INDUSTRIAL SAFETY CLIMATE IN

AUTOMONILE SECTOR

A PROJECT REPORT PHASE-2

Submitted by

MANOJ BABU V
(730923423016)

In partial fulfillment of the requirement

for the award of the degree

of

MASTER OF ENGINEERING
in

INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ENGINEERING

EXCEL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution, affiliated to Anna University Chennai and Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)

KOMARAPALAYAM-637303

NOVEMBER - 2024

i
 EXCEL ENGINEERING COLLEGE
KOMARAPALAYAM - 637303

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled “ INDUSTRIAL SAFETY CLIMATE IN

AUTOMONILE SECTOR” is the Bonafide work of MANOJ BABU V (REG.

NO. 730923423016) who carried out the work under my supervision. Certified
further that to the best of my knowledge the work reported here in does not form
part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award
was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr. A. SIVAKUMAR M.E. Ph.D. Mr. C. BOOPATHIRAMAAN M.E.
HEAD OF THE ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT Department of Industrial safety
Department of Industrial safety Engineering
Engineering Excel Engineering College
Excel Engineering College Komarapalayam – 637303
Komarapalayam – 637303

Submitted for the viva-voce examination held on ………………

Internal Examiner External Examiner

ii
 DECLARATION

I jointly declare that the project report on “INDUSTRIAL SAFETY

CLIMATE IN AUTOMONILE SECTOR” is the result of original work
done by me and best of my knowledge, similar work has not been submitted
to “ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI” for the requirement of Degree of
Master of Engineering. This project report is submitted on the fulfilment of
the requirement of the award of Degree of Industrial Safety Engineering.

Signature

MANOJ BABU V

(730923423016)

Place:
Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to express our sincere gratitude to our honourable chairman

Dr. A. K. NATESAN for providing immense facilities at our
institution.

We are very proudly rendering our thanks to our Principal Dr. K.

BOMMANNA RAJA for the facilities and the encouragement given by
him to the progress and completion of our project.

We proudly render our immense gratitude to the Head of the

Department Dr. A. SIVAKUMAR, M.E., Ph.D., for his effective
leadership, encouragement and guidance in the project.

We are highly indebted to provide our heart full thanks to our

supervisor Mr. N. PRITHIVIRAJ, M.E., (Ph.D)., Assistant Professor
for his valuable ideas, encouragement and supportive guidance
throughout the project.

We wish to extend our sincere thanks to all faculty members of our

Safety and Fire Engineering Department for their valuable suggestions,
kind cooperation and constant encouragement for successful completion
of this project.

We wish to acknowledge the help received from various Departments

and various individuals during the preparation and editing stages of the
manuscript.
 ABSTRACT

The rate of globalization has led to a rise in employment in the

unorganized sector, which is typically defined by flexible, risky, and insecure
work that puts employees' health at serious risk. The study's objective was to
evaluate the safety precautions and industrial risks in the automotive sector.
Young people between the ages of 17 and 35 made up the majority of the auto
mechanic industry, which was primarily controlled by men. The majority of
apprentices were verbally negotiated with the shop or garage master and had only
a minimal primary education. It was discovered that the workers were subject to
biological risks like insect bites, chemical risks like asbestos exposure and fumes,
physical risks like heat and burns, and psycho-social risks like working under
pressure. The majority of car mechanics (74%) who had workplace injuries
received no compensation, and it appeared that no regulatory agency was in
charge of their health and safety. The study came to the conclusion that the
nation's occupational health and safety policies do not adequately address the
demands of the informal auto mechanic sector, despite the many risks that have
been found in this field. Companies are required by the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration to safeguard their employees against common workplace
risks that could result in sickness or injury. The best method to make sure the
workplace is as safe as possible is to identify and control any dangers at their
source. However, OSHA also mandates that employers provide personal
protection equipment to workers in businesses with heavy lifting and hazardous
machinery in order to prevent injuries from any potential dangers.

Key words: psycho – social hazards, Safety, OSHA, PPE, Formwork failures,
Personnel safety, Worksite safety.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT iii

LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xv

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION OF RESEARCH 1

1.2 INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2

1.3 SAFETY CLIMATE 4

1.4 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 9

1.5 AUTOMONILE SECTOR 15

2 LITRATURE REVIEW 18

2.1 INTRODUCTION 18

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 19

3 INDUSTRIL PROFILE 31

3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 31

4 METHODOLOGY 45

4.1 RESEARCH PROBLEM 45

4.2 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY 46

4.3 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES 47

4.4 RESEARCH DESIGN 48

5 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PERSONNEL
SAFETY 52

5.1 DATA ANALYSIS 53

5.2 HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES 54

6 CONCLUSION 62

6.1 INTRODUCTION 62

6.2 FUTURE WORK 64

REFERENCES 65
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE CONTENTS PAGE NO.

NO.
4.1 Description of items under existing status of health and 47
safety measures in
automobile sector
4.2 Description of items to examine the employees’ 48
satisfaction regarding health and
safety measures.
4.3 Description of the items under health and safety provisions 49
in case of emergency

5.1 Hypotheses Testing (Result of ANOVA- Age based 55

Variations)

5.2 Hypotheses Testing (Result of t test Marital Status based 56

Variations)
 LIST OF FIGURES

TABLE CONTENTS PAGE NO.

NO.
5.2 KMO and Bartlett’s Test 53

5.3 Result of Factor Analysis 54

5.4 Descriptive Statistics for Six Extracted factors 55

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH

In today’s business ecosphere, every organization whether service or

manufacturing, primarily wants to accomplish their profit motive. With the speedy
growth of technology, several tasks can be fulfilled in a short span of time. Though
use of technology has reduced production time yet this advancement have several
drawbacks too such as negative impacts of highly inflammable things on health of
employees. Researchers have revealed that health and safety programs directly
affect the performance of an organization ((DeJoy et al., 2015; Hofmann and
Stetzer, 2016; Varon and Mattila, 2000). Health and safety climate comprises of
several factors like workplace safety, change in technology, workers- supervisor’s
relation, rule/regulations regarding health and safety at workplace. Implementation
of appropriate health and safety program plays a dynamic role in building positive
health and safety climate in all industries and this can’t be taken for-granted at any
level (Smith et al., 2018). Just like blood for human body, human resources act as
the same for any organization. So, it is prime responsibility of an employer to take
care its workforce. In India, government role in structuring health and safety
climate at workplace is also very important. With the advancement in technology,
need for improving measures of health and safety have also been changing because
using high-tech machinery also increases the chance of accident/fatal accident rate.
It gives call for at least one active policy regarding health and safety of employees
at workplace and timely revision of existing health and safety policy.
1.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

1.2.1 Industrial Health

Industrial health is a facet of the healthcare profession concerned with the health of
the employees at workplace. Industrial health covers facilities related to health
such as medical officer, nurses, safety inspector/ employees’ coverage under ESI
act 1948 and insurance for those employees who are not covered under this act.
‘Industrial health’ has emerged robustly due to the fact that workplaces are
designed to keep their employees as much safe as possible. Several dangers can be
faced by employees at workplace. For example, exposures to toxic chemicals in
manufacturing plants, repetitive stress injuries for office workers, regular accident
in glass industries. Preventative measures like health and safety gears, failsafe
systems to eliminate worker hazards, and regular safety inspections are
recommended at workplaces to prevent workers from being injured. Quick
identification of workplace injuries can also be a way to reduce accident rates.
Industrial health also includes measures like incident reports for people to record
the circumstances of injuries, as well as the employ of on-site medical personnel to
react quickly to medical incidents. Industrial health is a budding medical topic.
Historically, the focus was on industrial accidents issues such as mining collapses,
chemical releases, and injuries in machines etc. Workplace mental health is also a
topic of concern, because issues like depression and anger management problems
might have a negative impact on other employees.

Industrial health measures are regarded as essential mechanism to bring out

enhancement in health of employees engaged in manufacturing sector. For provide
better health condition to employees in the organization government has made
various provisions from sec-11 to sec- 20 in factories act 1948 and these provisions
are mentioned here.
• Cleanliness (sec-11): Every factory shall be kept hygienic and free from effluvia
arising from production process.
• Disposal of wastes and effluents (sec-12): Proper arrangement should be made
in the organization for treatment of waste and effluents because of manufacturing
process and this act provide power to state government for make rule regarding this
arrangement.
• Ventilation and temperature (sec-13): In every manufacturing unit, there
should be proper arrangement for ventilation and well equipment should be used
for maintain the temperature at the work place.
• Dust and fume(sec-14): In every plant where manufacturing process carried on
and dust and fume are produced with manufacturing process, there should be
arrangement for reduced these types of situation at work place.
• Artificial humidification (sec-15): In any organization where the humidity of air
is artificially increased, government can make rule regarding increased the
humidification by prescribed standard and regulate the method for artificially
increased the humidity in air.
• Overcrowding (sec-16): At the workplace there shall be proper space for remove
accident situation due to overcrowding in the plant.
• Lighting (sec-17): during the working time, there should be provided sufficient
and suitable lighting, natural or artificial for their employees.
• Drinking water (sec-18): In every manufacturing plant effective arrangement
shall be made to provide and maintain facility of clean drinking water for their
employee with legibly marked drinking water in language understood by majority
of employees
• Latrines and urinals (sec-19): In every plant sufficient latrine and urinal
accommodation of prescribed types for their employees at all times while they are
in plant. And there should be separate wash facility for female employees at the
work.
• Spittoons (sec-20): For make environment hygienic and clean in every factory
there should be arrangement of spittoons at reasonable place for their employees.
State government can make rule for increased or decreased the number of spittoons
at workplace according to space of factory.

All these provision are mentioned in factories act 1948 for good health of
employees who works directly or indirectly in production process. All these
provisions are enforceable by law and all are essential in manufacturing unit.

1.3 Safety climate:

Safety climate may be defined as common perceptions of employees regarding the

safety of their work environment and give a background against which every day’s
routine task are performed. These common perceptions came from various factors
including organizational safety norms and expectations, management decision
making, safety practices, policies and procedures which together provide to
communicate organizational commitment to safety. Perception of employees
regarding safety is important because safety climate has been allied to better
faithfulness to safe work behaviors (DeJoy et al., 2015; Hofmann and Stetzer,
2016; Varon and Mattila, 2000) and fewer injuries (Barling et al., 2002; Cohen,
1977; Dedobbeleer and Beland, 2011; Gillen et al., 2002; Hofmann and Stetzer,
2016; Mearns et al., 2003; Zohar, 1980, 2000). With strong safety climates
organization have fewer employees injuries, not only due to workplace has
effective and well developed safety programs, but also due to awfully existence of
these programs sends signal to employees regarding management’s commitment to
safety. If some positive sign is found regarding management is serious about
support to safe work practices, then employees are more support to it. Latest safety
literature has stressed the organizational nature of
industrial accidents (Reason, 2017) and experimental work has alerted on the
identification of organizational, managerial and environmental aspect s that
persuade accident cause (Tomas and Oliver, 2015; Flin et al., 2016; Cheyne et al.,
2018). Further newly, researchers have begun to look at more organizational
factors, as well as the influence of leadership style (Zohar, 2002; Barling et al.,
2002), organizational climate (Neal et al., 2000) and occupational stressors
(Hemingway and Smith, 2019; Gillen et al., 2002) on industrial accidents.

1.3.1 Measures Used for Safety of Employee at Workplace

Safety measures are considered as essential means to bring out development in

safety conditions of employees engaged in manufacturing unit in any type of
manufacturing unit. Government has made various provisions related safety
condition mentioned in factories act 1948 from section-21 to section 41 and these
are describe here.

1Fencing of machinery (sec-21): For reduced the number of accident at

workplace. Every moving part of prime mover, headrace and tailrace of every
water wheel, every part of machinery that produced heat or electricity, every part
of generator, heavy motor and dangerous parts of machinery they are in front of
motion.
2Work on or near machinery in motion (sec-22): only trained employees will
work on machinery while it is motion (examination by the employees with proper
arrangement of equipment while performing maintenance related work).
3Employment of young person on dangerous machines (sec-23): No new
employees below the age of twenty will work on dangerous machines without the
proper training by the trained persons.
4Striking gear and devices for cutting off power (sec-24): In every factory to
avoid the misshaping at the workplace facility of striking gear and cutting off
power should be provided by the organization.
5Self-acting machines (sec-25): In any manufacturing plant self acting machines
will be work according to prescribed manner and no traversing part of a self-acting
machine and no material carried thereon, if proper space is not available at
workplace. Chief inspector of factory will permit if he thinks fit to impose.
6.Casing of new machinery (sec-26): At the time of set up of new machinery
every set screw, bolt and key on any revolving shaft, spindle, and shall be encased
or effectively guarded as to prevent danger.
7Prohibition of employment of women and children near cotton openers (sec-
27): For reduced the accident rate at workplace, no female worker or children will
work near cotton opener machine. If input end of a cotton-opener is a separated
place from delivery end then in case inspector may permit the female and children
to employ at place where feed-end is situated.
8Hoists and lifts (sec-28): In every factory, hoist and lift machine shall be good
mechanical constructed, sound material should be used for hoists and lift. After
assemble the machinery proper maintenance and completely examined by a
competent person at least once in every period of six months. Hoist way and lift
way shall be adequately protected by an enclosure fitted with gate, maximum safe
working load shall be bared marked on every hoist or lift, no load more than such
weight shall be carried thereon. The cage of every hoist or lift used for carrying
workers shall be fitted with a gate and every side should be accessed to a landing.
9Lifting machines, chains, ropes and lifting tackles (sec-29): where lifting
machines, chains, ropes and lifting tackle are used for the purpose of rising or
lowering worker engages in manufacturing process, goods and material.
All parts, including the working gear while fixed or movable, of lifting machines
and every chain shall be good constructed, sound material used and free from
defects. And properly maintained and thoroughly checked by a competent person.
All machines shall be used according to their capacity and capacities shall be
mentioned on the machine.
10 Revolving machinery (sec-30): In every manufacturing plant, where process
of grinding is used there shall be permanently affixed and each machine in use a
notice highlighting the highest safe working speed of every grindstone or abrasive
wheel. And the speed of machine will not be more than speed showed in notice.
11 Pressure plant (sec-31): In any factory, any plant or machinery used in
manufacturing process is operated at the pressure more than the atmospheric
pressure; effective measures shall be taken to make sure the safe working pressure
of such plant is not more than the atmospheric pressure.
12 Floors, stairs and means of access (sec-32): In every factory, to solve the
cause person to slip all floors, steps, passages stairs and gangways shall be well
constructed and properly maintained time to time.
13 Pits, sumps, openings in floors, etc (sec-31): In every manufacturing unit
all sump, vessel, tank, pit or opening in the ground or in a floor which by reason of
its depth, situation may be source of danger shall be either securely covered or
fenced to avoid any casualty at workplace.
14 Excessive weights (sec-34): In every factory, no person shall be employed to
carry, lift or move any weight so heavy that may cause him injury. Government of
state may makes rules for maximum weight which may be carried or moved by
different aged employees worked in the factory.
15 Protection of eyes (sec-35): For the protection of eyes in manufacturing
process from particles or fragments thrown off, excessive light, the government of
state may by rules require that effective screens or goggles shall be provided to
their employees.
16 Precautions against dangerous fumes, gases, etc. (sec-36): In every factory
no employees shall be allowed to enter in tank, chamber, vat, pit, pipe flue or any
other confined space in which fume, vapor, gas or dust is expected to be present
that may be cause of death. If any employees enter with breathing apparatus then
those will be allowed and a belt securely attached to a rope the free end of which is
hold by a person standing outside the pipe, tank or space.
17 Precautions regarding the use of portable electric light (sec-36A): To
avoid the casualty at workplace there is provision of prohibitions of electric light
or any other electric appliance of voltage exceeding twenty four volts for use in
chamber, tank, pit, pipe and confined space.
18 Explosive or inflammable dust, gas, etc (sec-37): For make workplace
environment free from dust gas and fume the precautions should be taken for better
work environment for workers. All measures those are prescribed under these
provisions should follow for remove the explosive, inflammable dust, gas from
workplace.
19 Precautions in case of fire (sec-38): In every factory, all realistic measures
shall be taken to avoid outbreak of fire and its spread from both internally and
externally. In factory there should be proper arrangement of fire extinguishing, fire
fighting training program should be conducted at the workplace to solve the
problem. All sign should be clearly seen at the workplace so that at the time of
casualty worker can easily handle the situation.
20 Power to require specifications of defective parts or tests of stability (sec-
39): Under these provision, if inspector found that any building or part of building,
machinery or plant in a factory is in such a condition that may be risky to human
life or safety, inspector may serve a notice to occupier or manager or both to
furnish such drawing specification and other particular may be necessary to decide
whether such building, ways, machinery or plant can be used for safety.
21 Safety of buildings and machinery (sec-40): In every factory, inspector will
timely check up the buildings and machinery for avoid any casualty at workplace.
If inspector found that any building or part of building, machinery that is using in
manufacturing process is not in good conditions and may be harmful for human
being then he may serve a notice to occupier or manager or both in writing
elimination its use until it has been correctly repaired or altered.
22 Maintenance of buildings (sec-40A): For smooth production in factory and
safety of employees, building of factory should be well setup according to rules
prescribes by the factory act and maintenance work of building should be
conducted at regular interval. Authorized person appointed by government shall
inspect the building within time and if he found that any part of building is harmful
to employees working there then he may send a notice to owner or manager or both
in writing prohibiting its use till repair.
23 Safety Officers (sec-40B): For timely check up the safety condition of the
employees at work place, government can appoint safety officer for this purpose
and duties, qualification are prescribed by the state government.
24 Power to make rules to supplement (sec-41): Government can made or
remove the rule regarding health and safety of employees.

1.4 Origin of Health and Safety Measures: The Industrial Revolution

Eighteenth century witnessed industrial revolution that resulted into transition of

artisanal and manual forms of production into a machine and technology based
production. It converted Britain into an industrial hub. Further, it accelerated the
growth of production and a great need of skilled labor aroused. A severe dearth of
expert labor started to hunt the employers. As competition and demand flourished,
employers started to ponder for solutions including new machinery, skilled
labor and child labor. Child labor and village workers presented a cost efficient
explanation for growing need of workers. But it leads to a very serious challenge
for employers. Lack of industrial skill and knowledge resulted into a serial of
serious and dangerous industrial accidents at factory premises. Harmful chemicals
and foreign machinery posed new types of challenge for employers. With a rapid
rise in other work related accidents, unknown effects of chemical working and
including mining fatalities, force was placed on the Government to take action
against companies who are not seriously protect their employees. Government
passed various legislations to enforce safety and health measures. Through these
legislations, Government made safety provisions mandatory for both public and
private employers.

1.4.1 Factories act 1833

The first countrywide legislation was passed in 1833 named as Factories Act. This
act was a pioneer act after which British legislators introduced string of legislators
to safeguard the interests of workers and children working at workplace. Factory
act introduced numerous mandatory safeguards for employers. It introduced
provision of factory inspectors to avoid injury and child labor. It was a new
experience wherein external set of rules were made mandatory to govern
employees' safety at the workplace. Over the next decades, this piece of legislation
evolved to include numerous new and employee friendly guidelines like
introduction of workshops and provisions for improved the worker conditions and
labor laws.

1.4.2 Health and safety at work act 1974

Another milestone act passed by Government was The Health and Safety at Work
Act in 1974. It was the first foremost employee friendly law that was designed to
govern all workplaces. The act placed provisions of greater transparency and it put
accountability on both the employer and employee. Various articles of the act tried
to bring brought health and safety into the conscience of the workplace. These
measures improved working conditions and measures also resulted into reduction
in workplace accidents. This was the first time when management understood their
moral, humane and legal responsibility to guard employees. There were provision
of fines and criminal charges if any measure of the act is breached by the
employer. This leads to higher levels of investment in the upgrading workplace
conditions and in installation of injury minimization methods. The legislation also
made workers to recognize their own responsibilities at workplace. After
introduction of the act, health and safety training became a common feature at
workplace.

Modern day’s worker enjoyed much more improved working conditions than
employees of previous generations. It was reported that 133 workplace deaths were
sadly recorded in 2013- 2014. It means that accident occurred for 0.44 for every 1,
00,000 workers. This figure is half the quantity of workplace deaths in 2014-95.
The data stated that the safety and health measures have increased a lot. To prevent
a return to the dark days of the major accidents and injuries, both Government and
employers are required to continue training, understanding and admiration of the
significance of health and safety at work. History shows this is the only successful
theory for our working society to maintain these improvements.
1.4.3 Top safety issue in manufacturing industry

Exposed and poorly arranged wires, fatigued and exhausted workers, poorly
maintained equipments were major causes of accidents at workplace.
Manufacturing facilities are riddled with risks, both hidden and out in the open.
Below are some of the biggest safety concerns in any manufacturing industry.

1.4.3.1 Poor maintenance

Improper and poorly maintained machinery and equipment are major source of
accidents. Even equipments and machines with fail-safes can break down, if
they lacked regular maintenance checks. In order to reduce the risk, employers
need to have their equipment inspected by professional engineers on regular
basis. Even a large numbers of companies have started to enroll mechanical
engineers at workplace. Managements made various provisions to regularly
inspect every part of machinery. Proper oiling and greasing keeps machinery
working for long time. The employees that maintain a regular contact with
machinery are equipped with necessary skills to operate machines properly.
Employees are trained to spot and raise warning signs immediately. Employees
are trained to notice and report any malfunctioning such as exposed wires,
burning or electrical smells, abnormal wobbles, grinding or scraping noises, or
any other irregular sounds. If an engine is deemed potentially dangerous, it has
to be shut down straight away for repairs. Onsite employees must not endeavor
to repair malfunctioning equipment on their own without first alerting a
supervisor.

• Permanent hazards

Many machines and equipments are inherently dangerous regardless its usage.
They produce unpleasant effect even if they are used as per prescribed
procedures and safety measures. For Inferences, working with chemicals is
always a risk affair. Such risky material and equipments requires utmost care
and preventive measures to avoid any untoward incidents. It must be ensured
that chemicals are properly labeled and that employees are prepared to grip
them appropriately. In another inference, there are various machines that heats
up quickly. They masquerade a severe chance of fire hazard, even when
operating properly. It's the responsibility of managers and employers to
converse health and safety provisions to all workers. Problem of confined
spaces are another issue related to eternal hazard that employer find extremely
difficult to address. Confined spaces are regular features of modern factories
and manufacturing hubs. It presents severe challenge of being entrapped in
oxygen depleted area. Employees cannot move freely in such cases and shortage
of space is one of the most important ingredients of employee boredom and
fatigue. Proper training is your best defense against these types of hazards,
which brings up the next danger.

• Undertrained employees

Workplace could be regarded as safe only when it has trained end professional
employees. Employers must make arrange regular training for its employee on
all equipment that employees come in contact with. Training sessions must
include appropriate ways of operating machinery. Sessions must also contain
guidelines of how to check that everything is working as it should. As and when
machines are upgraded and replaced, at the same time training should be
repeated. Further, employees must also be exposed to periodic safety and health
training. Employees must also be equipped with proper knowledge of current
best practices for keeping themselves and their co-workers safe, happy and
healthy. Untrained employees must be taught about emergency response for
burns or other injuries. The training sessions must include knowledge of how to
recognize symptoms of gas or chemical exposure, and who to contact during an
emergency.
• Insufficient first aid

In the case of an emergency, easy access to medical equipment and first aid
facility is essential and extremely crucial. Employers must make sure that
workplace must be stocked with an assortment of first aid equipment. First aid
kit should include both general first aid response items and also some tailored
specific to work environment and machinery. All workers must be provided
with minimal training for using available equipment provided in first aid box. In
most of the cases, it is necessary to have staff members those are specially
trained in first aid activity, CPR or confined-space rescue.

• Carelessness

An employee having a causal and complacent attitude about safety is a huge

liability for any employer. It is being reported that more than half of workplace
accidents could be prevented simply by being alert and vigilant at workplace.
Generally, heavy machinery, vehicles and forklifts can be especially dangerous
and hazardous. It is extremely important for workplace safety to have
adequately aware and vigilant workers. Employers must ensure strict
compliance of safety codes. Every organization is expected to place a system
in place to report questionable activity at workplace. In special cases,
management provides extra equipments to help employees prevent casual
mistakes. For inferences, safety mirrors are extremely beneficial for machine
operators who are required to look over their shoulders for other employees.

• Unrestricted access

Professional advised that work sites must only be accessible to the people
trained and people employed only. No informal relatives, friends, family
members and employees from other departments are allowed to enter the
workplace. Employers are expected to put sign board to represent restricted
areas. In many cases, it is necessary to limit access with sheltered gates and

1.5 Automobile Sector:

The Indian auto industry is one of the largest auto markets of the world. The
auto industry contributes 7.1 per cent of the country's Gross Domestic Product
(GDP). As of financial year 2014- 15, around 31 per cent of small cars sold
internationally are produced in India. The two wheelers segment comprises of
81 per cent market share of Indian market. The main reason for such a huge
two-wheelers market is growing middle class and a young population.
Moreover, the increasing attention of the companies in catering the rural
customers further augmented the growth of the sector. The overall Passenger
Vehicle (PV) segment contribute 13 per cent market share. India is also one of
the most important auto exporters of the world. Experts have strong export
growth expectations from auto industry for the near future. In April-January
2016, exports of commercial vehicles showed a rise of 18.36 per cent over
April-January 2015. In addition, several appropriate and fittings initiatives by
the centre and state government are expected to make India a leader in the Two
Wheeler (2W) and Four Wheeler (4W) market in the world by 2020.

1.5.1 Market Size

Report by an independent research group stated that a total of 19.84 million

vehicles were produced in April-January 2016. This includes private vehicles,
passenger vehicles, commercial vehicles, three wheelers and two wheelers. The
corresponding figure in April-January 2015 was
19.64 million vehicles. Domestic consumption of passenger vehicles showed a
growth of over 8.13 per cent in April-January 2016 over the same period last
year.
The production of passenger cars rises by 10.18 per cent, during April-January
2016 over April-January 2015. Further domestic sales of commercial vehicles
increased by 9.43 per cent in April-January 2016. Sales of Medium & Heavy
Commercial Vehicles (M&HCVs) increased at 30.19 per cent.

1.5.2 Growing investment in automobile companies in India

Investment is the key for innovation and subsequently, innovation is the key for
growth and development. Growing demand of the market could only be catered
by ever increasing investment both in plant and machinery and to promote
creativity and innovation. Several big industrial houses have invested huge
amounts in auto market. As per data released by Department of Industrial
Policy and Promotion (DIPP), the sector got Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
worth US$ 14.32 billion during the period April 2000 to December 2015. Some
of the major investments and developments in the automobile sector in India are
as follows:

• Japanese two-wheeler manufacturer Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India

(HMSI) has opened its fourth and world’s largest scooter plant in Gujarat. The
plant is expected to produce 600,000 scooters per annum initially. The level of
production is expected to increase up to 1.2 million scooters per annum by mid-
2016.

• Nissan Motor Co. Ltd has collaborated government to bring electric and hybrid
technologies to India. Government would support Nissan in production of
electric vehicles in India. The plan will also help in curbing rising air pollution
caused by vehicles.

• Ford has finalized its plans to set up manufacturing units in India. These
manufacturing hubs are slated to produce two families of engines by 2017. As
per announced plan, a 2.2 litre diesel engine codenamed Panther, and a 1.2 litre
petrol engine codenamed Dragon will be produced in India. These two engines
are expected to power 270,000 Ford vehicles globally.

• Modern day cars are equipped with ultra modern safety measures like air bags.
The world’s largest air bag suppliers Autoliv Inc, Takata Corp, TRW
Automotive Inc and Toyoda Gosei Co have decided to set up their
manufacturing units in India.

• General Motors has rolled out its grand ambition to invest US$ 1 billion in
India by 2020. The intended amount is planned to increase the capacity at the
Talegaon plant in Maharashtra from 130,000 units a year to 220,000 by 2025.
• Chrysler- a America based major car producer- has announced to invest Rs
3,500 crore (US$ 513.5 million) in Maharashtra. They planned to produce Jeep
Grand Cherokee model in India.

• Mercedes Benz- anther global giant auto maker- has planned to manufacture
the GLA entry SUV in India. The company has doubled its India assembly
capacity to 20,000 units per annum.

• Germany-based luxury car maker Bayerische Motoren Werke AG’s (BMW)

local unit has announced to procure components from seven India-based auto
parts makers.

• Mahindra Two Wheelers Limited (MTWL) acquired 51 per cent shares in

France-based Peugeot Motorcycles (PMTC).
.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

Zohar (1980) constructed a 40-item measure of organizational climate

for safety and twenty factories were selected for questionnaire administration.
Selection of factory was done in quasi random manner (more than 500 workers
in factory). Results stated that workers perceptions of their workplace safety
were relatively homogenous and there is an agreement among employees’
perceptions regarding safety climate in their company and that the level of this
climate is correlated with safety program effectiveness as judged by safety
inspectors.
Brown (2016) showed that a number of new factors are increasing the
importance of related issues for operational managers. In which three factors are
the quality movement change in technologies and change in operational research
are embedded within the operation function. Workforce diversity and organized
labour interest are associated with human functions but have link with
operations. Legal, political and public force stems from outside the boundaries of
the organization, but they have important influence on operations management.
Mayhew et al. (2017) discussed job specific hazard and risk exposures
were the major determinant of patterns of work related injury and illness.
Important thing was found that employment status whether they were
subcontractors or employees was an important secondary effect. Some feature
related with subcontracting of work have been identified as critical influence on
the health and safety of subcontractor’s i.e disorganization, inadequate regulatory
controls, economic and reward factors and the ability of workers to organize to
protect them.
Diaz & Dolores (2017) developed a set of evaluation measures for
safety attitudes and safety climate with objective of test the instruments, to
identified the essential dimensions of the safety climate in the airport ground
handling companies, to assess the quality of the differences in the safety climate
for every companies and its relation to the accident rate, to analysis the relation
between safety climate and attitudes and last was to evaluate the influences of
situational and personal factors of both safety climate and attitude. On the basis
of analysis significant differences is found between safety attitude and climate.
Williamson et al. (2017) constructed a 67- item measure of perception
and attitudes about safety as an indicator of safety culture for use with working
populations. The questionnaire was distributed in self administered form to 1560
workers in different types of jobs and got 660 questionnaires from 7 workplaces
with a 42% response rate. This factor structure showed satisfactory psychometric
properties. Second, in an effort to produce a one dimensional scale with short,
additional items were detached which had high association with other items. This
outcome in loss of near about half of the remaining items and this small scale
hold 17 items with again overall acceptable psychometric properties. The most
striking salient finding in the development of this measure was that there was
little variation between respondents on very large percentage of the questions
originally selected.
Burt et al. (2018) constructed a considerate and responsible employee
(CARE) scale which is a reliable measure of employees’ attitudes toward co-
worker’s safety. The care scale measures workers’ attitudes (strongly disagree to
strongly agree) to 21 statements relating to behaviours, which if implement it
would raise co-workers’ safety.
Hayes et al. (2018) constructed a 50- item instrument that evaluate
employees’ perception of work safety, the work safety scale (WSS) and
validated using three independent samples. Results corroborated that WSS
measures five factorial distinct constructs: job safety, coworker safety,
supervisor safety, management safety practices and satisfaction with safety
program. Every of this scale has a high degree of internal consistency across the
three samples. Management safety practices and supervisor safety was the best
predictor of the job satisfaction. WSS subscales were logically related with job
stress, psychological complaints, physical and sleep complaints.

Saloniemi & Oksanen (2018) found that there is no significant relation

between fatal accidents and business cycles. Not any of labour market indicators
(number of workers and hours, unemployment rate) in either the manufacturing
or construction industries were associated with deaths at work.

This study did not support the hypothesis of pro-cyclic relation

between accidents and economic activities.
Gardner et al. (2019) investigated the factors participating to
mechanical equipment injuries in thirty five small manufacturing organizations.
Interviews were carried out with all 35 managers and 145 employees returned
completed questionnaire. More than fifty percent respondents reported having
experienced an injury. Grinding machine and printing presses were found to
have a high ratio of accidents. Failure to follow known safe work procedures,
non- existent and inadequate guarding and poor machine design and condition
were common contributing factor.
Clark (2019) recorded the perceptions of 31train drivers, supervisors
and senior managers concerning the relative importance of 25 railways factor in
Britain. Every level gave their estimates to the rating of other levels and found
that at the as time as there was shared perception of the importance of safety,
perception between group were not realistic.
Cox & Cheyne (2000) discussed a joint industry and health & safety
research project on safety culture in offshore environments that was mainly
describes the development of a safety culture methodology which is based on
systems approach to organizational culture. Approach used here combines a
number of assessment methods i.e focus groups, situational audits and behavioral
observations to describe and explore the efficacy of HSMS. The results comes by
these methods are complementary rather than alternatives. The assessment
techniques have been piloted within the UK and the Gulf of Mexico.
Guldenmund (2000) reviewed the literature on safety climate and
safety culture and found that both were different according to a general
framework based on Schein (2012 Schein) organizational culture. This
framework differentiates three levels at which organizational culture can be
studied on basis espoused values, assumptions and art effects. Safety climate
might be measured an alternative safety performance indicator and research
should focus on its scientific validity.
Neal et al. (2000) investigated the influence of general organizational
climate on safety climate and performance for this many hypotheses were tested.
A sample of 525 employees from 32 work group in Australian hospital. And the
results demonstrated that general organizational climate influenced the
perceptions of safety climate and these perceptions influence safety performance
through their effects on motivation and knowledge.

Flin et al. (2000) reviewed the methods and results from a sample of
industrial survey, the thematic basis of 18 scales used to assess safety climate is
examined and found that most typically assessed dimensions relate to
management (72 % studies), the safety system (67%), and risk (67%). In addition
to these, relating to work pressures and competence appear in a third of the
studies.
Cooper (2000) identified those factors that motivate organizations to
adopt proactive health and safety management. Emergency answer services were
recognized as being in a position of low underlying motivation in this respect
and conclusion was found more research and investigations are required into
development and implementation of safety management systems within the
emergency response services.
Williams & Geller (2000) assessed the impact of global, specific and
social comparison feedback on safety behavior on large soft drink Bottle
Company. Analysis of covariance was used to test the hypothesis for three
dimensions that it would lead to the greatest improvement in percentage of safe
behavior. Behavior safety training provided to 597 employees and then
developed a critical behavior checklist for their work area. Social comparison
feedback led to significantly higher percent safe score than did the no Social
conditions (mean percent safe was 78% vs. 68% respectively).

Vassie (2000) presented a report on study of companies using

homeworkers, carried out to gather information concerning the employment
status of homeworkers and health and safety provision afforded to homeworker.
For this purpose home teleworking and traditional industrial homeworking was
considered and found that employees those have employees status, H&S
provision was not necessarily equal with legal requirement. Health and safety
provision was deemed adequate in case of self employed status. On the basis of
analysis it is suggested that if the status was one of employment, then health and
safety provision is not adequate.
Cooper & David (2000) conducted a study to promote debate and
discussion amongst practitioners about the particular issues surrounding training
that is related to safety. Study divided in four parts, in first part general
importance of safety training and problems in measuring body safety and
training performance was discussed. Second part examined a few of key features
of safety training. In third part a small study carried out and involves the
assistance of 34 trainee health and safety inspector. And in last part conclusion
and found some factor those are helpful in promoting effective safety training.

Glendon & Litherland (2001) determined the factor structure of safety

climate in road construction organization using a customized version of the
safety climate questionnaire and also investigated the relationship between safety
climate and safety performance. Questionnaires were distributed to 192
employees from two districts and in construction and maintenance job category.
Factor analysis derived six factors, which was found same as previous study and
no difference between two districts was found and no relationship was found
between safety climate and safety performance measures.
Fuller et al. (2001) assessed safety climate in terms of employees’ and
contractors’ workplace conditions, perceptions of safety management and safety
concern with the use of questionnaire. SAM and factor analysis were used to
maintain the benchmark study in order to measure up to the employees’ and
contractors’ belief in the organization’s health and safety philosophy. Results
revealed that safety climate is associated in organizations that operate
corporation agreements within a recognized HSMS.
Probst & Ty (2001) used two cross sectional structural equational
modeling analyses and one longitudinal regression analysis of 237 employees of
food processing plant to find out the relationship between job insecurity and
outcomes. Results demonstrated that workers who report high perceptions of job
insecurities decreased safety motivation and compliance, which in twist are
associated to upper level of workplace injuries and accidents.
Zohar (2002) started a study with three bases: style of leadership
affects the level of concern for subordinate safety, concern for safety with
supervisory practices, provides the source for safety climate perceptions and
safety priority as assigned by higher superior’s influences supervisory safety
practice independently of leadership style. Results came after applied split
sample analysis of 42 work group attached with forthcoming design showed that
transformational and constructive leadership predict injury rate while remedial
leadership provide indirect conditional prediction. Results also suggested that
transactional and transformational leadership provide gracious modes of pressure
on safety behavior of group members.
Cheyne et al. (2002) examined the relationship between component of
organizational safety climate, including: employee attitude to organizational and
individual safety issue; perception of the physical work environment and
perception of work place hazards; relates these to self reported levels of safety
activity. They also attempted to reproduce the explicative modal derived by
Cheyne

et al. in parallel study within the manufacturing sector. Their results

showed that a common structure of attitude to safety issue and perceptions of the
work environment can be structured in line with the previous modal, with a few
difference, providing some evidence of safety wide safety culture. The strength
of employee attitude with regard to safety management and individual
responsibility once again played a central role in the modal and are consistent
with earlier finding. Comparison are made between two organizations and mean
scores on each of the modal component show that there are differences between
two organization in terms of individual responsibility and personal involvement,
as well as level of safety activity and perceived levels of workplace hazards.
Kelloway (2002) developed, tested and stimulate a model in which
safety specific transformational leadership predicted occupational injuries in two
different studies. 174 restaurant workers were select for data collection and
analyzed using SEM and provided solid support for model. Next study replicated
and completed this model with 164 young workers from diverse jobs. Safety
specific transformational leadership and role overload were related to
occupational injuries through the effects of perceived safety climate, safety
conscious and safety related events.
Muscatello & Heshizer (2002) in their study determine whether safety
teams are illegal labour organization or not and observed that on the basis of
government act most of the safety teams are illegal. In the basis of finding it is
suggested that government need to amend existing legislation and develop new
rules for work legally in the organizations without any instruction and
constructing guidelines.
Ringdahl (2003) found that safety functions concept could be useful in
practical applications. One reason for this, it supported the building of model and
getting an overview of the safety feature in the studied system.
Mearns et al. (2003) conducted a survey on 13 offshare oil & gas
installation in separate years to check the association between management
practices and climate scores with accident statistics and self reported accident
involvement were tested to build a hypothesis and association were found
between them. Continuous in some safety management practices were associated
with lower official accident rates.
Siriruttanapruk & Anantagulnathi (2004) reviewed the situation of
occupational health and safety to explain the research priority in this particular
field in Thailand. Fund spent on Workmen’s compensation showed that rate of
occupational injuries and diseases was increased at 3-4 % each year. Three main
agencies ministry of labour, ministry of public health and ministry of industry
are responsible for OHS in the country. And concluded that research framework
is needed focuses on research and development such as how to enrich OHS at all
levels, setting up and development, guidelines for health and safety management
assessment and implementation.
Siu et al.(2004) checked the relations among psychological strains,
safety performance and safety climate. Data was collected from 7 constructions
sites in Hong Kong from February to May 2000 by in depth interviews method.
EQS-5 was employes to test the hypothesied model relating to SC, SP and PS.
Results supported this model and psychological distress was found to be a
connection of the association between afety attitudes and accidents rates.
Cooper & Phillips (2004) conducted a pre and post data basis study for
measuring safety climate and found that perceptions regarding importance of
safety training were predictive of actual levels of safety behavior. And degree of
change in perceptual safety climates scores did not essentially match actual
changes in employee’s behavior.
Huang et al. (2004) examined the assumed profit of safety policies and
the role of two important variables of organization on safety outcomes and
satisfaction to the company. On the basis of data analysis it is found that quality
of execution of corporate safety policies, employee safety control and supervisor
safety support play critical roles in calculate both injury incidence and
satisfaction to the organization.
George et al. (2005) described the impact of social determinants on
workplace safety particularly, applied social capital theory's stress of trust,
shared norms, and faithfulness to obligations to the outcomes of at-risk behavior
and perceptions of a safe work environment. A response of 395 employees from
major steel company supported the hypothesis that shared norms of employee
predicted both perceptions of work environment safety and at-risk behavior,
belief in management’s safety value predicted at- risk behavior, and trust in
supervisor predicted perceptions of safe work environment.
Walters & Nichols (2006) examined the effectiveness of workers
representation and consultation on occupational health and safety in the UK in a
context of SRSC regulations 1977, recognized trade unions have the right to
appoint health and safety representative and access the training and facilities
needed to support their activities. Five establishments from (Chemical industry)
were selected for this research purpose because it provides all basic conditions to
examine the effectiveness. And findings of study revealed that SRSC regulations
was applied in all five cases but worker representation operated below the level
from the expected. Strong legislative guide to worker consultation and
representation in respect to H&S should make and implement.
Clarke (2006) examined the safety attitudes of managers, supervisors
and workers and their relationship with unsafe behavior and accidents in car
manufacturing plant. Questionnaire was used to measure the safety attitude and
perception and factor analysis was used for analysis of data. Three factors were
extracted after applied factor analysis first related to workers’ response to safety
second related to conflict between production and safety and last was managers’
concern for safety. Perception of the work environment had important effects as
a major forecaster of accidents and unsafe behavior. Still, job communication
failed to predict either safety outcome and there were little difference was found
in the strength of safety climate perceived across hierarchical levels.
Ayomoh & Oke (2006) verified the practicability of implement a new
approach named hybrid structural interaction matrix to the precedence of safety
parameters in an organization. They applied methodology that reduces
subjectivity normally found in precedent methodologies. And after analyzed the
manufacturing organization found that safety manager can reduce fault in
measurement due to partiality in human assessment of safety performance that
may be characterized of current safety precedent paradigm.
Parker et al. (2006) formulated a framework for progress and
maturation of organizational safety culture with the help of 26 semi structured
interviews with oil and gas companies’ experienced executives. The framework
was based on Westrum’s typology of organizational cultures, which was further
adopted by Reason and it was a set of short descriptions of every aspects of
organizational safety at every level of safety culture. Theoretical implications
and possible application of framework was discussing in this study.
 Robson et al. (2007) reviewed the literature for combine the best
available evidence on the effects of organizational health and safety management
system interventions on employee health and safety and related economic
outcome. For this purpose a lot of bibliographic, articles and studies were
evaluated and found positive results. The review concluded that the body of
evidence was inadequate to make recommendations either in favour of or against
OHSMS.
Game (2007) investigated how employees cope with boredom at work
and whether dissimilarity in “boredom coping” usefulness are associated with
dissimilarity in employee well being, and safety behavior. For the collection of
information self reported safety compliance, and range of well being variables
was used. Findings revealed that high boredom-copers reported better well-
being and higher compliance with organizational safety rules compared with low
boredom copers.
Gyekye & Salminen (2007) investigated the relationship between
perceived organizational support and organizational support. Additionally, it
studied the relationship with job satisfaction, worker compliance with safety
management policies and accident frequency. A structured scale was used to
assess the safety climate and supportive perceptions. CFA confirmed the five
factor structure of structured WSS scale. Regression analysis and t-test show that
workers with positive perspectives regarding supportive perception in the same
way expressed positive perception relating to workplace safety. Greater job
satisfaction was expressed with safety management policies.
Makin & Winder (2008) presented a conceptual framework to ensure
that organizational health and safety management system to bring together the
qualities of the three major control strategies that have come out for dealing with
workplace hazards namely: safe person, safe place and safe systems. For
simplify the implementation process and make the benefits of organizational
health and safety management system they also argued that unless the
organization’s hazard profile has not exactly determined and properly addressed:
and types of business operation has been understood and analyzed to appreciate
which factors have great impact on health and safety. Compliance auditing has
little impact on the organization’s overall safety performance.
Hahn & Lawrence (2008) tried to validate a 6- item measure that
evaluate global work safety climate using multiple samples each from hospital
and nuclear energy population. 6-item measure accepted internal consistency
from 14 samples. Measure was connected with better adherence to safe work
practices, the presence of more safety policies and procedures, decreased
accidents and positive general organizational climate. For disriminant validity,
safety climate had relatively small relationship with sleeping troubles, negative
mood and was not related with most demographic measures. Finally it is found
that measure is reliable and valid way to evaluate global safety climate.
Pousette et al. (2008) replicated the factor structure of safety climate
found by Cheyne et al (2018) in the three different sample, but somewhat
dependent samples. The result supported that model designed by Cheyne et al.
(2018) was reliable in Swedish construction industry that was totally different as
compare to previous industry (French and British manufacturing industry) for
that model was developed.
Kongtip et al. (2008) found in Thailand, response rate for small
medium enterprises was low and almost employee does overtime for gain high
salary it increase fatigue and also increase the chance of accidents. Rubber and
plastic enterprises was found high risky enterprises. In case of sickness, the
furniture and engineering enterprises was high because it generate fume in the
environment. There was no strict arrangement for fire preventions.
Melia et al. (2008) identified four main safety agents (workers,
coworkers,supervisors and organization) and five safety climate variables
(Supervisors Safety Response, Organizational Safety Response, Co-Workers
safety Response, Perceived Risk of Accidents and Workers’ Safety Response)
and analyze the psychological chain of safety influence among the safety
responses and perceived probability of accidents. Two types of sample has been
taken in which two types of general sample obtained from England and Spain
and two construction sample from China and Spain. In both general and
construction samples, SSR and OSR are strongly related, as WSR and CSR.

Burt et al. (2008) conducted a study to identify the variables those are
closely allied employees having a caring attitude towards their co-worker’s
safety. Variable used for examination are likely related to caring were opener
ability, co-worker knowledge, team tenure, group orientation and group
cohesion, co-worker and supervisor support. To identify the factor two studies
were conducted in the first study, sample were taken from forestry and
construction industries and here found that caring was positively connected to
group cohesion and knowledge an employee had about their co worker. In
second study sample were selected from road construction and a power
generation company and results showed that caring was positively correlated
with team tenure and personal support dimension of contextual performance.
Vinod & Bhasi (2009) conducted a study to determine the safety
climate factor in chemical industry. 2536 questionnaires were administered
among employees in eight accident hazard chemical industrial unit. Population
included first line supervisor at the lowest end and workers. After applied factor
analysis eight factors extracted which together explained 52.15 % of total
variance. Significant negative correlation was found with self reported accident
rates revealed good predictive validity. ANOVA and t-test has also applied on
demographic of the respondents.
Muniz et al. (2009) identified good practices in safety management
and also analyzed the effect of these practices on a set of indicators of
organizational performance. For this a series of hypotheses has formulated and
test on a sample of 455 Spanish firms and found that safety management has a
positive influence on safety performance, competitiveness performance and
economic financial performance. Findings of the study represent an important
source of motivation for organization to implement a safety management system
like the expression and improve safety.
Teo & Feng (2009) reported empirical examination of the relationship
between safety climate and safety culture. The results indicated that safety
climate has an impact on the three dimensions of safety culture, namely
situational/environmental, psychological and behavioral aspects of safety culture.
Several project specific features, such as project size, duration of project and
grade of contractor registration are found to influence the relationship between
safety culture and safety climate.
Swuste et al. (2010) studied the previous literature on safety
descriptions, occupational safety and found the causes of occupational accidents
in two ways internal and external. In internal cause workers’ capacity to handle
hazardous situations and in external causes these were long working hours,
dangerous machines and increased pressures of work and high speed of
production. In Pittsburgh survey, analysis of occupational accidents strongly
advocated the environment hypothesis, while individual hypothesis is favored by
the American safety first movement.
Prasad & Reghunath (2010) framed a questionnaire to ascertain safety
climate in construction organizations over the India in construction of major
project such as Hydro power plants, Bridge works, Thermal power plants,
refinery works, High rise works and Dam works and validity of its content was
verified. Cronbachs alpha coefficient test was applied to check the internal
consistency of questionnaire. Data was collected from employees working in
different construction companies in India. Result of questionnaire was tested by
using Kruskal- Wallis test to ascertain the attitudes of various categories of
employees regarding safety climate.
Stromgen & Andersson (2010) explored which types of tools are being
used in Swedish municipalities and which is used by municipal sector and how
they carry out their day to day work on safety related issues. Results came after
data analysis indicated that tools like risk inventory.
 CHAPTER 3

INDUSTRIAL PROFILE

3.1 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS

Indian Automobile Industry: History

The history of the Indian automobile industry instigated about 4000 years ago when the
first wheel was used for transportation. Later in the 18 th century the first car rolled on to the
streets what we now call as ‘Vintage Cars’.42

Indian automobile industry has come a long way since the first car ran on the streets of
Bombay (Mumbai) in 1898. In the early 1900 Mumbai had its first taxicabs. Between 1910
and 1920 the Indian automobile industry had set up assembly plants in Calcutta, Chennai &
Mumbai.43 Until 1920s, cars were imported directly, but in very small numbers. The
automobile manufacturing industry in India really dates back to 1948. Till then cars were
only being assembled in India, with G.Mackenzie & Company making its debut in 1926.44
Before independence, India was considered as a market for imported vehicles. The
assembling of cars manufactured by General Motors and other leading brands was the order
of the day. Indian auto industry focused on servicing, dealership, financing and maintenance
of vehicles45. Hindustan Motors (HM) and Premier Automobile (PAL) that were setup in
1940’s dominated the vehicle market and automobile industry 46. Following the
independence in 1947, the government of India and the private sector launched efforts to
create an automotive component manufacturing industry to supply o the automobile
industry.
Manufacturing in the automotive sector began only in the decade after 1947. Till then
entrepreneurs focused on dealerships, servicing, financing & developing expertise in
handling any problem to do with the vehicle. They had to rely entirely on their own
ingenuity in developing locally available labor and training them in an industrial culture. 47
In the 1950s, the government of India granted approval to only 07 car dealers to operate in
India namely Hindustan Motors, Premier Automobiles Ltd (PAL), Mahindra & Mahindra
(M&M), Telco, API, ALL & SMPIL48. In 1950s, the arrival of Tata motors, Bajaj auto and
Mahindra & Mahindra led to steadily increasing vehicle production in India, while the 1960s
witnessed the establishment of the two and three wheeler industry in India. In year 1953, the
Indian government took the first step towards making the country self-sufficient in
automobiles. This was part of the government’s overall approach towards industrial self-
reliance through import substitution49.
The automotive industry in India was heavily regulated until the 1970s. The automotive
firms were obliged to obtain licenses from the Indian government for various firm
activities50. The year 1970 saw minor change except for the gradual erosion of the market
share experienced by Standard Motors. By the end of 1970 a diesel engine was launched by
Hindustan. By the end of 1970s, significant changes in the auto industry were witnessed.
New models like Contessa, The Rover and the premier 118 NE hit the market51.
After 1970s, the automotive industry started to grow, but the growth was mainly driven by
Tractors, Commercial Vehicles & Scooters. In the 1980s the Indian car industry started
seeing growth. There were many global automotive giants coming to India with intentions of
building joint ventures52. Notable changes in the structure and performance of the Indian
automobile industry began in the early 1980s. Until then only three manufacturers namely
Premier automobiles, Hindustan Motors and Standard Motors dominated the industry.
The automotive industry witnessed tremendous growth after the entry of Maruti Udyog in
the 1980s53. In the 1980s, a number of Japanese manufacturers launched joint ventures for
building motorcycles and light commercial vehicles following the economic liberalization in
and the gradual weakening of the license raj, a number of Indian and multinational car
companies launched operations.
In 1983, Hindustan Motors and Premier Automobiles declared plans to manufacturing fuel
efficient cars with latest & modern body styling. In 1984, Hero Honda established & in 1985
it introduced four stroke engine motorcycles, since then the Indian two wheeler market
gradually switched from old technology scooters to the fuel efficient motorcycles.54
The following chart highlights few vital growth drivers of Indian automobile industry.
Chart 1.1: Growth Drivers of Indian Automobile Sector

Growth in
road
infrastructure
Easy Rise in
availability Per
of Finance from Capita
banks Income

Growth
Favorable Drivers Variety &
government easy
policies availability of
vehicle

Rising
Urbanization Working
& Middle class

Source: www.india-reports.com & compiled by author from various sources.

Apart from the above growth drivers there are few other growth drivers which have also
boosted the Indian automobile sector. The Indian automobile sector is presently crowded
with lot of national and international brands due to favorable automobile policies. The
Indian government has declared various favorable policies related to automobile sector like
to accelerate the growth by providing higher fiscal incentives for R&D the Indian
government formulated “auto policy 2002” along with 100 percent foreign direct
investment.
According to official government of India estimates, poverty declined from 37.2% in 2004-
05 to 29.8% in 2009-10. Rural poverty declined by 8 percentage points from
41.8% to 33.8% and urban poverty by 4.8 percentage points from 25.7% to 20.9% over the
same period.74 Hence due to rise in per capita income and growing number of middle class
people, the demand for passenger vehicles i.e car has been increased in recent times. Also
due to availability of variety of vehicles the customers today are having lot of choices and
alternatives.
Currently the banking and financial sector in India is having lot of importance and playing
vital role regarding providing car loans to middle class customers. Due to rise in per capita
income of middle class and easy availability of finance from various
banks and financial institutions, the customers are moving to banks for vehicle loans. Presently
there are lots of banks who are providing car loans with attractive schemes along with attractive
rate of interest. State Bank of India, Bank of Maharashtra, Bank of Baroda and Union Bank of
India are the leading government banks who are on top in providing vehicle loans.
Today, roads are considered as the dominant mode of transportation. The roads carry almost 90
percent of the country’s passenger traffic and 65 percent of its freight. The density of India’s
highway network is at 0.66 km of highway per square kilometer of land. The Indian
transportation sector has contributed about 5.5 percent to the nation’s GDP in the year 2007.

3.2 COMPANY ANALYSIS

.
DEPARTMENTS PROFILE
SRS industries India Pvt. Ltd., are one stop-destination for all your daily beverage
requirements. From Carbonated Automobile Manufacturing to Automobile Manufacturing, you'll
find a wide range of Automobile Manufacturing at our destination. We began our business
journey way back in the year 1969 as a manufacturer, supplier and trader and since then we have
continuously meeting all the beverage requirements of the domestic market. From individual
clients, hotels, bulk buyers to retailers, a huge list of clients are associated with us today.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF DEPARTMENTS

 Purchase department
 Production department
 Quality control department
 Advertisement department
 Marketing department
 Sales department
 Accounts department
 Finance department
 Personnel department

DEPARTMENTS ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY

PURCHASE DEPARTMENT
The purchase department is under the control of the factory manager. Purchase is one of
the important functions of production. It means procurement of quality materials at the lowest
cost of produce the quality product purchasing as a business function. It is most important
function in all type of business organization. The materials are purchased by the purchase
department. The purchase manager will take decision about the quality of materials to be
purchased.
The raw materials are purchased by the purchase department. The purchase manager will
take decision about the quality of raw materials to be purchased. The main process of purchase
department is the raw material purchased in the process. The available of the purchase
department is the raw material weighting system.
INVOICE NOTE
It is also known as stores inward register. In coming goods are entered in receipts books
and the terms are posted in the ledger.

STOCK LEDGER
The stock ledger is a book which contains individuals accounts of each item of the
materials stored in the store house. Every day act issues and receipts and entered in detail in the
stores record.

PURCHASE ORDER
The purchase department manager prepares a purchase order for supply of stores.

RECEIVING AND INSPECTING MATERIALS

Checking quality: Raw materials of Automobile Manufacturing Automobile
Manufacturing are purchased in the form of essence of fruits. This is shortly as F.P [Form of
Processed].
Accounting treatment for stores
1. Cash transaction for purchase

2. Credit transaction for purchase

The value of stock shown in the assets side of the balance sheet under the head closing
stock.
OBJECTIVES
 To ensure uninterrupted supply of materials of right quality at material at the right time
from the right source at the right price to keep up manufacturing schedule.

 To review ordered and inventory carrying costs with a view to effect reduction in cost
also investigate and formulate the plan for import substitution.

 To continuously develop alternate sources of supply and find out feasibility of an

alternate type of material with a view to reduce cost.
 To ensure effective co-ordination, liaison and follow up with government/ legal agencies
to ensure prompt clearance of our proposals materials.

FUNCTIONS
• The committee will deal with matters relating to determination of items of stock to be
carried in inventory.
• Review the existing methods of inventory control, classification by cost wise, the various
levels of inventories, mode of physical verification and make recommendations for improvement
in these areas.
• Deal with matters relating to accurate analysis of cost and performance and reduction in
operating cost, working capital investments.
• Examine specific proposals for the disposal of slow moving and obsolete goods.

PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT
Production is the functional area responsible for turning inputs into finished outputs
through a series of production processes. The Production Manager is responsible for making sure
that raw materials are provided and made into finished goods effectively. He or she must make
sure that work is carried out smoothly, and must supervise procedures for making work more
efficient and more enjoyable.
The Manufacturing Process
Most Automobile Manufacturing are made at local bottling and canning companies.
Brand name franchise companies grant licenses to bottlers to mix the Automobile Manufacturing
Automobile Manufacturing in strict accordance to their secret formulas and their required
manufacturing procedures.
QUALITY CONTROL DEPARTMENT
Automobile Manufacturing manufacturers adhere to strict Automobile Manufacturing
quality standards for allowable dissolved solids, alkalinity, chlorides, sulfates, iron, and
aluminum. Not only is it in the interest of public health, but clean Automobile Manufacturing
also facilitates the production process and maintains consistency in flavor, color, and body.
Microbiological and other testing occur regularly. The National Automobile Manufacturing
Association and other agencies set standards for regulating the quality of sugar and other
ingredients. If Automobile Manufacturing Automobile Manufacturing are produced with low-
quality sugar, particles in the beverage will spoil it, creating floc. To prevent such spoilage, sugar
must be carefully handled in dry, sanitized environments.

It is crucial for Automobile Manufacturing manufacturers to inspect raw materials before

they are mixed with other ingredients, because preservatives may not kill all bacteria. All tanks,
pumps, and containers are thoroughly sterilized and continuously monitored. Cans, made
of aluminum alloy or tin-coated low-carbon steel, are lacquered internally to seal the metal and
prevent corrosion from contact with the beverage. Automobile Manufacturing manufacturers also
recommend specific storage conditions to retailers to insure that the beverages do not spoil. The
shelf life of Automobile Manufacturing Automobile Manufacturing is generally at least one year.

Our quality assurance personnel regularly check up to various stages of production cycle
to ensure that factories adhere to the quality requirement. There is a separate department called
Statically Quality Control [SQC] is functioning inside the automobile. The main activates of this
department are:

 To have a regular check over the material being processed.

 On –line-process control.

 Corrective action.

 Quality inspection.

The above said activities are worked upon by a person in quality control department.
Quality control can be attained only by close and effective measure of observations at
various points. It plays a vital role in manufacturing and export unit. Various efforts are put forth
to up grading the quality of the goods, that comes output, form the production line.
Automobile committee is assenting exporter by conduction following tests and issuing
reports for getting quality in production.
Quality is of prime importance in any aspect of business. Customers demands and expect
value for money. As producers of appear there must be a constant Endeavour to produce work of
good quality.
 "The systems required for programming and coordinating the efforts of the various groups
in an organization to maintain the requisite quality".
As such quality control is seen the agent of quality assurance or total quality control. In
the garments industry quality control is practiced rights from the initial stage of final finishing
garments.

MARKETING DEPARTMENT
The major responsibilities of this department include sales and promotion, advertising,
visual merchandising, organizing special events, public relation etc.

MARKETING DEPARTMENT CHART

Marketing department

Marketing department layout

Marketing manager

Export manager

Buying agent

Export executive
INTRODUCTION
Marketing head office can summarize all the data and furnished the information to the
secretary operating committee for review in the operating committee meeting.

MARKETING PROCESS
The Marketing process is the front end of the lousiness activities of Iman Apparels and
is responsible for the sales and science of the entire product manufactured by it. Market
coordination, one of the activities of marketing process receives annual forecast from the
marketing need quarters. It also receives monthly indents from marketing. Further to these,
market co-ordination receives additional indents also and when required of finished product is
compiled based on these indents.

The consolidated requirement are furnished to the production planning department, one
of the activated of product realization, to draw up the production programmed for the ensuring
month. The data furnished by the market co-ordination help the production planning department
to schedule the requirement of resources once the resource are made available, value adding
activities are caused out to produce products to meet the customer requirements.

Quality assurance department, one of the activities of measurement, analysis and R&D
processes, ensure the quality of the incoming raw material and the outgoing finished products
against eh specifications. Research and development department to develop the methods for the
up – graduation of the existing products and also for the innovation of new products as required
by the customers.

Complaints received from the customers are communicated to the R&D. QA and
production department for the corrective and preventive actions to prevents its occurrence again.
Top management provides the resources for all the process and continual improvement of the
product based on data analysis. The organization shall establish document, implement and
maintain quality management system and continually improve its effectiveness in accordance
with the requirements of this international standards.
COMMUNICATION OF MARKET REQUIREMENT
 Copy of the annual sales forecast, monthly indents and additional indents is sent to
production planning department.
 Follow up to down with production planning to ensure that production orders have
been issued.
 Daily follow up is done with individual production department to determine daily
production and delivery to finished product stores.

SALES DEPARTMENT
A sales department performs the functions of the selling finished goods to the different
parts of the world. The raw materials are purchased from different segments and it is processed
and product as a fine product and sold in the market. The sales department is directly under the
control of managing partners of the company.

Production of goods is done for sales. sales means transfer of goods from one person to
another in the ordinary course of business for cash or valuable consideration the effectiveness of
sales in the organization is the most important factor for the progress of the firm because it is
final figure of project.

Motivating salespeople to secure more clients and make more sales for the company is
generally every sales manager's biggest role. Because their salaries are usually largely dependent
upon the sales of their team members, sales managers must alter their daily schedules to help
support the ever-evolving needs and challenges their sales team member’s face on a day-to-day
basis.

Sales managers also set sales quotas for their teams and develop client relationships that
reinforce the efforts of the sales team members. Sales managers also hire and fire salespeople,
which makes them feared by lower-producing salespeople within organizations. Often, this blend
of beloved mentor and feared production overseer puts many sales managers in precarious
positions between the upper management of an organization and the salespeople directly under
them.
 To circumvent challenges that arise within these positions, sales managers usually set
clearly defined goals, behavior codes, and reward or dismissal terms for their salespeople. Some
sales managers also sell company products or services themselves, while others only supervise
salespeople and are not responsible for selling the company's products themselves.

ACCOUNTS DEPARTMENT

The account department follows double entry system and maintains subsidiary books.
They are
 Journal
 Ledger
 Purchase book
 Sales book
 Packing material register
 Stock register
 Petty cash book
 Cash book
 Purchase return book
 Sales return book

CASH BOOK
The cash book is maintained to record all cash transaction i.e.... Cash receipts and cash
payments. The credit transactions do not find any entry or place in the cash book. So each sale,
purchase and other expenses are recorded.

PURCHASE BOOK
It is maintained to record all credit purchase of goods made by the company. Cash
purchase does not find any place in this book

SALES BOOK
In the sales book, the company does only the credit sales. Cash sales do not find any place
in this book.

LEDGER ACCOUNT
 The company after preparing the above said books prepares the ledger account. The
ledger account is prepared at the end month. The ledger account is prepared by posting from the
subsidiary books.

TRAIL BALANCE
After preparing ledger accounts, the trail balance is prepared. The posting is made from
the ledger accounts.

FUNCTIONS OF ACCOUNTS DEPARTMENT

While some people may have a differing opinion, the essential roles and duties of
virtually any accounting department should include the following:
 Money out – making payments and keeping the bills paid.

 Money in – processing incoming payments.

 Payroll – make sure everyone gets paid (including the government).

 Reporting – preparing financial reports, e.g. P&L, Balance sheets and budgets.

 Financial Controls – to avoid errors, fraud and theft.

Accounts Payable (money out) – In order to maintain great relationships with vendors
making sure that everyone gets paid on time is a vital role. The role of the accounting department
includes keeping an eye on opportunities to save money, for example, determining if there are
discounts or incentives available for paying certain vendors more quickly. At the very least, AP
should be scheduled to assure that the least amount of money has to go out per payment, i.e., no
late payment charges.

FINANCE DEPARTMENT
Finance department is blood of any business organization to survive. Any organization
handicapped by finance will never complete an ultimate result in failure and a burden to
economy. Finance department is concerned with planning and controlling of company finance
resources.

The company policy is formulated and credit worthiness of the customer is evaluated
audits such as cash audit, internal audit, cost audit is done per month. In the finance department
of number of staff members contributing towards the effective functioning of the department.
 The finance department is also responsible for management of the organization’s cash
flow and ensuring there are enough funds available to meet the day to day payments. This area
also encompasses the credit and collections policies for the company’s customers, to ensure the
organization is paid on time, and that there is a payment policy for the company’s suppliers. In
most organizations there will be some form of forecast prepared on a regular basis to
systematically calculate the ongoing cash needs.

Where there are cash needs beyond the day to day working capital, the finance
department is responsible for advising and sourcing longer term financing. Financing may be
obtained though bank or private lender debt or, in applicable firms, share issues to private
investors. If the organization is ready to target angel investors or venture capitalists the finance
department will be key in preparing the documents required for these presentations and may work
with outside consultants on a company valuation.

In larger firms considering public share offerings the finance department will assist with
the preparation of the offering documents but will likely also use outside consultants to advise on
this complicated process.

Finally, the finance department should be called upon to provide information to assist
managers in making key strategic decisions, such as which markets or projects to pursue or the
payback periods for large capital purchases. The finance department can often contribute an
objective perspective based on special financial assessment techniques.
 CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

4.1 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Industrial Health and safety climate refers to shared perceptions of employees about safety
of their work environment and provide a background against which day to day tasks are
performed (DeJoy et al., 1995; Hofmann and Stetzer, 1996; Varon and Mattila, 2000). The
concept of safety climate emphasizes on the importance of how organizations manage
health and safety in the workplace. It is very important aspect in every organization for
increase the efficiency and social’s view point. Health and safety climate constitute by the
working environment provided by the organization to their employees. The proper
implementation of health and safety measures in the organization plays an important role
for constitute the health and safety climate. In highly competitive and globalized and highly
competitive scenario, industries are facing stiff competition with one another and all
employees wants good working environment according to their health and safety at the
time of performing duty. Law enacted by the government creates pressure on organization
to follow the rule and regulations for better health and safety for their employees. The focal
point of this research is on health and safety measures adopted by automobiles sector, on
what extent they are satisfied and employees’ perception regarding health and safety
climate in automobile sector in Haryana. It aims to represent attention on employees’
health and safety provision provided and on what extent they are available in the
automobile sector Haryana. The study tries to find out overall health and safety climate in
automobile sector.
4.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 To examine the existing status of industrial health and safety measures adopted by the
automobile sector.

 To examine the employees’ satisfaction regarding industrial health and safety measures
of the organization.

 To examine the health and safety provisions followed by the organizations in case of
emergencies.

 To find out employees’ perception regarding industrial health and safety climate.

 To offer workable guidelines for enriching industrial health and safety climate in
automobile sector.

4.3 TESTING OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

For examine the above confirmed objectives, null hypothesis (Ho) and alternative
hypothesis (H1) have been framed and tested using the above said techniques.

Hypothesis-1
H10: There is no significant difference in the existing status of industrial health and
safety measures adopted by automobile sector on the basis of age.
H11: There exists a significant difference in the existing status of industrial health and
safety measures adopted by automobile sector on the basis of age.
H20: There is no significant difference in existing status of body safety provisions on the
basis of age.
H21: There exists a significant difference in existing status of body safety provisions on
the basis of age.
H30: There is no significant difference in existing status of pollution reduction measures
on the basis of age.
H31: There exists a significant difference in existing status of pollution reduction
measures on the basis of age.
4.4 RESEARCH DESIGN

Automobile sector of Haryana is selected by the researcher for the purpose of this study.
Employees of automobile manufacturing units are the population of the study and it
comprised of 408 employees working in different department from automobile sector of
Haryana selected from a convenience sampling method.

Sample Design

Population is very wide so it not possible to study the entire population and there is only
one solution for remove this difficulties i.e. sampling. The centre view of sampling is that
by selecting some of part in a population, conclusion may be draw about the entire
universe. A good sampling design should be representative of the universe and consists of
sampling frame, sampling unit, sampling technique, and the competent sample size. The
sampling frame determined for the research was automobile manufacturing unit in
Haryana. Employees working in automobile companies were taken as sampling unit.
Convenience sampling techniques was used to take a representative sample. The sample
size for the research was 400 hundred employees working in automobile manufacturing
unit. Employees are those who have passed matric, diploma/degree from Industrial
Training Institutes in India and post graduate from different educational institutes.

4.5 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT

A questionnaire is used to collect the necessary data which meets the motive or objective of
the study. It was designed to promote the participation of workers. The data collection
instrument is divided into five parts. The first part of the questionnaire includes
demographic profile of the respondents i.e. age, gender, marital status, qualification,
qualification category, locality, department and work experience.

The second part of the questionnaire included those twenty five statements (with six
extracted factors) which measured the existing status of health and safety measure adopted
by the automobile sector. All statements are made with the help of health and safety
provisions mentioned in factories act 1948. Cronbach’s alpha of the statements under this
section is 0.925. Each statement was measured with the help of five-point Likert type scale,
anchored by 1(Unavailable), 2 (Partially Available), 3 (Fairly available), 4 (Available) and
5 (Highly Available). The third part of the instruments included nineteen constructs (with
four extracted factors) which measured the satisfaction level of employees regarding health
and safety measures which are necessary for the automobile sector. Here also one act
‘Factories Act 1948’ is included in this part. Cronbach’s alpha of the constructs under this
section is 0.933. Each statement was measured with the help of five-point Likert type scale,
anchored by 1(Highly Dissatisfied), 2 (Dissatisfied), 3 (Neutral), 4 (Satisfied) and 5
(Highly Satisfied). The fourth part of the instrument is composed of twelve statements
which measure implementation of health and safety measures adopted by the organization
in case of emergencies. Cronbach’s alpha of the constructs under this section is 0.907.
These statements are measured on five-point Likert type scale ranging from ‘1= strongly
disagree’ to ‘5= strongly agree’. The fifth part of instrument collected information on
employees’ perception regarding health and safety climate in automobile sector. This part
include of twenty five statements (with for extracted factors) which demonstrates the
perception level of workers on five-point type Likert scale ranging from ‘1=strongly
disagree’ to ‘5=strongly agree’. Cronbach’s alpha of the constructs in this section is 0.955.

4.6 DATA COLLECTION METHOD

Primary and secondary data was collected for the purpose of this research study. Primary
data was collected with the help of self structured questionnaire method from employees
engaged in various departments in automobile manufacturing organization in Haryana
(Gurgoan, IMT Manesar, IMT Bawal and automobile companies in Faridabad). Secondary
data was collected through books related to topic, journal, published and unpublished
thesis, news articles from magazines, government report on health and safety and internet
website were used to gain familiarity into the topic.
4.7 STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES USED FOR DATA ANALYSIS

To check the hypotheses framed during research, statistical techniques have been used on
collected data. Descriptive and inferential both types of statistical tool have been used for
the data analysis. Percentage, mean and standard deviation types descriptive statistics was
used for analyzing the data and in inferential statistics students’t-test, ANOVA test, and
factor analysis have been used.

Percentage method: For made comparison between two or more series of data, percentage
method was used in this study. It is based on descriptive statistics. It cut down everything
to a common base and making allowed them for comparison with another.

Level of significance: For reject/accept the hypothesis, level of significance is required to

be set up and it is expressed in percentage. Basically we reject the null hypothesis when it
is true. In every case, the level of significance is taken 5 % and it means that probability of
an error is being committed in 5 in 100 and the confidence level if/is 95%.

Standard deviation was used to assess the degree of dispersion of the values of its mean
and the error which subject to estimating the mean of the population from which sample
has been selected. It is widely used measurement of variability which indicates how much
variations occur from the average value. If it is low value then it means that data points are
close to the mean and high value of standard deviation shows spreading of data over a large
range of values.

The t-test is used to know the difference in the mean of the two samples actually differ
whether the difference in the mean of the two samples is significant or not. And in this
study it is used to know the significant difference in the existing status, satisfaction level of
employees and perception of employees on the basis of marital status(Married, Unmarried),
locality (rural, urban), qualification category(Technical, General), and work
experience(Yes, No).

One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA test) has been used in this study to find out the
significant difference in existing status of health and safety measures, employees’
satisfaction regarding health and safety measures, health and safety measures used in
automobile company in case of emergencies and employee perception regarding industrial
health and safety climate on the basis of age, qualification and department in organization.
By the use of ANOVA test we know about the means of different independent group differ
from each other.

4.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH

The research “A study of Industrial Health and Safety Climate in Automobile sector” is the
prime of its kind started so far in Haryana. This study can be enormous use to employers of
automobile companies and future researchers interested in this area. The study gives an
insight in to health and safety measures arranged in the automobile sector in Haryana. In
addition to, level of satisfaction gained by the employees in automobile sector on Haryana
has also been realized. Employees of this sector will be aware to the importance of health
and safety measures adopted by the

organization and on the basis of their suggestions improvement can be made. This study
can also be helpful in enhance the satisfaction level of employees regarding these health
and safety measure because satisfaction of employees is direct affect the performance of
overall organization. Study will also beneficial for employer to realize that health and
safety measures act as a remedy for the employees and motivate them for work by
providing them healthy and safe work environment. Besides through the study automobile
sector will also be recognize the important level of employees’ satisfaction and know how
to increase it. This study will also support the employers in policy making that will
definitely increase the efficiency, profitability and productivity of the organization for
create better health and safety climate in organization. This study will also beneficial for
employer in policy making for enrich the health and safety climate in the organization.
Automobile sector is very outstanding sector in India for provide employment to the citizen
at every level in the organization. So this study will also helpful to government for policy
making especially for automobile sector employees to enrich the conditions here.
4.9 LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH

 The study was confined to only Haryana state.

 The study was restricted to only Industrial sector i.e. automobile sector.
 Most of the times employees are not in favour of provide the correct information and for
take correct information researcher has to persuade them about the importance of the study.
 The study has focused on health and safety measures provide under factories act 1948.
Other facilities besides these measures can also be examined.
 In this study welfare aspect can also be included.
 Employees were vacillated to give actual information about the industry.
 Number of female employees was low than male employees in automobile sector.
 CHAPTER 5

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PERSONNEL SAFETY

5.1 IMPORTANCE OF DATA TABULATION AND ANALYSIS

To find out the results and findings from collected data, tabulation and analysis is
very crucial task in research. Without analysis of data, objectives can’t be achieved and
raw data have no any meaning without the interpretation. In this chapter analysis and
interpretation of collected data have been discussed. In previous chapter-3, various types
of tool and techniques have been described and in this chapter researcher applied those
tools accordingly. Firstly the researcher analysis the collected data with the use of factor
analysis for reduce the number of statements after that mean, standard deviation, t-test
and ANOVA test are applied for check the variation among the employees’ view and
explain the findings.

5.2 EXISTING STATUS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES

First objective: To examine the existing status of industrial health and safety
measures adopted by the automobile sector. In order to achieve the first objective of
study, a self structured questionnaire has been developed for data collection from
employees working in various departments in automobile manufacturing plant in
Haryana. The statements were development with the help of health and safety provisions
mentioned in factories act 1948. At the time of data analysis it is found that twenty five
dimensions are too large for deep analysis, thus factor analysis is applied for reduction of
data. Before applied the factor analysis there was need to check the normality of data and
for that KMO and Bartlett’s test is applied. The sampling adequacy is found 0.929 that is
more than ‘0.50’ shows that data is suitable for factor analysis.
 Table: - 5.1 Descriptive Statistics
Health and Safety Measures N Mean SD
1. Cleanliness 408 4.12 .849
2. Disposal of Waste 408 4.20 .825
3. Ventilation 408 4.11 .839
4. Temperature Maintained 408 3.88 .925
5. Environment free from dust 408 3.92 .894
6. Artificial Humidification 408 3.58 .986
7. Overcrowding 408 3.80 .948
8. Fencing of Machinery 408 4.02 .888
9. Safety equipment for worker 408 4.13 1.002
10. Employment of young person 408 3.25 1.159
11. Facility of striking gear 408 3.91 .925
12. Inspection of hoist and lift 408 3.95 .909
13. Inspection of moving machine 408 4.07 .848
14. Maintenance of Floors and Stairs 408 4.09 .892
15. Prohibition from carrying excessive weight 408 3.98 .914
16. Safety guard for protection of eyes 408 4.15 .831
17. Precautions against dangerous fumes 408 4.08 .824
18. Practicable measure taken to handle explosive 408 3.96 .886
19. Maintenance of buildings 408 3.89 .852
20. Safety officer 408 3.96 .937
21. Worker participation in safety Management 408 3.90 1.001
22. Sanitation 408 4.09 .898
23. Spittoons 408 3.89 .960
24. Lighting 408 4.22 .779
25. Drinking Water 408 4.33 .826
Valid N (listwise) 408
Source: Primary Data
Table-4.1 describes status of twenty-five statutory measures to ensure health and
safety measures in automobile industry. Data revealed that most available measure is
‘Drinking Water’ with a mean value of 4.33. Few other measures have a mean very close
to highest mean value of
4.33. They are ‘Lighting’ (mean=4.22), Disposal of waste (mean=4.20) and Safety
equipment for worker (mean=4.13). Employment of young person (mean=3.25) is least
available measure. It is interesting to notice that all twenty-five measures lie in either
‘Highly Available’ or ‘Available’ category of five-point rating scale. It reflects
satisfactory availability of health and safety measures in Automobile industry. Twenty
five dimensions are too large for deep analysis, thus factor analysis is applied for
reduction of data. Firstly KMO and Bartlett’s test is applied to check normality of data
and to access suitability of data for factor analysis.

Table:-4.2 KMO and Bartlett’s Test

KAISER-MEYER-OLKIN MEASURE OF SAMPLING .926

ADEQUACY.
Approx. Chi-Square 4504.409
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Sig. .000
25 statutory dimensions of health and safety were subjected to principal
components factor analysis in which to define factors (scales) clearly, loadings exceeding
0.40 were considered and included in a factor. The KMO and Bartlett’s Test of .926
reveal that data is appropriate for factor analysis. Thereafter factor analysis was
administered to have distinct factors out of the 25 statements and in all six factors was
extracted. And one dimension (Employment of young person) has been excluded because
it is making one factor separately and it is not fulfilling the conditions of making the
factor. Bartlett's test is sensitive to departures from normality. Significant value (<.05)
indicates that data is normally distributed. The data reduction tool has reduced the twenty
five practices into seven factors, which could be studied in greater depth. Different
number of variables comes under different factors. Few factors inscribe as many as six
variables while rest of factors consists of three or four or two variable only. This
reduction of data allows researcher to explore status and potential of these health and
safety practices in great detail. Now extracted factors could be devoted with quality
investigation to highlight various demographical variations and fluctuations.

Table: - 4.3 Result of Factor Analysis

Factors Loading Eigen %age of

value variance
F-1: Body Safety Provisions 9.301 38.752
16. Safety guard for protection of eyes .781
13. Inspection of moving machine .654
15. Prohibition from carrying excessive weight .589
14. Maintenance of Floors and Stairs .520
17. Precautions against dangerous fumes .489
9. Safety equipment for worker .451
F-2: Pollution Reduction Measures 1.738 7.241
6. Artificial Humidification .770
4. Temperature Maintained .640
7. Overcrowding .628
5. Environment free from dust .536
F-3: Hygienic Conditions 1.348 5.615
23. Spittoons .757
24. Lightening .714
25. Drinking Water .652
22. Sanitation .633
F-4: Workers’ Participation in Safety and 1.026 4.275
Maintenance Measures
21. Workers’ participation in safety Management .728
20. Safety Officer .680
19. Maintenance of buildings .662
18. Practicable measure taken to handle explosive .439
F-5: Operational Measures .973 4.053
11. Facility of striking gear .774
12. Inspection of hoist and lift .596
8. Fencing of machinery .478
F-6: Climate Factor .835 3.479
3. Ventilation .732
2. Cleanliness .700
1. Disposal of waste .689
Six factors extracted through factor analysis have been discussed herewith.

F-1: Body Safety Provisions: Measures to protect any direct physical injury are included
in this factor. Protection of eyes and inspection of moving machines so that any
misshaping could be avoided explains approx. 6.5% of variance.

F-2: Pollution Reduction Measures: Air pollution is an integral aspect of industrial

production. It has dangerous impact on health of the employees. Thus this factor
considers protection for dust and fumes in factory premise and it include Artificial
Humidification, Temperature Maintained, Overcrowding and Environment free from dust
& fume, all these measures contribute in reduce the pollution from workplace.

F-3: Hygienic Conditions: Maslow explained that absence of hygienic conditions may
lead to dissatisfaction among employees. And this psychological state is critical to health
and may cause compromise with safety measures too. Thus sanitation, spittoons,
lightening and drinking water etc. are included in this factor.

F-4: Workers’ Participation in Safety and Maintenance Practices : It includes three

variables
i.e. measures to handle explosives and workers’ participation in safety management,
safety Officer, maintenance of buildings and practicable measure taken to handle
explosive. This factor has an Eigen value of 1.026.

F-5: Operational Measures: Health and safety issue is directly related to operational
process of manufacturing. Inspection of hoist and lift, Facility of striking gear and
Fencing of machinery etc. are to be taken into care. This factor includes all these
measures related to manufacturing process. The factor could explain 4.053% variance and
has an Eigen value of .973.

F-6: Climate Factor: Working environment is one of the important factors that could
affect performance and safety of the employees. Extreme or unpleasant conditions leads
to psychological draining of the employees and hence chances of accidents increases. The
factor includes ventilation, cleanliness and disposal of waste related issues. It has Eigen
value of .835 and explains approx. 3.479 % of variance.

Further these extracted factors are subjected to further analysis to determine status of
health and safety measures in Automobile sector.

Table: - 4.4 Descriptive Statistics for Six Extracted factors

Factors N Mean SD
F-1 Body Safety Provisions 408 4.08 .65060
F-2 Pollution Reduction Measures 408 3.79 .73875
F-3 Hygienic Conditions 408 4.13 .68904
F-4 Workers’ Participation in Safety and Maintenance Practices 408 3.92 .72065
F-5 Operational Measures 408 3.99 .69099
F-6 Climate Factor 408 4.14 .68118
Table-4.4 describes the six factors that come after applied the data reduction
technique. Data revealed that most available factor is F6 ‘Climate Factor with a highest
mean value of 4.14. Another factor has very close to highest mean value of 4.13 that is
‘Hygienic Conditions. Pollution Reduction Measures (mean=3.79) is least available. It
is remarkable to note that all six factors lie in either ‘Highly Available’ or ‘Fairly
Available’ category of five-point rating scale. It shows satisfactory availability of health
and safety measures in Automobile industry.

5.3 EXISTING STATUS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES AND

DEMOGRAPHY OF THE EMPLOYEES

In every organization, all employees have diverse view because of their different
demographic conditions. All employees are not similar with respect to age, marital status,
locality, qualification, qualification category, work experience and department. And
variation is also found in their view. So the demographic base is very important in this
study for know the different view of employees. On the basis of opinion given by the
employees, management can take necessary action for remove the difficulties found in
health and safety measures and enrich the current status of health and safety measures.
5.3.1 Age based Analysis of Existing Status of Health and Safety Measures

Age can be considered as an important demographic variable for check the

availability of health and safety measures in the organization because as the age increased
employees’ views are also changed with the use of measures. This study may be helpful
with respect to age.

Hypothesis-1
H10: There is no significant difference in the existing status of industrial health and safety
measures adopted by automobile sector on the basis of age.
H11: There exists a significant difference in the existing status of industrial health and
safety measures adopted by automobile sector on the basis of age.
Hypothesis-2
H20: There is no significant difference in existing status of body safety provisions on the
basis of age.
H21: There exists a significant difference in existing status of body safety provisions on the
basis of age.
Hypothesis-3
H30: There is no significant difference in existing status of pollution reduction measures
on the basis of age.
H31: There exists a significant difference in existing status of pollution reduction measures
on the basis of age.
Hypothesis-4
H40: There is no significant difference in existing status of hygienic conditions on the
basis of age.
H41: There exists a significant difference in existing status of hygienic conditions on the
basis of age.
Hypothesis-5
H50: There is no significant difference in existing status of workers’ participation in safety
and maintenance practices on the basis of age.
H51: There exists a significant difference in existing status of workers’ participation in
safety and maintenance practices on the basis of age.
Hypothesis-6
H60: There is no significant difference in existing status of operational measures on the
basis of age.
H61: There exists a significant difference in existing status of operational measures on the
basis of age.
Hypothesis-7
H70: There is no significant difference in existing status of climate factor on the basis of
age.
H71: There exists a significant difference in existing status of climate factor on the basis of
age.
Table:-4.5 Hypotheses Testing (Result of ANOVA- Age based Variations)
Factor Age N Mean SD F-value
(years) (p-value)
21-30 246 4.002 .6948
F-1 Body Safety Provisions 4.678
30-40 116 4.194 .5525
(Hypothesis- 2) (.010)*
Above 40 46 4.221 .5774
21-30 246 3.738 .7610
F-2 Pollution Reduction Measures 2.729
30-40 116 3.829 .7174
(Hypothesis- 3) (.067)
Above 40 46 4.005 .6335
21-30 246 4.053 .7442
F-3 Hygienic Conditions 4.267
30-40 116 4.226 .5585
(Hypothesis- 4) (.015)*
Above 40 46 4.309 .6262
F-4 Workers’ Participation in Safety and21-30 246 3.855 .7586
3.158
Maintenance Practices 30-40 116 4.028 .6296
(.044)*
(Hypothesis- 5) Above 40 46 4.059 .6915
21-30 246 3.918 .7200
F-5 Operational Measures 4.124
30-40 116 4.109 .6321
(Hypothesis- 6) (.017)*
Above 40 46 4.137 .6229
21-30 246 4.056 .7104
F-6 Climate Factor 6.058
30-40 116 4.218 .6386
(Hypothesis- 7) (.003)*
Above 40 46 4.398 .5334
21-30 246 3.937 .5795
Overall 30-40 6.077
116 4.100 .5107
(Hypothesis- 1) (.003)*
Above 40 46 4.188 .5010
Significant at 0.05 level, Note: M= Mean, SD=Standard Deviation

Table-4.5 depicts ANOVA test statistics for age and exiting status of health and
safety measures adopted by the automobile sector. In respect to Body safety provisions, p
value (.010) is less than significant level, it corroborate that there is significant difference
found among the age category. (M = 4.002) of 21-30 age category, (M=4.194) of 30-40
age category and (M= 4.221) of above 40 age category shows that highest mean score is
falling in the above 40 age category. Reason behind that as the age increase persons’
consciousness also increased regarding body safety as compare to person who belongs to
young age category. Other age category employees’ response is also falling in the
category of available on the scale. And on the basis of p value it is cleared that null
hypothesis is rejected.(M= 3.738 of 21-30) age category, (M= 3.839) of 30-40 age
category and (M=4.005) of above 40 age category found in respect to pollution reduction
measures. Here also highest mean score is found in highest age category, in this factor
those entire dimension included which contribute in reduction the pollution at the
workplace. Age category above 40 feels that pollution reduction factor is available in the
automobile sector. And rest of the category also feels that these factor working in well
manner and maintain the working environment. The p value (.067) is more than
significant level asserted that insignificant difference is found here and null hypothesis is
accepted. The p value (.015) signifies that an employee of different age groups have
diverse view on hygienic conditions and highlighted that null hypothesis is rejected. M
value =
4.053 of 21-30 age category, (M=4.226) of 30-40 age category and (M=4.303) of above
40 age category define that highest mean score falling the category of highest age
category. it cleared that aged employees take special care regarding hygienic condition
as compared to less than 40 age.
category, other response is also falling in the category of available. Lowest mean score is
belonging to youngest age category. It shows that newly employees didn’t care about
hygienic conditions. The p value .044 shows that the responses given by the various age
categories are different in case of Workers’ Participation in safety and Maintenance
practices. (M= 3.855) is lowest score that is belong to 21-30 age category and highest
mean score is belong to aged employees category that is above 40. Lowest mean score
cleared that response is falling in the fairly available category and highest score
demonstrated that response is falling in highly available category on the scale. It
elucidated that all health and safety measures are available in the organization and on the
basis of p value, null hypothesis is not accepted. In relation to operational measures,
(M=3.918) of 21-30 age category is lowest mean score and (M= 4.109) of employees
belong to 30-40 age category and (M=4.137) belong to above 40 age category. Lowest
mean score shows that response is falling in the fairly available category on the scale.
And on the basis of highest mean score it is cleared that response is falling under the
highly available category on response scale. This factor comprises with the variable
those are directly related with the operations of facility. The p value (.017) corroborate
that null hypothesis is rejected. In this ANOVA table, final factor is ‘climate’ comprised
with cleanliness and ventilation facilities and (M=4.056) of 21-30 age category,
(M=4.218) of 30-40 age category and highest (M=4.398) belong to above 40 age group
category. All age category response falling in highly available category. It shows that all
facility is available regarding this factor and on the basis of p value (.003) null
hypothesis is not accepted rejected. One interesting findings is here that mean score is
increased with the increment in age.
Overall availability of health and safety measures adopted in automobile sector
is found significantly different (.003), (M=3.937) of 21-30 age category, (M=4.100) of
30-40 age category and (M=4.188) of above 40 age category shows that health and safety
measures are fairly available in the organization, p value cleared that null hypothesis is
stand rejected here.
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

6.1 CONCLUSION
The main focus of the present research study is on industrial health and safety
climate in automobile sector. Industrial health and safety measures affect the
performance of the employees and play an important role to build healthy and safe
work environment to their employees. On the basis of findings, study suggests some
practical implications for the automobile sector in Haryana.

 The current study discussed the reliable and valid questionnaire for the industrial
health and safety measures adopted by automobile sector and employees’ perception
regarding industrial health and safety climate in automobile sector.
 The current study strengthens the workforce of female employees in the automobile
sector. Female employees are approximately very low in numbers (9.8%) as
compared to male employees (90.2%) in automobile sector. More health and safety
facilities should be provided in the automobile sector for female employees so that
more they would be attracted towards the automobile sector.
 Management should focus on employees’ medical check-up time to time if any
decease found than corrective action can be taken accordingly.
 Floors and stairs maintenance should be done with in time so that any accident and
injury can be avoided. For make environment hygienic sanitation facility, spittoons
and clean drinking water facility should be provided at proper place.
 Lighting and artificial humidification facilities should be improved at the place of
work so that chance of accident can be reduced.
 No extra work should be given to the employees for achieve the production target
because for completion the target of production, employee violate the safety rules
and it increase the chances of injuries.
 Management must investigate the reason for accident and injuries so that in future
these types of accidents can be reduced. For tackle the emergencies situation, training
should be provided to the employees, emergency precautions should be painted on
wall so that loss can be done minimum, main door of organization should be opened
towards the outside for solve the crowd problem.
 Every firm belong to automobile sector should follow the industrial health and safety
measures under factories act 1948 such as Cleanliness, disposal of wastes and
effluents, Ventilation, Artificial humidification, environment free from dust and
fume, Fencing of machinery, Regular inspections, Prohibition of employees from
carrying excessive weights, Periodic maintenance of buildings, proper sanitation,
Spittoons, provision for lighting and drinking water facilities.
 Seminars, workshop, training program and educational programmes should be
organize time to time so that all employees could be aware about all new rule and
policies related to health and safety of organization. If any changes have been made
by the organization then it should be convey to their employees.
 Rapid changes in technologies affect the employees’ values and skills. Most of the
experienced employees are not comfortable with new methods of working and it
creates the chances of accidents at workplace. If any organization adopts new
technologies for their manufacturing process than training should to their
experienced employees.
 Appointment of medical surgeon is very necessary for time to time checkups of
employees’ health and safety officer for checkups of safety measures at workplace so
firm should provide these facilities according to requirement for reduce the any
major accidents.
 Management’s role is very important for better health and safety climate in the
organization so management should ask employees for problems and take
suggestions from employees itself for overcome the complexity in the functional
area.
6.2 FUTURE RESEARCH
Area of the current study for work is limited in terms of respondents, sample size
and population area and all these restrictions can be covered by the upcoming
researcher who wants to do research work relevant to the present subject.

6.2.1 In this study all health and safety measures are covered those are mentioned under
factories act 1948, so health and safety measures those are not enforceable by act can be
included by the future research.
6.2.2 Health and safety aspect is very important for any types of sector and this study is
limited on automobile sector and future researcher can start research on another sector
such as service industry, health industry, aviation industry, textile industry and industries
where hazardous works is carried on.
6.2.3 Facilities provide to injured/sick employees and benefits during the rest period
under employee’s state insurance act 1948 can also be check and employees’
satisfaction, perception and difficulties faced by the employees can be measured.
 REFERENCES

1 Fan-yu WU GUO-yuan WANG YOU-Liang YOU-Liang SI 2022, ‘An

Experimental Study on The Exit Location on The Evacuation Efficiency
under High Copetition Condition’, Procedia Engineering, Science Direct,
vol. 211, pp. 801-809.
2 Fernandes, Patil & Viji 2022, ‘Across India 2600 people die every year in
building and other structural collapses’, Scroll.in, Article No.668636.
3 Galanis, PH & Moehle, JP 202`, Development of collapse indicators
for older-type rainforced concrete buildings’, World Conference On
Earthquake Engineering, p. 15.
4 Gambatese, J, Behm, M & Hinze, JW 2021, ‘Viability of Designing for
Construction Worker Safety’, Journal of Construction Engineering and
Management, vol. 131.
5 Gambatese, J & Hinze, J 2020, ‘Addressing Construction worker
safety in design phase: Desigining for construction Worker safety’,
Journal of Automation in construction, vol. 8, pp. 64-649.
6 Gambatese, J, Hinze, J & Hass, CT 2019, ‘Tool to design for
construction worker safety’, Journal of Architectural Engineering,
vol. 3, pp. 32-41.
7 Guylene Prouix 2014, ‘Evacuation Timing in Apartment Buildings’,
Canada.
8 Haluk Cencen & Begum Sertyesilisik 2013, ‘A Fall Protection System
for High-Rise Construction’, Journal of Engineering, vol. 2013.
9 Hasim, M 2012, ‘Analyzing Construction Site Acciednts in Kuwait’,
Kuwait Journal of Science and Engineering, vol. 29, no. 2.
10 Herda Balqis Ismail & Kay Dora Ab Ghani 2012, ‘Potential Hazards at
the Construction Workplace due to Temporary Structures’, Procedia-
Social and Behavioral Sciences, pp. 168-174.
11 Hinze 2010, ‘Viability of Designing for Construction Worker Safety’.
12 Hinze, J & Wiegand, J 2012, ‘Role of designers in construction worker
safety’, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,
vol. 118, pp. 677-684.
13 Hongei, H 2014, ‘Fall Prevention research and practice’, Industrial
Health, vol. 52, pp. 381-392.
14 I.L.O 2015, Prevention: A global Strategy Promoting Safety and
Health at Work. Geneva.
15 Lew, JJ 2010, Designing for Safety application for the construction
Thermal power plant : 18 CIB World Building Congress, pp. 31