NAME Nitin Pandey

ROLL NO. 2314516228

PROGRAM MASTER OF BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION
SEMESTER III
ELECTIVE Marketing
COURSE NAME RESEARCH
METHEDOLOGY
COURSE CODE DMBA301

ASSIGNMENT SET – I
Q1. Explain the meaning of Research and Further discuss various types of research.

Answer - Research is a methodical process of inquiry and analysis intended to prove truths,
create new information, or address particular issues. It entails gathering, organizing, and
analysing data in order to improve knowledge in a certain field of study.
The development of science, technology, society, and human knowledge all depend on
research. Important Research Components Methodical Procedure Research is conducted in a
methodical and structured manner. It entails precisely specified procedures like problem
formulation, literature evaluation, study design, data collection, data analysis, and conclusion
drafting.
The goal of logical and objective research is to generate findings that are impartial and
devoid of bias. It is predicated on sound methodology and logical reasoning, where
conclusions are supported by facts.
The foundation of empirical research is quantifiable and observable data. Data is gathered
either directly or indirectly surveys, experiments, or observation. Replicable
Other researchers can confirm or expand on the findings by reproducing a good research
procedure. It frequently entails creating original concepts or assessing previous ones
critically. In order to solve problems and critically evaluate data and findings, researchers
need to be creative thinkers. Research Types Based on its goals, techniques, and results,
research can be divided into a number of areas.
The primary kinds are as follows:
1.Purpose-driven.
a. Fundamental Research Focus: Increasing knowledge without direct practical
implementation. Examining how a novel chemical compound behaves is one example.
b. Applied Research Focus: Applying current knowledge to solve real-world issues. For
instance, creating a disease vaccine.
c. Evaluation Research Focus: Evaluating the efficacy of policies, programs, or goods.
Example: Assessing how a government program affects the fight against poverty.
2. Methodology-Based:
a. Quantitative Research Focus- Quantitative Research with an emphasis on statistical
analysis and numerical data. Example: Experiments, surveys, and organised observations. For
instance, calculating the degree of client happiness.
b. Qualitative Research Focus - The focus of qualitative research is on using non-numerical
data to comprehend ideas, viewpoints, or experiences. Example: Thematic analysis, focus
groups, and interviews. Examining how workers view the culture of the workplace is one
example.
c. Research with a mixed-methods focus: integrating qualitative and quantitative techniques.
An example would be research that uses test results and interviews to examine how well
students perform.
3. Based on the Study's Nature:
a. Descriptive research Focus - It aims to describe the traits or purposes of a phenomena. A
demographic survey to map the distribution of the population is one example.
b. Exploratory Research Focus: Investigating novel topics or phenomena in order to learn
more. Examining new social media usage trends is one example.
c. Explanatory Research Focus: Research with an explanatory focus aims to explain the
causes or explanations behind events. Examining the variables affecting consumer behaviour
is one example.
d. Experimental Research Focus: Putting theories to the test in regulated environments.
Example: Conducting a clinical trial to evaluate a new drug's efficacy.
4. According to Time Frames-
a. Cross Sectional Research Focus - Observing a phenomenon at one particular moment is the
focus of cross-sectional research. An example might be a one-time employee engagement
survey.
b. Longitudinal Research Focus - The focus of longitudinal research is tracking the same
individuals across time. Example: Examining the health outcomes of a population over a
decade.
5. Predicated on Information Sources-
a. Primary Research Goal: Gathering fresh, first-hand information. Interviewing people for a
case study is one example.
b. Secondary Research Focus: Examining data that has already been collected from other
sources. Examining previous trends in the literature is one example.
Each kind of research is essential based on the goals of the study and offers a thorough
framework for examining a range of scholarly, social, and industrial issues.
Q2. Discuss various types of data. Further discuss methods of Primary data collection.
Answer- Types of Data
Data can be broadly classified into two categories:
1. Qualitative Data*
- Definition: It is a type of data which is non-numerical and has descriptive information.
- Examples: - Responses from open-ended surveys, Observational notes, Interview
transcripts
- Subtypes:
- Nominal Data: Categorized data without any inherent order (e.g., gender, colours).
- Ordinal Data: Categorized data with a specific sequence but no fixed intervals (e.g.,
satisfaction levels such as satisfied, neutral, dissatisfied).
2. Quantitative Data -
Definition: Quantitative data is a type of data in which data is expressed in numerical form,
representing quantities or measurements.
Examples: - Exam scores, heights
- Subtypes:
Discrete Data: In this type of quantitative data, values are countable, and often integers
(e.g., number of books).
Continuous Data: In this type of Continuous data, values within a range, including
fractions or decimals (e.g., weight, time).
Methods of Primary Data Collection-
Primary data refers to information gathered directly by the researcher for a specific purpose.
Common methods include:
1. Observation
- Description: Monitoring and recording behaviours or events in real time.
- Types:
- Participant Observation: The researcher becomes part of the setting being studied.
- Non-Participant Observation: The researcher observes without participating.
- Advantages: Provides natural, real-time data.
- Limitations: Can be subjective and time-consuming.
2. Surveys and Questionnaires
- Description: Collecting data through a predefined set of questions.
 - Types:
- Open-Ended Questions: Allow detailed, individualized responses.
- Closed-Ended Questions: Provide fixed options for responses.
- Advantages: Efficient for collecting standardized data from a large group.
- Limitations: May include biased responses and limited depth.
3. Interviews
- Description: A direct conversation between the researcher and the participant.
- Types:
- Structured: Predefined questions are asked in a set order.
- Unstructured: Questions evolve during the conversation.
- Semi-Structured: A combination of fixed questions and flexibility.
- Advantages: Offers detailed insights and flexibility.
- Limitations: Can be time-consuming and prone to interviewer bias.
4. Experiments-
- Description: Testing hypotheses in controlled or natural settings.
- Types:
- Laboratory Experiments: Conducted in controlled environments.
- Field Experiments: Conducted in real-world environments.
- Advantages: Helps establish cause-and-effect relationships.
- Limitations: Artificial conditions may influence participants' behaviour.
5. Focus Groups -
- Description: Group discussions led by a moderator to explore opinions or experiences.
- Advantages: Captures diverse viewpoints through interactive discussion.
- Limitations: Dominant participants may skew the discussion; groupthink may occur.
6. Case Studies -
- Description: An in-depth analysis of a single case or entity, such as an individual, group,
or organization.
- Advantages: Provides rich, detailed context-specific information.
- Limitations: Findings may not be generalizable, and the method is time-intensive.
Selecting the right method depends on the research objectives and the nature of the data
required.
Q3. Discuss various types of questions in questionnaire and their need in questionnaire.
Answer- Types of Questions in a Questionnaire and Their Importance
A well-crafted questionnaire includes various question types to gather comprehensive data.
Each type serves a unique purpose, helping to achieve different research objectives.
Below are the main types of questions and their roles:
1. Open-Ended Questions
- Definition: These questions allow respondents to provide answers in their own words,
without any predefined options.
- Examples:
- "What do you think about our product?" and "How can we improve our service?"
- Purpose:
- Collect detailed, qualitative insights and Explore participants’ opinions, experiences, and
ideas.
- Advantages:
- Provides rich and detailed responses.
- Useful for exploratory research.
- Limitations:
- Time-consuming to analyse.
- Responses may vary widely.
2. Closed-Ended Questions
- Definition: These offer a set of predefined response options for participants to choose
from.
- Examples:
- "How satisfied are you with our service?" [Very Satisfied, Satisfied, Neutral,
Dissatisfied, Very Dissatisfied]
- Purpose:
- Collect standardized, quantitative data for easy comparison.
- Identify patterns and trends.
- Advantages:
- Simple to analyse and interpret.
- Suitable for large sample sizes.
 - Limitations:
- Limited depth of information.
- May not fully capture respondents’ views.
3. Likert Scale Questions
- Definition: These measure the degree of agreement or disagreement on a symmetric scale.
- Examples: "To what extent do you agree with the statement: 'The customer service was
excellent'?" [Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree, Strongly Disagree]
- Purpose: Assess attitudes, perceptions, or opinions quantitatively.
- Advantages: -Easy to analyse.
- Allows for comparison across respondents.
- Limitations: May lead to neutral or biased responses.
4. Dichotomous Questions
- Definition: These are binary questions offering only two response options.
- Examples: "Do you use our product regularly? [Yes/No]" and "Have you visited our
website? [Yes/No]"
- Purpose: Collect simple, clear data and Useful for screening participants.
- Advantages: Quick to answer and analyse.
- Limitations: Lack of depth or context.
5. Multiple-Choice Questions
- Definition: Respondents choose one or more answers from a list of options.
- Examples: "Which features do you value most? (Select all that apply)" , [Price, Quality,
Brand, Customer Support]
- Purpose: Identify preferences or behaviours across multiple factors.
- Advantages: Flexible and easy to analyse.
- Limitations: Important options may be overlooked And Analysis can become complex
with multiple selection.
6. Ranking Questions
- Definition: Respondents arrange items in order of preference or importance.
- Examples: "Rank the following factors based on importance when purchasing a product:
[Price, Quality, Brand, Availability]"
- Purpose: Understand priorities and preferences.
- Advantages: Provides clear insights into preferences.
 - Limitations: Difficult for respondents when too many items are listed and Time-
consuming to analyse.
7. Rating Scale Questions
- Definition: Respondents rate an aspect on a numerical or descriptive scale.
- Examples: "Rate your satisfaction with our service on a scale of 1 to 10."
- Purpose: Measure the intensity of opinions or satisfaction levels.
- Advantages: Easy to interpret and analyse.
- Limitations: Subjective interpretation of scale points And Risk of bias.
8. Demographic Questions
- Definition: Collect information about respondents' characteristics.
- Examples: "What is your age?", "What is your educational qualification?"
- Purpose: Segment data by demographic groups for deeper analysis.
- Advantages: Provides context for other responses.
- Limitations: May feel intrusive if not handled properly.
Importance of Different Question Types in a Questionnaire
1. Improve Data Quality: Using varied question types ensures comprehensive data collection,
both qualitative and quantitative.
2. Address Diverse Research Goals: Different question formats help achieve objectives such
as measuring satisfaction, exploring attitudes, or identifying trends.
3. Enhance Respondent Engagement: Variety in question types keeps respondents interested
and reduces survey fatigue.
4. Facilitate Robust Analysis: Combining qualitative and quantitative data allows for a more
detailed and holistic understanding of the research topic.
By thoughtfully selecting and combining these question types, researchers can design
effective questionnaires that yield valuable insights.
ASSIGNMENT SET – II
Q4. Explain Editing. Discuss various types of editing?
Answer - Editing is the process of reviewing and improving content to enhance its clarity,
accuracy, and overall effectiveness. It involves refining written, visual, or audio materials to
ensure they convey the intended message in the best possible way. The primary goal of
editing is to improve the content’s readability, structure, and presentation while staying true
to its original purpose.
Types of Editing-
1. Substantive Editing (Content Editing/Developmental Editing)
 Substantive Editing Focuses on the content’s structure and organization and Involves
assessing the overall framework, includes Logical flow of ideas, Completeness and relevance
of the material and Consistency in tone and style.
Example: Rearranging chapters in a book or adding content for clarity.
2. Copy Editing
Copy editing Focuses on grammar, punctuation, and consistency. It includes Fixing
grammatical mistakes, Ensuring consistent use of style elements (e.g., spelling,
capitalization), and Fact-checking names, dates, and other details.
- Example: Polishing an article for publication.
3. Proofreading
Proofreading Focuses on finalizing the content by correcting surface-level errors. It Includes
Fixing typos, addressing formatting inconsistencies and correcting minor grammatical issues.
- Example: Reviewing a book’s final draft before printing.
4. Line Editing
Line Editing Focuses on improving clarity and style at the sentence level. It Enhances
Sentence flow and rhythm and Word choice for better impact and readability.
- Example: Rewriting awkward sentences in an essay.
5. Technical Editing
Technical Editing Focuses on ensuring technical content is clear and accurate. It Involves
Using correct technical terminology and Clarifying instructions and processes.
- Example: Editing a user manual or technical report.
6. Structural Editing
Structural editing Focuses on the content’s high-level organization and logic. It mainly
Reviews Section order and Headings and subheadings for proper hierarchy.
- Example: Restructuring a research paper for improved logical flow.
7. Creative Editing
Creative editing works on enhancing artistic elements in creative work. Its Common tasks
include Refining dialogue and Improving imagery and metaphors.
- Example: Editing a novel to boost its emotional appeal.
8. Visual Editing
Visual Editing Focuses on improving visual elements like images and layouts. It also
involves Aligning visual content with the text and optimizing graphic placement and design.
- Example: Adjusting image placement in a magazine.
9. Video/Film Editing
 Video/Film Editing deals on refining video and audio elements. It Includes Cutting
unnecessary footage, arranging scenes for better narrative flow and Enhancing visuals and
sound quality.
- Example: Editing a movie trailer to create impact.
10. Audio Editing
Audio Editing Focuses on improving sound quality. It Involves Removing background
noise, adjusting volume levels and adding sound effects or transitions.
- Example: Editing a podcast for clarity and engagement.
Conclusion
Different types of editing address specific needs at various stages of content creation.
Choosing the right type depends on the nature of the content, the audience, and the point in
the publishing process. Each type plays a critical role in delivering polished, high-quality
material.
Q5. Research proposals and reports are an important component of research. Discuss and
further describe various components of research report.
Answer
Significance of Research Proposal and Report
Research proposals and reports are crucial components of the research process, each serving a
unique but interconnected role.
1. Research Proposal
The research proposal outlines the framework for a study. It defines the research problem,
objectives, methodology, and anticipated outcomes. It Signifies to Assists in obtaining
approval or funding, provide a clear plan for conducting the research and Ensures the study is
practical and relevant.

2. Research Report
The research report communicates the results of a study. It presents the data, analyse it, and
draws conclusions in line with the research objectives. It Significance to Serves as a detailed
record of the research process and findings, offer a reference point for future studies and
Adds to the existing knowledge in the field.
Components of a Research Report-
A comprehensive research report includes the following sections:
1. Title Page – It Displays the title of the research, the author’s name, institutional affiliation,
and submission date.
2. Abstract- A brief summary of the study, highlighting the research problem, methodology,
main findings, and conclusions and provides an overview for quick reference.
3. Introduction – It Sets the context for the study and includes the research problem,
Objectives and, the significance and scope of the research.
4. Literature Review- It Reviews existing studies on the topic and helps to identifies gaps in
knowledge that the current research seeks to fill.
5. Research Methodology- It provide details the methods used to conduct the study, including
the Research design (e.g., qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods), Data collection
techniques (e.g., surveys, experiments, interviews), Sampling methods and sample size and
Data analysis tools and techniques.
6. Results/Findings – It presents the data collected during the study and includes visual aids
like tables, graphs, and charts and provide Offers descriptive or statistical analysis of the
results.
7. Discussion – It Interprets the findings in light of the research objectives. It helps to
Compare results with previous studies and discusses the implications of the findings.
8. Conclusion- It Summarizes the key findings and their significance. It helps to Evaluates
whether the research objectives were achieved and Suggests directions for future research.
9. Recommendations- It Provides actionable insights based on the findings and often used in
reports aimed at influencing policy or organizational practices.
10. References/Bibliography – It provides lists of all the sources cited in the report. It helps to
adheres to a specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
11. Appendices – It includes supplementary materials such as Raw data, Questionnaires,
Detailed calculations and Additional documents supporting the study.
Conclusion
The research proposal and report are vital to the research process. The proposal outlines the
study’s plan, while the report documents its findings and insights. A well-structured research
report ensures clarity and contributes valuable knowledge to the field.

Q6. A random sample of 395 people in a country were surveyed to find out if gender is
independent of education level. Each person was asked to report on the highest education level
they had obtained. The data that resulted from the survey is summarized in the following table:

Formulate the hypothesis and test that are gender and education level dependent at 5% level
of statistical significance?
Answer
To test whether gender and education level are independent at the 5% significance level, we'll
perform a *Chi-Square Test of Independence*.
Step 1: Formulate the Hypotheses
- Null Hypothesis (H0): Gender and education level are independent.
- Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): Gender and education level are dependent.
Step 2: Observed Data
From the table provided:

High Bachelors Masters Ph. D. Total

school
Female 60 54 46 41 201
Male 40 44 53 57 194
Total 100 98 99 98 395

Step 3- Expected Frequencies –

Expected frequency for each cell is calculated as-
Eij = ( Row Total) x ( Column Total) / Grand Total
Step 4 : Results
Chi – square Statistics – 8.006
Degree of Freedom (dof) – 3
P – Value – 0.0459
Expected Frequencies –
High Bachelors Masters Ph.D.
Schools
Female 50.89 49.87 50.38 49.87
Male 49.11 48.13 48.62 48.13
Step 5- Conclusion
At a 5% significance level
Since the p- value (0.0459) is less than 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis.
Interpretation-
There is sufficient evidence to conclude that gender and education level are dependent.