Electrical
Engineering
INCLUDES FORMULAE, KEY CONCEPTS
& INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
Useful for
GATE | ESE | SSC | RRB | PSUs
& Other Competitive Examinations
Copyright © ACE Engineering Publications
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
digital, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers.
Published at: ACE Engineering Publications
#3rd Floor, Suryalok Complex, Rosary Convent School Road,
Gunfoundary, Basheer Bagh, Hyderabad – 500001,
Telangana, India.
Phones: 7799996602
Website: www.aceengineeringpublications.com
Email: aceenggpublications@aceenggacademy.com
help@ace.online
Authors:
Subject experts of ACE Engineering Academy, Hyderabad
While every effort has been made to avoid any mistake or omission, the publishers do
not owe any responsibility for any damage or loss to any person on account of error
or omission in this publication. Mistakes if any may be brought to the notice of
the publishers, for further corrections in forthcoming editions, to the following
Email-id.
Email : aceenggpublications@aceenggacasdemy.com
First Edition: 2019
Revised Edition: 2024
Printed at:
Karshak Art Printers,
Hyderabad.
MRP : ₹.450/-
ISBN : 978-1-64597-308-9
Foreword
Dear Students,
The present Hand Book on Electrical Engineering
is an outcome of an attempt to have a single book on basic
concepts and important formulae useful for Electrical
Engineering students who are preparing for various
competitive exams such as GATE, ESE, SSC, RRB, GENCO,
TRANSCO, DISCOMs, State Service Commissions and other
PSUs.
This book has been prepared by our subject experts by compiling it subject
wise and chapter wise to help the students for quick revision of the subject, to
recollect the basic concepts and formulae before going to exam.
What sets this book apart, from the similar books available already, is
the inclusion of popular technical interview questions at the end of each subject,
which will help the students before going to a technical interview.
I’m thankful to all the Professors who have extended their valuable services
in the preparation of this Book.
With best wishes to all those who wish to go through the following pages.
Y.V. Gopala Krishna Murthy,
M Tech. MIE,
Chairman & Managing Director,
ACE Engineering Academy,
ACE Engineering Publications,
Frost Interactive Service Pvt. Ltd. (ACE ONLINE).
CONTENTS
Name of the Subject Page No.
I Electric Circuits (01 - 41)
01. Basic Components .............................................................................. 01
02. Voltage and Current Laws ............................................................... 04
03. Basic Nodal and Mesh Analysis ..................................................... 08
04. Circuit Theorems ................................................................................ 09
05. Capacitors and Inductors ................................................................ 15
06. Sinusoidal Steady state Analysis ................................................... 17
07. Laplace Transform Analysis & Circuit Transients ............... 19
08. Analysis of Coupled Circuits ........................................................... 25
09. Resonance .............................................................................................. 28
10. Two Port Networks ............................................................................ 30
11. Graph Theory ....................................................................................... 33
12. Duality ..................................................................................................... 35
13. Three Phase Circuits .......................................................................... 36
Popular Interview Questions ............................................................... 40
II Electromagnetic Fields (42 - 68)
01. Vector Analysis .................................................................................... 42
02. Coordinate Systems ........................................................................... 45
03. Electrostatic Fields ............................................................................. 52
04. Maxwell’s Equations .......................................................................... 58
05. Dielectrics and Capacitance ........................................................... 59
06. Poisson’s and Laplace’s Equations .............................................. 61
07. The Steady Magnetic Fields ............................................................ 62
08. Transmission Lines ............................................................................ 66
Popular Interview Questions ............................................................... 68
III Control Systems (69 - 128)
01. Basics of Control Systems ................................................................ 69
02. Transfer Function and Impulse Response ................................ 70
03. Mathematical Models of Control Systems ................................. 72
04. Block Diagram Representation ..................................................... 76
05. Signal Flow Graph Representation .............................................. 79
06. Time Response Analysis .................................................................. 81
07. Stability Analysis ................................................................................. 92
08. Root Locus ............................................................................................. 95
09. Frequency Domain Analysis ........................................................... 101
10. Controllers and Compensators ..................................................... 118
11. State Space Analysis ........................................................................... 122
Popular Interview Questions ............................................................... 125
IV Measurements and Instrumentation (129 - 167)
01. Error Analysis ...................................................................................... 129
02. Basics of Electrical Instruments ................................................... 135
03. Electromechanical Indicating Instruments ............................... 139
04. Analog Instruments ........................................................................... 142
05. Measurement of Power and Wattmetes .................................... 146
06. Measurement of Energy ................................................................... 148
07. Measurement of R, L, C ..................................................................... 155
08. Potentio Meters ................................................................................... 156
10. Units and Dimensions ....................................................................... 157
11. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) .................................................. 158
12. Analog and Digital Electronic Voltmeters ................................. 161
13. Q-Meter ................................................................................................... 163
14. Transducers .......................................................................................... 164
Popular Interview Questions ............................................................... 166
V Analog Electronics (168 - 200)
01. Diode Circuits ....................................................................................... 168
02. Bipolar Junction Transistors .......................................................... 174
03. Field Effect Transistors .................................................................... 182
04. Feedback Amplifiers and Oscillators .......................................... 188
05. The Operational Amplifier .............................................................. 190
06. Power Amplifiers ................................................................................ 193
07. Signal Generators and Waveform Shaping Circuits ............... 194
Popular Interview Questions ............................................................... 200
VI Digital Electronics (201 - 237)
01. Number Systems and Codes ......................................................... 201
02. Boolean Algebra ................................................................................ 205
03. Digital Logic Gates ............................................................................ 207
04. Combinational Logic Circuits ...................................................... 212
05. Sequential Circuits ........................................................................... 221
06. Registers and Counters .................................................................. 227
07. A/D and D/A Converters ............................................................... 229
08. Digital Logic Families ...................................................................... 233
Popular Interview Questions ............................................................... 236
VII Microprocessor (238 - 255)
01. Architecture of 8085 ....................................................................... 238
02. Interrupts ............................................................................................ 241
03. Instruction Set ................................................................................... 242
04. Addressing Modes ............................................................................ 250
05. Interfacing ........................................................................................... 251
Popular Interview Questions ............................................................... 254
VIII Signals and Systems (256 - 276)
01. Introduction to Signals ................................................................... 256
02. Linear Time Invariant Systems ................................................... 262
03. Fourier Series ..................................................................................... 264
04. Fourier Transforms ......................................................................... 266
05. Laplace Transforms ........................................................................ 269
06. Z - Transforms ................................................................................... 272
07. Sampling Theorem ........................................................................... 274
Popular Interview Questions ............................................................... 275
IX Communication Systems (277 - 308)
01. Introduction ....................................................................................... 277
02. Amplitude Modulation ................................................................... 280
03. Sideband Modulation Techniques ............................................. 285
04. Angle Modulation ............................................................................. 289
05. Radio Receivers ................................................................................. 294
06. Digial Communications .................................................................. 298
Popular Interview Questions ............................................................... 307
X Electrical Machines (309 - 367)
01. Transformers ..................................................................................... 309
02. DC Machines ....................................................................................... 327
03. Synchronous Machines .................................................................. 342
04. Induction Machines ......................................................................... 354
Popular Interview Questions ............................................................... 366
XI Power Systems (368 - 415)
01. Basic Concepts and Line Constants in Transmission ......... 368
02. Transmission Line Parameters ................................................... 369
03. Steadystate Performance Analysis of Transmission Lines.. 371
04. Wave Travelling Analysis ................................................................. 377
05. Voltage Control .................................................................................... 378
06. Under Ground Cables ........................................................................ 379
07. Over Head Line Insulators ............................................................... 382
08. Concept of Corona .............................................................................. 384
09. Per Unit Quantities ............................................................................. 385
10. Symmetrical Components & Sequence Networks .................. 387
11. Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis .................... 392
12. Power System Dynamics and Stability ....................................... 397
13. Load Flow Analysis ............................................................................ 400
14. Circuit Breakers ................................................................................... 402
15. Protective Relays ................................................................................. 404
16. Fundamentals of Power Economics ............................................ 406
17. Generating Stations ........................................................................... 409
Popular Interview Questions ............................................................... 414
XII Utilization of Electrical Energy (416 - 431)
01. Electric Traction .................................................................................. 416
02. Illumination .......................................................................................... 420
03. Electric Heating ................................................................................... 427
04. Electric Welding .................................................................................. 428
XIII Power Electronics and Drives (432 - 484)
01. Power Semiconductor Devices ...................................................... 432
02. AC - DC Converters ............................................................................. 442
03. DC - DC Converters ............................................................................. 456
04. DC - AC Converters ............................................................................. 463
05. AC - AC Converters ............................................................................. 473
06. Fundamentals of Drives ................................................................... 478
Popular Interview Questions ............................................................... 483
XIV Electrical Materials (485 - 506)
01. Basics of Solid State Physics ........................................................... 485
02. Conducting Materials ........................................................................ 491
03. Magnetic Materials ............................................................................. 493
04. Super Conductors ............................................................................... 495
05. Dielectric Materials ............................................................................ 497
06. Ceramics and Composites ............................................................... 501
07. Nano Materials ..................................................................................... 502
Popular Interview Questions ............................................................... 505
