Animal Science The Golden Circle
- The art, science, and business of
producing high-quality meat, milk, and
eggs, based on sound social and
ecological principles for food security
7 specialized fields
1. Animal production and management
2. Animal breeding and genetics
Neuroendocrine
3. Animal physiology
- involvement of nerve cells that releases of
4. Animal Nutrition
chemical messenger, especially
5. Products and by-products utilization
neurohormone, directly into the
6. Dairy product and technology
bloodstream
7. Animal Biotechnology
The Nervous System
The Endocrine System
- a network of specialized cell that
- group of specialized organs and body
communicate information about animals
tissues that produce, store, and secrete
surroundings and itself.
chemical substances known as hormone
- composed of neurons and other
- Functions
specialized cells called glia, that aid in the
1. regulating the body's growth and
function of the neurons.
development,
- divided broadly into two categories;
2. controlling the function of various tissues,
- the peripheral nervous system and
3. supporting pregnancy and other
- the central nervous system.
reproductive functions, and
- The peripheral nervous system is
4. metabolism (catabolism and anabolism)
composed of sensory neurons and the
- Endocrine organs are sometimes called
neurons that connect them to the nerve
ductless glands because they have no
cord, spinal cord, and brain, which make
ducts connecting them to specific
up the central nervous system.
body parts
Endocrinology is s branch of physiology dealing
with the coordination of various body tissues by
chemical mediators (hormones) produced by
restricted area of the body (endocrine gland) and
transported through circulatory system to the
target organ or tissue.
Hormone a substance or chemical mediator
produced by the endocrine glands and carried by
the blood to some distant part of the body where
it exerts its effect.
Classifications of hormones:
1. Simple protein
Important Central Regulation (Brain) 2. Glycoprot
Feed Intake Regulation
● Ventromedial = satiety center (voracious Components of the Endocrine Systems
eating) - The primary glands that make up the
● Lateral = feeding center (loss of appetite) human endocrine system are the
Preoptic Area = Thermoregulatory Center hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid,
Neuroendocrine = involvement of nerve cells that parathyroid, adrenal, pineal body, and
releases of chemical messenger, especially reproductive glands—the ovary and
neurohormone, directly into the bloodstream testis.
- The pancreas, an organ often associated 2. Hypothyrodism – lack of the T4 secretion,
with the digestive system, is also due to lack of Iodine (TSH is stimulated
considered part of the endocrine system resulting to enlargement of the gland)
Pancreas
- Located at the duodenal loop.
- both an exocrine and endocrine gland
- Acinar cells secrete pancreatic juices
containing digestive enzymes, the
endocrine function is limited to the islet of
Langerhans.
- Alpha cells = glucagon
- Beta cells = insulin
Somatostatin - pancreatic GH inhibator
- Facilitate transport of blood glucose into
the cells, thereby increasing its utilization
and to the adipose cells (stored fats).
Types of Diabetes
- Type I – insufficient insulin secretion
- Type II – tissues resistance to insulin
action
The Pituitary Glad and their Hormones
A. Anterior Lobe or the Adenohypophysis Adrenal Gland
1. Growth Hormone (GH) A. Adrenal Medulla
2. Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) Epinephrine = Adrenalin
3. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Norepinephrine = Noradrenalin
4. Prolactic (PRL) B. Adrenal Cortex
5. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Aldosterone = reabsorb Na from Kidney tubules.
6. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) The secretion is stimulated by extra cellular fluid
B. Intermediate Lobe or Pars Intermedia volume (ECF)
- Melanin Stimulating Hormone (MSH) Glucocorticoid = stimulate glycogenolysis and
C. Posterior Lobe or Neurohypophysis gluconeogenesis
1. Oxytocin
2. Vasopressin or ADH Parathyroid Gland
Two distinct type of cells:
Thyroid Gland 1. Chief cells = secrete parathyroid hormone
- Located at the neck area below the (PTH)
Larynx, the two lobes connected by a 2. Oxyphil cells = less abundant cells with
bridge of tissue called Isthmus. large amount of mitochondria
- Secretes hormone thyroxine (T4) and - Hyperparathyroidism = hypersecretion of
triiodothyroxine (T3) PTH, resulting to hypercalcemia,
Function: hypophosphatemia, hypercalciura and
1. Stimulates O2 consumption of most of the hyperphosphaturia.
cells - Calcitonin or Thyrocalcitonin = the
2. Helps regulate lipid and carbohydrate hormone that lowers calcium level in the
metabolism blood.
3. Necessary for normal growth and
maturation Summary
4. Increase the basal metabolic rate of an 1. At the palm of our hands and feet are the
individual terminal endings of the nerve cells.
Disorders: 2. The brain is primarily composed of the
1. Thyrotoxicosis – overactivity of the gland cortex, limbic and the mid sections, which
(high T4 secretion)
represents the what, how and why of the 3. sends clotting cells and proteins to the
human mind, respectively. affected site, which quickly stop bleeding
3. The neuropeptide from hypothalamus and promote healing.
stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary Components:
hormones but not the intermediate and 1. heart = the pump (right and left)
posterior lobe. 2. blood = composed of specialized cells, the
4. Liver secretes IGF-1 and its binding oxygen-bearing red blood cells, disease
proteins for bone, organs, meat and milk fighting white blood cells and blood
synthesis (Posilac® a synthetic from of clotting platelets.
bST). 3. blood vessel = made up of arteries, veins
5. Pancreas is both an exocrine and and capillaries
endocrine gland (glucose and glucagon
stimulate and breakdown the storage of Heart
glucose in the liver and other tissue, - muscular organ located at the chest
respectively) (thoracic) cavity and enclosed in a fibrous
sac, the pericardium.
- walls of the heart - composed primarily of
cardiac muscle (the myocardium)
- divided into four chambers: the right
atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium,
and the left ventricle.
The Cardiovascular System
- combined function of the heart, blood, and
blood vessels to transport oxygen and
nutrients to organs and tissues throughout
the body and carry away waste products.
Among its vital functions
1. increases the flow of blood to meet
increased energy demands during
exercise and regulates body temperature,
2. conveys disease-fighting elements of the Blood
immune system, such as white blood cells ● consists of three types of
and antibodies, and cells:oxygen-bearing red blood cells,
disease-fighting white blood cells, and
blood-clotting platelets, all of which are
carried through blood vessels in a liquid
called plasma.
● Plasma is yellowish and consists of water,
salts, proteins, vitamins, minerals,
hormones, dissolved gases, and fats.
● Serum is a plasma without fibrinogen
which is essential in blood clotting.
● Insulin measured from samples using
plasma (blood collected with
anticoagulant) called plasma insulin and
not serum insulin.
Systemic circulation
➔ carries oxygenated blood from the heart to
all the tissues in the body except the lungs
and returns deoxygenated blood carrying
waste products, such as carbon dioxide,
back to the heart.
Pulmonary circulation
➔ carries this spent blood from the heart to
the lungs. In the lungs, the blood releases
its carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen.
The oxygenated blood then returns to the
heart before transferring to the systemic
circulation.
1. Coronary circulation = heart
2. Hepatic Circulation = liver
3. Cerebral Circulation = brain
4. Renal Circulation = kidney
5. Splanchnic Circulation = digestive tract
Blood coagulation
Hematopoietic cells
- conversion of soluble plasma protein
- An immature cells that can generate into
fibrinogen to insoluble protein fibrin, a
all types of blood cells
reaction catalyzed by enzyme thrombin.
Eosinophil
- A type of immune cell that has granules
(small particles) with enzymes that are
released during infections, allergic
reactions, and asthma.
- type of white blood cell and a type of
granulocyte.
Basophil
- A type of immune cell that has granules
(small particles) with enzymes that are
Lymphatic System
released during allergic reactions and
Functions:
asthma.
1. Production of lymphocytes
- type of white blood cell and a type of
2. Stop foreign materials that comes in
granulocyte.
contact
Monocye
- A type of immune cell that travels through 2. helps regulate the balance of acid and
the blood to tissues in the body where it base in tissues, a process crucial for the
becomes a macrophage. normal functioning of cells
- Macrophages surround and kill 3. protects the body against disease-causing
microorganisms, ingest foreign material, organisms and toxic substances inhaled
remove dead cells, and boost immune with air
responses. 4. houses the cells that detect smell
- A monocyte is a type of white blood cell
and a type of phagocyte. Respiratory apparatus
Neutrophil 1. Nasal cavity
- A type of immune cell that is one of the - Passage of air
first cell types to travel to the site of an - Line with epithelial cells with
infection. microscopic cilia
- help fight infection by ingesting - Between epithelial cells are goblets
microorganisms and releasing enzymes that produce mucus
that kill the microorganisms. - The role is to filter the air to
- a type of granulocyte, and a type of remove potentially disease-causing
phagocyte. organism
Summary 2. Pharynx
1. The components of the circulatory - a short, funnel-shaped tube about
systems are the heart, the blood and the 13 cm (5 in) long that
blood vessels. - transports air to the larynx.
2. The heart is composed specialized cells - is lined with a protective mucous
called the cardiac muscle. membrane and ciliated cells that
3. The bone marrow produces stem cells remove impurities from the air.
(haematopoietic cells) that are converted 3. Larynx
to platelets, red and white blood cells. - a structure about 5 cm (2 in) long
4. Bodyxq (https://www.bodyxq.org/) provide located approximately in the
tutorial using android to understand the middle of the neck
disease of the heart, such as, - role of the larynx is to transport air
a. Arythmia to the trachea
b. Hypertension - its mucous membranes and
c. Atherosclerosis cilia-bearing cells help filter air
5. Exercise and balanced healthy diet can 4. Trachea, Bronchi & Bronchioles
keep our heart, blood and blood vessels in - a tube about 12 to 15 cm (about 5
perfect condition. to 6 in) long located just below the
larynx
The Respiratory System - formed of 15 to 20 C-shaped rings
- organs that deliver oxygen to the of cartilage that keeps it open
circulatory system for transport to all body - trachea branches into two tubes,
cells. the left and right bronchi which
- Aids in removing of carbon dioxide, deliver air to the left and right
preventing the lethal buildup of this waste lungs, respectively
product in body tissues. - Within the lungs, the bronchi
- interruption for more than a few minutes, branch into smaller tubes called
serious, irreversible damage to tissues bronchioles
occurs, followed by the failure of all body
systems, and ultimately, death
Important functions
1. intake of oxygen and removal of carbon
dioxide
Diseases of the Lungs
5. Alveoli 1. Asthma is a very common chronic disease
- Each bronchioles branches into involving the respiratory system
several subdivision producing respiratory system in which the airways
about million terminal tubes, at the occasionally constrict, become inflamed,
end are the alveoli or alveolar sacs and are lined with excessive amounts of
- Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli mucus, often in response to one or more
triggers.
Respiratory Centers 2. Emphysema is another disease of the
- The flow of air in and out of the lungs is lungs, whereby the elastin in the walls of
controlled by the nervous systems the alveoli is broken down by an
imbalance between the production of
The brain respiratory centers include: neutrophil elastase (elevated by cigarette
1. Medullary center smoke) and alpha-1-antitrypsin (the
2. Pneumotaxic center activity varies due to genetics or reaction
3. Apnesutic center of a critical methionine residue with toxins
including cigarette smoke). The resulting
loss of elasticity in the lungs leads to
prolonged times for exhalation, which
occurs through passive recoil of the
expanded lung. This leads to a smaller
volume of gas exchanged per breath.
Porcine Reproductive Respiratory
Syndrome (PRRS)
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory
Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), also known as
Blue-Ear Pig Disease, is a virus that
causes the disease of pigs.
Clinical Signs
A. Reproductive = Fever, Anorexia, Reduced
Conception & Farrowing Rates, Agalactia,
Abortion (50%), High MF and SB and or
weak piglets
B. Respiratory (Young) = Sneezing, Inc. Resp.
Rate, Dyspnea, Anorexia,
Starvation, Watery Diarrhea
3. COVID-19
Regulation of Respiration
- Controlled by respiratory center
particularly the Medulla oblongate
