1

Govt PU College for Boy’s Humnabad,

Dist Bidar.
II PUC BIOLOGY
DR.SHRAWANKUMAR N TOMPE
-M.Sc.,B.Ed., M.Phil., PhD., KSET(LLB).

Contents
UNIT-VI REPRODUCTION
Chapter-1 Reproduction in Organisms
Chapter-2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Chapter-3 Human Reproduction
Chapter-4 Reproductive Health

UNIT-VII GENETICS

Chapter-5 Principles of Inheritance & Variation

Chapter-6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Chapter-7 Evolution

UNIT-VIII BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE

Chapter-8 Human Health & Disease

Chapter-9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Chapter-10 Microbes in Human Welfare

UNIT-IX BIOTECHNOLOGY

Chapter-11 Biotechnology Principles & Processes

Chapter-12 Biotechnology & Its applications

UNIT-X ECOLOGY

Chapter-13 Organisms & Populations

Chapter-14 Ecosystem
Chapter-15 Biodiversity & Conservation
Chapter-16 Environmental Issues

DR.SHRAWANKUMAR TOMPE, LECTURER IN BIOLOGY, GOVT PU COLLEGE BOY’S HUMNABAD

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Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms
1 Mark Questions
1. Name the reproductive cycle that occur in non-primates.
Oestrus cycle
2. How many chromosomes are there in meiocytes of human beings?
46
3. Name the part of the flower which develops into fruit after fertilization.
Ovary
4. Define parthenogenesis.
Female gamete undergoes development to form new organism without fertilization
5. Define embryogenesis.
The process of development of embryo from the zygote
6. What are hermaphrodites?
Bisexual animals that possess both male and female reproductive org
7. Name the reproductive cycle that occur in primates.
Menstrual cycle.
8. What are meiocytes?
Diploid mother cells which undergo meiosis to form haploid gametes.
2 Mark Questions
1. What are hermaphrodites? Mention one example.
Bisexual animals that possess both male and female reproductive orgExample: Earthworm / Leech / Sponge / Tapeworm.
2. What are homogametes and heterogametes?
Homogametes are morphologically similar in appearance. Heterogametes aremorphologically distinct in appearance.
3. What is embryogenesis? Mention two important events that occur duringembryogenesis.
The process of development of embryo from the zygote is called embryogenesis.
Cell division and Cell differentiation are two important events that occur duringembryogenesis.
4. Differentiate between pericarp and perisperm.
Pericarp – The ovary develops into fruit which develops a thick wallcalled pericarp.or the thick wall of the fruit is called
pericarp.
Perisperm – The residual , persistent nucellus is called perisperm.
5. Differentiate seasonal breeders from continuous breeders.
Seasonal breeders Continuous breeders
Animals which reproduce only in a Animals which reproduce continuously
particular season irrespective of season
Eg:Dog, frog Eg:Man
6. Differentiate between menstrual cycle and oestrus cycle.
Menstrual cycle Oestrous cycle
Cyclic changes that occur during Cyclic changes that occur during
reproduction in the ovaries of mammals reproduction in ovaries of non primates
Shedding of endometrium and bleeding No shedding of endometrium and bleeding
occurs occur
7. What is heterothallic condition? Differentiate between staminate and pistillateflowers.
Unisexual condition of organisms is called as heterothallic condition.The flowers bearing only stamens are called staminate
flowers. The flowers bearing only Pistil/Ovary are called pistillate flowers.
8. What is parthenogenesis? Give two examples.
Female gamete undergoes development to form new organism without fertilization.Examples: Honey bee / Rotifers / Bird
(Turkey) / Some lizards
9. Differentiate between external fertilization and internal fertilization.
External fertilisation Internal fertilisation
It occurs outside the female body It occur inside the female body
More gametes are produced Less female gametes are produced
External medium like water is needed No medium is needed

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Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants
1 Mark Questions
1 Papaya plants exhibit xenogamy only. Why?
. Because Papaya plant is dioecious plant / Male and female flowers are developed indifferent plants.
2 What is emasculation?
. Removal of anthers from the flower bud before the anther dehisces.
3 What is apomixis?
. Apomixis is the production of seeds without fertilization.
4 What is geitenogamy?
. Pollination between the flowers borne on same plant is called geitenogamy.
5 What is xenogamy?
. Pollination between the flowers of two different plants is called xenogamy.
6 Write the function of filiform apparatus.
. Filiform apparatus play an important role in guiding the pollen tubes to penetrate into thesynergid.
7 What is double fertilization?
. Two types of fusions, syngamy and triple fusion take place in an embryo sac thephenomenon is termed as
double fertilization.
8 What are false fruits? Give an example.
. The fruits develop from the thalamus is called False fruits.Ex: Apple / Strawberry / Cashew.
9 Write the characteristic features of insect pollinated flowers.
. Characteristics of insect pollinated flowers.
Theflowers are large, conspicuous, coloured and showy.
Whenflowers are small, they aggregate in the form of an inflorescence.
Theflowers have a fragrance and sweet nectar.
Pollengrains are rough and surrounded by sticky substance called pollen kit.
Flowersare very good places for the insects to lay their eggs.
10 What is megasporogenesis?
. The process of formation of megaspores from the megaspore mother cell is called megasporogenesis.

Chapter 03 Human Reproduction

1 Mark Questions
1. What is ovulation?
The release of the secondary oocyte / ovum from the ovary/ Graafian follicle
2. Name the cells that secrete androgens.
Leydig cells / Interstitial cells
3. Name the physical and physiological connection between maternal body andembryo (foetus)
Placenta
4. Why is oxytocin necessary for parturition?
It causes contraction of uterine muscles.
5. What is menarche?
The first menstruation begins at puberty is called menarche.
6. What is Menopause?
In human beings, menstrual cycles ceases around 50 years of age; that is termed as menopause.
7. What is colostrum?
The milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is called colostrum.
8. Ovulation takes place on 14 day of menstrual cycle. Why?
Because of LH surge/maximum level of LH.
9. Mention the function of Sertoli cells of testes.
Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the germ cells.
10 Name the Hormone Secreted by Corpus Luteum.
. Progesterone
11 What is Implantation?
. Attachment of blastocyst to the endometrium wall of the uterus.

DR.SHRAWANKUMAR TOMPE, LECTURER IN BIOLOGY, GOVT PU COLLEGE BOY’S HUMNABAD

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12 What is Foetal ejection reflex?
. The signals for parturation originate from the fully developed foetus and the placenta which induce mild uterine
contractions called foetal ejection reflex.
13 Name the hormone released by the ovary in the later phase of pregnancy.
. Relaxin
14 Name the layer of the uterus that exhibits strong contraction during parturition.
. Myometrium exhibits strong contraction during delivery of the baby.
15 Name the finger like projections on Trophoblast that appear during implantation.
. Chorionic villi
16 In which site of fallopian tube does fertilisation take place?
. Ampullary isthmus region of fallopian tube.
2 Mark Questions
1. List any four hormones secreted by placenta.
Four hormones secreted by placenta
1) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
2) human placental lactogen (hPL)
3) Estrogens
4) Progestogens
2. Mention the accessory ducts of male reproductive system.
The male sex accessory ducts include rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis and vas deferens.

Chapter :4 Reproductive Health

1/ 2 Mark Questions
1. Mention any four Sexually Transmitted Diseases.
Gonorrhoea / Syphilis / Genital herpes / Chlamydiasis / Genital warts / Trichomoniasis / Hepatitis-B / AIDS.
2. Mention any two natural methods of birth control.
Periodic abstinence / Withdrawal or coitus interruptus / Lactational amenorrhea.
3. Write any two simple principles to prevent sexually transmitted diseases.
(i) Avoid sex with unknown partners/multiple partners.
(ii) Always use condoms during coitus.
(iii) In case of doubt, go to a qualified doctor for early detection and get completetreatment if diagnosed with disease.
4. Mention the reasons for population explosion.
Arapid decline in death rate, maternal mortality rate (MMR) and infant mortality rate(IMR).
Increasein number of people in reproducible age.
5. Name two hormone releasing IUD‟s.
Progestasert, LNG-20
6. What is medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)? Mention the safe Period for MTP.Intentional or voluntary
termination of pregnancy before full term is called medical termination of pregnancy (MTP).
MTPs are considered relatively safe during the first trimester, i.e.,up to 12 weeks of pregnancy.
7. Name human male and female sterilization procedures.
Sterilisation procedure in the male is called „vasectomy‟ and in the female is called tubectomy‟.
3 Marks Questions
1. Suggest any three assisted reproductive technologies to overcome Infertility.
In vitro fertilisation - embryo transfer (IVF-ET)Zygote intra fallopian
transfer (ZIFT)
Intra uterine transfer (IUT)
Gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT) Intra cytoplasmic
sperm injection (ICSIArtificial insemination (AI)
Intra-uterine insemination (IUI)
2. What is infertility? Give reasons for infertility in hum
Infertility is the inability to produce children in spite of unprotected sexual habitation /sexual intercourse.
Reasons for infertility: Physical / Congenital / Disease / Drugs /Immunological /Psychological.
3. List the measures to prevent Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Simple principles to prevent sexually transmitted diseases; Avoid sex with unknown partners/multiple partners. Ii)Always
use condoms during coitus. iii)In case of doubt, go to a qualified doctor for early detection and get complete

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4. What are the features of an ideal contraceptive?
An ideal contraceptive should be
User-friendly, easily available, effective They should be reversible with no or least side-effects.
□ It also should in no way interfere with the sexual drive, desire and/or the sexual act of the user.
5. Mention the natural methods of contraception.
Periodic abstinence, Withdrawal or coitus interruptus, Lactational amenorrhea.

Chapter 5 PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATIONS

1 Mark Questions
What are alleles?
Alternate forms of a gene which occupy the same loci on homologous chromosomes.
1. What is Back cross?
A cross between F1 progeny back to one of their parents
2. What is Test cross?
A cross between the F1 organisms with the recessive parent
3. What is Co-dominance?
When the alleles for two contrasting characters are together in heterozygouscondition, both the alleles
express their character together
4. What is Incomplete Dominance
When dominant gene is incompletely dominant over recessive gene, thephenomemon is known as
incomplete dominance.
5. What is linkage?
Physical association of genes on a chromosome.
6. State the “Mendel Law of dominance”
In a cross between two pure breed organisms with contrasting characters only one character of the pair appears in
the F-1 generation and it is called dominant & the other which is not expressed is called recessive‟.
7. State the Law of Segregation/ Purity of gametes
“When the alleles for two contrasting characters are brought together in F 1 generation, they separate or
segregate in F2 generation during the formation ofgametes”.
8. State the Law of independent assortment
“When the alleles for more than two contrasting characters are brought together in F 1hybrids they assort independently
by one another in F2 generation during the formation of gametes”.
9. What is pedigree analysis?
Analysis of traits in several of generation of a family is called pedigree analysis
10. What is mutation?
It is defined as the spontaneous permanent inheritable change in the genetic makeupthat can alter the character of an
individual.
11. 2 Mark Questions
What are multiple alleles? Give an example
More than two alternative forms of a gene occupying same locus on the homologouschromosome and control a single
character is called multiple allele.
Ex: Human blood group is controlled by three alleles( IA IB i)
1. Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism in genetic studies, justify
 Grown on simple synthetic medium in laboratory.
 They complete their life cycle in two weeks
 A single mating could produce large number of progeny
 Clear differentiation of male and female flies
2. What is polygenic inheritance? Give an example.
An expression of a trait is controlled by two or more number of genesEg: Eye colour / Skin colour, /
Height and Weight of human beings
3. Define pleiotrophy.Mention one example.
A single gene influences on two or more unrelated phenotypic expression Example :Phenylketonuria
4. What is male heterogamety? Give an example.
It is a mechanism of sex determination in which males produce two different types ofgametes.
Example-XX & XY method of sex determination in humans.
5. What is Co-dominance? Give an example
When the alleles for two contrasting characters are together in heterozygouscondition, both the alleles express their
character together.
DR.SHRAWANKUMAR TOMPE, LECTURER IN BIOLOGY, GOVT PU COLLEGE BOY’S HUMNABAD
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Eg: ABO Blood group in humans, ( IA IB )

6. Write a note on a)α-Thallesamia b)β-Thallesamia

1. In α Thalassemia production of α-Globin chain is affected which is controlledby closely linked genes HBA1 and
HBA2
2. In β -Thalassemia β -Globin chain is affected which is controlled by singlegene HBB on chromosome 11

Chapter 6 MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE

1 Mark Questions
1. What is Autoradiography?
Hybridized DNA strands on the Nylon sheet are X-ray photographed. It isknown as autoradiography.

2. What are Nucleosides?

Combination of nitrogen base and pentose sugar are called nucleosides.
3. What are Nucleotides?
Combination of nitrogen base and pentose sugar and phosphate are callednucleotides.
4. What are Polynucleotides?
More than two Nucleotides joined together to form polynucleotide
5. What is Mutation?
A sudden inheritable change in the gene sequence is called mutation.
6. What is Thallassemia?
It is a blood disorder that reduces the production of Haemoglobin
7. Define Transcription
Biosynthesis of m-RNA using DNA Template
8. Define Translation
It is process where coded information present in the triplet codons of
m-RNA is used for the selection of amino acid sequence of a specific proteinmolecule
9. What is RNA splicing?
In eukaryotes the entire gene is transcribed in to heterogeneous m-RNA, later noncoding Introns where removed
& Exons are joined to form mature m-RNA, the process is called RNA splicing
10. What is capping ?
„Methyl Guanosine Triphosphate‟ is added at 5‟ end of heterogeneous m-RNA,theprocess is called capping.
11. Mention the function of RNA Polymerase –I
It transcribes ribosomal-RNA
12. Mention the function of RNA Polymerase –II
It transcribes precursor of m-RNA & heterogeneous nuclear RNA
13. Mention the function of RNA polymerase –III
It transcribes t-RNA, Small Ribosomal RNA & Small nuclear RNA.
14. Name the enzyme which catalizes Splicing
splicesome.
15. What is Regulator gene?
It regulates the action of Operator gene by producing inhibitors called Repressors
16. What is Operator gene?
Operator gene is a switch to control the expression of structural genes.
17. What is Structural genes? /Cluster genes
These are the Citrons which code for enzymes and proteins.
18. State Chargaff „s rule of base equivalence
“Ratio of Purines & Pyrimidines is always a constant.”
19. Mention the function of Topoisomerase.
Concerned with breaking and resealing of DNA
20. Mention the function of Helicases (Unwindases)
Involved in unwinding of DNA helix
21. Mention the function of DNA Polymerase-I
This enzyme joins the Okazaki fragments by utilising ATP

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22. Mention the function of DNA Ligase
This enzyme joins the Okazaki fragments by utilising ATP
23. Mention the function of RNA-Primase
It is an enzyme which synthesises RNA primer
24. Mention the function of RNA Primer
Short single stranded RNA with maximum of 10 nucleotides needed for DNA synthesis.
25. Mention the function of DNA-Template
Single stranded DNA, which provides unpaired nucleotides for base pairing
2 Mark Questions
1. Write the types of nucleic acids?
1. DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acids)
2. RNA (Ribose Nucleic Acids)
2. Mention the Nitrogen bases present in DNA
Purines: Adinine (A),Guanine (G), Pyrimidines:Thymine (T),Cytosine(C)
3. Mention the Nitrogen bases present in RNA
Purines: Adinine (A),Guanine (G), Pyrimidines:Uracil (U),Cytosine(C)
4. Differentiate heterochromatin from euchromatin
Heterochromatin Euchromatin
Highly coiled & condensed region of Loosely coiled regions of chromatinis called euchromatin.
chromatin is called Heterochromatin.
5. DNA is better genetic material than RNA, justify with two reasons.
 Absence of Oxygen atom (Deoxy) in second carbon position of pentose sugarprovides additional stability.
 DNA is structurally more stable , chemically less reactive
 OH group present at second carbon atom of pentose sugar(Ribose sugar) is areactive group and makes RNA
liable & easily degradable.
 RNA has the catalytic property & highly reactive
 RNA mutate at much faster rate.
Hence DNA is better genetic material than RNA.
6. Differentiate introns from exons
Introns Exons
Eukaryotic gene is split in to several non Eukaryotic gene is split in to several
coding regions called Introns coding regions called Exons
7. Mention the methodologies adopted for sequencing HGP
 Expressed sequence tags (ETSs):Identifying all the genes that are expressed as RNA
 Sequence annotation: Sequencing the whole set of genome & assigning different regions with functions for
genes in the sequence is called sequence annotation.
8. What is Frame shift mutation? or Deletion mutation? Mention one example
Insertion or deletion of three or its multiples basesExample: Beta-Thallassemia
9. What is Point mutation? Mention one example
A single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a DNA or RNAsequence of an organism
Example- Sickel Cell Anaemia
10. Mention the nucleosides of DNA
Deoxyadenosine, Deoxyguanosine, Deoxycytidine , Deoxythymidine
11. Mention the nucleosides of RNA
Adenosine, Guanosine, Cytidine, Uridine
12. Mention the nucleotides of DNA
Deoxyadenylic acid, Deoxyguanylic acid, Deoxycytidylic acid and Deoxythymidylic acid
13. Mention the nucleotides of RNA
Adenylic acid, Guanylic acid, Thymidylic acid, Urydylic acid
Chapter 7 EVOLUTION
1 Mark Questions
1. Who dismissed the spontaneous generation theory ?
Louis Pasteur
2. What are homologous organs?
The organs which are similar anatomically but perform different functions.

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3. What are Analogous organs?
The organs which are anatomically different in structure but perform similarfunctions.
4. Define Saltation.
Single step large mutation that causes speciation
5. State Hardy-Weinberg law.
The allele frequencies in a population remains constant from generation to generationunless affected by external
factors.
6. What is Gene pool?
The total genes and their alleles in a population
7. What is Genetic drift?
It is the change in allele frequency in a given population which can develop into a new species
8. Definre founder effect.
The original drifted population becomes founder for the formation of new species.
2 Mark Questions
1. What is adaptive radiation? Give an example
The process of evolution of different species in a geographical area starting from a point and litterally radiating to
other areas of geography is called adaptive radiation.
2. Give two example for homologous organs?
1. Forelimbs of man, bat, whales, cheetah
2. Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendrils of cucurbita.
3. Name the two points of Darwinian theory of evolution.
Branching descent and Natural selection
4. Give two examples for analogous organs?
1. Wings of butterfly and birds
2. Eye of octopus and mammals.
3 Mark Questions
1. Explain Miller‟s experiment with neat labeled diagram.
In 1953 S.L. Miller an American scientist created similar conditions in the laboratory scale similar to the primitive
atmosphere, high temperature, volcanic storms, reducing atmosphere containing ammonia and methane. He created
electric discharge in a closed flask containing CH4,H2, NH3 and water vapors at 8000C . He observedformation of ammonia
acids.
2. Write the brain capacity of the following.
1. Homo habilis- 650-800 cc
2. Homo erectus- 900cc
3. Neanderthal man-1400cc
3. Name the following.
1. Biggest dinosaur- Tyrannasaurus rex
2. Human-like primate- Homo habilis
3. First fish evolved into amphibian- Coelacanth
Chapter 8 HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE
1 Mark Questions
1. Name the causative agent of elephantiasis.
Wuchereria bancrofti / Wuchereria malayi / Filarial worm. (any one)
2. What is an allergy?
The exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in theenvironment is called allergy.
3. Mention the cell involved in cell mediated immunity.
T-lymphocytes
4. What is Benign tumor?
Benign tumors normally remain confined to their original location and do not spreadto other parts of the body and
cause little damage.
5. Name the causative organism of pneumonia.
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza are responsible for the diseasepneumonia
6. Name the plant from which cocaine is obtained.
Coca plant / Erythroxylum coca,
7. Name the enzyme by which the HIV genome replicates in the host cell.
Reverse transcriptase

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8. Name the disease diagnosed by Widal test.
Typhoid
9. What are Interferons?
Interferons are the proteins, protect non-infected cells from viral infection.
10. Name the Diagnostic Test for AIDS.
Enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA).
11. From which plant Morphine is extracted?
Poppy plant / Papaver somniferum
12. Name the type of antibodies produced during allergy.
IgE
13. Write the name of toxic substance responsible for fever and chill in Malaria.
Haemozoin
14. Name the disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae.
Pneumonia
15. Mention the type of antibody present in the colostrums.
IgA
16. Write the infectious forms of Plasmodium which enter human body throughmosquito bite.
Sporozoites
17. Mention the role of Alpha interferon in treatment of cancer.
Alpha interferon activates immune system and help in destroying the tumor.
2 Mark Questions
1. Differentiate between active immunity and passive immunity.
Active immunity Passive immunity
Immunity developed in host due to Immunity developed in host due to
entry of pathogen transfer of antibodies
It slow in action It is fast in action
It has no side effect It may cause side effects
It is life time immunity It short time immunity
2. Distinguish between Benign tumor and malignant tumor.
Benign tumor Malignant tumor
Benign tumors normally Malignant tumors normally do not
remain confined to their originallocation remain confined to their originallocation
Benign tumors do not spread to Malignant tumors spread to other
other parts of the body parts of the body
Benign tumors cause little damage. Malignant tumors cause much damage.
3. List any two methods of HIV transmission.
*Sexual contact with infected person. *Transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products.
*Sharing of infected needles by drug abusers. *From infected mother to her child through placenta
4. What is Innate Immunity? Mention any two types of Innate immunity barriers.
Innate immunity is non-specific type of defence that is present at the time of birth.Innate immunity consists of four
types of barriers.
(i) Physical barriers (ii) Physiological barriers (iii) Cellular barriers (iv) Cytokine barriers (Any two barriers )
5. What is an allergy? Name the two chemicals released by mast cells in the bodyduring allergy.
The exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in theenvironment is called allergy.
Histamine and Serotonin are the two chemicals released by mast cells in the bodyduring allergy.

Chapter 9 STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION

1 Mark Questions
1. Define the term breed.
Breed 1s a group of animals related by descent and similar in most characters likegeneral appearance, features,
size, configuration, etc.
2. Define inbreeding.
Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the samebreed for 4-6 generatios.
3. Name the new breed of sheep developed in Punjab by crossing Bikaner ewesand Marino rams.
Hisardale,
4. Expand MOET.
Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology.

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5. Define apiculture.
It is the maintenance of hives of honeybees for the production of honey.
6. Name the most common species of honey bee uscd in apiculture.
Apis indica
7. Name the branch of animal husbandry to which the term bluc revolution isconcerned with?
Fisheries
8. What is germplasm collection?
The entire collection (of plants/seeds) having all the diverse alleles for all genes in agiven crop is called germplasm
collection
9. Name the scientist who developed semi-dwarf wheat?
Norman E. Borlaug.
10. Expand IRRI.
International Rice Research Institute.
11. What is Bio fortification?
Breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals, or higher protein andhealthier fat.
12. Define SCP (Single cell protein).
Single Cell Protein (SCP) is Alternate sources of proteins for animal and humannutrition obtained from microbes
like Spirulina
13. Why meristem is preferred in tissue culture?
Meristem is free from virus infection. Hence can be used to produce virus freeplants.
14. What is hidden hunger?
It is the condition where nearly three billion people suffer from micronutrient,protein and vitamin deficiencies.
15. Define outbreeding.
it is the breeding of the unrelated animals. Which may be between individuals of thesame breed), or between
different breeds or different species.
16. What is animal husbandary?
Animal husbandry is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock.
1. Define inbrecding depression. How can be it overcome?
Continued inbreeding reduces fertility and even productivity. This is called inbreeding depression. Inbreeding
depression can be overcome by breeding theselected animals with superior animals of the same breed but unrelated to
the breeding population. 2Marks
2. Mention any two economic importance of apiculture.
1. we get honey and bee wax
2. Bees are the pollinators of many of our crop species such as sunflower, brassica,apple and pear.
3. Which are the important components of poultry farm management?
The important components of poultry farm management include
1. Selection of disease free and suitable breeds,
2. Proper and safe farm conditions,
3. Proper feed and water,
4. Hygiene and health care
4. Name two edible fresh water and marine fishes.
Fresh water fishes Catla, Rohu Marine water fishes-Hilsa, Sardines,
5. Name two high yielding and disease resistant of wheat introduced all over thewheat-growing belt of India.
Sonalika and KalyanSona.
6. Name two better-yielding semi dwarf varieties of rice developed in India.
Jaya and Ratna
7. Single cell proteins can be used as alternate sources of proteins for human nutrition. Illustrate with two examples.
Ex 1: Microbes like Spirulina can be grown easily on materials like waste water from potato processing plants
(containing starch), straw, molasses, animal manure and even sewage, to produce large quantities.
Ex 2: It can serve as food rich in protein, minerals, fats, carbohydrate and vitamins.
8. List out the objectives of Biofortification.
It includes improving:
a)Protein content and quality b) Oil content and quality
c)Vitamin content and Micronutrient and mineral content.
9. What is interspecific hybridization? Give an example
In this method, male and female animals of two different species are mated. Ex:Mule
3 Mark Questions

DR.SHRAWANKUMAR TOMPE, LECTURER IN BIOLOGY, GOVT PU COLLEGE BOY’S HUMNABAD

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1. Give the examples for the following biofortified plants developed by IARI New Delhi. a) Vitamin A enriched plant. b)
Vitamin C enriched plant. c) Iron and calciumenriched
a. Vitamin A enriched plant.-Carrot.
b. Vitamin C enriched plant -Bitter gourd.
c. Iron and calcium enriched Spinach.
2. List out the applications of tissue culture.
1. Many important food plants like tomato, banana, apple, etc., have been producedon commercial scale using this
method.
2. Recovery of healthy plants from diseased plants i.e., one can remove themeristem and grow it invitro to obtain
virus-free plants.
3. Production of somatic hybrids.
3. List out the key points for successful bee keeping.
The following points are important for successful bee-keeping:
a. Knowledge of the nature and habits of bees,
b. Selection of suitable location for keeping the beehives,
c. Catching and hiving of swarms (group of bees),
d. Management of beehives during different seasons, andHandling and collection of honey and of beeswax.

Chapter 10 MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE

1 Mark Questions
1 Mention the bacterium responsible for the large holes seen in Swiss cheese.
. Propionibacterium sharmanii. / P. sharmanii
2 What are bio- fertilizers?
. Biofertilisers are organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil.
3 Mention the use of Cyclosporine A.
. Cyclosporin A, is used as an immunosuppressive agent
4 Name the fungus that produce cyclosporine A
. Trichoderma polysporum
5 Mention the use of statin.
. Statins used as blood-cholesterol lowering agents.
6 Which Bioactive molecule is used as an immunosuppressive agent?
. Cyclosporin A
7 Define Biochemical Oxygen Demand.
. BOD refers to the amount of the oxygen that would be consumed if all the organicmatter in one liter of water were
oxidised by bacteria.
8 Name the microbe used in the production of citric acid.
. Aspergillus niger
9 What are flocs?
. Flocs are masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments to form mesh likestructures.
10 Mention the role of Methanobacterium in rumen of cattle.
. In rumen of cattle, Methanobacterium bacteria help in the breakdown of cellulose.
11 Mention the commercial importance of Monascus purpureus.
. Blood-cholesterol lowering agents
12 Write the scientific name of the source organism for citric acid.
. Aspergillus niger
13 Which bacteria are commonly found in the anaerobic sludge during sewagetreatment?
. Methanobacterium / Methanogens
2 Mark Questions
1 Discuss the role of fungi as biofertiliser.
□ Fungi like Glomus form symbiotic association (mycorrhiza) – It helps in theabsorption of phosphorus.
□ Plants with such association of fungi show resistant to root borne pathogens, tolerance to salinity and drought,
overall increase in plant growth and development.

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Chapter 11 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
1 Mark Questions
1 Define polymerase chain reaction.
. Polymerase chain reaction is a reaction in which, multiple copies of the gene / DNA issynthesised in vitro using two
sets of primers and the enzyme DNA polymerase.
2 Mention the technique used to separate DNA fragments in rDNA technology.
. Gel electrophoresis.
3 Retroviruses are disarmed before using to deliver desirable genes into animal cells.Why?
. To make them nonpathogenic.
4 Name the molecular scissors used in recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology.
. Restriction endonuclease /REN/Restriction nuclease enzyme
5 What are Plasmids?
. Plasmids are extra nuclear, circular, double stranded DNA present in the cytoplasm ofBacteria.
6 What is micro-injection?
. It is the method of introduction of the rDNA / recombinant DNA directly into nucleus ofanimal cell (Host cell).
7 What is downstream processing?
. A series of processes before it is ready for marketing as a finished product.
8 Write the restriction site of Eco RI enzyme.
. 5' GAATTC 3' 3' CTTAAG 5'
9 Mention the importance of selectable markers in plasmids.
. It helps in identifying and eliminating non trans formants and selectively permitting thegrowth of the transformants.
10 Name the plasmid present in Agrobacterium tumifaciens.
. Ti plasmid / Tumor inducing plasmid
11 Name the stain used to visualize DNA fragments in gel electrophoresis.
. Ethidium bromide
12 What is elution?
. The separated bands of DNA are cut out from agarose gel and extracted from gel piece iselution.

Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its Applications

1 Mark Questions
1. Mention a gene that codes for insecticidal protein in Bt cotton.
cryIAc / cryIIAb / Cry genes
2 Mark Questions
1. What is gene therapy? Name the disorder to which clinical gene therapy was givenfirst.
Gene therapy is the replacement of a faulty gene by a healthy and functional gene.ADA (Adenosine deaminase Deficiency)
2. Mention any two critical research areas of biotechnology.
1. Providing the best catalyst in the form of improved organism usually a microbe or pureenzyme.
2. Creating optimal conditions through engineering for a catalyst to act.
3. Downstream processing technologies to purify the protein organic compound.
3 Mark Questions
1. In which ways genetically modified plants are useful.
(i) Genetically Modified crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt, heat).
(ii) Genetically Modified crops reduced reliance on chemical pesticides (pest-resistantcrops).
(iii) Genetically Modified crops helped to reduce post harvest losses.
(iv) Genetically Modified crops increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants (this prevents early exhaustion of
fertilityof soil).
(v) Genetically Modified crops enhanced nutritional value of food, e.g., Vitamin „A‟enriched rice.
Chapter 13 ORGANISMS AND POPULATIONS
1 Mark Questions
1. Define mortality.
It is the number of deaths in the population during a given period.
2. Define natality.
It is the number of births during a given period in the population.
3. What are eurythermal organisms?
Organisms can tolerate and thrive in a wide range of temperatures.

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4. How do some species of insects and frogs avoid being detected by the predators?
Cryptically coloured / camouflaged
5. State Gause's Competitive Exclusion Principle'.
Gause‟s „Competitive Exclusion Principle' states that “two closely related species competing for the same resources
cannot co-exist independently and the competitivelyinferior one will be eliminated eventually”.
6. State Allen's rule.
Allen’s Rule states that “Mammals from colder climates generally have shorter ears andlimbs to minimise heat loss”.
7. Why mammals of colder climate generally have shorter ears and limbs?
To minimise heat loss from the body.
8. What are Euryhaline organisms?
Organisms are tolerant of a wide range of salinities.
9. The Abington tortoise in Galapagos islands becomes extinct of after goats wereintroduced on the island.
Mention the type of interaction.
Competition.
2 Mark Questions
1. What is commensalism? Give an example.
The interaction where one species is benefitted and the other is neither benefitted norharmed is called
commensalism.
Example: An orchid growing as an epiphyte on a mango branch OR Barnacles growing on the back of a whale
OR
The egret and grazing cattle in close association OR Interaction between sea anemone and the clown fish
2. A prey develops defence against a predator. Justify the statement with two examplesin animals.
• Some species of insects and frog are cryptically coloured or camouflaged.
• Monarch butterfly has a chemical acquired during its caterpillar stage which makes itdistasteful.
3. Mention any two mechanisms how human body compensates low oxygen availability at higher altitude.
*By increasing red blood cell production. *By increasing the binding affinity of haemoglobin.*By increasing breathing
rate.
4. Write two suspended activities in animals against abiotic stresses with suitable examples.
• Bears go into hibernation during winter to escape from cold.
• Some snails and fish go into aestivation during summer to escape from heat anddessication.
5. Mention the four possibilities in which the organism living with stressful conditions cope up with situation.
1Regulate 2 Conform 3 Migrate 4 Suspend
1. Explain any three major abiotic factors influencing the life of organisms.
Temperature: Temperature affects the kinetics of enzymes and other physiologicalfunctions of the organism.
Water: Life on earth originated in water and is unsustainable without water. Theproductivity and distribution of
plants is also heavily dependent on water.
Light: Since plants produce food through photosynthesis, when sunlight is available asa source of energy. For animals
also light affects their foraging, reproductive and migratory activities.
Soil: Various characteristics of the soil such as soil composition, grain size and aggregation determine the
percolation and water holding capacity of the soils determinethe vegetation in any area. 3 Mark Questions
2. Parasites have evolved special adaptations. List them.
- Loss of unnecessary sense org
- Presence of adhesive organs or suckers to cling on the host
- Loss of digestive system and high reproductive capacity.
Chapter 14 ECOSYSTEM
1 Mark Questions
1. Define ecosystem.
An ecosystem is a functional unit of nature, where living organisms interact amongthemsclves with the
surrounding environment.
2. Give an example for man-made ecosystem.
Crop fields and an aquarium is considered as man-made ecosystems
3. Define primary production.
It is the amount of biomass produced per unit area over a time period by plants duringphotosynthesis.
4. Define the term „Productivity‟.
The rate of biomass production is called productivity.
5. Define Gross Primary Productivity.
Gross primary productivity of an ecosystem is the rate of production of organic matterduring photosynthesis.

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6. Expand GPP.
Gross primary productivity.
7. Define Net primary productivity.
Gross primary productivity minus respiration losses (R), is the net primary productivity(NPP)
8. What is secondary productivity?
Secondary productivity is defined as the rate of formation of new organic matter byconsumers.
9. What is decomposition?
The process of break down complex organic matter into inorganic substances likecarbon dioxide, water and
nutrients by decomposers is called decomposition.
10. What is detritus?
Dead plant remains such as leaves, bark, flowers and dead remains of animals, includingfecal matter, constitute
detritus.
11. What is the raw material for decomposition?
Detritus is the raw material for decomposition.
12. Name the producers in an ecosystem?
The green plant in the ecosystem-terminology are called producers
13. What are consumers in an ecosystem?
All animals depend on plants (directly or indirectly) for their food needs. They arehence called consumers
and also heterotrophs
14. What is standing crop?
Each trophic level has a certain mass of living material at a particular time called as thestanding crop
15. Why pyramid of energy is always upright?
Pyramid of energy is always upright, can never be inverted, because when energy flowsfrom a particular trophic
level to the next trophic level, some energy is always loss as heat at each step.
14. What is Biomass?
It is the amount of organic matter present in living organism
15. What is food web?
The natural interconnection of food chains forms a food web.
16. Expand PAR
Photosynthetically Active Radiation
17. What is ecological succession?
The gradual and fairly predictable change in the species composition of a given area iscalled ecological succession.
18. What is primary succession?
Succession is hence a process that starts where no living organisms are there.
19. What is secondary succession?
Succession that occurs in areas that somehow, lost all the living organisms that existedthere.
20. What is stratification?
Vertical distribution different species occupying different levels.
21. What is a pioneer species?
The species that invade a bare area are called pioneer species.
22. Which is the pioneer species of hydrach succession?
Phytoplanktons.
23. Which is the pioneer species of xerarch succession?
Lichens
24. Define „standing state‟
The amount of nutrients, such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, etc., present inthe soil at any given time,
is referred to as the standing state.
25. What is nutrient cycling?
The movement of nutrient clements through the various components of an ecosystem iscalled nutrient cycling.
26. What is the reservoir for the carbon cycle?
Atmosphere
27. What is the reservoir for the phosphorus cycle?
Earth's crust
2/3 Mark Questions

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1. Write a simple grazing food chain
A simple grazing food chain (GFC) is depicted below:
Grass GoatMan
(Producer)  (PrimaryConsumer) (Secondary consumer)
2. Give an example of an inverted ecological pyramid and why is it inverted.
Pyramid of biomass of sea. It is inverted because the bio mass of fishes for exceeds thatof phytoplankton.
3. List the two types of nutrient cycles.
Nutrient cycles are of two types:
(a) Gaseous (b) sedimentary.
4. What is the difference between gaseous and sedimentary cycle?
a) Gaseous-Reservoir is atmosphere, Eg Carbon/Nitrogen cycle
b) Sedimentary- Reservoir is soil, Eg:phosphorus cycle
5. Define food chain? Give an example
The flow of food energy from one tropic level to other tropic level by eating and beingeaten”.
Eg. GrassInsectsFrogSnakeEagle
6. What are the limitations of ecological pyramids?
(i) Does not take into account same species belonging to two or more trophic levels
(ii) Assumes simple food chain, does not accommodate in food web.
(iii) Saprophytes have not been given any place ecological pyramids
7. Name the four functional components of ecosystem?
Productivity, Decomposition, Energy Flow, and Nutrient Cycling.
8. Differentiate detritus food chain and grazing food chain
Detritus food chain begins from the dead and decaying matter while grazing food chainstarts from the green plants
(Producers).
9. Mention the types of plant succession.
Two types-hydrarch and xerarch
10. Differentinte between Sere and Seral communities.
Sere is entire sequence of communities that successively change in a given area.Seral community:
Individual transitional community.
11. Explain primary succession which starts on a bare rock and reach climaxcommunity.
 In prmary succession on rocks these are usually lichens will grow & secrete acids todissolve rock, helping in
weathering and soil formation.
 Later small plants like Bryophytes, will grow they hold little amount of water &soil.
 Later bigger plants, finally a stable climax forest community are formed.
 The climax community remains stable as long as the environment remainsunchanged With time.
Chapter 15 BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION
1 Mark Questions
1. How does fragmentation of large habitat due to human activities lead to populationdecline?
Mammals and Birds requiring large territories and animals with migrating habits are badly affected.
2. Define endemism.
It is the phenomenon of a species being confined to a particular area and not foundanywhere else.
3. Mention a biodiversity hot-spot in India.
1) Western Ghats 2) Sri Lanka 3)Indo-Burma 4)Himalaya
4. Which is the fish caught in South Africa in 1938, which was thought to be extinct?
Coelacanth
2 Mark Questions
1. Introduction of some alien species causes biodiversity loss. Justify the statementwith an example.
• The Nile perch introduced into Lake Victoria in east Africa led to the extinction ofmany species of cichlid fish.
• The introduction of invasive weed species like carrot grass (Parthenium) / Lantana /water hyacinth (Eicchornia) into
India have threatened several native species.
• The introduction of the African catfish / Clarias gariepinus is posing a threat to theindigenous catfishes in Indian
rivers.

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2. What are sacred grooves? Mention any two examples.
Sacred groves are large tracts of forests where trees and wildlife within are conserveddue to cultural and religious
beliefs.
OR
Sacred groves are forests where all the trees and wildlife are highly respected / reveredand given total protection
because of cultural beliefs.
Ex: Khasi Hills / Jaintia Hills / Aravali Hills / Western Ghat / Sarguja area / Chanda area/ Bastar area
3. List out any two effects of loss of biodiversity.
Loss of biodiversity in a region may lead to
(a) Decline in plant production
(b) Lowered resistance to environmental perturbations such as drought
(c) Increased variability in certain ecosystem processes such as plant productivity, wateruse, and pest and disease
cycles.
4. Define biodiversity. Write any two types biodiversity.
Enormous diversity of life on Earth /Rich variety of living organisms on Earth/Thecombined diversity at all the
levels of biological organisation.
1. Genetic diversity
2. Species diversity
3. Ecological diversity
5. Name any four recent extinct organisms as per IUCN Red list.
Dodo, Quagga, Thylacine, Stellar's sea Cow and three subspecies of Tiger.
6. What is Ex-situ conservation? Mention two examples.
Ex-Situ conservation is the conservation, where threatened animals and plants are takenout from their natural
habitat and placed in special setting where they can be protected and given special care.
Example- Zoological Parks, Botanical gardens, Wildlife safari.
7. Define Endemism. Name any two regions of accelerated habitat loss in India. It is the phenomenon of a
species being confined to a particular area and not foundanywhere else.
Western Ghats and Sri Lanka, Indo-Burma and Himalaya are regions of acceleratedhabitat loss in India.
8. Name any two species which have become extinct due to over exploitation.
Steller‟s sea cow and Passenger pigeon were two species which have become extinct dueto over exploitation.
9. Mention 'The Evil Quartet' of biodiversity loss.
i) Habitat loss and fragmentation
ii) Over-exploitation
iii) Alien species invasions
iv) Co-extinctions
Chapter 16 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
1 Mark Questions
1. Define pollution
Pollution is any undesirable change in physical chemical or biological characteristics ofair, land, water or soil.
2. Expand BOD
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
3. Define reforestation.
Reforestation is the process of restoring a forest that once existed but was removed atsome point of time in the
past
4. What is eutrophication?
Eutrophication is the natural aging of a lake by nutrient enrichment of its water.
5. Define Biomagnifications.
Biomagnification refers to increase in concentration of the toxicant at successive trophiclevels.
6. What are EcoSan Toilets?
EcoSan/Ecological sanitation is a sustainable system for handling human excreta, usingdry composting toilets.
7. What is Montreal Protocol?
Control on emission of ozone depleting substances
8. What is pollutant?
The substance which cause pollution is called pollutant
9. What is snow blindness?
Loss of vision due to the effect UV-B radiations causes inflammation of the cornea

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10 What is algal Bloom?
. Presence of large amountof nutrients in water causes excessive growth of free floatingalgae called algal bloom
11 What is Afforrestartion?
. A process of Growing of plants in a wasteland to establish a forest
2 Mark Questions
1. CNG is better than diesel give two reasons
a) CNG burns more efficiently unlike petrol or diesel
b) Very little of it is left unburnt
c) It is cheaper than petrol or diesel
d) It cannot siphoned off by thieves and adulterated like petrol or diesel (any two)
2. Mention the effects of air pollution
a) Air pollution cause injury to all living organisms
b) Air pollution reduce the growth and yield of agricultural crops
c) It cause premature death of plants
d) Air pollutants deleteriously affect the respiratory system of humans and animals
3. What are the causes of deforestation?
a) conversion of forest land in to agricultural land. B) Cutting of forest trees for timber, firewood,-cattle ranching
c) Slash and burn agriculture (Jhum cultivation): Farmers cut down the trees of the forest and burn the plant
remains the ash is used as fertilizers, land for farming or cattlegrazing ,then they move from one place to another
4. List the effects of ozone layer depletion
a) UV radiations directly reaching the earth surface leads to damage in DNA b)It causes mutation
b) Causes aging of skin, damages to skin cells and skin cancer d) High dose of UV-B radiation causes inflammation of
cornea. called snow blindness& cataract
Neat Labeled Diagrams
1.TS OF ANTHER 18.LAC OPERON CONCEPT
2.POLLEN GRAIN 19.DNA FINGER PRINTING STEPS
3.V S OF OVULE/ EMBRYOSAC 20.MILLAR EXPERIMENT
4.MONOCOT/DICOT EMBRYO 21.STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY
5.MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 22.REPLICATION OF RETEROVIRUS
6.FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 23.BIOGAS PLANT
7.MAMMARY GLAND 24.R dna steps
8.MONOHYBREED CROSS BR
25.P 322
9.DIHYBREED CROSS
26.PCR STEPS
10.INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
27.BIOREACTOR SRIRRET/SPARGED
11.CODOMINANCE
28.PYRAMID NUMBERS
12.PEDIGREE ANALYSIS
29.PYRAMID BIOMASS
13.STRUCTURE OF DNA
30.PYRAMID ENERGY
14.GRIFFIT EXPERIMENT
31.CARBON CYCLE
15.HARSHY AND CHASE EXPERIMENT
32.PHOSPHEROUS CYCLE
16.DNA REPLICATION
17.TRANSCIPTION UNIT

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Write the genotype of ABO blood group

Blood type Genotype
A IAIA / IAi
B IBIB / IBi
AB I AI B
O ii

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DR.SHRAWANKUMAR TOMPE, LECTURER IN BIOLOGY, GOVT PU COLLEGE BOY’S HUMNABAD