! 3. IMPROMPTU SPEECH
______________9. Teammates, we must do this as fast as
we can, okay? — delivered with little or no time for preparation
_____________ 10. What did I do wrong? Why are they
blaming me? I did all my best. -In this kind of speech, listening, brainstorming, analyzing,
buying time, and not rushing to speak are the usual modest
expectations.
4. EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH
୨— Types of Speeches―୧
-This is a planned and prepared speech
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
-It is delivered with the help of the short notes and a clear
1. INFORMATIVE SPEECH outline.
— It generally talks about people, events, places,
things or processes.
TERMS
- It provides information about a person, place, animal, ❱ STYLISTICS
object, or idea.
— The branch of linguistics that studies and interprets
-solid information, less on emotions messages based on their tone and style.

2. PERSUASIVE SPEECH
❱ SPEAKERS STYLE
— It aims to convince the listeners or the audience to — Is the unique way in which the speech message is
support the speaker’s argument. It aims to influence the delivered to the audience.
thoughts, feelings, actions, and behavior of the listeners.
-convince, influence ❱ SPEECH STYLES
— Patterns of speaking characterized by distinctive
3. ENTERTAINMENT SPEECH pronunciation.
— This type of speech aims to make people happy. It
can make you smile, think positive, feel relaxed, and even
cry. It intends to amuse the audience or arouse their ୨— Types of Speech Style―୧
emotions.
-to amuse, arouse their emotions 1. INTIMATE
-used between people who have very close relationships

4. DEMONSTRATION SPEECH -share experiential knowledge in common

— It aims to inform like the informative speech. The -do not care about grammar or pronunciation
only difference is that, an informative speech should
-do not plan or monitor their speech and may in fact employ a
include a How – to – do “demonstration.”
lot of sentence fragments and broken speech
-e.g. (1) A grandson sharing his stories of achievement to his
 grandmother. (2) Two best friends recalling how their
friendship started ||
ADD ON IDEAS:
2. CASUAL
-conversational way of talking used among friends
-use a lot of trendy words and phrases
-speaks in incomplete sentences; uses slang
-not conscious about pronunciation, grammar or
choice of words.
-e.g. (1) talking with co-workers (2) discussions during
group activities
3. CONSULTATIVE
-speaks in complete sentences in order to minimize
misunderstanding
-speaker pronounces words well;chooses words carefully
-communicators who are not very familiar to each other or
between two parties who have different social positions.
-conversational style in which the speaker constantly
observes the listener’s verbal and nonverbal cues for
feedback as to whether the speaker seems to be giving
too little or too much information.
-e.g. (1) teacher to student (2) doctor to patient
4. FORMAL
-speaking in formal settings no matter how the
participants are related to each other.
-language spoken in formal style
-speaker usually prepares in advance so that content is
logically organized and the structure is polished.
-The choice of words is predisposed to the standard
language. The sentences and paragraphs are
interconnected through cohesion devices.
-e.g. (1) public speeches like a guest speaker to a
graduation
5. FROZEN
-The rendering of the utterance is monotone and formal.
-The language used in this speech style is often filled with
allusions and rich lexicon.
-often seen in formal ceremonies and rituals like
weddings, baptism and other proclamations with formulaic
statements
-very formal style which is characterized by the lack of
participation and feedback giving from the receiver’s end
-e.g. (1) reciting the panatang makabayan (2) reciting
wedding vows