Cargo Manager

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE :

Cargo Manager is a comprehensive cargo management module,

designed for addressing the areas of General cargo, Bulk cargo operations through
Aviation. All the aspects of cargo like documentation handling, movement, and storage
are addressed in this module.

Key Features Include

 General Cargo Booking (Manifestation of cargo)
 Storing of Cargo (actual cargo weight, volume etc. are recorded)
 Generating the gate pass for bringing the cargo into the warehouse
 Marking the truck exit
 Delivery order for rejected or damaged cargo
 Generating gate pass for redelivery of cargo
 House keeping movements for maintenance i.e., moving the cargo from one place
to another
 Extensive report and querying facilities
 Creation of master like cargo agents, commodity master.

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INDEX

S. N CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. ANALYSIS

2.1 SYSTEM ANALYSIS

2.2 SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS

3. DESIGN APPROACH

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN

3.2 UML DIAGRAMS

3.3 DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS

3.4 E-R DIAGRAMS

4. PROJECT MODULES

5. IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES

4.2 TESTING

4.2.1 TEST CASES

6. OUTPUT SCREENS

7. CONCLUSION

8. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

9. BIBILIOGRAPHY

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INTRODUCTION:
CARGOMANAGER requires user entry of container and product
dimensions, together with information on weight and orientation constraints. In-built
database facilities for up to 50 containers and 4000 products are provided so that input
into these screens can be carried out with minimal effort. If information for a particular
product code is already held in the 4000 product database then this is automatically
entered into the appropriate fields.

The first of these will attempt to pack as much of the cargo using
any of the packing methods available to CARGOMANAGER. This may be a loading
from the floor or from the end of the container. The second and third options are self
explanatory and the one most appropriate to the practical circumstances should be
selected.

Once input is complete, a summary of input information is provided

(which might result in a user deciding to return to add items to the consignment), before
the (optional) saving of the data file, and the subsequent packing of the cargo is carried
out.

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SYSTEM ANALYSIS:

Managing The Data

The fundamental building blocks to cargo revenue maximization begin

with sufficient, reliable and accessible data. Full air waybill capture is a good starting
point. The waybill history should be stored in an accessible format in a database that can
be updated daily.
The real challenge is not just to capture the complete life cycle of a
shipment from original booking through to invoicing, but to do so in a dynamic and
timely way. With new developments in data handling and communications, it is now
possible to build a data warehouse that receives seamless, real time updates from
reservation systems and with minimal changes to existing systems.

Unconstrained Demand

Shipment dimensions cannot be given accurately at the time the

booking request is made. Often the actual dimensions received at tender do not anyway
become part of any permanent record. Since flights will reach their volume limitations
before they hit weight limits on some sectors, some heuristic calculation, such as a
density code, is needed to forecast likely volumes. The first step is to use historic data to
gauge the total market demand regardless of the airline’s available capacity. This
unconstrained demand is set for each product type by origin and destination (O&D), day
of week, time of day.

Most cargo customers, unlike passengers, are more concerned with speed
and reliability than with routings. That gives the cargo carrier an opportunity to route
shipments away from congested bottlenecks and give a better spread of revenues across
the network.
For example, a booking request comes through the reservation center to
ship between a hub airport and major destination. The route is consistently oversold, so

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the bid rate is high. The router will evaluate alternative feasible routes which meet both
the shipper’s requirements and the carrier’s business rules.

Removing the Politics

Effectively, the cargo revenue optimization system will allow decisions to

be taken that make optimal use of another, then the choice will not be made. There will
be times when the users override the system’s decisions, but overall it provides the basis
for objective network-wide decision-making, taking away the guesswork and the politics.
Tools
You can use Oracle as back-end database and VB.NET / Java to develop the
project.

System Specifications

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Hardware Requirements:-

 Pentium-IV (Processor).
 256 MB Ram
 Hard disk 40 GB
 Microsoft Compatible 101 or more Key Board

Software Requirements: -

Web Technologies : ASP.NET 2.0

Language : C#
Database : SQL SERVER 2005
Web Server : IIS
Operating System : WINDOWS XP

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INTRODUCTION:

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Cargo Manager is a comprehensive cargo management module, designed for

addressing the areas of General cargo, Bulk cargo operations. All the aspects of cargo
like documentation handling, movement, and storage are addressed in this module.

Key Features Include

 General Cargo Booking (Manifestation of cargo)

 Storing of Cargo (actual cargo weight, volume etc. are recorded)
 Generating the gate pass for bringing the cargo into the warehouse
 Marking the truck exit
 Delivery order for rejected or damaged cargo
 Generating gate pass for redelivery of cargo
 House keeping movements for maintenance i.e., moving the cargo from one place
to another
 Extensive report and querying facilities
 Creation of master like cargo agents, commodity master.

UML Diagrams:

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Actor:
A coherent set of roles that users of use cases play when interacting with the use
`cases.

Use case:
A description of sequence of actions, including variants, that a system
performs that yields an observable result of value of an actor.

UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. UML is a language for specifying,
visualizing and documenting the system. This is the step while developing any product
after analysis. The goal from this is to produce a model of the entities involved in the
project which later need to be built. The representation of the entities that are to be used
in the product being developed need to be designed.
There are various kinds of methods in software design:

They are as follows:

 Use case Diagram
 Sequence Diagram
 Collaboration Diagram
 Activity Diagram
 State chat Diagram

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USECASE DIAGRAMS:

Use case diagrams model behavior within a system and helps the
developers understand of what the user require. The stick man represents what’s called
an actor.
Use case diagram can be useful for getting an overall view
of the system and clarifying that can do and more importantly what they can’t do.

Use case diagram consists of use cases and actors and

shows the interaction between the use case and actors.

 The purpose is to show the interactions between the use case and actor.
 To represent the system requirements from user’s perspective.
 An actor could be the end-user of the system or an external system.

USECASE DIAGRAM:

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A Use case is a description of set of sequence of actions.

Graphically it is rendered as an ellipse with solid line including only its name. Use case
diagram is a behavioral diagram that shows a set of use cases and actors and their
relationship. It is an association between the use cases and actors. An actor represents a
real-world object

SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:

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Sequence diagram and collaboration diagram are called INTERACTION

DIAGRAMS. An interaction diagram shows an interaction, consisting of set of objects
and their relationship including the messages that may be dispatched among them.
A sequence diagram is an introduction that empathizes the time ordering of
messages. Graphically a sequence diagram is a table that shows objects arranged along
the X-axis and messages ordered in increasing time along the Y-axis.

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COLLABORATION DIAGRAM:

A collaboration diagram is an introduction diagram that emphasizes the structural

organization of the objects that send and receive messages. Graphically a collaboration
diagram is a collection of vertices and arcs.

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CLASS DIAGRAM:

Class is nothing but a structure that contains both variables and methods. The
Class Diagram shows a set of classes, interfaces, and collaborations and their relating
ships. There is most common diagram in modeling the object oriented systems and are
used to give the static view of a system. It shows the dependency between the classes
that can be used in our system.
The interactions between the modules or classes of our projects are shown below.
Each block contains Class Name, Variables and Methods.

CLASS:
A description of set of objects that share the same attributes, operations,
relationships, and semantics

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State Chart Diagram

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DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS:

The DFD takes an input-process-output view of a system i.e. data objects flow
into the software, are transformed by processing elements, and resultant data objects flow
out of the software.

Data objects represented by labeled arrows and transformation are

represented by circles also called as bubbles. DFD is presented in a hierarchical fashion
i.e. the first data flow model represents the system as a whole. Subsequent DFD refine the
context diagram (level 0 DFD), providing increasing details with each subsequent level.

The DFD enables the software engineer to develop models of the

information domain & functional domain at the same time. As the DFD is refined into
greater levels of details, the analyst perform an implicit functional decomposition of the
system. At the same time, the DFD refinement results in a corresponding refinement of
the data as it moves through the process that embody the applications.

A context-level DFD for the system the primary external entities produce
information for use by the system and consume information generated by the system. The
labeled arrow represents data objects or object hierarchy.

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RULES FOR DFD:

 Fix the scope of the system by means of context diagrams.

 Organize the DFD so that the main sequence of the actions

 Reads left to right and top to bottom.

 Identify all inputs and outputs.

 Identify and label each process internal to the system with Rounded circles.

 A process is required for all the data transformation and Transfers. Therefore,
never connect a data store to a data Source or the destinations or another data
store with just a Data flow arrow.

 Do not indicate hardware and ignore control information.

 Make sure the names of the processes accurately convey everything the
process is done.

 There must not be unnamed process.

 Indicate external sources and destinations of the data, with Squares.

 Number each occurrence of repeated external entities.

 Identify all data flows for each process step, except simple Record retrievals.

 Label data flow on each arrow.

 Use details flow on each arrow.

 Use the details flow arrow to indicate data movements.

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DATAFLOW DIAGRAMS:

Database:

User
registrationn

Booking
cargo

Status

Customer
id

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user registration

User
User registration details

Register Update Search for unregister view user

user user user user details
details details

Booking cargo

User
Booking cargo details

Booking Update Search for View View

cargo booking cargo details Status

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E-R Diagrams:
The Entity-Relationship (ER) model was originally proposed by Peter in 1976
[Chen76] as a way to unify the network and relational database views. Simply stated the ER
model is a conceptual data model that views the real world as entities and relationships. A basic
component of the model is the Entity-Relationship diagram which is used to visually represents
data objects. Since Chen wrote his paper the model has been extended and today it is commonly
used for database design For the database designer, the utility of the ER model is:

 it maps well to the relational model. The constructs used in the ER model can easily be
transformed into relational tables.
 it is simple and easy to understand with a minimum of training. Therefore, the model can
be used by the database designer to communicate the design to the end user.
 In addition, the model can be used as a design plan by the database developer to
implement a data model in a specific database management software.

Connectivity and Cardinality

The basic types of connectivity for relations are: one-to-one, one-to-
many, and many-to-many. A one-to-one (1:1) relationship is when at most one instance of a
entity A is associated with one instance of entity B. For example, "employees in the company are
each assigned their own office. For each employee there exists a unique office and for each office
there exists a unique employee.

A one-to-many (1:N) relationships is when for one instance of entity A, there

are zero, one, or many instances of entity B, but for one instance of entity B, there is only one
instance of entity A. An example of a 1:N relationships is

a department has many employees

each employee is assigned to one department

A many-to-many (M:N) relationship, sometimes called non-specific, is when for one instance of
entity A, there are zero, one, or many instances of entity B and for one instance of entity B there
are zero, one, or many instances of entity A. The connectivity of a relationship describes the
mapping of associated

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ER Notation
There is no standard for representing data objects in ER diagrams. Each modeling
methodology uses its own notation. The original notation used by Chen is widely used in
academics texts and journals but rarely seen in either CASE tools or publications by non-
academics. Today, there are a number of notations used, among the more common are Bachman,
crow's foot, and IDEFIX.

All notational styles represent entities as rectangular boxes and relationships as lines
connecting boxes. Each style uses a special set of symbols to represent the cardinality of a
connection. The notation used in this document is from Martin. The symbols used for the basic
ER constructs are:

 entities are represented by labeled rectangles. The label is the name of the entity. Entity

names should be singular nouns.

 relationships are represented by a solid line connecting two entities. The name of the

relationship is written above the line. Relationship names should be verbs

 attributes, when included, are listed inside the entity rectangle. Attributes which are

identifiers are underlined. Attribute names should be singular nouns.

 cardinality of many is represented by a line ending in a crow's foot. If the crow's foot is

omitted, the cardinality is one.

 existence is represented by placing a circle or a perpendicular bar on the line. Mandatory

existence is shown by the bar (looks like a 1) next to the entity for an instance is required.

Optional existence is shown by placing a circle next to the entity that is optional

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PROJECT MODULES
MODULES:

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There are three modules in this Project

 ADMINISTRATOR MODULE
 LOGIN MODULE

 USER MODULE

MODULE DESCRIPTION

 ADMINISTRATOR MODULE :

CARGOMANAGER requires as input details of the

cargo items forming the load and of the available container / containers (or truck, trailer,
frame pallet etc.) which might be used for the load. Much of this information relates to
dimensions and weights, and additional information can optionally be provided on the
characteristics of each cargo item type (fragility, layering constraints etc).

 LOGIN MODULE :

This module will provide Registration, forgot password, change

password pages to the user.

 USER MODULE :

This module will provide inbox for the user to view the messages
from the administrator. It also provides to view the status of your cargo. This module
also provides to cancel the cargo.

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OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGIES USED

3.1 Front End Technology

Microsoft .NET Framework
The .NET Framework is a new computing platform that simplifies application
development in the highly distributed environment of the Internet. The .NET
Framework is designed to fulfill the following objectives:

 To provide a consistent object-oriented programming environment whether

object code is stored and executed locally, executed locally but Internet-
distributed, or executed remotely.
 To provide a code-execution environment that minimizes software
deployment and versioning conflicts.
 To provide a code-execution environment that guarantees safe execution of
code, including code created by an unknown or semi-trusted third party.
 To provide a code-execution environment that eliminates the performance
problems of scripted or interpreted environments.
 To make the developer experience consistent across widely varying types of
applications, such as Windows-based applications and Web-based
applications.
 To build all communication on industry standards to ensure that code based on
the .NET Framework can integrate with any other code.

The .NET Framework has two main components: the common language runtime and
the .NET Framework class library. The common language runtime is the foundation
of the .NET Framework. You can think of the runtime as an agent that manages code
at execution time, providing core services such as memory management, thread
management, and remoting, while also enforcing strict type safety and other forms of
code accuracy that ensure security and robustness. In fact, the concept of code
management is a fundamental principle of the runtime. Code that targets the runtime

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is known as managed code, while code that does not target the runtime is known as
unmanaged code. The class library, the other main component of the .NET
Framework, is a comprehensive, object-oriented collection of reusable types that you
can use to develop applications ranging from traditional command-line or graphical
user interface (GUI) applications to applications based on the latest innovations
provided by ASP.NET, such as Web Forms and XML Web services.

The .NET Framework can be hosted by unmanaged components that load the
common language runtime into their processes and initiate the execution of managed
code, thereby creating a software environment that can exploit both managed and
unmanaged features. The .NET Framework not only provides several runtime hosts,
but also supports the development of third-party runtime hosts.

For example, ASP.NET hosts the runtime to provide a scalable, server-side

environment for managed code. ASP.NET works directly with the runtime to enable
Web Forms applications and XML Web services, both of which are discussed later in
this topic.

Internet Explorer is an example of an unmanaged application that hosts the

runtime (in the form of a MIME type extension). Using Internet Explorer to host the
runtime enables you to embed managed components or Windows Forms controls in
HTML documents. Hosting the runtime in this way makes managed mobile code
(similar to Microsoft® ActiveX® controls) possible, but with significant
improvements that only managed code can offer, such as semi-trusted execution and
secure isolated file storage.

The following illustration shows the relationship of the common language

runtime and the class library to your applications and to the overall system. The
illustration also shows how managed code operates within a larger architecture.

Features of the Common Language Runtime

The common language runtime manages memory, thread execution, code

execution, code safety verification, compilation, and other system services. These
features are intrinsic to the managed code that runs on the common language runtime.

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With regards to security, managed components are awarded varying degrees of trust,
depending on a number of factors that include their origin (such as the Internet,
enterprise network, or local computer). This means that a managed component might
or might not be able to perform file-access operations, registry-access operations, or
other sensitive functions, even if it is being used in the same active application.

The runtime enforces code access security. For example, users can trust that an
executable embedded in a Web page can play an animation on screen or sing a song,
but cannot access their personal data, file system, or network. The security features of
the runtime thus enable legitimate Internet-deployed software to be exceptionally
featuring rich.

The runtime also enforces code robustness by implementing a strict type- and
code-verification infrastructure called the common type system (CTS). The CTS
ensures that all managed code is self-describing. The various Microsoft and third-
party language compilers generate managed code that conforms to the CTS. This
means that managed code can consume other managed types and instances, while
strictly enforcing type fidelity and type safety.

In addition, the managed environment of the runtime eliminates many

common software issues. For example, the runtime automatically handles object
layout and manages references to objects, releasing them when they are no longer
being used. This automatic memory management resolves the two most common
application errors, memory leaks and invalid memory references.

The runtime also accelerates developer productivity. For example,

programmers can write applications in their development language of choice, yet take
full advantage of the runtime, the class library, and components written in other
languages by other developers. Any compiler vendor who chooses to target the
runtime can do so. Language compilers that target the .NET Framework make the
features of the .NET Framework available to existing code written in that language,
greatly easing the migration process for existing applications.

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While the runtime is designed for the software of the future, it also supports
software of today and yesterday. Interoperability between managed and unmanaged
code enables developers to continue to use necessary COM components and DLLs.

The runtime is designed to enhance performance. Although the common language

runtime provides many standard runtime services, managed code is never interpreted.
A feature called just-in-time (JIT) compiling enables all managed code to run in the
native machine language of the system on which it is executing. Meanwhile, the
memory manager removes the possibilities of fragmented memory and increases
memory locality-of-reference to further increase performance.

Finally, the runtime can be hosted by high-performance, server-side

applications, such as Microsoft® SQL Server™ and Internet Information Services
(IIS). This infrastructure enables you to use managed code to write your business
logic, while still enjoying the superior performance of the industry's best enterprise
servers that support runtime hosting.

.NET Framework Class Library

The .NET Framework class library is a collection of reusable types that tightly
integrate with the common language runtime. The class library is object oriented,
providing types from which your own managed code can derive functionality. This
not only makes the .NET Framework types easy to use, but also reduces the time
associated with learning new features of the .NET Framework. In addition, third-party
components can integrate seamlessly with classes in the .NET Framework.

For example, the .NET Framework collection classes implement a set of

interfaces that you can use to develop your own collection classes. Your collection
classes will blend seamlessly with the classes in the .NET Framework.

As you would expect from an object-oriented class library, the .NET

Framework types enable you to accomplish a range of common programming tasks,
including tasks such as string management, data collection, database connectivity,
and file access. In addition to these common tasks, the class library includes types

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that support a variety of specialized development scenarios. For example, you can use
the .NET Framework to develop the following types of applications and services:

 Console applications.
 Scripted or hosted applications.
 Windows GUI applications (Windows Forms).
 ASP.NET applications.
 XML Web services.
 Windows services.

For example, the Windows Forms classes are a comprehensive set of reusable types
that vastly simplify Windows GUI development. If you write an ASP.NET Web Form
application, you can use the Web Forms classes.

Client Application Development

Client applications are the closest to a traditional style of application in

Windows-based programming. These are the types of applications that display
windows or forms on the desktop, enabling a user to perform a task. Client
applications include applications such as

word processors and spreadsheets, as well as custom business applications such as

data-entry tools, reporting tools, and so on. Client applications usually employ
windows, menus, buttons, and other GUI elements, and they likely access local
resources such as the file system and peripherals such as printers.

Another kind of client application is the traditional ActiveX control (now

replaced by the managed Windows Forms control) deployed over the Internet as a
Web page. This application is much like other client applications: it is executed
natively, has access to local resources, and includes graphical elements.

In the past, developers created such applications using C/C++ in conjunction

with the Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC) or with a rapid application
development (RAD) environment such as Microsoft® Visual Basic®. The .NET

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Framework incorporates aspects of these existing products into a single, consistent

development environment that drastically simplifies the development of client
applications. The Windows Forms classes contained in the .NET Framework are
designed to be used for GUI development. You can easily create command windows,
buttons, menus, toolbars, and other screen elements with the flexibility necessary to
accommodate shifting business needs.

For example, the .NET Framework provides simple properties to adjust visual
attributes associated with forms. In some cases the underlying operating system does
not support changing these attributes directly, and in these cases the .NET Framework
automatically recreates the forms. This is one of many ways in which the .NET
Framework integrates the developer interface, making coding simpler and more
consistent.

Unlike ActiveX controls, Windows Forms controls have semi-trusted access

to a user's computer. This means that binary or natively executing code can access
some of the resources on the user's system (such as GUI elements and limited file
access) without being able to access or compromise other resources. Because of code
access security, many applications that once needed to be installed on a user's system
can now be safely deployed through the Web. Your applications can implement the
features of a local application while being deployed like a Web page.

Server Application Development

Server-side applications in the managed world are implemented through

runtime hosts. Unmanaged applications host the common language runtime, which
allows your custom managed code to control the behavior of the server. This model
provides you with all the features of the common language runtime and class library
while gaining the performance and scalability of the host server.

The following illustration shows a basic network schema with managed code
running in different server environments. Servers such as IIS and SQL Server can
perform standard operations while your application logic executes through the
managed code.

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Server-side managed code

ASP.NET is the hosting environment that enables developers to use the .NET
Framework to target Web-based applications. However, ASP.NET is more than just a
runtime host; it is a complete architecture for developing Web sites and Internet-
distributed objects using managed code. Both Web Forms and XML Web services
use IIS and ASP.NET as the publishing mechanism for applications, and both have a
collection of supporting classes in the .NET Framework.

XML Web services, an important evolution in Web-based technology, are

distributed, server-side application components similar to common Web sites.
However, unlike Web-based applications, XML Web services components have no
UI and are not targeted for browsers such as Internet Explorer and Netscape
Navigator. Instead, XML Web services consist of reusable software components
designed to be consumed by other applications, such as traditional client applications,
Web-based applications, or even other XML Web services. As a result, XML Web
services technology is rapidly moving application development and deployment into
the highly distributed environment of the Internet.

If you have used earlier versions of ASP technology, you will immediately
notice the improvements that ASP.NET and Web Forms offers. For example, you can
develop Web Forms pages in any language that supports the .NET Framework. In
addition, your code no longer needs to share the same file with your HTTP text
(although it can continue to do so if you prefer). Web Forms pages execute in native
machine language because, like any other managed application, they take full
advantage of the runtime. In contrast, unmanaged ASP pages are always scripted and
interpreted. ASP.NET pages are faster, more functional, and easier to develop than
unmanaged ASP pages because they interact with the runtime like any managed
application.

The .NET Framework also provides a collection of classes and tools to aid in
development and consumption of XML Web services applications. XML Web

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services are built on standards such as SOAP (a remote procedure-call protocol),

XML (an extensible data format), and WSDL ( the Web Services Description
Language). The .NET Framework is built on these standards to promote
interoperability with non-Microsoft solutions.

For example, the Web Services Description Language tool included with
the .NET Framework SDK can query an XML Web service published on the Web,
parse its WSDL description, and produce C# or Visual Basic source code that your
application can use to become a client of the XML Web service. The source code can
create classes derived from classes in the class library that handle all the underlying
communication using SOAP and XML parsing. Although you can use the class
library to consume XML Web services directly, the Web Services Description
Language tool and the other tools contained in the SDK facilitate your development
efforts with the .NET Framework.

If you develop and publish your own XML Web service, the .NET Framework
provides a set of classes that conform to all the underlying communication standards,
such as SOAP, WSDL, and XML. Using those classes enables you to focus on the
logic of your service, without concerning yourself with the communications
infrastructure required by distributed software development.

Finally, like Web Forms pages in the managed environment, your XML Web service
will run with the speed of native machine language using the scalable communication
of IIS.

Active Server Pages.NET

ASP.NET is a programming framework built on the common language runtime that

can be used on a server to build powerful Web applications. ASP.NET offers several
important advantages over previous Web development models:

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 Enhanced Performance.

ASP.NET is compiled common language runtime code running on the server. Unlike
its interpreted predecessors, ASP.NET can take advantage of early binding, just-in-
time compilation, native optimization, and caching services right out of the box. This
amounts to dramatically better performance before you ever write a line of code.

 World-Class Tool Support.

The ASP.NET framework is complemented by a rich toolbox and designer in the

Visual Studio integrated development environment. WYSIWYG editing, drag-and-
drop server controls, and automatic deployment are just a few of the features this
powerful tool provides.

 Power and Flexibility.

Because ASP.NET is based on the common language runtime, the power and
flexibility of that entire platform is available to Web application developers.
The .NET Framework class library, Messaging, and Data Access solutions are all
seamlessly accessible from the Web. ASP.NET is also language-independent, so you
can choose the language that best applies to your application or partition your
application across many languages. Further, common language runtime
interoperability guarantees that your existing investment in COM-based development
is preserved when migrating to ASP.NET.

 Simplicity.

ASP.NET makes it easy to perform common tasks, from simple form submission and
client authentication to deployment and site configuration. For example, the
ASP.NET page framework allows you to build user interfaces that cleanly separate
application logic from presentation code and to handle events in a simple, Visual

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Basic - like forms processing model. Additionally, the common language runtime
simplifies development, with managed code services such as automatic reference
counting and garbage collection.

 Manageability

ASP.NET employs a text-based, hierarchical configuration system, which simplifies

applying settings to your server environment and Web applications. Because
configuration information is stored as plain text, new settings may be applied without
the aid of local administration tools. This "zero local administration" philosophy
extends to deploying ASP.NET Framework applications as well. An ASP.NET
Framework application is deployed to a server simply by copying the necessary files
to the server. No server restart is required, even to deploy or replace running
compiled code.

 Scalability and Availability. ASP.NET has been designed with scalability

in mind, with features specifically tailored to improve performance in
clustered and multiprocessor environments. Further, processes are closely
monitored and managed

by the ASP.NET runtime, so that if one misbehaves (leaks, deadlocks), a new

process can be created in its place, which helps keep your application
constantly available to handle requests.

 Customizability and Extensibility. ASP.NET delivers a well-factored

architecture that allows developers to "plug-in" their code at the appropriate
level. In fact, it is possible to extend or replace any subcomponent of the
ASP.NET runtime with your own custom-written component. Implementing
custom authentication or state services has never been easier.

 Security. With built in Windows authentication and per-application

configuration, you can be assured that your applications are secure.

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Language Support

The Microsoft .NET Platform currently offers built-in support for three
languages: C#, Visual Basic, and JScript.

What is ASP.NET Web Forms?

The ASP.NET Web Forms page framework is a scalable common

language runtime programming model that can be used on the server to
dynamically generate Web pages.

Intended as a logical evolution of ASP (ASP.NET provides syntax

compatibility with existing pages), the ASP.NET Web Forms framework has
been specifically designed to address a number of key deficiencies in the previous
model. In particular, it provides:

 The ability to create and use reusable UI controls that can encapsulate
common functionality and thus reduce the amount of code that a page
developer has to write.
 The ability for developers to cleanly structure their page logic in an orderly
fashion (not "spaghetti code").
 The ability for development tools to provide strong WYSIWYG design
support for pages (existing ASP code is opaque to tools).

`ASP.NET Web Forms pages are text files with an .aspx file name
extension. They can be deployed throughout an IIS virtual root directory tree.
When a browser client requests .aspx resources, the ASP.NET runtime parses
and compiles the target file into a .NET Framework class. This class can then be
used to dynamically process incoming requests. (Note that the .aspx file is
compiled only the first time it is accessed; the compiled type instance is then
reused across multiple requests).

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An ASP.NET page can be created simply by taking an existing HTML file

and changing its file name extension to .aspx (no modification of code is
required). For example, the following sample demonstrates a simple HTML page
that collects a user's name and category preference and then performs a form
post back to the originating page when a button is clicked:

ASP.NET provides syntax compatibility with existing ASP pages. This

includes support for <% %> code render blocks that can be intermixed with HTML
content within an .aspx file. These code blocks execute in a top-down manner at page
render time.

Code-Behind Web Forms

ASP.NET supports two methods of authoring dynamic pages. The first is the
method shown in the preceding samples, where the page code is physically declared
within the originating .aspx file. An alternative approach--known as the code-behind
method--enables the page code to be more cleanly separated from the HTML content
into an entirely separate file.

Introduction to ASP.NET Server Controls

In addition to (or instead of) using <% %> code blocks to program dynamic
content, ASP.NET page developers can use ASP.NET server controls to program
Web pages. Server controls are declared within an .aspx file using custom tags or
intrinsic HTML tags that contain a runat="server" attributes value. Intrinsic HTML
tags are handled by one of the controls in the System.Web.UI.HtmlControls
namespace. Any tag that doesn't explicitly map to one of the controls is assigned the
type of System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlGenericControl.

Server controls automatically maintain any client-entered values between round trips
to the server. This control state is not stored on the server (it is instead stored within

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an <input type="hidden"> form field that is round-tripped between requests). Note

also that no client-side script is required.

In addition to supporting standard HTML input controls, ASP.NET enables

developers to utilize richer custom controls on their pages. For example, the
following sample demonstrates how the <asp:adrotator> control can be used to
dynamically display rotating ads on a page.

1. ASP.NET Web Forms provide an easy and powerful way to build dynamic
Web UI.
2. ASP.NET Web Forms pages can target any browser client (there are no script
library or cookie requirements).
3. ASP.NET Web Forms pages provide syntax compatibility with existing ASP
pages.
4. ASP.NET server controls provide an easy way to encapsulate common
functionality.
5. ASP.NET ships with 45 built-in server controls. Developers can also use
controls built by third parties.
6. ASP.NET server controls can automatically project both up level and down
level HTML.
7. ASP.NET templates provide an easy way to customize the look and feel of list
server controls.
8. ASP.NET validation controls provide an easy way to do declarative client or
server data validation.

Crystal Reports

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Crystal Reports for Visual Basic .NET is the standard reporting tool for Visual
Basic.NET; it brings the ability to create interactive, presentation-quality content —
which has been the strength of Crystal Reports for years — to the .NET platform.

With Crystal Reports for Visual Basic.NET, you can host reports on Web and
Windows platforms and publish Crystal reports as Report Web Services on a Web
server.

To present data to users, you could write code to loop through record sets and
print them inside your Windows or Web application. However, any work beyond
basic formatting can be complicated: consolidations, multiple level totals, charting,
and conditional formatting are difficult to program.

With Crystal Reports for Visual Studio .NET, you can quickly create complex
and professional-looking reports. Instead of coding, you use the Crystal Report
Designer interface to create and format the report you need. The powerful Report
Engine processes the formatting, grouping, and charting criteria you specify.

Report Experts

Using the Crystal Report Experts, you can quickly create reports based on your
development needs:

Choose from report layout options ranging from standard reports to form letters, or
build your own report from scratch.

 Display charts that users can drill down on to view detailed report data.
 Calculate summaries, subtotals, and percentages on grouped data.
 Show TopN or BottomN results of data.
 Conditionally format text and rotate text objects.

3.2 BACK END TECHNOLOGY:

About Microsoft SQL Server 2000

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Microsoft SQL Server is a Structured Query Language (SQL) based, client/server

relational database. Each of these terms describes a fundamental part of the
architecture of SQL Server.
Database
A database is similar to a data file in that it is a storage place for data. Like a data file,
a database does not present information directly to a user; the user runs an application
that accesses data from the database and presents it to the user in an understandable
format.
A database typically has two components: the files holding the physical database and
the database management system (DBMS) software that applications use to access
data. The DBMS is responsible for enforcing the database structure, including:
 Maintaining the relationships between data in the database.
 Ensuring that data is stored correctly and that the rules defining data
relationships are not violated.
 Recovering all data to a point of known consistency in case of system failures.

Relational Database
There are different ways to organize data in a database but relational databases
are one of the most effective. Relational database systems are an application of
mathematical set theory to the problem of effectively organizing data. In a relational
database, data is collected into tables (called relations in relational theory).

When organizing data into tables, you can usually find many different ways to
define tables. Relational database theory defines a process, normalization, which
ensures that the set of tables you define will organize your data effectively.

Client/Server:-
In a client/server system, the server is a relatively large computer in a central
location that manages a resource used by many people. When individuals need to use
the resource, they connect over the network from their computers, or clients, to the
server.

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Examples of servers are: In a client/server database architecture, the database

files and DBMS software reside on a server. A communications component is
provided so applications can run on separate clients and communicate to the database
server over a network. The SQL Server communication component also allows
communication between an application running on the server and SQL Server.
Server applications are usually capable of working with several clients at the
same time. SQL Server can work with thousands of client applications
simultaneously. The server has features to prevent the logical problems that occur if a
user tries to read or modify data currently being used by others.
While SQL Server is designed to work as a server in a client/server network, it
is also capable of working as a stand-alone database directly on the client. The
scalability and ease-of-use features of SQL Server allow it to work efficiently on a
client without consuming too many resources.

Structured Query Language (SQL)

To work with data in a database, you must use a set of commands and
statements (language) defined by the DBMS software. There are several different
languages that can be used with relational databases; the most common is SQL. Both
the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Standards
Organization (ISO) have defined standards for SQL. Most modern DBMS products
support the Entry Level of SQL-92, the latest SQL standard (published in 1992).

SQL Server Features

Microsoft SQL Server supports a set of features that result in the following benefits:

Ease of installation, deployment, and use

SQL Server includes a set of administrative and development tools that improve your
ability to install, deploy, manage, and use SQL Server across several sites.

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Scalability
The same database engine can be used across platforms ranging from laptop
computers running Microsoft Windows® 95/98 to large, multiprocessor servers
running Microsoft Windows NT®, Enterprise Edition.

Data warehousing
SQL Server includes tools for extracting and analyzing summary data for online
analytical processing (OLAP). SQL Server also includes tools for visually designing
databases and analyzing data using English-based questions.

System integration with other server software

SQL Server integrates with e-mail, the Internet, and Windows.

Databases
A database in Microsoft SQL Server consists of a collection of tables that contain
data, and other objects, such as views, indexes, stored procedures, and triggers,
defined to support activities performed with the data. The data stored in a database is
usually related to a particular subject or process, such as inventory information for a
manufacturing warehouse.

SQL Server can support many databases, and each database can store either
interrelated data or data unrelated to that in the other databases. For example, a server
can have one database that stores personnel data and another that stores product-
related data. Alternatively, one database can store current customer order data, and
another; related database can store historical customer orders that are used for yearly
reporting. Before you create a database, it is

important to understand the parts of a database and how to design these parts to
ensure that the database performs well after it is implemented.

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Normalization theory:
Relations are to be normalized to avoid anomalies. In insert, update and delete
operations. Normalization theory is built around the concept of normal forms. A
relation is said to be in a particular form if it satisfies a certain specified set if
constraints. To decide a suitable logical structure for given database design the
concept of normalization, which are briefly described below.

1. 1 st Normal Form (1 N.F): A relation is said to be in 1 NF is and only if all

unaligned domains contain values only. That is the fields of an n-set should
have no group items and no repeating groups.
2. 2 nd Normal Form (2 N.F) : A relation is said to be in 2 NF is and only if it is
in 1 NF and every non key attribute is fully dependent on primary key. This
normal takes care of functional dependencies on non-key attributes.
3. 3 rd Normal Form (3 N.F) : A relation is said to be in 3 NF is and only if it is
in 2 NF and every non key attribute is non transitively dependent on the
primary key. This normal form avoids the transitive dependencies on the
primary key.
4. Boyce code Normal Form (BCNF) : This is a stronger definition than that of
NF. A relation is said to be in BCNF if and only if every determinant is a
Candidate key.
5. 4 th Normal Form (4 NF) : A relation is said to be in 4 NF if and only if
whenever there exists a multi valued dependency in a relation say A->->B
then all of the relation are also functionally dependent on A(i.e. A->X for all
attributes x of the relation.).
6. 5 th Normal Form (5 NF) OR Projection Join Normal Form (PJNF): A
relation R is in 5 NF .if and only if every join dependency in R is implied by
the candidate key on R . A relation can’t be non-loss split into two tables but
can be split into three tables. This is called Join Dependency.

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Middleware Technology
Activex Data Objects.Net Overview
ADO.NET is an evolution of the ADO data access model that directly
addresses user requirements for developing scalable applications. It was designed
specifically for the web with scalability, statelessness, and XML in mind.

ADO.NET uses some ADO objects, such as the Connection and Command objects,
and also introduces new objects. Key new ADO.NET objects include the Dataset,
Data Reader, and Data Adapter.

The important distinction between this evolved stage of ADO.NET

and previous data architectures is that there exists an object -- the Dataset -- that is
separate and distinct from any data stores. Because of that, the Dataset functions as a
standalone entity. You can think of the Dataset as an always disconnected record set
that knows nothing about the source or destination of the data it contains. Inside a
Dataset, much like in a database, there are tables, columns, relationships, constraints,
views, and so forth.

A Data Adapter is the object that connects to the database to fill the Dataset.
Then, it connects back to the database to update the data there, based on operations
performed while the Dataset held the data. In the past, data processing has been
primarily connection-based. Now, in an effort to make multi-tiered apps more
efficient, data processing is turning to a message-based approach that revolves around
chunks of information. At the center of this approach is the Data Adapter, which
provides a bridge to retrieve and save data between a Dataset and its source data
store. It accomplishes this by means of requests to the appropriate SQL commands
made against the data store.

The XML-based Dataset object provides a consistent programming model that

works with all models of data storage: flat, relational, and hierarchical. It does this by
having no 'knowledge' of the source of its data, and by representing the data that it
holds as collections and data types. No matter what the source of the data within the

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Dataset is, it is manipulated through the same set of standard APIs exposed through
the Dataset and its subordinate objects.

While the Dataset has no knowledge of the source of its data, the managed
provider has detailed and specific information. The role of the managed provider is to
connect, fill, and persist the Dataset to and from data stores. The OLE DB and SQL
Server .NET Data Providers (System.Data.OleDb and System.Data.SqlClient) that are
part of the .Net Framework provide four basic objects: the Command, Connection,
Data Reader and Data Adapter. In the remaining sections of this document, we'll walk
through each part of the Dataset and the OLE DB/SQL Server .NET Data Providers
explaining what they are, and how to program against them. The following sections
will introduce you to some objects that have evolved, and some that are new. These
objects are:

 Connections. For connection to and managing transactions against a database.

 Commands. For issuing SQL commands against a database.
 Data Readers. For reading a forward-only stream of data records from a SQL
Server data source.
 Datasets. For storing, removing and programming against flat data, XML data
and relational data.
 Data Adapters. For pushing data into a Dataset, and reconciling data against a
database.

When dealing with connections to a database, there are two different options: SQL
Server .NET Data Provider (System.Data.SqlClient) and OLE DB .NET Data
Provider (System.Data.OleDb). In these samples we will use the SQL Server .NET
Data Provider. These are written to talk directly to Microsoft SQL Server. The OLE
DB .NET Data Provider is used to talk to any OLE DB provider (as it uses OLE DB
underneath).

Connections

Connections are used to 'talk to' databases, and are represented by provider-
specific classes such as SQLConnection. Commands travel over connections and

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result sets are returned in the form of streams which can be read by a Data Reader
object, or pushed into a Dataset object.

Commands

Commands contain the information that is submitted to a database, and are

represented by provider-specific classes such as SQLCommand. A command can be a
stored procedure call, an UPDATE statement, or a statement that returns results. You
can also use input and output parameters, and return values as part of your command
syntax. The example below shows how to issue an INSERT statement against the
North wind database.

Data Readers

The Data Reader object is somewhat synonymous with a read-only/forward-

only cursor over data. The Data Reader API supports flat as well as hierarchical data.
A Data Reader object is returned after executing a command against a database. The
format of the returned Data Reader object is different from a record set. For example,
you might use the Data Reader to show the results of a search list in a web page.

Datasets

The Dataset object is similar to the ADO Record set object, but more powerful, and
with one other important distinction: the Dataset is always disconnected. The Dataset
object represents a cache of data, with database-like structures such as tables,
columns, relationships, and constraints. However, though a Dataset can and does
behave much like a database, it is important to remember that Dataset objects do not
interact directly with databases, or other source data. This allows the developer to
work with a programming model that is always consistent, regardless of where the
source data resides. Data coming from a database, an XML file, from code, or user
input can all be placed into Dataset objects. Then, as changes are made to the Dataset
they can be tracked and verified before updating the source data. The Get Changes
method of the Dataset object actually creates a second Dataset that contains only the
changes to the data. This Dataset is then used by a Data Adapter (or other objects) to
update the original data source. The Dataset has many XML characteristics, including
the ability to produce and consume XML data and XML schemas. XML schemas can

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be used to describe schemas interchanged via Web Services. In fact, a Dataset with a
schema can actually be compiled for type safety and statement completion.

Data Adapters (OLEDB/SQL)

The Data Adapter object works as a bridge between the Dataset and the source data.
Using the provider-specific SqlDataAdapter (along with its associated SqlCommand
and SqlConnection) can increase overall performance when working with a Microsoft
SQL Server databases. For other OLE DB-supported databases, you would use the
OleDbDataAdapter object and its associated OleDbCommand and OleDbConnection
objects. The Data Adapter object uses commands to update the data source after
changes have been made to the Dataset. Using the Fill method of the Data Adapter
calls the SELECT command; using the Update method calls the INSERT, UPDATE
or DELETE command for each changed row. You can explicitly set these commands
in order to control the statements used at runtime to resolve changes, including the
use of stored procedures. For ad-hoc scenarios, a Command Builder object can
generate these at run-time based upon a select statement. However, this run-time
generation requires an extra round-trip to the server in order to gather required
metadata, so explicitly providing the INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE commands at
design time will result in better run-time performance.

1. ADO.NET is the next evolution of ADO for the .Net Framework.

2. ADO.NET was created with n-Tier, statelessness and XML in the forefront.
Two new objects, the Dataset and Data Adapter, are provided for these
scenarios. ADO.NET can be used to get data from a stream, or to store data in
a cache for updates.
3. There is a lot more information about ADO.NET in the documentation.
4. Remember, you can execute a command directly against the database in order
to do inserts, updates, and deletes. You don't need to first put data into a
Dataset in order to insert, update, or delete it.
5. Also, you can use a Dataset to bind to the data, move through the data, and
navigate data relationships

Client-side Script(JAVASCRIPT):-

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JavaScript:

JavaScript is a new scripting language for WebPages. Scripts written with java
script can be embedded into your HTML pages. With java script you have many
possibilities for enhancing your HTML page with interesting elements. For example you
are able to respond to user-initiated events quite easily. Some effects that are now
possible with java script were some time ago only possible with CGI. So you can create
really sophisticated pages with the helps of java script on the Internet.

How can Java Script scripts run?

The first browser to support java script was the Netscape Navigator 2.0 of course
the higher versions do have java script as well. You might know that java does not run
on all Netscape Navigators 2.0 (or higher versions) versions. But this is not true for java
script -although there are some problems with the different versions.
The Mac version for example seems to have many bugs. In the near future there
are going to be some other browsers, which support java script. The Microsoft Internet
explorer 3.0 is going to support java script. JavaScript enabled browsers are going to
spread soon - it is worth learning this new technique now. You might realize that is really
easy to write Java Script scripts. We have to know is some basic techniques and some
work-around for problems you might encounter. Of course we need a basic.
Understanding HTML before reading this tutorial you can find many really good online
resources about HTML. Best you make an online search about ‘html’ at yahoo if you
want to get informed about HTML. Now I want to show some small scripts so you can
learn how they are implemented into HTML-documents and to show which possibilities
you have with the new scripting language. The following is a very small script, which
will only print a text into an HTML document.

<html>

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<head>
My first JavaScript
</head>
<body><br>
This is a normal HTML document
<br>
<script language=”JavaScript”>
Document.write (“this is a java script”)
</script><b r>
Backing HTML again
</body>
</html>

If you are using a java script enabled-browser at the moment then you will have the
possibility to see this script working. If your browser doesn’t support Java Script then this
output might be some kind of strange…
This is a normal HTML document
This is java script!
Back in HTML again.

Functions

Functions are bet declared between the <Head> tag of HTML page. Functions are called
by user-initiated events. Seems reasonable to keep the functions between the <Head>
tags. They are loaded first before a user can do anything that might call a function.
Scripts can be placed between inside comment fields to ensure that older browser do not
display the script itself.

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<html>
<head>
<script language=”JavaScript”>
function pushbutton (){
alert (“Hello!”);
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type=”button” name=”Button1” value=”push me” onclick=”pushbutton ()”>
</form>
</body>
</html>

If we want to test this one immediately and you are using a Java Script enabled
browser then please go ahead and push the button.
This script will create a button and when you press it a window will pop up saying
“hello!”. In fact we have a lot of possibilities just by adding functions to our scripts.
The common browsers transmit the form information by either method: here’s the
complete tag including the GET transmission method attribute for the previous form

Example

<Form method =GET action=http://www.mycompany.com/cgi-bin/upfdate.pl>

………
</form>

Input elements.

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Use the <input> tag to define any one of a number of common form elements including
text fields multiple choice lists click able images and submission buttons. There are
many attributers for this tag only that types and name attributes are required for each
element, each type of input element uses only a subset of the followed attributes.
Additional <input> attributes may be required based upon which type of the form
element you specify.

Submit button:

The submit button (<input type=submit> ) does what its name implies, settings in motion
the form’s submission to the server from the browser. We many have more than submit
buttons will be added to the parameter list the browser sends along to the server.

Example
< Input type =”submit”>
<Input type=”submit” value=”submit” name=”name”>

Reset button:

The reset button if firm <input> button is nearly self- explanatory; it lets the user reset
erase or set to some default value all elements in the form. By default the browser
displays a reset button worth the label “reset”. We can change that by specifying a value
attribute with tour own button label.

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DATABASE MODELS
ADO.NET and accessing the database through applets and ADO.NET API via an
intermediate server resulted server resulted in a new type of database model which is
different from the client-server model. Based on number of intermediate server through
the request should go it is named as single tire, two tire and multi tire architecture

Single Tier

In a single tier the server and client are the same in the sense that a client program
that needs information (client) and the source of this type of architecture is also possible
in java, in case flat files are used to store the data. However this is useful only in case of
small applications. The advantage with this is the simplicity and portability of the
application developed.

Server and
client

Database

Two Tier (client-server)

In two tier architecture the database resides in one machine and client in different
machine they are connected through the network. In this type of architecture a database
management takes control of the database and provides access to clients in a network.

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This software bundle is also called as the server. Software in different machines,
requesting for information are called as the clients.

Server

Client

Database
Client

Three Tier and N-Tier

In the three-tier architecture, any number servers can access the database that
resides on server. Which in turn serve clients in a network. For example, you want to

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access the database using java applets, the applet running in some other machine, can
send request only to the server from which it is down loaded. For this reason we will need
to have a intermediate server which will accept the requests from applets and them to the
actual database server. This intermediate server acts as a two-way communication
channel also. This is the information or data from the database is passed on to the applet
that is requesting it. This can be extended to make n tiers of servers, each server carrying
to specific type of request from clients, however in practice only 3 tiers architecture is
popular.

C# Language
C# (pronounced C Sharp) is a multi-paradigm programming language that encompasses
functional, imperative, generic, object-oriented (class-based), and component-oriented
programming disciplines. It was developed by Microsoft as part of the .NET initiative
and later approved as a standard by ECMA (ECMA-334) and ISO (ISO/IEC 23270). C#
is one of the 44 programming languages supported by the .NET Framework's Common
Language Runtime.
C# is intended to be a simple, modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming
language. Anders Hejlsberg, the designer of Delphi, leads the team which is developing
C#. It has an object-oriented syntax based on C++ and is heavily influenced by other
programming languages such as Delphi and Java. It was initially named Cool, which
stood for "C like Object Oriented Language". However, in July 2000, when Microsoft
made the project public, the name of the programming language was given as C#. The
most recent version of the language is C# 3.0 which was released in conjunction with
the .NET Framework 3.5 in 2007. The next proposed version, C# 4.0, is in development.

History:-

In 1996, Sun Microsystems released the Java programming language with Microsoft soon
purchasing a license to implement it in their operating system. Java was originally meant
to be a platform independent language, but Microsoft, in their implementation, broke
their license agreement and made a few changes that would essentially inhibit Java's
platform-independent capabilities. Sun filed a lawsuit and Microsoft settled, deciding to
create their own version of a partially compiled, partially interpreted object-oriented
programming language with syntax closely related to that of C++.

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During the development of .NET, the class libraries were originally written in a
language/compiler called Simple Managed C (SMC). In January 1999, Anders Hejlsberg
formed a team to build a new language at the time called Cool, which stood for "C like
Object Oriented Language".Microsoft had considered keeping the name "Cool" as the
final name of the language, but chose not to do so for trademark reasons. By the time
the .NET project was publicly announced at the July 2000 Professional Developers
Conference, the language had been renamed C#, and the class libraries and ASP.NET
runtime had been ported to C#.
C#'s principal designer and lead architect at Microsoft is Anders Hejlsberg, who was
previously involved with the design of Visual J++, Borland Delphi, and Turbo Pascal. In
interviews and technical papers he has stated that flaws in most major programming
languages (e.g. C++, Java, Delphi, and Smalltalk) drove the fundamentals of the
Common Language Runtime (CLR), which, in turn, drove the design of the C#
programming language itself. Some argue that C# shares roots in other languages.

Features of C#:-

By design, C# is the programming language that most directly reflects the underlying
Common Language Infrastructure (CLI). Most of C#'s intrinsic types correspond to
value-types implemented by the CLI framework. However, the C# language specification
does not state the code generation requirements of the compiler: that is, it does not state
that a C# compiler must target a Common Language Runtime (CLR), or generate
Common Intermediate Language (CIL), or generate any other specific format.
Theoretically, a C# compiler could generate machine code like traditional compilers of
C++ or FORTRAN; in practice, all existing C# implementations target CIL.
Some notable C# distinguishing features are:
 There are no global variables or functions. All methods and members must be
declared within classes. It is possible, however, to use static methods/variables
within public classes instead of global variables/functions.
 Local variables cannot shadow variables of the enclosing block, unlike C and C+
+. Variable shadowing is often considered confusing by C++ texts.
 C# supports a strict Boolean data type, bool. Statements that take conditions, such
as while and if, require an expression of a boolean type. While C++ also has a
boolean type, it can be freely converted to and from integers, and expressions
such as if(a) require only that a is convertible to bool, allowing a to be an int, or a
pointer. C# disallows this "integer meaning true or false" approach on the grounds
that forcing programmers to use expressions that return exactly bool can prevent
certain types of programming mistakes such as if (a = b) (use of = instead of ==).
 In C#, memory address pointers can only be used within blocks specifically
marked as unsafe, and programs with unsafe code need appropriate permissions to
run. Most object access is done through safe object references, which are always
either pointing to a valid, existing object, or have the well-defined null value; a
reference to a garbage-collected object, or to random block of memory, is

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impossible to obtain. An unsafe pointer can point to an instance of a value-type,

array, string, or a block of memory allocated on a stack. Code that is not marked
as unsafe can still store and manipulate pointers through the System.IntPtr type, but
cannot dereference them.
 Managed memory cannot be explicitly freed, but is automatically garbage
collected. Garbage collection addresses memory leaks. C# also provides direct
support for deterministic finalization with the using statement (supporting the
Resource Acquisition Is Initialization idiom).
 Multiple inheritance is not supported, although a class can implement any number
of interfaces. This was a design decision by the language's lead architect to avoid
complication, avoid dependency hell and simplify architectural requirements
throughout CLI.
 C# is more type safe than C++. The only implicit conversions by default are those
which are considered safe, such as widening of integers and conversion from a
derived type to a base type. This is enforced at compile-time, during JIT, and, in
some cases, at runtime. There are no implicit conversions between booleans and
integers, nor between enumeration members and integers (except for literal 0,
which can be implicitly converted to any enumerated type). Any user-defined
conversion must be explicitly marked as explicit or implicit, unlike C++ copy
constructors (which are implicit by default) and conversion operators (which are
always implicit).
 Enumeration members are placed in their own scope.
 C# provides syntactic sugar for a common pattern of a pair of methods, accessor
(getter) and mutator (setter) encapsulating operations on a single attribute of a
class, in form of properties.
 Full type reflection and discovery is available.
 C# currently (as of 3 June 2008) has 77 reserved words.

Common Type system (CTS)

C# has a unified type system. This unified type system is called Common Type System
(CTS).
A unified type system implies that all types, including primitives such as integers, are
subclasses of the System.Object class. For example, every type inherits a ToString() method.
For performance reasons, primitive types (and value types in general) are internally
allocated on the stack.

Categories of datatypes
CTS separates datatypes into two categories:
 Value types
 Reference types

Value types are plain aggregations of data. Instances of value types do not have
referential identity nor a referential comparison semantics - equality and inequality
comparisons for value types compare the actual data values within the instances, unless
the corresponding operators are overloaded. Value types are derived from

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System.ValueType, always have a default value, and can always be created and copied.
Some other limitations on value types are that they cannot derive from each other (but
can implement interfaces) and cannot have a default (parameterless) constructor.
Examples of value types are some primitive types, such as int (a signed 32-bit integer),
float (a 32-bit IEEE floating-point number), char (a 16-bit Unicode codepoint), and
System.DateTime (identifies a specific point in time with millisecond precision).
In contrast, reference types have the notion of referential identity - each instance of
reference type is inherently distinct from every other instance, even if the data within
both instances is the same. This is reflected in default equality and inequality
comparisons for reference types, which test for referential rather than structural equality,
unless the corresponding operators are overloaded (such as the case for System.String). In
general, it is not always possible to create an instance of a reference type, nor to copy an
existing instance, or perform a value comparison on two existing instances, though
specific reference types can provide such services by exposing a public constructor or
implementing a corresponding interface (such as ICloneable or IComparable). Examples of
reference types are object (the ultimate base class for all other C# classes), System.String (a
string of Unicode characters), and System.Array (a base class for all C# arrays).
Both type categories are extensible with user-defined types.

Boxing and unboxing

Boxing is the operation of converting a value of a value type into a value of a
corresponding reference type.
Example:
int foo = 42; // Value type...
object bar = foo; // foo is boxed to bar.
Unboxing is the operation of converting a value of a reference type (previously boxed)
into a value of a value type.
Example:
int foo = 42; // Value type.
object bar = foo; // foo is boxed to bar.
int foo2 = (int)bar; // Unboxed back to value type.

Features of C# 2.0
New features in C# for the .NET SDK 2.0 (corresponding to the 3rd edition of the
ECMA-334 standard) are:

Partial class
Partial classes allow implementation of a class to be spread between several files, with
each file containing one or more class members. It is primary useful when parts of a class
are automatically generated. For example, the feature is heavily used by code-generating
user interface designers in Visual Studio.
file1.cs:
public partial class MyClass

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{
public void MyMethod1()
{
// Manually written code
}
}
file2.cs:
public partial class MyClass
{
public void MyMethod2()
{
// Automatically generated code
}
}

Generics
Generics, or parameterized types, or parametric polymorphism is a .NET 2.0 feature
supported by C#. Unlike C++ templates, .NET parameterized types are instantiated at
runtime rather than by the compiler; hence they can be cross-language whereas C++
templates cannot. They support some features not supported directly by C++ templates
such as type constraints on generic parameters by use of interfaces. On the other hand, C#
does not support non-type generic parameters. Unlike generics in Java, .NET generics use
reification to make parameterized types first-class objects in the CLI Virtual Machine,
which allows for optimizations and preservation of the type information.

Static classes
Static classes are classes that cannot be instantiated or inherited from, and that only allow
static members. Their purpose is similar to that of modules in many procedural
languages.

A new form of iterator providing generator functionality

A new form of iterator that provides generator functionality, using a yield return construct
similar to yield in Python.
// Method that takes an iterable input (possibly an array)
// and returns all even numbers.
public static IEnumerable<int> GetEven(IEnumerable<int> numbers)
{
foreach (int i in numbers)
{
if (i % 2 == 0) yield return i;
}
}

Anonymous delegates
Anonymous delegates provide closure functionality in C#. Code inside the body of an
anonymous delegate has full read/write access to local variables, method parameters, and
class members in scope of the delegate, excepting out and ref parameters. For example:-

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int SumOfArrayElements(int[] array)

{
int sum = 0;
Array.ForEach(
array,
delegate(int x)
{
sum += x;
}
);
return sum;
}

Delegate covariance and contravariance

Conversions from method groups to delegate types are covariant and contravariant in
return and parameter types, respectively.

The accessibility of property accessors can be set independently

Example:
string status = string.Empty;

public string Status

{
get { return status; } // anyone can get value of this property,
protected set { status = value; } // but only derived classes can change it
}

Nullable types
Nullable value types (denoted by a question mark, e.g. int? i = null;) which add null to the
set of allowed values for any value type. This provides improved interaction with SQL
databases, which can have nullable columns of types corresponding to C# primitive
types: an SQL INTEGER NULL column type directly translates to the C# int?.
Nullable types received an eleventh-hour improvement at the end of August 2005, mere
weeks before the official launch, to improve their boxing characteristics: a nullable
variable which is assigned null is not actually a null reference, but rather an instance of
struct Nullable<T> with property HasValue equal to false. When boxed, the Nullable instance
itself is boxed, and not the value stored in it, so the resulting reference would always be
non-null, even for null values. The following code illustrates the corrected flaw:
int? i = null;
object o = i;
if (o == null)
Console.WriteLine("Correct behaviour - runtime version from September 2005 or later");
else
Console.WriteLine("Incorrect behaviour - pre-release runtime (from before September 2005)");
When copied into objects, the official release boxes values from Nullable instances, so
null values and null references are considered equal. The late nature of this fix caused
some controversy , since it required core-CLR changes affecting not only .NET2, but all
dependent technologies (including C#, VB, SQL Server 2005 and Visual Studio 2005).

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NAME NULL / NOTNULL TYPE

username NOTNULL VARCHAR2(10)
password NULL VARCHAR2(20) DATABASE
phno NULL int (10)
TABLES:
emailid NULL VARCHAR2(20)

USER REG TABLE

BOOKING TABLE

FEASIBILITY STUDY:

Feasibility
study is
NAME NOT / NOTNULL TYPE
conducted once
customername NOTNULL VARCHAR2(10)
emailid NOTNULL VARCHAR2(10) the problem is
address NOTNULL VARCHAR2(10)
clearly
Tyoeofmeterial NOTNULL VARCHAR2(10)
productname NOTNULL VARCHAR2(10) understood.
noofproducts NOTNULL VARCHAR2(15) Feasibility study
source NOTNULL VARCHAR2(20)
destination NOTNULL VARCHAR2(10) is a high level
destinationaddress NOTNULL NUMBER(10,2)) capsule version of
the entire system analysis and design process. The objective is to determine quickly at a
minimum expense how to solve a problem. The purpose of feasibility is not to solve the
problem but to determine if the problem is worth solving.

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The system has been tested for feasibility in the following points.

1. Technical Feasibility
2. Economical Feasibility
3. Operational Feasibility.

1. Technical Feasibility
The project entitles "Courier Service System” is technically feasibility
because of the below mentioned feature. The project was developed in Java which
Graphical User Interface.
It provides the high level of reliability, availability and compatibility. All
these make Java an appropriate language for this project. Thus the existing
software Java is a powerful language.

2. Economical Feasibility

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The computerized system will help in automate the selection leading

the profits and details of the organization. With this software, the machine and
manpower utilization are expected to go up by 80-90% approximately. The costs
incurred of not creating the system are set to be great, because precious time can be
wanted by manually.

3. Operational Feasibility

In this project, the management will know the details of

each project where he may be presented and the data will be maintained as decentralized
and if any inquires for that particular contract can be known as per their requirements and
necessaries.

Implementation:

Implementation is the stage where the theoretical design is turned into a

working system. The most crucial stage in achieving a new successful system and in
giving confidence on the new system for the users that it will work efficiently and
effectively.

The system can be implemented only after thorough testing is done and if it
is found to work according to the specification.

It involves careful planning, investigation of the current system and its constraints on
implementation, design of methods to achieve the change over and an evaluation of
change over methods a part from planning. Two major tasks of preparing the
implementation are education and training of the users and testing of the system.

The more complex the system being implemented, the more involved will be the

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systems analysis and design effort required just for implementation.

The implementation phase comprises of several activities. The required hardware

and software acquisition is carried out. The system may require some software to be
developed. For this, programs are written and tested. The user then changes over to his
new fully tested system and the old system is discontinued.

TESTING:

The testing phase is an important part of software development. It is the puterized

system will help in automate process of finding errors and missing operations and also a
complete verification to determine whether the objectives are met and the user
requirements are satisfied.

Software testing is carried out in three steps:

1. The first includes unit testing, where in each module is tested to provide its
correctness, validity and also determine any missing operations and to verify whether the
objectives have been met. Errors are noted down and corrected immediately. Unit testing
is the important and major part of the project. So errors are rectified easily in particular
module and program clarity is increased. In this project entire system is divided into
several modules and is developed individually. So unit testing is conducted to individual
modules.

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2. The second step includes Integration testing. It need not be the case, the
software whose modules when run individually and showing perfect results, will also
show perfect results when run as a whole. The individual modules are clipped under this
major module and tested again and verified the results. This is due to poor interfacing,
which may results in data being lost across an interface. A module can have inadvertent,
adverse effect on any other or on the global data structures, causing serious problems.

3. The final step involves validation and testing which determines which the
software functions as the user expected. Here also some modifications were. In the
completion of the project it is satisfied fully by the end user.

Maintenance and environment:

AS the number of computer based systems, grieve libraries of computer

software began to expand. In house developed projects produced tones of thousand soft
program source statements. Software products purchased from the outside added
hundreds of thousands of new statements. A dark cloud appeared on the horizon. All of
these programs, all of those source statements-had to be corrected when false were
detected, modified as user requirements changed, or adapted to new hardware that was
purchased. These activities were collectively called software Maintenance.
The maintenance phase focuses on change that is associated with error
correction, adaptations required as the software's environment evolves, and changes due
to enhancements brought about by changing customer requirements. Four types of
changes are encountered during the maintenance phase.

Correction
Adaptation
Enhancement

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Prevention

Correction:
Even with the best quality assurance activities is lightly that the customer
will uncover defects in the software. Corrective maintenance changes the software
to correct defects.

Maintenance is a set of software Engineering activities that occur after

software has been delivered to the customer and put into operation. Software
configuration management is a set of tracking and control activities that began
when a software project begins and terminates only when the software is taken
out of the operation.

We may define maintenance by describing four activities that are undertaken

after a program is released for use:

Corrective Maintenance
Adaptive Maintenance
Perfective Maintenance or Enhancement
Preventive Maintenance or reengineering

Only about 20 percent of all maintenance work are spent "fixing mistakes". The
remaining 80 percent are spent adapting existing systems to changes in their
external environment, making enhancements requested by users, and
reengineering an application for use.

ADAPTATION:

Over time, the original environment (E>G., CPU, operating system, business
rules, external product characteristics) for which the software was developed is likely to
change. Adaptive maintenance results in modification to the software to accommodate
change to its external environment.

ENHANCEMENT:

As software is used, the customer/user will recognize additional functions that will

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provide benefit. Perceptive maintenance extends the software beyond its original function
requirements.

PREVENTION :

Computer software deteriorates due to change, and because of this,

preventive maintenance, often called software re engineering, must be conducted
to enable the software to serve the needs of its end users. In essence, preventive
maintenance makes changes to computer programs so that they can be more easily
corrected, adapted, and enhanced. Software configuration management (SCM) is
an umbrella activity that is applied throughout the software process. SCM
activities are developed to

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Testing is a process of executing a program with the indent of

finding an error. Testing is a crucial element of software quality assurance and presents
ultimate review of specification, design and coding.

System Testing is an important phase. Testing represents an interesting anomaly for the
software. Thus a series of testing are performed for the proposed system before the
system is ready for user acceptance testing.

A good test case is one that has a high probability of finding an as undiscovered
error. A successful test is one that uncovers an as undiscovered error.

Testing Objectives:

1. Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of finding an error

2. A good test case is one that has a probability of finding an as yet undiscovered error
3. A successful test is one that uncovers an undiscovered error

Testing Principles:

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 All tests should be traceable to end user requirements

 Tests should be planned long before testing begins
 Testing should begin on a small scale and progress towards testing in large
 Exhaustive testing is not possible
 To be most effective testing should be conducted by a independent third party

The primary objective for test case design is to derive a set of tests that has the
highest livelihood for uncovering defects in software. To accomplish this objective two
different categories of test case design techniques are used. They are

 White box testing.

 Black box testing.

White-box testing:

White box testing focus on the program control structure. Test cases are derived
to ensure that all statements in the program have been executed at least once during
testing and that all logical conditions have been executed.

Block-box testing:

Black box testing is designed to validate functional requirements without regard to the
internal workings of a program. Black box testing mainly focuses on the information
domain of the software, deriving test cases by partitioning input and output in a manner
that provides through test coverage. Incorrect and missing functions, interface errors,
errors in data structures, error in functional logic are the errors falling in this category.

Testing strategies:

A strategy for software testing must accommodate low-level tests that are
necessary to verify that all small source code segment has been correctly implemented as
well as high-level tests that validate major system functions against customer
requirements.

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Testing fundamentals:

Testing is a process of executing program with the intent of finding error. A good
test case is one that has high probability of finding an undiscovered error. If testing is
conducted successfully it uncovers the errors in the software. Testing cannot show the
absence of defects, it can only show that software defects present.

Testing Information flow:

Information flow for testing flows the pattern. Two class of input provided to test
the process. The software configuration includes a software requirements specification, a
design specification and source code.

Test configuration includes test plan and test cases and test tools. Tests are
conducted and all the results are evaluated. That is test results are compared with
expected results. When erroneous data are uncovered, an error is implied and debugging
commences.

Unit testing:

Unit testing is essential for the verification of the code produced during the
coding phase and hence the goal is to test the internal logic of the modules. Using the
detailed design description as a guide, important paths are tested to uncover errors with in
the boundary of the modules. These tests were carried out during the programming stage
itself. All units of ViennaSQL were successfully tested.

Integration testing :

Integration testing focuses on unit tested modules and build the program structure
that is dictated by the design phase.

System testing:

System testing tests the integration of each module in the system. It also tests to
find discrepancies between the system and it’s original objective, current specification

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and system documentation. The primary concern is the compatibility of individual

modules. Entire system is working properly or not will be tested here, and specified path
ODBC connection will correct or not, and giving output or not are tested here these
verifications and validations are done by giving input values to the system and by
comparing with expected output. Top-down testing implementing here.

Acceptance Testing:

This testing is done to verify the readiness of the system for the implementation.
Acceptance testing begins when the system is complete. Its purpose is to provide the end
user with the confidence that the system is ready for use. It involves planning and
execution of functional tests, performance tests and stress tests in order to demonstrate
that the implemented system satisfies its requirements.

Tools to special importance during acceptance testing include:

Test coverage Analyzer – records the control paths followed for each test case.

Timing Analyzer – also called a profiler, reports the time spent in various regions of the
code are areas to concentrate on to improve system performance.

Coding standards – static analyzers and standard checkers are used to inspect code for
deviations from standards and guidelines.

Test Cases:

Test cases are derived to ensure that all statements in the program have been
executed at least once during testing and that all logical conditions have been executed.
Using White-Box testing methods, the software engineer can drive test cases that
 Guarantee that logical decisions on their true and false sides.
 Exercise all logical decisions on their true and false sides.
 Execute all loops at their boundaries and with in their operational bounds.

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 Exercise internal data structure to assure their validity.

The test case specification for system testing has to be submitted for review before
system testing commences.

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Home page

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About Us

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Contact Us

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Register page

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Login page

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Search Page

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Price Finder

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Banned Products

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Administrator Page

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Customer Details list

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Confirmation Details

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Cancel Requestlist

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Status Report

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Feedback List

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User Module

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Customer Details

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Inbox

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Status

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Cancel the Cargo

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Feedback

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Change Password

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Password Recovery

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Status Report

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CONCLUSION:

The package was designed in such a way that future modifications can be
done easily. The following conclusions can be deduced from the
development of the project.

 Cargo Manager of the entire system improves the efficiency.

 It provides a friendly graphical user interface which proves to be better
when compared to the existing system.
 It gives appropriate access to the authorized users depending on their
permissions.
 It effectively overcomes the delay in communications.
 Updating of information becomes so easier.
 System security, data security and reliability are the striking features.
 The System has adequate scope for modification in future if it is
necessary.

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FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS:

This application avoids the manual work and the problems concern with it.
It is an easy way to obtain the information regarding the various products information
that are present in the Super markets.
Well I and my team members have worked hard in order to
present an improved website better than the existing one’s regarding the information
about the various activities. Still ,we found out that the project can be done in a better
way. Primarily, when we request information about a particular product it just shows the
company, product id, product name and no. of quantities available. So, after getting the
information we can get access to the product company website just by a click on the
product name .
The next enhancement that we can add the searching option.
We can directly search to the particular product company from this site .These are the
two enhancements that we could think of at present.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following books were referred during the analysis and execution phase of the
project

MICROSOFT .NET WITH C#

Microsoft .net series

ASP .NET 2.0 PROFESSIONAL

Wrox Publishers

ASP .NET WITH C# 2005

Apress Publications

C# COOK BOOK
O reilly Publications

PROGRAMMING MICROSOFT ASP .NET 2.0 APPLICATION

Wrox Professional Guide

BEGINNING ASP .NET 2.0 E-COMMERCE IN C# 2005

Novice to Professional.

WEBSITES:
www.google.com
www.microsoft.com

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