ELEMENTS OF SHAPES RELATIVE SIZE AND LINEAR PERSPECTIVE

- it results from the coming together of lines enclosing an area and - Objects that are big will be perceived as near compared with the
separating it from its surroundings (Ficher, 2013) lines, color patches, objects that are far.
and texture can also give the impression of shape. it can be discerned - the premise is: The farther the object is from the viewer, the
by viewing the artwork against its background. It is distinct from other smaller is the size of the object.
object properties, such as color, texture, or material type
ATMOSPHERIC PERSPECTIVE
Kinds of SHAPES - also known as aerial perspective.
* GEOMETRIC SHAPE - the illusion of depth is created by techniques knows as gradient (a
- It can be defined as a figure or area closed by a boundary which is gradual change).
created by combining the specific amount of curves, points, and lines. - gradient in texture, brightness, color intensity, and combination of
- These shapes may be rectilinear or curvilinear. warm and cool colors.
- Usually, math can be used to find information about these shapes.
- Geometric shapes generally have a specific name associated with THE ELEMENT OF VALUE (LIGHT AND SHADOW)
them. Examples include: circle, triangle, square, and trapezoid - The visual arts is known particularly because of the element of light.
Light makes viewing any artwork possible, and it is sad to say that
ORGANIC SHAPES without light this cannot be done.
- According to Fichner, 2013, these shapes have a natural appearance - When light is discussed, it always follows that its counterpart, which is
and are usually curvilinear and irregular. shadow, will have to be dealt with. This gradual change from light to
- free-flowing shapes that cannot easily be defined. dark and vice versa is what referred to value.
- are irregular and uneven shapes. Their outlines may be curved,
angular, or a combination of both - Achromatic value refers to changes in the amount of reflected light
from white to grey to black and from black to grey to white.
BIOMORPHIC SHAPES
- The term biomorphic means: (bio=life and morph= form). - The technique of using light and shadow in painting is known as
- so 'biomorphic' refers to something that represents a life form- chiaroscuro. Leonardo da Vinci exploited the effects of chiaroscuro in
manifest some qualities of biological organisms. his masterpieces.
- these shapes are those which are abstract but which make the viewer - He even introduced a technique called sfumato in which the gradual
think of a living form, such as a human, animal, or plant. blending of light and shadow gave the figures in his composition a
more realistic form and depth.
AMORPHUS SHAPE
- These shapes exist without any basis from either nature or geometry.
- lacking definite form THE ELEMENT OF TEXTURE
- having no specific shape - In the visual arts, texture refers to the perceived surface quality of a
- formless work of art. It is an element found in both two-dimensional and three-
dimensional designs, and it is characterized by its visual and physical
Shape and the Content of the Composition properties.
According to Ocvirk, 2002, shapes, like the other elements of arts,
suggest certain meanings. Some common meanings conveyed by: ACTUAL TEXTURE
SQUARES are for stability, symmetry, independence, and monotony - This refers to how a painting or work of art feels. With actual texture,
CIRCLES is confinement and self-realiance the object feels the way it looks.
OVALS is creativity
STARS means reaching out SIMULATED TEXTURE
- This type of texture refers to a surface character that looks real but is
not. Simulated texture is a skill of the artist to exactly copy reality.
ELEMENTS OF SPACE
- artist’s fascination is based on discovering any other ways to
manipulate the picture plane create the illusion “ endless space" It
involves both the physiological capability of the visual system and the
ABSTRACT TEXTURE
physical manipulation of the two-dimensional surface (picture plane) to
- refers to a type of texture used in art that does not aim to replicate
give the viewer an illusion of depth or distance.
real-world surfaces but instead represents textures in a stylized,
imaginative, or symbolic way.
- According to Ocvirk (2002), this aspect has two processes that should
be understood.
INVENTED TEXTURE
1. Stereoscopic Vision
- is a texture on an artwork that has been completely made up by the
2. Kinesthetic Vision
artist. It does not represent anything in reality and is purely for
decoration or visual impact.
Stereoscopic Vision
- It gives the viwer a perception of depth because of the distance
between the two eyes.
THE ELEMENT OF TIME AND MOTION
This distance allows the viewer to see two presentations of the object,
- Motion occurs through time (Fichner, 2008). Over the centuries,
one from each eye. This is known as retinal disparity.
artists have collaborated to bring to the viewer the concept of
Retinal disparity -gives the viewer two images of the object then
movement and time in their artworks.
physiologically merges them into one image, thus, giving the viewer a
perception of depth or distance.
ACTUAL MOVEMENT OR MOTION
- Artwork that incorporates actual movement is called kinetic.
Kinesthetic Vision
- An artwork can move on its own on several ways:
- It involves the movement of the eyes when looking at or viewing the
·Through natural properties or effects such as air currents,
object.
·Or it may be mechanically or technologically driven,
- It was observed that more ocular movements occur when the object
·Or it may involve either the artist or the viewer moving it
is near, and less when the object is far.
IMPLIED MOVEMENT OR MOTION
The Illusion of Space
- Movement can be suggested visually in a variety of ways: - - Through
- The artist finds a way to present depth or distance in a two-
the use of: ·Diagonal ·Gestural ·Directional lines ·Repetition ·Position
dimensional artwork, they’ve come up with techniques to allow viewers
and size of objects
to perceive space on a picture plane when actually none exist.
The position or implied eyeline of a figure, a symbolic representation of
movement
 The Element of Line The Color Wheel
• Lines make objects stand out against a background, they challenge • Sir Isaac Newton was the first to conceptualize the color wheel to
our perception, and arouse emotions, and they may enhance or lessen discover relationships between and among colors
the aesthetic • Color wheel can be described as a circle divided. equally into twelve
parts representing the twelve colors and how they relate to one
3 DIFFERENT LINES another.
Horizontal lines
• They do not slant. When you lie down on a flat surface, your body TYPES OF COLOR
forms a horizontal line. • Primary Colors - The color wheel is primarily based on pigments
• Horizontals in artwork usually indicate calmness and rest. making the mixture subtractive.
Landscapes and seascapes are primarily horizontal - In the color wheel can be seen the three primary colors, which are
red, yellow, and blue. In colors of light, it should be noted that the
Vertical lines primaries are red, blue, and green.
• They start from the bottom going up or vice versa.
• Verticals show strength, balance, and stability. Monuments of a • Secondary Colors - these colors result from the combination of two
country's heroes are usually depicted as verticals. primary colors in equal amounts
- the secondary colors are Orange, Green, Violet
Diagonal lines For colors of light, the secondary colors are Yellow, Cyan, Magenta
• These lines are between a vertical and a horizontal line. Diagonals
look as if they are either rising or falling and have both positive and • Intermediate Colors
negative implications. - these colors can result from a combination of a primary and a
secondary color. red-orange, yellow-orange, yellow-green, blue-green,
Zigzag lines blue-violet, red-violet
• These are completed from a mixture of diagonal lines. The diagonals • Tertiary Colors
form angles and change direction suddenly. Zigzags indicate chaos, - In the book, Art Fundamentals, by Ocvirk (2002), it was stated that
conflict, and confusion as can be perceived in pictures of war and tertiary colors are created by combining any two secondary colors or
pictures of most anime characters (the hairstyles are a give-away). by neutralizing one color by adding its complement or opposite color in
the color wheel.
Curved lines
• More technically, they are curvilinear; they are organic and natural • Neutrals
and adjust direction regularly. When we illustrate wiggly lines, we are - are colors that don't have any hue like black, white, and gray
putting together a series of curves that may form spirals and circles.
When curved lines continuously move in opposite directions, they form • Warm Colors and Cool Colors
wavy lines that show graceful movements. - Colors also have temperature
- Colors associated with the sun and fire are considered warm colors
- Colors associated with air, sky, earth, and water and are considered
to be cool colors
Actual lines and Implied lines
• Actual lines, the artist intentionally shows the lines in an artwork, a
painting for instance, to give the viewer an interesting aspect of the Principles of Design: Visual Strategies for Artistic Expression
composition. The lines drawn add to the quality of the whole work. - refer to the visual strategies used by artists, in conjunction with the
• Implied lines - are used by the artist to make the viewer feel their visual elements of arts - for expressive purposes.
involvement in interpreting the composition by seeing and connecting
lines where none actually exists. 1. Balance
- It is one of the principles of design; it is classified into three:
symmetrical, asymmetrical, and radial.
The Elements of Color · Symmetrical Balance - Creates a mirror-like effect with identical or
• Color is the most expressive element of art. • It shares powerful nearly identical elements on both sides of the composition. Evokes
connection with emotion. • Colors are a property of light. The absence feelings of order stability and formality.
of light equals no perceived color. • Color enhances the beauty in all ·Asymmetrical Balance - Arranges elements of different visual
things. weights to create equilibrium without exact mirroring. Results in more
dynamic and interesting compositions.
• Sir Isaac Newton discovered this when he passed white light through · Radial Balance - Elements radiate outward from a central point,
a prism, which separated it into the colors of the rainbow. These colors creating a sense of movement and focus. Often seen in circular or
are part of the visible spectrum, ranging from red (the longest spiral designs.
wavelength) to violet (the shortest wavelength).
2. Harmony
Physical Properties of Color - In the principles of design, this can be described as sameness, the
• Hue pertains to the name for which the color is known. belonging of one thing with another.
• Value refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. The value of
colors pertains to the absence of white or black. Proportion: The Art of Relative Size
- When white is added to a hue, the result is called a tint. - Proportion in design refers to the size relationships between different
- When black is mixed with a hue, the result is called a shade. elements within a composition.

• Intensity or Saturation Dominance and Emphasis:

- Intensity or Saturation refers to how pure the color is or how vibrant or - Guiding the Viewer's Eye Dominance, also known as emphasis, is a
dull a color is. principle of design that involves creating a focal point or area of visual
- A highly saturated (high intensity) color is bright and vivid, while a low interest within a composition.
saturation (low intensity) color appears muted or dull. Emphasis can be created through size, color, texture, shape, or
placement within the composition.
Additive and Subtractive Colors Size Contrast Using larger elements to draw attention amidst smaller
• Color of light - are additive in the sense that when you combine the ones.
colors the result will be white. (Green, Red and Blue) Color Contrast Employing contrasting colors to make certain areas
• Color of pigments - are subtractive in the sense that combining pop.
these colors results in black, for each color in this mixture cancels out Textural Emphasis Varying textures to create focal points within the
each other's brightness. (commonly simplified as red, yellow, and blue) composition.
Strategic Placement Positioning elements key in visually prominent
locations.
PREHISTORIC ART (CAVE ART)
Variety: PHILIPHINE PREMITIVE ART
- Adding Visual Interest Variety is a principle of design that involves
Philippines as a colony of Spain, US and Japan has strong influence
incorporating different elements to create visual interest and complexity
within a composition. It prevents monotony and engages the viewer by of the conquering nations.
offering a range of visual experiences.
PHILIPHINE PREMITIVE ART
Shape Variety Incorporate a mix of geometric and organic shapes to
create visual diversity and interest within the composition. CAVE PAINTING
Color Variety Use a range of hues, tints, and shades to add depth and
The Angono Petroglyphs Site Museum in the municipality of
complexity to the color scheme of the artwork.
Textural Variety Combine different textures, such as smooth and Binangonan, province of Rizal, is located. It was accidentally
rough surfaces, to add tactile interest and visual contrast.
discovered by National Artist Carlos “Botong” Francisco during fieldtrip
Scale Variety Mix elements of different sizes to create depth and
hierarchy within the composition, guiding the viewer's eye. in 1965.
BURIAL JARS
Movement:
- Creating Visual Flow Movement in design refers to the way visual The secondary burial jar was found in Manunggul Cave, Lipuun Point
elements guide the viewer's eye through a composition. It creates a
Palawan in early 1960. It considered one of the Philippine National
sense of action, direction, or flow within a static image, helping to
engage the viewer and convey a sense of dynamism. Artists and Cultural Treasure. It perceived as a work of a great craftsman, master
designers use various techniques to create movement, such as
potter. The top of the jar cover is a boat.
diagonal or curvy lines, implied motion, repetition of elements, or
strategic placement of shapes. CLASSICAL PERIOD
Directional Lines Use diagonal, curved, or zig-zag lines to create a
The term classical art refers to the art from Greece and
sense of motion and guide the viewer's eye.
Implied Motion Depict objects or figures in positions that suggest Rome. Classicism in the arts favors the classical period,
movement, even in static images.
classical antiquity (for the ancient times) in the western
Repetition with Progression Repeat elements with variations slight to
create a sense of rhythm movement. tradition, as standard for taste, which the classicists want
Transitional Spaces Create areas that lead the eye from one part of
to copy or imitate. Classical period is a general term
the composition to another, establishing flow.
describing the long period of time in cultural history when
Rhythm:
the Mediterranean Sea was the center.
- The Beat of Visual Design Rhythm in design refers to the regular or
harmonious repetition of visual elements, creating a sense of GREEK ARTS
organized movement within a composition. It's akin to the rhythm in
Greeks has been held as the standard or measure by which
music, providing a visual "beat" that can guide the viewer's eye and
create a cohesive, engaging experience. Rhythm can be achieved all later art will be judged. Classical Greek art itself was a product of
through the repetition of shapes, colors, lines, or other design
previous influences. Stone figures called kouroiwere common. Over
elements, and it helps to establish unity and structure within an
artwork. the course of the next centuries, Greek artists would develop their own
style. They tried to capture and imitate the human body as realistically
Unity: Bringing It All Together
- Unity is a principle of design that refers to the overall cohesiveness as possible.
and harmony of a composition. It's the quality that makes all parts of
ROMAN ARTS
the design work together as a unified whole, rather than as separate
elements. For over a millennium Ancient Rome was the most powerful
nation on earth, defeating all others at military organization
PREHISTORIC ART (CAVE ART) and warfare, engineering and architecture.
PALEOLITHIC PERIOD
The Romans painted a lot of delightful scenes from nature
Arts was the time when primitive cave artworks were created It used of
and portraits of children and beautiful young men and
primitive stone tools by men.
women. Religion, too, was a common subject. The most
PALEOLITHIC ART
popular colors were red, black and cream-white.
Commonly represented by the naturalistic images of prey animals and
CLASSICAL PERIOD
the men that hunted them.
MEDIEVAL PERIOD
Prehistoric caves were also heavily decorated with painted hand-
The history of Medieval art covered almost ten centuries
stenciled rock art.
between the Sack of Rome (c. 450 C.E.) and the Early
NEOLITHIC PERIOD
Italian Renaissance (1400). Only one institution
Shift from Old Stone Age to New Stone age. When man began to
survived: the Christian Church – centered in Rome and
develop culture and change his lifestyle.
Constantinople.
NEOLITHIC ART
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
Reflected the great shift in living conditions. Naturalistic art in
All western European architecture was typically classifying as
Paleolithic.
Carolingian Architecture or Pre-Romanesque.
Geometrically abstract art in Neolithic.
MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE
Design used on clay pots were commonly derived from plant and
This refers to architectural styles in medieval Europe during the middle
animal forms.
ages. The architecture of structures in medieval Europe was
predominantly related to the building of sacred buildings, such as NAMES OF FAMOUS MEDIEVAL ARTIST
churches, which was the primary structure signifying Christian faith. DONATELLO GIOTTO
MEDIEVAL PERIOD CIMABUE LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI
It started in 12th century in France. It was the new style in FRA ANGELICO
architecture and design. It referred to as the French Style. LORENZO GHIBERTI
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE RENAISSANCE
Also called Eastern Roman. The empire started with the The period in European history from the 14th and 17th century was
establishment of Constantinople and ended with its capture by the considered the link between middle ages and modern history It began
Ottoman Turks. as a cultural movement in Italy in the late medieval period.
MEDIEVAL PERIOD RENAISSANCE
TYPES OF MEDIEVAL ART EARLY RENAISSANCE
ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPTS PERIOD
• Illuminated, comes from Latin word "Illuminare" meaning adorn or It always been known as the variety of factors in
illuminate. the social and civic customs of Florence at the time such as the
• Defined as the embellishment of a manuscript with luminous colors. political structure.
METALWORK HIGH RENAISSANCE PERIOD
• Metals with great luster such as gold, silver and bronze. Frequently It called the high renaissance between the span of the four
used as mediums in the creation of religious decades to represent the accepted peak or summit of renaissance art.
artifacts. RENAISSANCE
TYPES OF MEDIEVAL ART MANNERISM OR LATE RENAISSANCE
PAINTINGS The word mannerism derived from Italian maniera, meaning style or
It included artworks in iconography, fresco and panel painting in manner.
religious scenes. MANNERIST PAINTERS
PANEL PAINTING Among the finest Artists and known for sentimental narrative paintings.
Refers to a type of painting done on a single or several pieces of wood BAROQUE PERIOD
board known as a panel. The term "baroque" was taken from the Portuguese barocco meaning.
FRESCO Reflected the religious tensions of the age notably the desire of the
Refers to a type of painting commonly one on walls or ceilings applied Catholic Church in Rome to reassert itself in the wake. of the
with plaster. Protestant Reformation. Baroque was the dominant style in art and
TYPES OF MEDIEVAL ART architecture of the 17th century, characterized by self- confidence,
MOSAICS dynamism, bold realism, and a realistic approach to depiction.
The use of broken pieces of colored glass, rock, or any ROCOCO PERIOD
other material. Referred to as Late Baroque, the term "Rococo" in a hybrid word
EMBROIDERY combining rocaille and Barocco,
One of the most historical events of the Medieval era. The Bayeux Rococco art broadly featured shell-shaped curves and wavelike motifs,
Tapestry was of eight long strips of unbleached linen. particularly in its extravagant furniture design and interior décor.
NEOCLASSICAL ART
CERAMIC In the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution led to the rise of the Age
It was handmade and not wheel-turned during the of Enlightenment, focusing on technological innovation for human
early medieval period. advancement. Neoclassicism, an artistic movement that began in
TYPES OF MEDIEVAL ART Europe around 1750, aimed to preserve and resurrect Greco-Roman
SCULPTURES cultural
Gothic Sculpture emerged from the early rigid, inflexible, values.
and elongated style of statues used in Romanesque. Neoclassical artists used natural white marble for sculptures,
STAINED GLASS influenced by Renaissance classical forms. Famous artists include
It was displayed on the windows of medieval churches, Anton Raphael Mengs, Joseph-Marie Vien, Pompeo
cathedrals and castles. Batoni, Angelica Kauffmann, and Jacques-Louis David.
HERALDRY ROMANTICISM
It was an art and custom of creating coats of arms and badges of the The Industrial revolution brought a new market economy based on
nobles. new technology. Romanticism strongly placed emphasis on emotion
and individualism, as well as glorification of the past and of nature.
Romanticism was connected with some of the best-recognized Pechstein.
Western artists of the 19th century, including Théodore Gericualt, CU BI SM
Eugene Delacroix, Francisco de Goya, J.M.W. Turner, and John Cubism, initiated by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, featured
Constable. flattened, two-dimensional artworks with geometric angles, lines, and
IMPRESSIONISM shapes. As the movement progressed, color, texture, and graphic
Impressionism, a Paris-based movement, emerged in 1860 and elements were added, resulting in collage-like works. Cubists aimed to
influenced Europe and the US. Founded by artists who refused official provide a detailed explanation of real-life objects by combining
exhibitions, it aimed to capture the momentary sensory effect of a fragments from different perspectives. Notable Cubists include
scene. Critics questioned Impressionist paintings' unfinished Picasso and Braque.
appearance and professional quality. DADAISM
POST-IMPRESSIONISM Dadaism was an artistic anarchy rooted in hatred for social, political,
Post-Impressionism, a French art movement from 1886 1905, emerged and cultural values of the time.
as a reaction to Impressionism's naturalistic depiction of light and color. It incorporated elements of art, music, poetry, theater, dance, and
Led by Paul Cézanne, Gauguin, van Gogh, and Seurat, the movement politics. The movement's name, Dada, was derived from a knife found
emphasized subject matter and structure in paintings, moving away in a dictionary. During World War 1, Dada artists protested against the
from naturalism and focusing on emotional, structural, symbolic, and establishment and united under the battle cry "DADA!!!!"
spiritual elements that were lacking in Impressionism. SURREALISM
POINTILLISM Surrealism was a 20th-century artistic movement that studied the
Pointillism, a Post-impressionist movement, was developed by mind's operation, advocating the illogical, imaginative, and radical. The
painters George Seurat and Paul Signac. It used small dots of pure term "surreal" is often used loosely to mean simply "strange" or
color to create compositions, using optics "dreamlike." The word "surrealist" (suggesting "beyond reality") was
to create colors from close proximity. The founder, Georges Seurat, introduced by the French modernist poet Guillaume Apollinaire in a
studied colors and optics to invent this technique. play
Pointillism was both a science and art, with Vincent Van Gogh written in 1903 and performed in 1917.
experimenting with it in his 1887 self-portrait. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM
ART NOUVEAU American art movement led by New York City artists like Jackson
Art Nouveau, popular between 1890 and 1905, was a French artistic Pollock, Mark Rottoko, and William De Kooning.
movement characterized by organic and plant motifs and stylized It is known for gestural brush strokes or mark making and had the
forms. It was a reaction to late 19th-century academic art and was impression 9f spontaneity.
replaced by modernist styles in the 20th century. Notable graphic CONSTRUCTIVISM
artists include Jules Cheret, Alphonse Mucha, Emile Galle, Louis Constructivism was a Russian art movement from the 19th century to
Comfort Tiffany, and Aubrey Beardsley. the 1940s, focusing on complete abstraction and modernity. It featured
SYMBOLISM minimal, geometric subjects and minimal artwork, using new media
Symbolism in painting is a blend of form and feeling, reflecting an and orderly styles.
artist's subjective vision. Famous artists included Vladimir Tatlin, Kasimir Malevich, Alexandra
Originating from older artists like Gustave Moreau, it focuses on Exter, Robert Adams, and El Lissitzky.
universal emotions like love, fear, and desire, often incorporating DE STIJL
biblical figures and Greek mythology creatures. De Stijl, a Dutch movement established in 1917.
FAUVISM Featured renowned artists like Theo van Doesburg, Piet Mondrian, and
Fauvism, a French artistic style, emerged as a new form of 20thcentury Gerrit Reitveld, promoting simplicity, abstraction, harmony, and order
symbolism. The Fauves, led by André Derain and Henri Matisse, through geometric forms and primary colors.
created bright, intense, and distinctive paintings, showcasing their POP ART
unique style during the 1905 Salon d'Automne in Paris. Pop art, a movement that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s, featured
EXPRESSIONISM household objects, consumer products, and diverse media. Inspired by
Expressionism, a modernist movement in Germany, focused on Hollywood movies, advertising, and comic books, artists resisted
presenting the world from a subjective perspective, distorting it for traditional art and culture, focusing on low subject matter and uncritical
emotional effect. treatment. Key figures included Eduardo Paolozzi, Richard Hamilton,
Artists aimed to express emotional experiences rather than physical Andy
reality through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy. Warhol, Jasper Johns, and Roy Lichtenstein. The movement grew in
Notable expressionists include Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, Lionel popularity in America and Britain.
Feininger, George Grosz, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, August Macke, Emil
Nolde, and Max
OP ART
Op Art, an international artistic movement in the 1960s, was influenced
by French-Hungarian artist Victor Vasarely's use of science, color, and
optics to create mind-bending paintings. The Museum of Modern Art
showcased Vasarely's followers in "The Responsive Eye," and fashion
brands promoted the bold patterns of Op Art.
PHOTOREALISM
The art form known as Photorealism (also called Hyperrealism or
Super realism) was based on artists that mostly relied on photographs
to make an artwork.
The importance of process and deliberate planning over that of
improvisation into the making of art.
MINIMALISM
One of the most important and influential art styles of the 1960s. One
of the most simple arrangements and without any decorative or
dynamic displays.
These geometric shapes characterized the elemental or "BARE
BONES" forms of art, which, according to critics, represented the
culmination of modern art's progression toward the most simplified
form of abstract art possible.
CONCEPTUAL ART
In 1972, Tom Marioni donated money to the De Saisset Art Museum in
Santa Clara, California, to install an exhibition of his work. Instead of
creating an art centerpiece, Marioni purchased an older Fiat 750 car,
forming the centerpiece for his exhibition, My First Car. This art
practice, known as Conceptual art, focused on the concept rather than
the physical appearance of the work. Famous artists of this movement
included Marcel Duchamp, Robert Rauschenberg, Yves Klein, Piero
Manzoni, and Maurizio Bolognini.
INSTALLATION ART
This is a relatively new type of contemporary art, applied by an
increasing number of post modernist artists.
The resulting arrangement of material and space comprises the
"artwork." Installation art is shaped by developments in computer art,
such as software advancements in video and film 'projection, as well
as techniques used in modern theater and dance.
PERFORMANCE ART
This refers to artworks that are produced through actions performed by
the artist or any other participants.
The terms "performance" and "performance art only became popularly
used in the 1970s although the history of performance in the visual arts
could be traced back to the futurist productions and dada cabarets of
the 1910s