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Blood Group

The document explains blood groups, focusing on the ABO and Rh systems, which categorize blood based on the presence of specific antigens and antibodies. It details how blood types A, B, AB, and O differ in terms of antigens and antibodies, as well as their compatibility for donation and transfusion. The Rh system is also discussed, highlighting the significance of the Rh D antigen and the implications of Rh positive and negative blood types in transfusions.

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Adithya Vani
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20 views2 pages

Blood Group

The document explains blood groups, focusing on the ABO and Rh systems, which categorize blood based on the presence of specific antigens and antibodies. It details how blood types A, B, AB, and O differ in terms of antigens and antibodies, as well as their compatibility for donation and transfusion. The Rh system is also discussed, highlighting the significance of the Rh D antigen and the implications of Rh positive and negative blood types in transfusions.

Uploaded by

Adithya Vani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BLOOD GROUPS

o The surface of erythrocytes contains genetically determined antigens composed of


glycoproteins and glycolipids called agglutinogens (isoantigens). Based on
presence/absence of various antigens, the blood is categorized into different blood groups.
o Two major important blood groups are ABO and Rh system.
ABO Blood Group
o Antigens/ Isoantigens/ Agglutinogens: The ABO blood group is based on two antigens
called A and B. people whose RBCs contain antigen A have type A blood group, those who
have only B are type B. individual who have both A and B antigens are type A and B, those
who do not have neither antigen A nor B are type O.
o Antibodies/ Isoantibodies/ Agglutinins: Blood plasma usually contains antibodies called
agglutinins. Those are called antibody A and antibody B. The person with blood group A
will have antibody B and the person with blood group B will have antibody A. The person
with blood group AB, doesn’t contain antibodies and blood group O contain both the
antibodies in their plasma
o Blood cannot be transfused to blood group-A with B, because the B antibodies present in
blood group-A(recipient) will bind to B Antigen of donor leading to cell lysis.
o However, in blood group-AB both the antibodies will be absent and can receive blood from
all groups and are universal recipient.
o Whereas blood group-O can receive blood only from O, as these individuals can donate
blood to all blood groups, hence are termed as universal donors.

Blood groups Agglutinogens Agglutinis Can be donate Can be receive


(isoantigens) (isoantibodies) to from

A Antigens A Antibody B A and AB O and A

B Antigens B Antibody A B and AB O and B

AB Both A and B Neither A/nor B AB only All (Universal


recipient)

O Neither A/nor B Both A and B All (Universal O only


donor)

Rh Blood Group
o The Rh blood group is so named because the antigen was discovered in the blood of Rhesus
monkey.
o The Rh D antigen is also important in determining a person’s blood type. The terms
“positive” or “negative” refer to either the presence or absence of the Rh D antigen
o 85% individuals are Rh positive and 15% are Rh negative
o Cross-matching for the Rh D antigen is extremely important, person who is Rh D negative
is very likely to make Anti-Rh D when exposed to the Rh D antigen
o Blood plasma do not contain anti-Rh antibodies, if an Rh- person receives an Rh+ blood
transfusion, the immune system starts to make anti-Rh antibodies that will remain in the
blood. If second transfusion of Rh+ blood given later, the previously formed anti-Rh
antibodies will cause agglutination and haemolysis of RBCs occurs.

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