INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF NURSING

VACCINATION

SUPERVISOR BY:DR.SAHAR ISMAIL

2024 – 2025
Summary
Vaccines reduce risks of getting a disease by working with your body's natural defenses to build

protection. When you get a vaccine, your immune system responds. We now have vaccines to

prevent more than 20 life-threatening diseases, helping people of all ages live longer, healthier

lives.

Dr Edward Jenner created the world's first successful vaccine. He found out that people infected

with cowpox were immune to smallpox. In May 1796, English physician Edward Jenner

expands on this discovery and inoculates 8-year-old James Phipps with matter collected from

a cowpox sore on the hand of a milkmaid

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 Table Of Content

SUMMARY 2

1. INTRODUCTION 3

1.2 METHODOLOGY

2.TWO TYPES OF IMMUNIZATION 5

2.3 conditions warranting passive immunization -

2.4 The Immune System and Passive Immunization 6

2.5 Herd Immunity 6

2.6 Development of Vaccines 7

3.History -

4. Adjuvants -
5.Additional Facts -
5. Impact of Vaccines on Public Health 8 6.
Conclusion - 7.
Recommendation 9 8.
Reference List 10

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 1. Introduction

Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop

immunity from a disease. Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened,

live or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. In stimulating the body's

adaptive immunity, they help prevent sickness from an infectious disease. When a

sufficiently large percentage of a population has been vaccinated, herd immunity

results. Herd immunity protects those who may be immunocompromised and cannot

get a vaccine because even a weakened version would harm them. The effectiveness of

vaccination has been widely studied and verified. Vaccination is the most effective

method of preventing infectious diseases; widespread immunity due to vaccination is

largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the elimination of

diseases such as polio and tetanus from much of the world. According to the World

Health Organization (WHO), vaccination prevents 3.5–5 million deaths per year. A

WHO-funded study by The Lancet estimates that, during the 50-year period starting in

1974, vaccination prevented 154 million deaths, including 146 million among children

under age 5. However, some diseases have seen rising cases due to relatively low

vaccination rates attributable partly to vaccine hesitancy. (Fiore AE, Bridges CB, Cox

J pp. 43–82 (2009).

2.1 Methodology

The information in this report comes from various secondary sources, all of which are listed

in the source list, as well as articles published on Wikipedia and some books . This report

provides an overview of the topic.

It includes descriptive analysis and accurate data, which are taken from reliable sources.

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2. Two Types of Immunization
• Passive Immunization: -Methods of acquisition include natural maternal antibodies,

antitoxins, and immune globulins.

-Protection transferred from another person or animal.

• Active Immunization: -Methods of acquisition include natural

infection, vaccines (many types), and toxoids.

-Relatively permanent.

2.1 Acquisition of Passive and Active Immunity

2,2 Passive Immunization

▪ Injection with preformed antibodies o Human or animal

antibodies can be used

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 o Injection of animal Ab’s prevalent before vaccines

▪ Effects are only temporary(Chang Y, Brewer NT, Rinas AC, Schmitt K, Smith JS (July 2009). Vaccine. 27 (32): 4355–62)
2.3 The Immune System and Passive Immunization
▪ The transfer of antibodies will not trigger the immune system

▪ There is NO presence of memory cells

▪ Risks are included

▪ Recognition of the immunoglobulin epitope by self immunoglobluin

paratopes

▪ Some individuals produce IgE molecules specific for passive antibody,

leading to mast cell degranulation

▪ Some individuals produce IgG or IgM molecules specific for passive

antibody, leading to hypersensitive reactions

2.4Herd Immunity
▪ Factors affecting herd immunity

– Environmental Factors: crowded conditions, seasonal variations

– Strength of Individual’s Immune System

– Infectiousness of Disease: greater the risk of infection, the higher percentage of

people need vaccines to attain herd immunity

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 ▪ When enough people are vaccinated, chance of germ infecting the non-immunized

population is small

▪ Can lead to disappearance of diseases (smallpox)

– Vaccination no longer necessary

(Liesegang TJ (August 2009). "44 (4): 379–84)

2,6. Development of Vaccines

Multiple factors affect decisions when making vaccines

1. Activation of specific branch of immune system

2. Development of immunological memory

(Gellin B (1 June 2000)

3. History :Before the first vaccinations, in the sense of using cowpox to inoculate people

against smallpox, people have been inoculated in China and elsewhere, before being copied

in the west, by using smallpox, called variolation. The earliest hints of the practice of

variolation for smallpox in China come during the 10th century.The Chinese also practiced

the oldest documented use of variolation, which comes from Wan Quan's (1499–1582)

Douzhen Xinfa (痘疹心法) of 1549. They implemented a method of "nasal insufflation"

administered by blowing powdered smallpox material, usually scabs, up the nostrils. Various

insufflation techniques have been recorded throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth

centuries within China.: 60 Two reports on the Chinese practice of inoculation were received

by the Royal Society in London in 1700; one by Martin Lister who received a report by an

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 employee of the East India Company stationed in China and another by Clopton Havers. In

France, Voltaire reports that the Chinese have practiced variolation "these hundred years.(

Parums, D. V. (1 February 2024).

4. Adjuvants

Adjuvants are CRITICAL for the use of inactivated vaccines

Most widely used are aluminum salts (mainly hydroxide or phosphate)

Effects include liberation of antigen, chemoattraction, and inflammation

5.Additional Facts From Dr. David Satcher

▪ Presented a more social rather than technical view of vaccines

▪ Barriers to health care include the “7 U’s”

Uninsured, Under-issued, Under-represented, Uninspired,

Uninformed

Ethical Variations

▪ Significant Social Costs associated with vaccine-preventable diseases

$10 billion per year

36,000 elderly die yearly from influenza despite availability of vaccine

Social impetus is needed to lower these figures

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 6.Impact of Vaccines on Public Health

▪ Between 1977 and 1980, smallpox was eradicated in the United States

Global eradication is currently a major consideration

Phenomenon of herd immunity

▪ Measles occurrences at a record low(Lombard M, Pastoret PP, Moulin AM (April 2007)

7. Conclusion

Examples of side effects include mild fever or arm pain. In addition, the injection site may be

slightly red or swollen. Young children can also be listless or tearful. These side effects are

generally mild and go away on their own within a few days . This means that there is no genetic

damage or long-term effects, and vaccination is the best thing to do after you have a viral

disease.

8. Recommendation

▪ Everyone should make sure they're up to date on these routine vaccines:

COVID-19 vaccine

Flu vaccine (influenza)

Tdap vaccine (tetanus, diphtheria, and whooping cough) or Td vaccine (tetanus,

diphtheria)

You may need other vaccines, too

▪ Review the sections below to learn what other vaccines you may need based on:

Age

Life events, job, or travel

Health conditions

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 Recommended vaccine schedule for adults

Pregnancy

Get the whooping cough vaccine during each pregnancy

Tdap vaccine — between 27 and 36 weeks of pregnancy to help protect your baby

against whooping cough

▪ Healthcare workers :Vaccines you need

If you work directly with patients or handle material that could spread infection, you should

get appropriate vaccines to reduce the chance that you will get or spread vaccine-preventable

diseases.

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 9. Reference List

▪ Fiore AE, Bridges CB, Cox J (2009). "Seasonal Influenza Vaccines". Vaccines for
Pandemic Influenza. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 333. pp.
43–82
▪ Chang Y, Brewer NT, Rinas AC, Schmitt K, Smith JS (July 2009). "Evaluating the
impact of human papillomavirus vaccines". Vaccine. 27 (32): 4355–62.
▪ Liesegang TJ (August 2009). "Varicella zoster virus vaccines: effective, but concerns
linger". Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. 44 (4): 379–84.
▪ Amanna, Ian J.; Slifka, Mark K. (2018). "Successful Vaccines". In Lars Hangartner;
Dennis R. Burton (eds.). Vaccination Strategies Against Highly Variable Pathogens.
Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol. 428. Vol. 428.
▪ Brotherton J (2015). "HPV prophylactic vaccines: lessons learned from 10 years
experience". Future Virology. 10 (8): 999–1009.
▪ Melief CJ, van Hall T, Arens R, Ossendorp F, van der Burg SH (September
2015). "Therapeutic cancer vaccines". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 125
▪ (Gellin B (1 June 2000)
▪ Parums, D. V. (1 February 2024
▪ (Lombard M, Pastoret PP, Moulin AM (April 2007)

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