FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL MOUTHWASH FOR

ANTIBACTERIAL POTENCY AGAINST ORAL BACTERIA

Project work submitted to AIPBS for requirements of Practice School in 8th Semester

In

Bachelor of Pharmacy (B. Pharm.)

Under Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences

By

Ankit Kumar

Supervisor

Dr. R.K. Patil

Adesh Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences,

Adesh University Campus, NH-7, Barnala Road, Bathinda, Punjab

March,2023

Adesh Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Bathinda Page 1 of 33

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project work embodied in this thesis entitled “FORMULATION AND
EVALUATION OF HERBAL MOUTHWASH FOR ANTIBACTERIAL POTENCY
AGAINST ORAL BACTERIA” is being carried out by Ankit Kumar, under the guidance of
supervisor at Adesh Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Bathinda for partial fulfillment
requirements of 8th semester B. Pharmacy in Adesh University.

Name of Supervisor: Dr. R.K. Patil

Designation: Professor & HOD (Pharmacy Practice)

Signature of Supervisor:

Adesh Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Bathinda Page 2 of 33

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, praises and thanks to the almighty for his showers of blessings throughout my
study work to complete the thesis successfully. I would like to express my deep and sincere
gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. R. K Patil, M.Pharm, Ph.D, Professor & HOD (Pharmacy
Practice), Adesh Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, for giving me the opportunity to
carry out the study and providing invaluable guidance throughout this thesis. Her dynamism,
vision, sincerity and motivation have deeply inspired me. She has taught me the methodology to
accomplish the thesis and to present the thesis work as clearly as possible. It was a great privilege
and honor to work and study under her guidance.

I am extremely grateful to Dr. H.C Patil, Principal, AIPBS, for providing me all the required
facilities, detailed and constructive comments and for their great support throughout this journey.

I am also thankful to my parents for their love, prayers, caring and sacrifices for educating and
preparing me for my future.

Ankit Kumar

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 ABSTRACT

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL MOUTHWASH FOR

ANTIBACTERIAL POTENCY AGAINST ORAL BACTERIA

Name of Student: Ankit Kumar

Registration Number: 1904AIP03004

Name of Supervisor: Dr. R.K. Patil

Name of Department: Department of Pharmacy Practice

Name of Institute/Centre/College: Adesh Institute of Pharmacy and

Biomedical sciences

Keywords: Herbal mouthwash, Natural herbs, Oral hygiene, Antibacterial activity.

Abstract: Several herbal mouthwash and herbal extracts have been tested in vitro and in vivo in
search of suitable adjunct to mechanical therapy for long term use. In this study, we aimed to look
at the antimicrobial effect of herbal mouthwash on selected microorganisms. The main purposes
of using mouthwashes are it can be used at home as routine to maintain good oral hygiene,
mouthwash provides antimicrobial activity, it is used prior to and after oral surgery procedures
such as tooth extraction as prophylaxis, the purpose of mouthwash after brushing is to clean.
Natural herbs such as spinach, neem and Tulsi and many others are used as single or in
combination have been scientifically proven to be safe and effective medicine against oral health
problems such as bleeding gums, halitosis, mouth ulcers, and preventing tooth decay without side.
The anti-inflammatory and anti-infectious properties of Tulsi make it a powerful treatment for

Adesh Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Bathinda Page 4 of 33

gum disease. Chewing of Tulsi leaves helps clear ulcers and infections of the mouth. As a
mouthwash, it is useful against bad breath and for maintaining healthy gums.

Methods:

(1) Add 40ml of spinach, 20ml of neem extract and 20ml of Tulsi extract were dissolved in distilled
water.

(2) Add peppermint and methyl paraben as a preservative.

(3) Add distilled water to make up to 100ml.

CONCLUSION: Mouthwash is a liquid accessory to clean and maintain the health of our teeth
for oral hygiene. Several herbal mouthwash and herbal extracts have been tested in-vitro and in-
vivo in search of suitable adjunct to mechanical therapy for long term use. The pH of the
formulation was found to be as pH range of the formulation is suitable for oral disorders. This
mouthwash is purely herbal without adding any kind of alcohol and any other additives as other
products found in the market. When used in mouthwashes antimicrobial ingredients like spinach,
neem and Tulsi plant extracts have been found to reduce plaque and gingivitis when combined
with daily brushing and flossing. The results of zone of inhibition also confirmed that this herbal
mouth rinses were found to be a potent plaque inhibitor, and were preferred by the patients for its
taste, convenience of use and test duration in their mouth after rinsing. Thus, these can be used as
an adjunct to mechanical therapy for treating plaque induced gingivitis. Present study has an
important impact in order to create an effective and inexpensive herbal oral health intervention for
low social economic communities.

Ankit Kumar Dr. R.K. Patil

Student Supervisor

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter No. Content Page No.

1. Aim and Objective 8-9

2. Introduction 10 - 13

3. Review of Literature 14 - 17

4. Materials and Methods 18 - 22

5. Results 23 - 26

6. Discussion 27 - 28

7. Conclusion 29 - 30

8. References 31 - 33

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table Description Page No.

1. Herbal mouthwash was fabricate using 19

extract of Herbs.

2. Physical properties & pH of herbal 25

mouthwash

3. Grittiness and Homogeneity of developed 25

herbal mouthwash

4. Stability study results of developed herbal 26

mouthwash

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Table Description Page No.

1. Herbal mouthwash was fabricate using extract 19

of Herbs.

2. Physical properties & pH of herbal 25

mouthwash

3. Grittiness and Homogeneity of developed 25

herbal mouthwash

4. Stability study results of developed herbal 26

mouthwash

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 CHAPTER - 1
AIM AND OBJECTIVE

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TITLE OF PROJECT WITH AIM AND OBJECTIVE

TITLE OF PROJECT: FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL

MOUTHWASH FOR ANTIBACTERIAL POTENCY AGAINST ORAL
BACTERIA

The main aim of the project study was to formulation and evaluation of herbal mouthwash for
antibacterial potency against oral bacteria

OBJECTIVE:
• Formulation of Herbal mouthwash for Antibacterial potency against Oral Bacteria.
• Evaluation of Herbal mouthwash for Antibacterial potency against Oral Bacteria.

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 CHAPTER – 2
INTRODUCTION

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 INTRODUCTION

The main reasons people use mouthwash, an aqueous solution, are for its deodorising, cooling,
and antiseptic qualities as well as to manage plaque. Plaque is a sticky film of germs and food
that forms on teeth. Maintaining good oral hygiene is essential to reducing plaque formation.
To keep our teeth clean and in good condition for oral hygiene, we use mouthwash as a liquid
accessory. Mechanical aids like toothbrushes, interdental cleaners, and chemotherapeutic agents
like mouthwashes, dentifrices, and chewing are all part of oral hygiene practises. The goal of
mouthwash (mouth rinses) is to lessen the microbial load in the oral cavity. It may include
substances such as alcohol, glycerine, artificial sweeteners, surface-active ingredients,
flavourings, and colourings. Numerous well-known herbal remedies have, up to now, been used
in conjunction with other oral hygiene practises like brushing and flossing to reduce dental plaque
and gingivitis.
There are several mouthwashes that can be used for various purposes, such as their analgesic,
anti-inflammatory, or anti-fungal effect, in addition to their typical function as an antiseptic
solution that is intended to lower the microbial burden in the oral cavity.
An oral hygiene practise is the most typical usage of mouthwash at home. Fluoride is a substance
that prevents tooth decay and is used in anti-cavity mouthwash. But most people concur that
using mouthwash doesn't make brushing and flossing unnecessary. The dental health can be
improved with the help of some natural products.
Mouthwashes have several important functions: they can be used regularly at home to maintain
good oral hygiene, they have antibacterial properties, they are used as prophylaxis before and
after oral surgery procedures like tooth extraction, and they serve as a cleaning agent after
brushing. Natural remedies for oral health issues like bleeding gums, halitosis, mouth ulcers, and
avoiding tooth decay without side effects, such as spinach, neem, and Tulsi, among many others,
have been scientifically confirmed to be safe and efficient.

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Usage of mouthwash
Patients in Group B were instructed to use herbal mouthwash 15 ml for 30 seconds twice daily
after food, that is, after breakfast and dinner, in order to reduce the bias following brushing in
both groups. Additionally, mouthwashes serve as a popular and convenient delivery method that
gets rid of the bacteria and rinses the food debris from the mouth, preventing the development of
plaque. All patients received oral hygiene instructions.

ADVANTAGES OF HERBAL MOUTWASH

• Natural
• Gentle
• Easy to prepare
• Inexpensive
• Without any unnecessary synthetic chemicals or additions
• Safe for diabetics, expectant mothers, dry mouth sufferers, and kids
• Kids can use it without an adult watching them.

There are numerous advantages to using mouthwash

• Inexpensive - Comparing homemade mouthwashes to store-bought mouthwashes that

function equally well or better, homemade mouthwashes are less expensive.
• No harmful chemicals - Chemicals that are detrimental to humans and the environment
are frequently used by manufacturers as colours, preservatives, artificial sweeteners, and
other ingredients.
• The quality of ingredients - We only chose to use the best components when we produce
our own mouthwash. Some manufacturers may seek to reduce expenses by utilising low-
quality ingredients in an effort to increase revenues.

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Functions Of Herbal mouthwash

• Herbal mouthwash uses time-tested ingredients.

• Herbal mouth wash is gentle for even the most sensitive mouths
• Herbal mouthwash has naturally antibacterial properties.
• Herbal mouthwash contains no harsh additives.
• Herbal mouthwash is effective
• Herbal mouthwash doesn't cause dry mouth.
• Herbal mouthwash helps keep your mouth (and body) healthy
• Herbal mouthwash contains no "mystery" ingredients

Disadvantages
Overusing - Inappropriate or excessive mouthwash use might have catastrophic consequences.
For instance, mouthwashes with a high alcohol content might burn your mouth's sensitive
mucous membranes, whereas chlorhexidine gluconate, a herbal mouthwash
Traditional elements are used in herbal mouth wash. In some mouthwashes, a chemical reacts
with food debris in your mouth to stain and darken your teeth.

Dangerous for children - Regular mouthwash users are more likely to accidentally eat it, which
is risky for kids. Ingestion of mouthwash can cause convulsions and, in more severe situations,
a comatose condition. Children under the age of six should not use mouthwash, and those over
that age should only do it while an adult is there to supervise them.

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 CHAPTER – 3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

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 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

S. Patil et. al in their article mentioned Several herbal mouthwash and herbal extracts have been
tested in vitro and in vivo in search of suitable adjunct to mechanical therapy for long term use.
In this study, we aimed to look at the antimicrobial effect of herbal mouthwash on selected
microorganisms. The main purposes of using mouthwashes are it can be used at home as routine
to maintain good oral hygiene, mouthwash provides antimicrobial activity, it is used prior to and
after oral surgery procedures such as tooth extraction as prophylaxis, the purpose of mouthwash
after brushing is to clean. Natural herbs such as spinach, neem and tulsi and many others are used
as single or in combination have been scientifically proven to be safe and effective medicine
against oral health problems such as bleeding gums, halitosis, mouth ulcers, and preventing tooth
decay without side. The anti-inflammatory and anti-infectious properties of tulsi make it a
powerful treatment for gum disease. Chewing of tulsi leaves helps clear ulcers and infections of
the mouth. As a mouthwash, it is useful against bad breath and for main- taining healthy gums.
Mare Maurice Cohen et. al in their article mentioned the predominant cause of global morbidity
and mortality is lifestyle-related chronic diseases, many of which can be addressed through
Ayurveda with its focus on healthy lifestyle practices and regular consumption of adaptogenic
herbs. Of all the herbs used within Ayurveda, tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn) is preeminent, and
scientific research is now confirming its beneficial effects. There is mounting evidence that tulsi
can address physical, chemical, metabolic and psychological stress through a unique combination
of pharmacological actions. Tulsi has been found to protect organs and tissues against chemical
stress from industrial pollutants and heavy metals, and physical stress from prolonged physical
exertion, ischemia, physical restraint and exposure to cold and excessive noise. Tulsi has also
been shown to counter metabolic stress through normalization of blood glucose, blood pressure
and lipid levels, and psychological stress through positive effects on memory and cognitive
function and through its anxiolytic and anti-depressant properties. Tulsi's broad-spectrum
antimicrobial activity, which includes activity against a range of human and animal pathogens,
suggests it can be used as a hand sanitizer, mouthwash and water purifier as well as in animal
rearing, wound healing, the preservation of food stuffs and herbal raw materials and traveller’s

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health. Cultivation of tulsi plants has both spiritual and practical significance that connects the
grower to the creative powers of nature, and organic cultivation offers solutions for food security,
rural poverty, hunger, environmental degradation and climate change. The use of tulsi in daily
rituals is a testament to Ayurvedic wisdom and provides an example of ancient knowledge
offering solutions to modern problems.

Amber Khan et. al Aqueous extracts and oils of five Indian medicinal plants, traditionally used
for their antimicrobial activities, were evaluated against two of the most prevalent Candida
species causing candidiasis, C. albicans and C. tropicalis. Of these plant materials, three showed
varying degrees of antifungal activity against both species. Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.)
essential oil (TEO) was found to be the most effective, followed by Peppermint essential oil, and
Aloe vera aqueous leaf extract. The product with the lowest MIC was further studied along with
its lead molecules to explore the possible mechanism of action of the most active constituents.
Eugenol, methyl eugenol, linalool, and 1, 8-cineole, along with TEO were then evaluated at the
same. The pattern and extent of inhibition was studied using growth and WSTI cytotoxicity
assays. Proton pumps are important for growth and metabolism of Candida species and so H+
extrusion studies were performed to explore the possible mechanism of the test compounds.
Linalool was the most active constituent of TEO, whereas inhibition of H+ extrusion appeared
to be a synergistic function of the lead molecules.

Salam A Ibrahim et. al in their article mentioned the objective of this research was to determine
the effectiveness of caffeine on inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in brain heart infusion
(BHI) broth. Overnight samples of five E. coli O157:H7 strains of (E0019, F4546, H1730, 944
and Cider) were used in this study. These strains were individually inoculated at an initial
inoculum level of 2 log CFU/ml into BHI broth containing caffeine at different concentrations
(0.00%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%, 1.25%, 1.50%, 1.75%, and 2.00%). Samples were then
incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. Bacterial growth was monitored at different time intervals by
measuring turbidity at 610 nm using a spectrophotometer. Results revealed that the addition of
caffeine inhibited the growth of E. coli O157:H7. Significant growth inhibition was observed

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with concentration levels of 0.50% and higher. These results indicate that caffeine has potential
as an antimicrobial agent for the treatment of E. coli O157:H7 infection and should be
investigated further as a food additive to increase biosafety of consumable food products.

Akshay R Yadav et. al in their article mentioned Microwave assisted synthesis has
revolutionized chemical synthesis. Small molecules can be built in a fraction of the time required
by conventional methods. Green chemistry holds the promise of reducing health and
environmental damage. In the past we have focused on cleaning up toxic messes, is a movement
to design chemicals that are safer for the environment and human. Microwave assisted reactions
in organic chemistry achieve the same by ensuring facilitation of faster reactions under bulk
conditions as well as promoting reduction of reaction time. In conventional heating methods oil
bath or hot plate are used as a source of heat to a chemical reaction. Microwave irradiation is
widely used as a source of heating in chemical synthesis. This article has discussed the different
applications of Microwave assisted synthesis of organic compounds most thoroughly by focusing
on aspects of speed, reproducibility and scalability. From this review it is clearly identified that
independent on the type of organic material, data consistently points out to MW as a novel and
powerful tool which has enable synthesis of a number of new compounds and presents the need
for future research in this area. The basic mechanisms observed in microwave assisted synthesis
are dipolar polarization and conduction. Microwave- assisted synthesis provides clean synthesis
with the advantage of enhanced reaction rates, higher yields, greater selectivity, and economic
for the synthesis of a large number of organic molecules, have provided the momentum for many
chemists to switch from conventional heating method to microwave assisted chemistry.

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 CHAPTER – 4
MATERIALS AND METHODS

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 MATERIALS AND METHODS

MATERIALS
Formulation of Herbal mouthwash for Antibacterial potency against Oral Bacteria, the required
materials were Leaves of Neem, spinach, Tulsi and Peppermint, Honey, Methyl Paraben,
Distilled Water. The materials were procured from the Medicinal Plant Garden and
Pharmacognosy laboratory of Adesh Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical science, Bathinda,
Punjab.

Formulation of Herbal Mouthwash:

The herbal mouthwash was prepared by the formula given in table 1. The extracted ingredients
are mixed in a fixed ratio.

Sr. No. Ingredients Botanical name Role Quantity

1. Spinach Spinacia Antibacterial 40ml

2. Neem Azadirachta Antimicrobial 20ml

Indica

3. Tulsi Ocimum Sanctum Dental Care 20ml

4. Peppermint Mentha Piperita Eliminate 2.0ml

Harmful Bacteria

5. Honey - Antibacterial 2.0ml

6. Methyl Paraben - Preservative 2.0ml

7. Distilled Water - Vehicle q.s to make

Table 1. Formulation Table for Herbal Mouthwash

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METHODS
1. Collection

Leaves of Neem were collected from the medicinal garden of AIPBS, Spinach, Tulsi and
Peppermint, Honey, Methyl Paraben, Distilled Water was collected from the Pharmacognosy
laboratory of Adesh Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical science, Bathinda, Punjab

2. Extraction process
Leaves of Neem, Spinach, Tulsi and Peppermint, were kept in hot air oven for the purpose at
45°C temperature and grinded into small pieces with the help of grinder and converted into
coarse powder. Extraction was done by microwave extraction. The crude powder was
defatted subjected to extraction with ethyl acetate using a microwave extraction.

3. Procedure:
(1) Add 40ml of spinach, 20ml of neem extract and 20ml of Tulsi extract were dissolved in
distilled water.
(2) Add peppermint and methyl paraben as a preservative.
(3) Add distilled water to make up to 100 ml.

EVALUATION OF HERBAL MOUTHWASH:

-Prepared formulation evaluated for following tests.

•PHYSICAL APPEARANCE:
- Physical parameters like odour and colour were examined by visual examinations.
-Colour: The colour of the formulation was checked out against a white background.
-Odour: The odour of the face washes was checked manually.

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•PH

-pH of prepared herbal mouthwash was measured by using digital pH meter. The
pH meter was calibrated using standard buffer solution about 1 ml of mouthwash
was weighed and dissolved in 50ml of distilled water and its pH was measured.

•Test for microbial growth in formulated mouthwash

-The formulated mouthwash was inoculated in the plates of agar media by streak
plate method and a control was prepared. The plates were placed in the incubator
and are incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. After the incubation period plates were
taken out and checked for microbial growth by comparing it with the control.

•HOMOGENEITY:
-Here allows the formulation to set on a container and homogeneity was tested by visual
inspection. They are hence evaluated for their appearance and presence of aggregates.

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•Stability Studies

-The formulation and preparation of any pharmaceutical product is incomplete

without proper stability studies of the prepared product. This is done in order to
determine the physical and chemical stability of the prepared product and thus
determine the safety of the product. A general method for predicting the stability of
any product is accelerated stability studies, where the product is subjected to
elevated temperatures as per the ICH guidelines. A short term accelerated stability
study was carried out for the period of 3 months for the prepared formulation. The
samples were stored at under the following conditions of temperature as 3- 50c,
250C RH-60%, 400C +2% RH 75%. Finally, the samples kept under accelerated
study were withdrawn on monthly intervals and were analyzed.

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 CHAPTER - 5
RESULTS

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 RESULT
In present study the Herbal mouthwash was prepared and evaluated for Antibacterial potency
against oral bacteria, using several herbs like spinach, Neem, Tulsi at AIPBS, Adesh university
Bathinda. Add 40ml of spinach, 20ml of Neem extract and 20ml of Tulsi extract were dissolved
in distilled water. Add peppermint and methyl paraben as a preservative. Add distilled water to
makeupto 100 ml.

Neem Spinach Tulsi

Peppermint Honey

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Evaluation of Herbal Mouthwash

➢ PH:

-As the skin is having an acidic pH around 5.7 this pH range of the formulation is suitable
for oral disorders.

➢ Physical appearance:

Visually checked the physical appearance of the formulation

-Colour: Green
-Odour: Pleasant

➢ Grittiness:
-No gritty particles

➢ Homogeneity:
-Homogeneous

➢ Stability Studies:

The results of stability studies are shown in the given table. The results of stability,
stability studies are shown in the given table.

Temperature Evaluation parameters Observation (months)

1 2 3 4
3-5°C Visual Appearance Light Light Light Light
brown brown brown brown

Phase Separation Nil Nil Nil Nil

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 Homogeneity Good Good Good Good

Room Temperature Visual Appearance Light Light Light Light

(25°C RH=60%) brown brown brown brown

Phase Separation Nil Nil Nil Nil

Homogeneity Good Good Good Good

40°C±2°C RH=75% Visual Appearance Light Light Light Light

brown brown brown brown

Phase Separation Nil Nil Nil Nil

Homogeneity Good Good Good Good

Table 2. Results of Stability study of Herbal Mouthwash

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 CHAPTER-6
DISCUSSION

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 DISCUSSION
The main purposes of using mouthwashes are it can be used at home as routine to maintain good
oral hygiene, mouthwash provides antimicrobial activity, it is used prior to and after oral surgery
procedures such as tooth extraction as prophylaxis, the purpose of mouthwash after brushing is
to clean. Natural herbs such as spinach, Neem and Tulsi and many others are used as single or in
combination have been scientifically proven to be safe and effective medicine against oral health
problems such as bleeding gums, halitosis, mouth ulcers, and preventing tooth decay without
side. The anti-inflammatory and anti-infectious properties of Tulsi make it a powerful treatment
for gum disease. Chewing of Tulsi leaves helps clear ulcers and infections of the mouth. As a
mouthwash, it is useful against bad breath and for maintaining healthy gums. Of all the herbs
used within Ayurveda, Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn) is preeminent, and scientific research is
now confirming its beneficial effects. There is mounting evidence that Tulsi can address physical,
chemical, metabolic and psychological stress through a unique combination of pharmacological
actions. Tulsi has been found to protect organs and tissues against chemical stress from industrial
pollutants and heavy metals, and physical stress from prolonged physical exertion, ischemia,
physical restraint and exposure to cold and excessive noise. Tulsi has also been shown to counter
metabolic stress through normalization of blood glucose, blood pressure and lipid levels, and
psychological stress through positive effects on memory and cognitive function and through its
anxiolytic and anti-depressant properties.

Adesh Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Bathinda Page 28 of 33

 CHAPTER- 7
CONCLUSION

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 CONCLUSION
Mouthwash is a liquid accessory to clean and maintain the health of our teeth for oral hygiene.
Several herbal mouthwash and herbal extracts have been tested in-vitro and in-vivo in search of
suitable adjunct to mechanical therapy for long term use. The pH of the formulation was found
to be 1. as pH range of the formulation is suitable for oral disorders. This mouthwash is purely
herbal without adding any kind of alcohol and any other additives as other products found in the
market. When used in mouthwashes antimicrobial ingredients like spinach, neem and Tulsi plant
extracts have been found to reduce plague and gingivitis when combined with daily brushing and
flossing. The results of zone of inhibition also confirmed that this herbal mouth rinses were found
to be a potent plaque inhibitor, and were preferred by the patients for its taste, convenience of
use and test duration in their mouth after rinsing. Thus, these can be used as an adjunct to
mechanical therapy for treating plaque induced gingivitis. Present study has an important impact
in order to create an effective and inexpensive herbal oral health intervention for low social
economic communities. However, this study was short- term study so long-term studies are
required with larger. The natural herbs used in present formulation have been medicinally proven
to prevent the problem of oral hygiene and bad breath. Since years and decades, these herbs have
been known for working wonders as reflected in many research findings. Person can easily rinse
his mouth using this herbal mouthwash and stay clear of wide variety of oral health issues.

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 CHAPTER - 8
REFERENCES

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 REFERENCES

• Alipour, S., Dehshahri, S., & Afsari, A. (2018). Preparation and Evaluation of a Herbal
mouthwash containing Oak Husk of Quercus brantii and Zataria multiflora. Jundishapur
Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products, 13(3).
• Cohen MM. Tulsi-Ocimum sanctum: A herb for all reasons. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2014;
5: 251-254
• Dabholkar, C. S., Shah, M., Kathariya, R., Bajaj, M., & Doshi, Y. (2016). Comparative
evaluation of antimicrobial activity of pomegranate-containing mouthwash against Oral-
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• Iskandar, B., Lukman, A., Syaputra, S., Al-Abrori, U. N., Surboyo, M. D., & Lee, C. K.
(2022). Formulation, characteristics and anti-bacterial effects of Euphorbia hirta L.
mouthwash. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 17(2), 271-282.
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new polyherbal mouth wash for antibacterial potency against oral bacteria. International
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 9, 5301-5307.
• Nazeri, R., Ghaiour, M., & Abbasi, S. (2019). Evaluation of antibacterial effect of propolis
and its application in mouthwash production. Frontiers in dentistry, 16(1), 1.
• Nigam, D., Verma, P., & Chhajed, M. (2020). Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal
Mouthwash against Oral Infections Disease. International Journal of Pharmacy & Life
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• Moghbel, A., Farajzadeh, A., Aghel, N., Agheli, H., & Raisi, N. (2009). Formulation and
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pregnant women. Toxicology letters, 189(1), S257-S273.
• Ojha, S. (2018). Formulation and evaluation of antibacterial herbal mouthwash against
oral disorders. Indo Glob. J. Pharm. Sci, 8, 37-40.

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 • Patil, S. S., Yadav, A. R., Chopade, A. R., & Mohite, S. K. (2020). Design, development
and evaluation of herbal mouthwash for antibacterial potency against oral bacteria. J Univ
Shanghai Sci Tech, 22(11), 1137-48.
• Yadav, A. R., Mohite, S. K., & Magdum, C. S. (2020). Preparation and evaluation of
antibacterial herbal mouthwash against oral pathogens. Asian Journal of Research in
Pharmaceutical Science, 10(3), 149-152.

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