HardwareX 12 (2022) e00330

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HardwareX
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ohx

Hardware Article

Development of a low-cost IoT system based on LoRaWAN for

monitoring variables related to electrical energy consumption
in low voltage networks
Nelson E. Guevara a,⇑, Yamir H. Bolaños a, Juan P. Diago a, Juan M. Segura b,c
a
Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Corporación Universitaria Autónoma del Cauca, Colombia
b
Faculty of Engineering, Fundación Universitaria de Popayán, Colombia
c
Maintenance Area, Industria Licorera del Cauca, Colombia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Energy efficiency is an issue that is currently gaining relevance, high electricity demands
Received 15 March 2022 worldwide generate a negative impact on the planet caused by the natural depletion of
Received in revised form 14 June 2022 resources associated with production processes. In this regard, the technologies associated
Accepted 15 June 2022
with the Internet of Things (IoT) are considered as a tool to optimize processes and
resources through the monitoring of variables. In this context, this work proposes a low-
cost electronic system with IoT architecture used in the monitoring of electrical variables,
Keywords:
this becomes a support tool in the estimation of energy consumption in internal distribu-
IoT system
Energy consumption
tion electrical circuits of homes or small industries. This device generates information to
Energy meter recognize consumption patterns and load balances per electrical phase, contains two hard-
LoRa ware modules and a software user interface. The first is an electronic node that includes a
LoRaWAN high-performance polyphase meter based on the Atmel M90E32AS chip, which is con-
Local web server trolled by an ESP32 chip, for wireless communication is used a Radio Frequency (RF) mod-
Web application ule in the 915 MHz band and LoRa protocol based on the Semtech SX1278 transceiver, this
node is able to measure and transmit variables such as current, voltage, active energy, reac-
tive energy, power factor and other electrical variables in circuits of up to three phases. For
the study, a calibration process was carried out in an accredited laboratory (Metrex S.A. in
Colombia), then tests were performed by monitoring a three-phase 110V electrical circuit
in a small factory, with the information generated it was possible to identify consumption
patterns over a period of seven consecutive days, important data such as times when
energy is wasted due to improper use of loads connected to the network, electric stoves,
computer equipment turned on during non-working hours are examples of the results
obtained.
Ó 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC
BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +57 3104422798.

E-mail addresses: nelson.guevara.m@uniautonoma.edu.co (N.E. Guevara), yamir.bolanos.m@uniautonoma.edu.co (Y.H. Bolaños), juan.diago.r@uni-
autonoma.edu.co (J.P. Diago), juan.segura@docente.fup.edu.co (J.M. Segura).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ohx.2022.e00330
2468-0672/Ó 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
N.E. Guevara, Y.H. Bolaños, J.P. Diago et al. HardwareX 12 (2022) e00330

Specifications table

Hardware name IEMS (IoT Electrical Monitoring System)

Subject area Engineering
Hardware type Measuring
Field measurements and sensors
Electronic engineering
Open-Source License CC BY 4.0
Cost of Hardware $130 USD
Source File Repository https://doi.org/10.17632/bkhrks6x3m.2

Hardware in context

Currently there is high interest in the optimization of energy expenditure considering the world has limited non-renewable
resources, the electricity sector is one of the most important given the massive use of electricity, so efforts are constantly made
to use technology to optimize processes, the change of traditional lamps to LED type, generation of efficient power supplies, are
some examples, however there are also other actions such as monitoring of consumption variables, to have updated informa-
tion in short periods of time can detect consumption habits and the use of equipment with inefficient consumption.
The present work proposes the development of a low-cost system for monitoring electrical variables in distribution cir-
cuits in low voltage networks, Some research papers can be cited oriented to the generation patterns and characteristics of
energy consumption [1,2]. In [3] the authors present a platform called IoTEP (IoT Energy Platform) that manages data for
energy analysis using electrical variables such as active power and reactive power, this was evaluated in a real case that
included data from internal circuits of the University of Murcia, Spain, the authors claim that the platform has good perfor-
mance for being flexible, robust and promote the reduction of energy expenditure. Although the system in [3] was validated
and its contribution is significant, it lacks information regarding the electrical metering device used; similar case in [4,5].
Another work described in [6] presents an IoT architecture based on the LoRaWAN communication protocol to form an
AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure) network, the authors discuss the benefits of LoRa technology as a promising tech-
nology for LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) networks, other works explore the use of RF Zigbee technologies to form
short range wireless networks, where several points are required to cover a large area which increases integration costs to
scale the system [7–9].
From the present review, although there are important research contributions, many of them do not clearly describe how to
replicate the device; case of [3–6], or use short-range wireless devices; case [8], on the other hand, there are similar equipment
with high costs, and they are used in certification process or specialized requirements. In that sense, the proposed system apart
from proposing an intuitive and open source IoT interface highlights the use of LoRa technology for long-range wireless data
transmission and connection to a web platform, which allows analyzing the behavior of different electrical variables such as:
voltage, current, active power, reactive power, power factor, frequency, among others, in a three-phase network. Conse-
quently, the proposed device can be cataloged as low cost, replicable, portable and open access to use for a basic monitoring.

Hardware description

The IoT Electrical Monitoring System (IEMS), proposed in the current paper, is based on a modular architecture as shown
in Fig. 1, in A on the left is the first component (hardware device) for the measurement of energy variables called energy
meter and consists of four internal modules (Sensing unit, Conditioning of sensing signals, Control unit and Information pre-
processing), which make a connection with the module number 5 (LoRa gateway) of the B part. The communication between

Fig. 1. System architecture.

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them is done wirelessly through LoRa protocol at a frequency of 915 MHz [10] and with a maximum distance of 5 Km in line
of sight, the LoRa gateway communicates to the cloud through a WiFi connection to send the collected data to the monitor-
ing software platform. A block diagram summarizing the described system is presented below.
To facilitate the understanding of the system and the modules in each component mentioned above, they are briefly
explained below:

 Module 1: Composed of three YHDC SCT016S [11], current transducers, which specifically measure maximum voltages of
655V and maximum currents of 65A.
 Module 2: An Atmel M90E32AS chip [12], which is a polyphase measurement integrated circuit capable of performing the
calculation of the main electrical variables, conventionally measured such as: voltage, current, active energy, reactive
energy, apparent energy, active power, reactive power, apparent power, power factor, frequency, phase angle and tem-
perature in single-phase, two-phase or three-phase circuits.
 Module 3: An ESP32 VROOM microcontroller [13], which is a low-cost element and low power consumption, which is in
charge of obtaining the readings made by the meter chip of the electrical variables.
 Module 4 and 5: Two Heltec ESP32 LoRa development boards [14], which enable communication and operation via clas-
sic IoT elements with Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and LoRa functions.

During the implementation phase, an interconnection schematic diagram was done based on Atmel-M90E32AS Applica-
tion Note [15], shown in Fig. 2, which corresponds to the energy meter device equipped with the Atmel M90E32AS chip.
For the PCB (Printed Circuit Board) design, EasyEDA online was used, resulting in a reduced size board (101.4 mm  72.
82 mm), Fig. 3 shows the result and the distribution of the elements on it.
The most relevant features of the electronic system are listed below:

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram reference for energy meter.

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Fig. 3. Energy meter PCB diagram made with EasyEda.

 It allows the measurement of current, voltage, active power, reactive power, apparent power, power factor, network fre-
quency, important variables for the analysis of consumption and quality of electrical energy for up to three phases.
 It is an easy to install system.
 It is a portable system.
 It allows to transmit the information of the variables from the measurement point to a maximum distance of 5 Km in line
of sight.

Design files

The following table shows the figures that correspond to the design of the proposed IEMS.

Design file name File type Open Source license Location of the fie
System architecture Figure (PNG) CC BY 4.0 Included in the article (Fig. 1)
Schematic diagram reference for Figure (PNG) CC BY 4.0 Included in the article (Fig. 2)
energy meter
Energy meter PCB diagram made Figure (PNG) CC BY 4.0 Included in the article (Fig. 3)
with EasyEda
Hardware development result made Figure (PNG) CC BY 4.0 Included in the article (Fig. 4)
from a specialized PCBA company
Hardware development result Figure (PNG) CC BY 4.0 Included in the article (Fig. 5)
General connection diagram for IoT Figure (PNG) CC BY 4.0 Included in the article (Fig. 6)
meter system
Connection made in administrative Figure (PNG) CC BY 4.0 Included in the article (Fig. 7)
area circuit
Reception data - LoRa gateway Figure (PNG) CC BY 4.0 Included in the article (Fig. 9)
Web application front end developed Figure (PNG) CC BY 4.0 Included in the article (Fig. 10)
with HTML, CCS and JavaScript
Graphic section Figure (PNG) CC BY 4.0 Included in the article (Fig. 11)
Styles of graphics and reports Figure (PNG) CC BY 4.0 Included in the article (Fig. 12)

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The repository http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/bkhrks6x3m.2 contains the files needed to build the IEMS. These files are clas-
sified in folders as follows:

 Board_Production_Files folder: Contains Gerber files and bill of materials (BOM), which are necessary for manufacturers to
produce the electronic board.
 ESP32MCU_EnergyMeter_Firmware folder: Contains a source code developed in Arduino IDE used to program the ESP32
VROOM.
 ESP32LoRa_Sender_Firmware folder: Contains a source code developed in Arduino IDE used to program the Heltec ESP32
LoRa on the energy meter.
 ESP32LoRa_Gateway_Firmware folder: Contains a source code developed in Arduino IDE used to program the Heltec ESP32
LoRa as gateway.
 Part For Enclosute_CAD_Files folder: Contains the Solid Edge files to make the protection case for the gateway.

Bill of materials

The list of materials used in the design of the IEMS are presented in the following table.

Designator Component Number Cost per unit Total cost - Source of Material
- currency currency materials type
Espressif ESP32 VROOM 1 $ 8.8 USD $ 8.8 USD Electrotekmega Other
160 MHz
Heltec WiFi LoRa 32 (V2.1) 2 $ 36.69 USD $ 73.38 USD Electrotekmega Other
915 MHz
Current Transducers YHDC SCT016S Split 3 $ 12.11 USD $ 36.33 USD Electrotekmega Other
Core 150A/50 mA
Polyphase Atmel M90E32AS 1 $ 3.08 USD $ 3.08 USD Digikey Other
Measurement
Integrated Circuit
Crystal 16.384 MHz 1 $ 0.66 USD $ 0.66 USD Digikey Other
Resistor 1KX C0805 SMD 12 $ 0.088 USD $ 1.05 USD Digikey Other
Resistor 10KX C0805 SMD 5 $ 0.088 USD $ 0.44 USD Digikey Other
Resistor 240KX C0805 SMD 21 $ 0.088 USD $ 1.84 USD Digikey Other
Resistor 2.4 X C0805 SMD 6 $ 0.088 USD $ 0.52 USD Digikey Other
Capacitor 100nF C0805 SMD 5 $ 0.027 USD $ 0.135 USD Digikey Ceramic
Capacitor 10uF C1206 SMD 1 $ 0.027 USD $ 0.027 USD Digikey Ceramic
Capacitor 4.7uF C1206 SMD 1 $ 0.027 USD $ 0.027 USD Digikey Ceramic
Capacitor 18nF C0805 SMD 12 $ 0.027 USD $ 0.324 USD Digikey Ceramic
Capacitor ELECTRO-SMD 4 $ 0.26 USD $ 1.04 USD Digikey Other
3.8 mm
Diode DO-214AC SMD 1 $ 0.23 USD $ 0.23 USD Digikey Other
Regulator LD1117AS33TR-SOT- 2 $ 0.47 USD $ 0.94 USD Digikey Other
223 (3.3 V)
Connectors MKDS1/2–3.81 6 $ 0.025 USD $ 0.15 USD Digikey Other
Connectors Header-Male- 2 $ 0.015 USD $ 0.03 USD Electrotekmega Other
2.54_1x8

For the construction of the device that conforms the IEMS, different electronic components are needed that can be
acquired in electronics stores such as Digikey, Arrow, or Mouser, also it will be necessary the use of CAD files for the fabri-
cation of plastic housings. All the information can be found in the Board_Production_File folder of the repository presented in
the previous section.

Build instructions

To manufacture the energy meter that conforms the IEMS, specialized services of design and manufacture of electronic
systems are needed. Companies that own equipment needed to perform the mentioned processes, specifically require a
detailed number of gerber and BOM files, which clearly describe the characteristics of the PCB (Board_Production_Files.
zip), to subsequently deliver to the user an electronic prototype like the one presented in Fig. 4.

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N.E. Guevara, Y.H. Bolaños, J.P. Diago et al. HardwareX 12 (2022) e00330

Fig. 4. Hardware development result made from a specialized PCBA company.

 Once you have an electronic board and the electronic components assembled on the main board, the first step is to load
the firmware files into the ESP32 control unit (ESP32MCU_EnergyMeter_Firmware.rar) and Sender LoRa (ESP32LoRa_Sen
der_Firmware.rar). This task requires the Arduino IDE application.
 The second step is to load the firmware file for the LoRa Gateway (ESP32LoRa_Gateway_Firmware_Firmware.rar). This
task requires the Arduino IDE application.

Fig. 5, shows the energy meter, the gateway and other components that make up the IEMS.

Fig. 5. Hardware development result.

Operation instructions

The IEMS is designed to be connected to a distribution circuit, it is recommended to install in a distribution box, at no
more than one meter from the connection bars, avoid placing near equipment that generates electromagnetic noise such
as motors, to ensure wireless communication it is recommended that the device is not completely enclosed in a metallic
box this generates faraday cage effect that would damage the transmission by the LoRa network. The connections for voltage
sensing go directly to the busbars or terminals of the circuit to be measured, the current transformers being non-invasive
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must be installed as clamps on each of the phases to be sensed. Fig. 6 shows the general connection diagram and Fig. 7 shows
an installation example.

Fig. 6. General connection diagram for IoT meter system.

Fig. 7. Connection made in administrative area circuit.

 Red box 1: Connection to test circuit output.

 Red box 2: Location of IEMS.
 Once the connections have been made, the IEMS power supply must be energized using a 110VAC to 5V 2A power
adapter.
 The gateway must be located and powered with a 110V to 5V power supply adapter at a distance with coverage. Fig. 8
shows the example of the case study, where the distance between the two devices is approximately 800 m.
 For the connection in the firmware must be supplied the access information to the dome network are SSID and password
once the firmware is loaded check connection to Wi-Fi network and reception of electrical data in the LoRa gateway mod-
ule (Fig. 9).
 After installing the meter and the LoRa gateway and these are turned on, the next step is to install the web application
(Fig. 10) included in the Web_Application_Files folder of the repository, this application could be installed as a local mode
or uploaded to a server (instructions are detailed in the software folder in the repository), where the electrical data col-
lected by the system will be stored periodically.
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Fig. 8. Installation of devices for case of study monitoring, aerial view.

Fig. 9. Reception data – LoRa gateway. (Own source).

Fig. 10. Web application front end developed with HTML, CCS and JavaScript. (Own source).

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 Once the web application has been executed, select an electrical variable to observe the data collected from it (Fig. 11).
 The web application will offer the user different graphical reports such as Bars, Meters or Microsoft Excel compatible
downloadable files (Fig. 12).

Fig. 11. Graphics section. (Own source).

Fig. 12. Styles of graphics and reports. (Own source).

Validation and characterization

During the validation phase of the prototype, a contrast test was performed on a specialized bench of an accredited meter
calibration laboratory belonging to the Colombian company Metrex S.A, as shown in Fig. 13. The values obtained are pre-
sented in Table 1 and 2.
According to the data presented in Tables 1 and 2, it is concluded that the percentage errors are low 0.9% at most for the
voltage variable and up to 7% for current, however it should be noted that this error can be reduced by applying an adjust-
ment protocol for which equations supplied by the manufacturer of the M90E32AS chip can be used [12], given the purpose
of the project, with the obtained values the equipment can be used as a diagnostic tool but not for billing or certification
processes where greater accuracy is required and for which a second process for laboratory adjustment will be required.
To evaluate the IEMS, it was installed in the main electrical cabinet of a local company, specifically in the circuit of the
administrative area. The connection of the phases to be measured was done through an easily accessible terminal block for
safety reasons. During the evaluation the device captured 16,857 samples during five days, with a web server update rate of
30s. The data were stored in a database created with MySQL, the following electrical variables were captured:
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Fig. 13. Validation of IEMS in laboratory calibration bench.

Table 1
Current comparison between Metrex Meter test bench and IEMS.

Current Laboratory bench Current IF1 Relative error IF1 Current IF2 Relative error IF2 Current IF3 Relative error IF3
[A] [A] % [A] % [A] %
1 0.93 7.0 0.93 7.0 0.93 7.0
2 1.87 6.5 1.88 6.0 1.87 6.5
5 4.73 5.4 4.73 5.4 4.73 5.4
10 9.47 5.3 9.47 5.3 9.47 5.3
20 19.0 5.0 19.0 5.0 19.0 5.0
30 28.7 4.3 28.7 4.3 28.8 4.0
40 38.0 5.0 38.0 5.0 38.0 5.0
50 47.5 5.0 47.6 4.8 47.6 4.8
60 56.96 5.0 57.2 4.6 57.2 4.6

Table 2
Voltage comparison between Metrex Meter test bench and IEMS.

Voltage Laboratory Voltage VF1 [V] Relative error VF1 % Voltage VF2 [V] Relative error VF2 % Voltage IF3 [V] Voltage error VF3 %
bench [V]
100 99.8 0.2 100.9 0.9 100.5 0.5
110 109.9 0.09 110.8 0.72 110.5 0.45
120 119.9 0.08 120.5 0.41 120.5 0.41
130 129.9 0.07 131.0 0.76 130.6 0.46

 Voltage over all electric phases, VF1, VF2, VF3.

 Current over all electric phases, IF1, IF2, IF3.
 Active power
 Reactive power
 Power factor
 Frequency
 Temperature

The following graphs were produced by the web application, in which a cut of one day was made to analyze the behavior
of the electric variables in the circuit under monitoring.
Fig. 14 presents the voltage in the three phases VF1, VF2 and VF3 where the following behaviors were observed:

 According to Fig. 14, it can be observed that from 8AM to 4PM, there is a slight decrease in the voltage of the phases, in
this space of time it is known that there is a full development of almost all the administrative work of the company (sec-
retarial work, office staff, reception staff, among others).

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Fig. 14. Voltage graph. (Own source).

Fig. 15 shows the current data in the three phases of the circuit under monitoring called IF1, IF2, IF3, this is one of the
most important variables from which valuable information can be extracted, the following conclusions are drawn from
the graphical analysis.

 Current consumption increases during working hours from 8AM to 12PM and from 2PM to 6PM.
 There is a significant consumption of 10A at night, equivalent to the operation of two web server cabinets and air con-
ditioners used for cooling.
 The average consumption in each phase is 20A.
 There is a decrease in current between 12PM and 2PM, which does not reach 10A per phase, due to the fact that equip-
ment such as cell phones, computers and others are probably connected during lunch hours.

Fig. 15. Current graph. (Own source).

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 After 2PM there is an increase in current and it is in phase 1 (Blue) where a maximum peak of 36 amps occurs around
3:30PM, which in consultation with the staff and according to habits is highly likely to be due to the ignition of electric
stoves to prepare coffee and air conditioners.

Fig. 16 shows the active and reactive energy delivered by the system in the three phases. The active energy (Blue) is asso-
ciated with all the electrical work required in the circuit, the observed behaviors for this variable are as follows:

 The average value of the active energy of the three phases during non-working hours is 4KW and 13KW maximum during
working hours.
 The active energy allows the user to know the power required in the circuit of the administrative area, with the purpose of
making a load reduction or balancing plan in the circuit.

Fig. 16. Active energy and reactive energy graph. (Own source).

In relation to reactive energy, which must maintain permissible values, it can be concluded:

 The average value in non-working hours corresponds to a value of 250VR and 1100VR in working hours.
 The values of this variable are within the permitted levels, which does not exceed the active energy by more than 50%, in
accordance with Resolution 065 of 2012 by the Energy and Gas Regulation Commission by the CREG [16].
 The values detected by the IEMS correspond to the fact that there are no motors or large machines that require magnetic
field, but there are variations due to the switching process of some regulated source circuits connected to the network.

Fig. 17 shows the frequency graph of the phases sampled by the system, in the graph it is evident that the frequency is
varying around 60 Hz, this indicates that there is no marked harmonic distortion, which obeys the resolution 025 of 1995 by
the CREG [17], which dictates that the range of variation should be between 59.89 and 60.2 Hz.
Fig. 18 shows the behavior of the total power factor of the phases in the sampling period. The observed behaviors for the
power factor are as follows:
The average variation of this variable is 0.09, maintaining a value very close to 1 between 0.90 and 0.99, which is within
the permitted levels, obeying article 25 of resolution 108 of 1997 by the CREG [18], which is the entity that regulates the
admissible power factor for companies in Colombia.

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Fig. 17. Frequency graph. (Own source).

Fig. 18. Power factor graph. (Own source).

Fig. 19 shows the temperature captured by the energy meter. Since the meter is located very close to the main electrical
cabinet, the temperature is an important parameter to associate the data with ambient temperature values. The temperature
peak corresponds to the system operation and the effect of the mid-day temperature increase. Additionally, it is important to
note that if this device is located in an area where there are air conditioners, the temperature and energy consumption can be
contrasted.

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Fig. 19. Temperature graph. (Own source).

Discussion

The study associated with the development of the device proposed a low-cost IoT electronic system for the estimation
and visualization of energy consumption in low voltage electrical circuits. During the evaluation phase, described in Valida-
tion and characterization section, it is proposed that it is possible to estimate electrical variables such as: voltage, current,
reactive energy, active energy, power factor, among others; for a diagnostic use with low-cost equipment such as the IEMS.
Consequently, the results provided by the IoT system made it possible to identify load unbalances between phases, base con-
sumption, excessive consumption, and power quality in a circuit of the case study company (Fig. 15). The diagnosis allowed
the development of energy management plans and the identification of obsolete equipment with high energy consumption
for their replacement, such as electric stoves, refrigerators, and air conditioners.
Therefore, it is concluded that the proposed IoT system is a viable alternative for the estimation of energy consumption
due to its low cost, easy installation, replicability and finally that it does not require licenses for operation. Additionally, it is
important to highlight that having this type of electronic systems, for use as diagnostic tools especially when resources are
limited and the use of professional measuring instruments for obtaining consumption profiles in small factories or homes
can be avoided.

Limitations

The test circuit used for the M90E32AS variable meter chip (Fig. 3) was developed based on test application notes, how-
ever, it should be improved by adding robust high voltage protections; therefore, future work will focus on designing an
appropriate protection stage for variable acquisition. Moreover, to increase the portability of the prototype, the local web
server and web application will be installed and run on a SCB (Single Computer Board) such as a Raspberry Pi.

Conclusions

According to the tests developed in the factory, the proposed low-cost IEMS becomes a promising hardware tool partic-
ularly in small factories or homes to estimate and monitor electrical variables such as voltage and current with a percentage
error of 0.9% and 7%. Additionally, the data captured with the IEMS and the graphic option allowed to analyze the behavior of
electrical variables such as: voltage, current, active energy, reactive energy, power factor and frequency to contrast them
with the values allowed by the regulatory body in the country. Finally, through this analysis, energy management plans were
developed to reduce energy expenditure within the company demonstrating its usefulness demonstrating its usefulness.
Human and animal rights.
For the implementation of the IEMS, it was necessary to count on the collaboration of qualified personnel from the elec-
trical area of the company who, with their verbal consent, agreed to make the high voltage connections in the electrical dis-
tribution boards. The activities developed have contraventions against human rights or animal rights.
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Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to recognize and express their sincere gratitude to Corporación Universitaria Autónoma del Cauca
[ISNI: 0000 0004 0483 8740] (Colombia), Universidad del Cauca [ISNI: 0000 0001 2158 6862] (Colombia), and Industria
Licorera del Cauca (Colombia) for the financial support granted during this project.

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97

Nelson Eduardo Guevara received the Electronic Engineering degree from the Universidad Autónoma del Cauca, Colombia, in
2020. He is currently pursuing the master’s degree (automatic program) at the University of Cauca. His research interest
includes virtual and augmented reality systems applied to human biomechanical analysis and smart electrical measurement
systems.

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