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INSIGHTSIAS
IA SIMPLIFYING IAS EXAM PREPARATION

INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

MAINS MISSION - 2022

GS- IV

MAY 2022

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NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They
are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing
is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same time gives you
extra points in the form of background information.

Table of Contents
Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators;
role of family, society and educational institutions in inculcating values. ........................................... 6
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) ......................................................................... 6
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) ......................................................................... 7
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) ......................................................................... 9
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) ....................................................................... 10
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Fortitude is the guard and support of the other
virtues.” ― John Locke ................................................................................................................ 11
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Moral excellence comes about as a result of
habit. We become just by doing just acts, temperate by doing temperate acts, brave by doing
brave acts.” ................................................................................................................................. 12
Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service , integrity, impartiality and non-partisanship,
objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker
sections. .......................................................................................................................................... 13
Objectivity is necessary to get an opinion based on facts and that is free from bias. Discuss. (150
words) ......................................................................................................................................... 13
What does this quote mean to you? “When you are in the service of your fellow beings you are in
the service of God. – Anonymous” (150 words) ........................................................................... 15
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The concept of integrity embraces all aspects of behaviour of a civil servant, including qualities
such as honesty, truthfulness, impartiality and incorruptibility. Substantiate. (150 words) .......... 16
Core values guide the judgement of public servants on how to perform their tasks in daily
operations effectively and empathetically. Discuss. (150 words) .................................................. 18
Objectivity in the moral framework calls for moral codes to be assessed based on the well-being of
the people in the society that follow it. Discus. (150 words)......................................................... 20
Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; moral
and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion. .................................................................. 21
Attitude is a major determinant of an individual’s behaviour; Analyse how Attitude can make or
break an individual citing examples. (150 words). ........................................................................ 21
Leaders are expected to be capable of steering their teams, inspiring their workforce, and setting
an organisational culture that promotes innovation while reinforcing public sector values,
including high standards for integrity and ethics. Discuss. (150 words) ........................................ 23
Stopping the lack-of-empathy microaggressions that occur in everyday life leading to changes in
attitude can help stop gun violence along stricter gun control laws. Discuss. (150 words) ............ 25
Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and
governance. .................................................................................................................................... 29
Emotional intelligence is about being aware of how emotions affect your communication and
even leveraging human emotions to make yourself more persuasive. Explain. (150 words) ......... 29
Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world. ......................................... 31
The Categorical Imperative is supposed to provide a way for us to evaluate moral actions and to
make moral judgments. Elaborate. (150 Words) .......................................................................... 31
What do understand by the doctrine of Utilitarianism? (150 words) ............................................ 33
In ethical decision making the three basic principles of intuitionism, moral idealism and
utilitarianism can be used for resolution of problem. Comment. (150 word) ................................ 34
During the pandemic, communities rediscovered how to care, and rediscovered the meaning of
community by performing small, systematic acts of compassion. Discuss. (150 Words) ............... 36
Explain Categorical Imperative with examples. Do you think it is practical to follow it? (150 Words)
.................................................................................................................................................... 37
Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical concerns
and dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and conscience as
sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and
moral values in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding; ........................... 39
Non-partisanship in public administration, is a precondition for ensuring that, regardless of their
political orientation, citizens are treated fairly and in an equitable manner. Elaborate. (150 words)
.................................................................................................................................................... 39
Common good which is embodied in law, is authorized by popular consent. Debate. (150 Words)
.................................................................................................................................................... 41
Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and probity;
Information sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of

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Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds,
challenges of corruption. ................................................................................................................. 43
Fighting corruption is often seen as a crucial step towards building better public institutions and
improving the quality-of-service delivery. Comment. (250 words) ............................................... 43
Corruption erodes trust, weakens democracy, hampers economic development and further
exacerbates inequality, poverty, social division and the environmental crisis. Analyse. (150 words)
.................................................................................................................................................... 46
Integrating ethical decision making into all levels of management of the organization is a way to
ensure an ethical work culture. Elaborate. (150 words) ............................................................... 49
Core values are the deeply ingrained principles that guide all of a company’s actions; they serve as
its cultural cornerstones. Elaborate. (150 words) ......................................................................... 51
Case Studies on above issues. .......................................................................................................... 52
In recent times, there has been an increasing concern in India to develop effective civil service
ethics, code of conduct, transparency measures, ethics and integrity systems and anti-corruption
agencies. In view of this, there is a need being felt to focus on three specific areas, which are
directly relevant to the problems of internalizing integrity and ethics in the civil services. These are
as follows: ................................................................................................................................... 52
Rakesh is a responsible district level officer, who enjoys the trust of his higher officials. Knowing
his honesty, the government entrusted him with the responsibility of identifying the beneficiaries
under a health care scheme meant for senior citizens. ................................................................ 54
There is a disaster prone state having frequent landslides, forest fires, cloudbursts, flash floods
and earthquakes, etc. Some of these are seasonal and often unpredictable. The magnitude of the
disaster is always unanticipated. During one of the seasons a cloudburst caused a devastating
floods and landslides leading to high casualties. There was major damage to infrastructure like
roads, bridges and power generating units. This led to more than 100000 pilgrims, tourist and
other locals trapped across different routes and locations. The people trapped in your area of
responsibility includes senior citizens, patients in hospitals, women and children, hiker, tourist,
ruling parties, regional presidents along with his family, additional chief secretary of the
neighboring state and prisoners in jail. ........................................................................................ 56

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Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers
and administrators; role of family, society and educational institutions in
inculcating values.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words)
“Reason shows me that if my happiness is desirable and good, the equal happiness of any other
person must be equally desirable”― Henry Sidgwick

Difficulty level: Moderate

Why the question:

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The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Quotes
Wednesdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by explaining the literal meaning of the quote.
Body:
Write about how individuals strive for happiness and it is a natural thing for people to seek it. Write
about how people in order to achieve happiness have scant regard for other’s happiness. Explain the
impact of the above using examples.
Conclusion:
Summarise by highlighting the importance of the quote in the present day.
Introduction

This quote talks about individual happiness of a person which takes dominance when compared to
others’ happiness. Man by nature is individualistic, self-centred and inward looking. However, even
to enjoy his own rights and be happy, he must respect the rights of others. We must know that, even
other individuals are entitled to being equally happy as we are, if not more.

Body

Utilitarianism does not say that it is moral for people simply to pursue what makes them personally
happy. Rather, morality is dictated by the greatest happiness principle; moral action is that which
increases the total amount of utility in the world. Pursuing one’s own happiness at the expense of
social happiness would not be moral under this framework. But this is practically impossible is what
Henry Sidgwick is putting forth. Because human beings are sentient and personal happiness

The quote is also a criticism of Mill’s “General Happiness” theory in Utilitarianism. The aggregate
of happiness of all individuals does not lead to general happiness. It is impossible to expect an
individual to let go of his desires for general or greater good. At the same time, Sidgwick is trying to
balance this harmony by saying that, if we believe that our happiness is desirable and good, then so
is that of other sentient beings.

However, the world is not an ideal place for ethical considerations. As we see in our day-to-day lives,
in pursuit of our own well-being or happiness we often intrude into someone’s else’s happiness. For
instance, keeping one’s home clean and littering in front of other’s home. Or in the context of
international relations, national interest reigns supreme and ‘beggar thy neighbour’ policy has
become a norm. There is scant regard for universal peace and welfare. Russia’s recent invasion of
Ukraine is also a case in point.

Conclusion
The harmony of greater good and individual happiness is important for a stable society. Civilisation
can thrive when there is “live and let live” principle. Hence ensuring that others also enjoy similar
set of rights as means to achieve happiness is the key in ensuring one’s own happiness.

What does this quote means to you? (150 words)

“Virtue lies in our power, and similarly so does vice; because where it is in our power to act, it is
also in our power not to act…” ― Aristotle.
Difficulty level: Tough
Why the question:
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The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Quotes
Wednesdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by explaining the literal meaning of the quote.
Body:
Write about the role of power and power can used to do both good and bad things. Also, write about
inaction and how inaction can also be a vice. Substantiate using examples.
Conclusion:
Summarise by highlighting the importance of the quote in the present day.
Introduction

Aristotle believed that virtue could be habituated by training and bending one’s moral disposition
towards virtue and away from vice through the deliberation of means. At times, human beings are
capable of great feats and noble deeds and yet are also prone to great depravity, cowardice, and
weakness. Now if it is in our power to do noble or base acts, and likewise in our power not to do
them, and this was what being good or bad meant, then it is in our power to be virtuous or vicious.

Body

According to Aristotle, the virtuous habit of action is always an intermediate state between
the opposed vices of excess and deficiency: too much and too little are always wrong; the right kind
of action always lies in the means. According to Gandhi, only right means leads to right destination.
For him, he that soweth vice does not reap virtue.

Whether to act morally or not is our discretion. The power to do good for others requires immense
virtuosity in man. For instance, Stalin who was the dictator of USSR was infamous for his campaign
of terror and his totalitarian ways. His contemporary, Joseph Tito was a benevolent leader, who
became popular both in Yugoslavia and abroad. Viewed as a unifying symbol, his internal policies
maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation.

Also, by choosing to not act regarding a situation, one may be excusing himself from preventing an
evil. Take for example, the act of voting, by not voting, which is a duty of a responsible citizen, he
or she is enabling a tyrant to take control of the State. Hence inaction is also injurious in many
situations and those who are guilty of inaction must also be held accountable. If we do nothing,
nothing will change. So, inaction is worse than making a bad decision. One must not be a fence-
sitter, rather always take a decision and act upon it. Only then, there can be experiences learning
and personal growth.

Conclusion

Virtue or vice is the ultimate choice that human beings are required to make. The exercise of moral
virtue is related to means. Therefore, virtue lies in our power, and similarly so does vice; because
where it is in our power to act, it is also in our power not to act, and where we can refuse, we can
also comply. So, if it is in our power to do a thing when it is right, it will also be in our power not to
do it when it is wrong; and if it is in our power not to do it when it is right, it will also be in
our power to do it when it is wrong.

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What does this quote means to you? (150 words)

“Without facts you cannot have the truth, without truth you cannot have trust and without any of
these things you cannot have a functioning democracy” – Maria Ressa

Difficulty level: Moderate

Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by explaining the importance of truth in a democracy.
Body:
First, highlight on the necessary factors for a functioning democracy such as fact, truth and trust
Next, elaborate on the inter-linkages between these factors with suitable examples
Next, mention few instances of democratic breakdown due to failure of one of the mentioned factors.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising the points discussed above.
Introduction

Facts help determine the truth. In today’s age there is mis-information being spread through social
media platforms and people believe anything and everything. Lynching of innocent people on
suspicion of child kidnapping or witch–hunting happens due to falsehoods. When there is a
conscious effort to hide the truth, there cannot be trust in the government. This leads to a failed
democracy. The example of Venezuela is a case in point.

Body
Without truth, there cannot be trust. If we don’t have any of these things, we can’t have a
functioning democracy, much less try to solve the complex problems we’re dealing with today in the
world. Law and order and existence of a peaceful civilization comes into jeopardy.

Take for example, the covid infodemic that led to panic all over the world. Even the anti-vaccination
campaign by certain vested interest in India led to second wave being the most tragic in the world.

The deeper problem stems from the growing sense we all have that, today, even hard evidence of
the kind that used to settle arguments about factual questions won’t persuade
people whose political commitments have already led them to the opposite conclusion. Rather,
citizens now belong to “epistemic tribes”: one person’s truth is another’s hoax or lie. This is evident
among those of different political leanings and how they interpret the evidence of global warming
or the conclusions of the Mueller Report on Russian involvement in the 2016 Trump presidential
campaign.

Even the ethics of journalism that used to strive at bringing out facts and ultimately the truth is also
fast receding. But we must strive for truth, because ultimately truth alone can triumph.

Conclusion

For a democracy to be alive and nurturing, its foundation should be based on truth. False narratives
can only survive for brief period and when that bubble bursts, it can destroy a democracy and even a
nation. Further for the growth of a nation and its citizens, there must be legitimacy to the
governance and that comes from truth.

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What does this quote means to you? (150 words)

“Be content with what you have, rejoice in the way things are. When you realize there is nothing
lacking, the whole world belongs to you.” ― Lao Tzu

Difficulty level: Moderate

Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Quotes
Wednesdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by explaining the literal meaning of the quote and highlighting its core meaning about
inaction.
Body:
Write about the importance of contentment. Mention the when humans seek to desire more, it leads
to greed and ethics and moral are violated for the gratification of the greed. When we have
contentment in life, we enjoy whatever we have. Substantiate with examples.
Conclusion:
Summarise by highlighting the importance of the quote in the present day.
Introduction
This quote is about self-realisation that everything which is important in life or to us, we already
have all that we need. Perhaps not all that we want, but all that is necessary. And in that, we have all
that matters in the world. The idea behind the quote is the importance of being content with
ourselves. The attitude of gratitude helps anchor us and to be happy with everything we own, be it
health, wealth, family or friends.

Body
As human beings we focus on what we do not have, and overlook or even ignore what we do have.
Many people today think life is a race where you must be the best at everything. We might want a
fancier car, a bigger house, a better-earning job, or more money. The moment we achieve one thing,
the race for the next thing starts. Rarely do many individuals spare a minute to be grateful for all
they have achieved. Instead of looking back at the distance they have covered, they stretch
themselves to cover the distance that remains. And in some cases, this is when ambition becomes
greed.

There is often a fine line between ambition and greed. People may think that when they have
achieved all they need for their dream lifestyle, they will be satisfied with what they have—but this
is rarely the case. Even after you have ticked off all the achievements from your list, you still don’t
feel at ease. There may remain an uneasy feeling that something is still missing. That missing
element is gratitude and contentment.

Contentment brings peace of mind and positivity that can facilitate growth and self-
improvement. This does not mean one can’t have dreams and aspirations. One can accept the
present and still wish for a better future. Contentment only means to be at peace with the present,
not complacent.

When one is grateful, only then they are able to manifest more abundance into life. It opens up the
mind to see all the good things that one already has. Sometimes we take things for granted and
forget to be thankful for them and for all that it was needed to have them in our life. We often see
what is lacking or what we haven’t achieved yet. This will only make us bitter

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Contentment means to be happy with what we have, who we are, and where we are. It is respecting
the reality of the present. It is appreciating what we do have and where we are in life. Contentment
does not mean the absence of desire; it just means we are satisfied with the present, and we trust
that the turns life takes will be for the best.

Conclusion

If one wishes to feel the essence of contentment, it’s important to practice gratitude, be aware of
the fact that nothing is permanent, understand that material things do not often promote long-term
happiness, and realize that life is not a race or competition: it is about self-sustenance. The more
thankful we are in the present, the happier we may be.
Gratitude is a state of mind. When we realize that nothing is missing from our life, we will see that
we have everything. “Gratitude is the healthiest of all human emotions. The more you express
gratitude for what you have, the more likely you will have even more to express gratitude for”

What does this quote means to you? (150 words)

“Fortitude is the guard and support of the other virtues.” ― John Locke

Difficulty level: Moderate

Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Quotes
Wednesdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Directive word:
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by explaining the quote in your word.
Body:
Mention how fortitude is a foundation on which all others virtues are practised. Mention without it
all other virtues cannot practised especially in tough circumstances. Substantiate with examples.
Conclusion:
Conclude by emphasising on the importance of fortitude.
Introduction

Fortitude is firmness of spirit, especially in difficulty. It provides for constancy in the pursuit of virtue.
Fortitude is a willingness to freely go beyond the call of duty, to make sacrifices, to act on your
convictions. Fortitude includes the courage to confront our personal weaknesses and attraction to
vice.

Body

“The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience,
but where he stands at times of challenges and controversy.” (Martin Luther King Jr)

The above quote captures how fortitude is the guard of other virtues. One must be brave in faces
the many curve ball and challenges that we face in life. Take for instance, when Gandhiji was being
compelled to stop his Salt Satyagraha in 1930, he braved arrest rather than giving up what he
believed in.

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In our lives many situations arise in which it becomes difficult to do the right thing, even when we
know what it is. There may be all sorts of reasons for why it is disagreeable to act according to what
we know is best. In order to stay strong, to do what is good, we need the third cardinal virtue,
known alternately as fortitude, courage, or bravery. This is the virtue by which we do the right
thing, even in the midst of hardship.

When it is the hardest to uphold our virtues, it is fortitude that will support it. For instance, as
Kautilya said in context of corruption, when there is honey on the tongue, it is difficult to not taste
it. It was seen as the virtue of the soldier, who was determined to offer his life for the sake of a
greater good. Now, those of us who struggle to live virtuous lives believe that we too are soldiers,
that we too are engaged in battle, although the battle is not a physical one, but rather spiritual.

Conclusion

All the virtues exist as forms of balance, and so must be carefully distinguished from the various
excesses which threaten to substitute for virtue. This is especially true in the case of fortitude, with
can easily degenerate into extremes of brashness or cowardice.

What does this quote means to you? (150 words)

“Moral excellence comes about as a result of habit. We become just by doing just acts,
temperate by doing temperate acts, brave by doing brave acts.”
Difficulty level: Moderate
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Quotes
Wednesdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Directive word:
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by explaining the quote in your word.
Body:
Write about the various ways to inculcate moral habits leading to moral way of life and moral
excellences. It is out of practise that moral excellence is born. We need to practices morality and over
period of time it becomes an habit.
Conclusion:
Conclude by emphasising on the importance of developing a moral way of life.

Introduction

“We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit” -Will Durant

Repetition is the mother of learning, the father of action, which makes it the architect of
accomplishment. In other words, habit leads to excellence and even in case of moral excellence it is
practice which makes one perfect in ethical values.

Body

Aristotle believed that behaving in a just manner and making a habit of it will ultimately result in
moral excellence. He also warned against extreme behaviour. He espoused the doctrine of ‘the

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golden mean’, also shared independently by Confucius, that is, the best path in life is the one
between two extremes. For example, the virtue of truthfulness consists of choosing the mean
between boasting and undue modesty. The mean varies depending upon the person and the
situation.

For the man who flies from and fears everything and does not stand his ground against
anything becomes a coward, and the man who fears nothing at all but goes to meet every
danger becomes rash; and similarly the man who indulges in every pleasure and abstains from
none becomes self-indulgent, while the man who shuns every pleasure, as boors do, becomes in a
way insensible; temperance and courage, then, are destroyed by excess and defect, and preserved
by the mean.

But not only are the sources and causes of their origination and growth the same as those of their
destruction, but also the sphere of their actualization will be the same; for this is also true of the
things which are more evident to sense, e.g. of strength; it is produced by taking much food and
undergoing much exertion, and it is the strong man that will be most able to do these things. So too
is it with the virtues; by abstaining from pleasures we become temperate, and it is when we have
become so that we are most able to abstain from them; and similarly too in the case of courage;
for by being habituated to despise things that are terrible and to stand our ground against them
we become brave, and it is when we have become so that we shall be most able to stand our ground
against them.

Conclusion

We must take as a sign of states of character the pleasure or pain that ensues on acts; for the man
who abstains from bodily pleasures and delights in this very fact is temperate, while the man who is
annoyed at it is self-indulgent, and he who stands his ground against things that are terrible and
delights in this or at least is not pained is brave, while the man who is pained is a coward. For moral
excellence is concerned with pleasures and pains; it is on account of the pleasure that we do bad
things, and on account of the pain that we abstain from noble ones. Hence, we ought to have been
brought up in a particular way from our very youth, as Plato says, so as both to delight in and to be
pained by the things that we ought; for this is the right education.

Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service , integrity, impartiality and non-
partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and
compassion towards the weaker sections.
Objectivity is necessary to get an opinion based on facts and that is free from bias.
Discuss. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Conceptual
Tuesdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the importance of objectivity.
Directive:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
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Structure of the answer:

Introduction:
Start by defining objectivity.
Body:
Write about how Objectivity helps in taking decisions based upon established facts and figures, helps
avoid personal opinion and bias and arrive at fair decision.
Cite suitable examples to substantiate your points.
Conclusion:
Complete the answer by stressing on its significance.
Introduction

Objectivity is a central philosophical concept, related to reality and truth, which has been variously
defined by sources. Generally, objectivity means the state or quality of being true even outside of a
subject‘s individual biases, interpretations, feelings, and imaginings. A proposition is generally
considered objectively true when its truth conditions are met without biases caused by feelings,
ideas, and opinions (mind-independent).

Body

Relevance of Objectivity in Public Services:

 Being non-partisan

o Objectivity will help civil servants to be non-partisan, impartial and more service
oriented.

o For example District collector in making appointments needs to give priority to

merit rather than other factors like the caste or background of the caste.

 Critical thinking and taking rational decisions

o By thinking both pros and cons and then taking a decision.

o It also contributes in rational merit based decision makings in day to day work of
them. Team work, solving emergency issues like riotous situation.
o within judicial / administrative procedure, there should be mechanism for appellate
board g. in taxation, land acquisition etc.

o It also plays a big role in reducing menace of corruption from the system.

 Right to be heard:

o often officers don’t hear the complaint or opinion of people properly and just do the
things that are in their mind. Hence new schemes should have ‘social audit / public
hearing’ components.

 Information management:

o if you don’t have hardcore information /statistics, you can’t take objective decisions.

o g. sustainable development goals (SDG) have 17 goals and 169 targets. Previously in
Millennium development goals (MDG), we had 18 indicators, yet we lacked proper
statistical databases to compare performance. Lack of data, prevents us from finding
the faults and fixing them.

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 Transparency:

o Being objective ensures that work of civil servant becomes fair, transparent and
visionary above all narrow considerations of kinship, nepotism, favouritism.

o g. right to information act. Bureaucrat will think twice before taking

subjective/discretionary decisions, fearing that he’ll have to answer it if someone
files an RTI

Conclusion

In public life objectivity as a value must strive for in all interaction but at many times being objective
become difficult. Fairness as a value closest to objectivity can be practiced which progressively leads
to objectivity.

What does this quote mean to you? “When you are in the service of your fellow beings
you are in the service of God. – Anonymous” (150 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude by Lexicon Publications.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 in Mission-2022 Secure.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about how the importance of Service to human is considered equivalent to the service of
God.
Directive:
Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the
context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant
associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by explaining the quote.
Body:
Elaborate upon how service is a defining and fulfilling act which can help one to understand himself
and explore as a human being
Elaborate on how An individual is not delineated by an identity, but defined by ability, compassion,
connection and love which are the basic human values.
Substantiate the above by giving examples.
Conclusion:
Conclude by stressing why this quote is more relevant the ever in the current circumstances.
Introduction

Mahatma Gandhi, once said, “The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of
others.”

The above quote means that when solely focusing on other people, one can often find qualities in a
needy person that they may also find in themselves. Not only that, but serving others can be
humbling and allow people to see things from a different perspective. Serving others can lead to
finding oneself as well as changing oneself for the better.

Body

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Serving others allows one to find themselves, subconsciously. In my experience, I noticed that when
I volunteered at a food drive I was at my happiest. I vividly remember how appreciative they were
for a meal, something I took for granted. I realized that I was at my happiest, not when I was
focusing on myself and only what benefits me, but when I was acting compassionately to help
others.

Furthermore, I came to realize that I truly cared about helping others who cannot help themselves,
as opposed to only caring about money and material things. In summation, serving others can allow
one to find themselves and what they truly care about.

Those who are more fortunate tend to take things for granted. For instance, many people do not
think much about helping people in need. I realized this when my aunt was sick in the hospital. I
appreciate every second I spend with her, as she is such a humble person and does not take anything
for granted. Even with her difficult situation, she is still the happiest person I know. She changed my
outlook on life and made me realize, that being humble and content with your situation is the most
important thing that you can do. By being with, and caring for, my aunt, I came to terms with myself
and found deeper meaning within my own actions.

One could argue that when helping others, the person serving is solely thinking about the other
person. Therefore, one cannot find themselves if they are not even thinking about themselves.
However, looking within yourself and being at your own devices is not the only way to find inner
meaning. Many people are afraid or too hesitant to go out and help others. Without this experience
of giving yourself up to others, some individuals will never reach their full potential in finding their
true selves and devoting their time to caring for the less fortunate.

Conclusion

Mahatma Gandhi’s quote was humbling and impactful. Helping others will lead you to see new
qualities in people, leading you to discover new qualities in yourself and others. Gandhi’s quote is
humbling, it allows us to see from a different perspective. Assisting those in need brings
opportunities to open our eyes to a new world we have not seen before. It leads us to being more
accepting by taking on a new view on life. When you lose yourself in helping people, you are
completely absorbed into their world. This quote allows you to learn a few things about yourself in
the end.

The concept of integrity embraces all aspects of behaviour of a civil servant, including
qualities such as honesty, truthfulness, impartiality and incorruptibility. Substantiate.
(150 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about how Integrity is at the core of good character.
Directive word:
Substantiate – When you are asked to Substantiate, you must pass a sound judgement about the
truth of the given statement in the question or the topic based on evidence. You must appraise the
worth of the statement in question using suitable case studies or/ and examples.
Introduction:
Begin by defining what is Integrity.
Body:

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Mention how integrity boosts the moral values such as honesty, fairness, decency etc that boosts
one’s moral character and contributes to an ethical system. Use examples to support the argument.
Also, write about how with having Integrity as foundational value, we can add more virtues for
ethical development.
Conclusion:
Mention that it further boosts self-awareness of individuals and aids for a just society.
Introduction

“In looking for people to hire, look for three qualities: integrity, intelligence and energy. And if
they don’t have the first, the other two will kill you.” (Warren Buffet)

Integrity is having a strong set of ethical principles, being able to tell the truth no matter the
consequences, admitting to a wrong even if you could get away without doing it. Integrity is about
doing the right thing; it is being incorruptible, honest, and above all, doing all these things when no
one is around to see it.

Body

Integrity is a four-step process: keeping in mind the aim/ purpose of one’s action or inaction and
acting consistently with that choice—even when it is inconvenient or unprofitable to do so; choosing
the right course of conduct in conformity with moral principles; openly declaring one’s intentions or
where one stands; and results of one’s actions.

In 1964, Mandela was sentenced to 27 years in prison at Robben Island. He accepted it with
dignity. He knew that overthrowing apartheid called for struggle and sacrifice, and was prepared for
the long walk to freedom.
Ten thousand days in prison failed to break Mandela and he refused to compromise on his beliefs
or leave the struggle midway.

Integrity embraces all qualities

 The civil servants need to be people of absolute integrity because only then they can take
the civil service as a ’vocation’. It strengthens the sense of mission which a civil servant is
supposed to undertake to serve the public; perform duties and fulfil obligations.

 A similar doctrine of vocation was enunciated several thousand years ago by Lord Krishna
in Bhagwad Gita. It has been mentioned there, that ‘’Securing” universal welfare by one’s
action is the ultimate measure of a human being but more so of those who hold the public
office”.

 Civil servants have to set out highest standards of integrity and morality. This requires self-
sacrifice a concept that rises above individualism and ‘hedonism’ to create an environment
of public duty among the civil servants. An exemplary civil servant is not simply one who
obeys the laws and behaves within the confines of law but is also one who strives for a
moral government.

 Integrity requires in a civil servant to incorporate the values of honesty, sympathy

empathy, compassion, fairness, self-control and duty so that she/he will be able to uphold
high personal and professional standards in all circumstances.

Conclusion

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Honesty is telling truth to other people, but Integrity is about being truthful to oneself.

‘Civil Service Conduct Rules’ recommends ‘absolute integrity’ for civil servants, irrespective of their
department. Also, every civil servant is supposed to take all possible steps to ensure the integrity of
all government servants for the time being under his control and only be honest but should also
have the reputation of being so. Integrity has been considerably widened by declaring that a civil
servant must keep himself within bounds of administrative decency.

Core values guide the judgement of public servants on how to perform their tasks in
daily operations effectively and empathetically. Discuss. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Abstract
Thursdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining the core value system.
Body:
Write about the role of core values in judgement of civils servants– impartiality, legality, integrity,
empathy and transparency. Elaborate with examples as to how it guides the judgement of civil
servants and ensure that right decisions are taken.
Conclusion:
Conclude by Summarising.
Introduction

Public administrators must conduct themselves in a manner that shows the public that they are
trustworthy. This means adhering to core values for the safety and good of the public. Core values
are more than just beliefs and principles; they are motivations that incite actions. Public
administrators must adhere to all the core values to earn public trust.

Body

Core values that guide public servants

 Integrity and Honesty: A man of integrity is never influenced by contentions and pressures
from outside and would only respond to his conscience.

o Public servants hold their office in trust, which underlines two principles they shall
not use public office for private gain and they shall act impartially and not give
preferential treatment to any private organization or individual.

 Spirit of Service and Sacrifice: It is an essential ingredient of public services and public
officials should feel inspired that they are working for a national cause.

 Empathy: Only when public servants put themselves in place of others, will they feel the
suffering of people. This enables them to solve the problems of the society at large.

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 Transparency: Transparency is essential for controlling corruption in public life, to uphold

accountability and deliver information to stakeholders about the activities, procedures and
policies of the Government.

o It also allows stakeholders to collect information that may be critical to uncovering

abuses and defending their interests.

 Professionalism

o Being a public administrator comes with a degree of prestige because of the public
spotlight. Therefore, public administrators must always act professionally. Anything
they do can damage their reputation. This is the first core value and means dressing
appropriately and acting fairly to the public. Professional values incorporate
character traits such as responsibility, dependability, efficiency, competence,
objectivity, and confidence.

 Accountability: Public administrators are employed by the public and held accountable for
their words and actions.

o Essentially, this means being professional in all ways and doing what you say you’re
going to do.

o Without accountability, public trust cannot be established. Additionally, public

administrators need to ensure the public has access to information by being as
transparent as possible.

o It is needed to prevent covert unethical behaviour which would affect public

service and due entitlements of stakeholders.

 Objectivity: Objectivity is another public administration core value. It entails respect,

equality, and fairness. It doesn’t matter whether someone has money or not, they must
be treated fairly.

o It is a public administrator’s job to make sure that the laws created do not infringe
on any person’s rights. Everyone should be treated equally and with respect.

 Public Interest: There is a common good that is different than the aggregate of private
benefit and that common good is something that is in the interest of the larger community,
even if it is against the interest of some individuals in the community.

o Civil servants must always ensure public interest in the work they do.

Conclusion
In public service, while facing different situations one may be buoyed by the circumstances, fear,
passions, greed since the decisions at the helm would be affecting many interests, vested or non-
vested. It is during these trying moments that courage of conviction helps a civil servant to stay on
the best course of action despite various temptations and risks, staying firm in his beliefs, values and
duty.

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Objectivity in the moral framework calls for moral codes to be assessed based on the
well-being of the people in the society that follow it. Discus. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Conceptual
Tuesdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the importance of objectivity.
Directive:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by defining objectivity.
Body:
Write about how Objectivity helps in taking decisions based upon established facts and figures, helps
avoid personal opinion and bias and arrive at fair decision.
Cite suitable examples to substantiate your points.
Conclusion:
Complete the answer by stressing on its significance.
Introduction

Objectivity is a central philosophical concept, related to reality and truth, which has been variously
defined by sources. Generally, objectivity means the state or quality of being true even outside of a
subject‘s individual biases, interpretations, feelings, and imaginings. A proposition is generally
considered objectively true when its truth conditions are met without biases caused by feelings,
ideas, and opinions (mind-independent).

Body

Importance of Objectivity:

 Critical thinking: By thinking both pros and cons and then taking a decision.

 Right to review decisions: within judicial / administrative procedure, there should be

mechanism for appellate board e.g. in taxation, land acquisition etc.

 Right to be heard: often officers don’t hear the complaint or opinion of people properly and
just do the things that are in their mind. Hence new schemes should have ‘social audit /
public hearing’ components.

 Information management: if you don’t have hardcore information /statistics, you can’t take
objective decisions. E.g. sustainable development goals (SDG) have 17 goals and 169 targets.
Previously in Millennium development goals (MDG), we had 18 indicators, yet we lacked
proper statistical databases to compare performance. Lack of data, prevents us from finding
the faults and fixing them.

 Transparency:g. right to information act. Bureaucrat will think twice before taking
subjective/discretionary decisions, fearing that he’ll have to answer it if someone files an RTI

Relevance of Objectivity in Public Services:

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 Objectivity will help civil servants to be non partisan, impartial and more service oriented.

 For example District collector in making appointments needs to give priority to merit rather
than other factors like the caste or background of the caste.

 It also contributes in rational merit based decision makings in day to day work of them. Ex.
Team work, solving emergency issues like riotous situation.

 Being objective ensures that work of civil servant becomes fair, transparent and visionary
above all narrow considerations of kinship, nepotism, favouritism.

 It also plays a big role in reducing menace of corruption from the system.

 It is regarded as one of the foundational values for civil servant as she enjoys much
discretionary powers, is in charge of public funds and has responsibility of welfare of lakhs of
people especially from weaker section of society.

 Objectivity ensures the utmost use of these powers.

Conclusion

In public life objectivity as a value must strive for in all interaction but at many times being objective
become difficult. Fairness as a value closest to objectivity can be practiced which progressively leads
to objectivity.

Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and
behaviour; moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion.
Attitude is a major determinant of an individual’s behaviour; Analyse how Attitude can
make or break an individual citing examples. (150 words).
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude by Lexicon Publications.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 in Mission-2022 Secure.
Key Demand of the question:
to develop a link between changing your attitude and changing your behaviour.
Directive:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
In the introduction, define attitude and behaviour. Mention the difference between attitude and
behaviour.
Body:
Explain how behaviour and attitude affect us and the need to adopt behaviours which are of
empathy, compassion, fortitude and integrity..
Cite suitable examples to substantiate your points on how attitude can be change and that change in
the resultant behaviour.
Conclusion:
Complete the answer by stressing how changing to right behaviours and attitude can impact our life
positively.
Introduction
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Attitude refers to a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward a particular object, person, thing,
or event. Attitudes are often the result of experience or upbringing, and they can have a powerful
influence over behavior.

Body:

Attitude guides an individual’s behavior

 Attitude is one of the main factors that trigger emotions, decision-making, thinking and
behavior in an individual. Following are some examples of how attitude influence the
behavior:

 A positive attitude can will lead to a positive behavior. Ex: A person who has positive
attitudes towards work and co-workers (such as contentment, friendliness, etc.) can
positively influence those around them.

 Similarly, negative attitude led to negative behavior. Ex: if a person has a negative attitude
towards women, he will discriminate women in all fronts of life.

 A selfish attitude will guide individual’s action in same manner. Ex: A cricketer who put his
self-interest and profit above the nation, will take money to lose the game.

 Logic or rational attitudes develop a rational behavior. Ex: a rational person will not act
superstitiously and will always try to find rational behind any act.

 An egoistic attitude will result in a negative attitude and behavior. Ex: elder individuals
control their younger siblings even if they are wrong to satisfy their ego of being elder.

 An attitude based on values and beliefs will act according to the values. Ex: in India touching
feet of elders is guided by attitude of giving respect to them.

Conclusion:

Attitude Behaviour

Attitude refers to a person’s mental view,

Behaviour implies the actions and conduct of an
regarding the way he/she thinks or feels about
individual or group towards other persons.
someone or something.

Attitude is more personal. Behaviour is more social.

Attitudes, character traits, biological factors like

Factors like environment, experiences, and moral
endocrine and nervous responses influence our
values mainly influence attitudes.
behaviour.

It is a hypothetical construct whose direct

Behaviour is visible through consequences and result.
observation is not possible.

A person’s attitude is mainly based on the

The behavior of a person is based on the situation
experiences gained by him during the course of
and circumstances.
his life and observations.

Attitude is a person’s inner thoughts and feelings. Behaviour is an expression of person’s attitude.

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Attitude is defined by the way we perceive things. Behaviour is ruled by social norms.

Attitude reflects one’s emotions, opinions and Behaviour reflects one’s attitude as actions are the
thoughts. reflection of our thoughts.

Thus, it can be said that attitude guides one behavior. Therefore, a person’s attitude will define
his/her actions. By training and persuading the people the attitude and behaviour can be changed in
the right direction.

Leaders are expected to be capable of steering their teams, inspiring their workforce,
and setting an organisational culture that promotes innovation while reinforcing public
sector values, including high standards for integrity and ethics. Discuss. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude by Lexicon Publications.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
Key Demand of the question:
To understand the various roles and responsibilities of a leader and the importance of ethics in their
work domain
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining what is leadership along with few traits of a good leader.
Body:
Highlight the need for an ethical leader in the present context of rising scams and blind race against
mere monetary gains of businesses. Give few examples highlighting cases of leadership with and
without ethics and its impact on the organisation as well as the society.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising the above points highlighting the need for ethical leadership
Introduction

Leadership as a trait is understood as something that someone exhibits, or a skill set related to the
ability to convince, motivate and guide a group towards a desired outcome. The principle of
leadership is not, however, concerned solely with leadership as a position, but rather as both a trait
and as a style. This skill set includes technical skills, conceptual skills, interpersonal skills, and
emotional and social intelligence. These are skills that any member of a work team can
demonstrate, and are often reflected in competency frameworks that emphasise various leadership
components and apply to all civil servants

Body

In light of the responsibilities, leaders’ roles in promoting and actively managing integrity in their
organisations cannot be overestimated. Leaders assign resources to integrity systems, designate
them as organisational priorities, oversee their co-ordination and integrate them into the core of
their organisational management. Without committed leadership, integrity systems cannot deliver

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their intended impact. Moreover, by setting a personal example, leaders are a core ingredient for
establishing and reinforcing an integrity culture in public sector organisations.

Steps for promoting integrity and ethics through better leaders

 Including integrity leadership in the profile for administrators at all levels of an organisation,
as well as a requirement for selection, appointment or promotion to a management
position, and assessing the performance of administrators with respect to the public
integrity system at all levels of the organisation.

 Supporting administrators in their role as ethical leaders by establishing clear

mandates, providing organisational support (such as internal control, human resources
instruments and legal advice) and delivering periodic training and guidance to increase
awareness of, and to develop skills concerning the exercise of appropriate judgement in
matters where public integrity issues may be involved.

 Developing management frameworks that promote managerial responsibilities for

identifying and mitigating public integrity risks.

Once leaders are developed and appointed, they require support and reinforcement to be integrity
leaders. As ethical decision making is highly influenced by the specific situational and social
context, ensuring the right conditions for moral people to become integrity leaders is a
responsibility for senior civil servants, integrity practitioners

Conclusion

From a collective perspective, leaders can inspire those around them to behave ethically. By setting
an example and giving the direction for ethical behaviour, others will observe and act similarly. In
this way, ethical leaders can positively influence many others, presenting them with a set of actions
that they can adopt for the greater good.

By investing in integrity, leadership can demonstrate a public sector organisation’s commitment to

public integrity, and focuses on integrity leadership as a trait and style that can be developed early in
future leaders.

Value addition

Traits of moral and ethical leadership

 Honesty: Honesty makes ethical leaders worthy of the trust others place in them. It means
leaders commit to presenting facts as they are, playing fair with competitors, and
communicating honestly with others.

 Justice: To be fair means to treat everyone equally, offer opportunities with no favouritism,
and condemn improper behaviours and manipulations, as well as any other actions that
could harm someone.

 Respect: Ethical leaders respect others around them, regardless of their position or
identifying characteristics. This means they listen to each stakeholder, foster inclusion, and
value diversity.

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 Integrity: Integrity is shown when values, words, and actions are aligned and consistent. It is
not enough to talk the talk; one has to walk the walk to demonstrate integrity.

 Responsibility: Responsibility means accepting to be in charge, embracing the power and

duties that come with it, and always responding and being present in challenging situations.

 Transparency: Transparency concerns mainly the communication with all stakeholders. It

means keeping an open dialogue, accepting feedback, and disclosing the information others
need to deliver their work.

Stopping the lack-of-empathy microaggressions that occur in everyday life leading to

changes in attitude can help stop gun violence along stricter gun control laws. Discuss.
(150 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Abstract
Thursdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about taking an empathetic approach towards reducing hate and aggression in order to end
gun violence.
Directive:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
Body:
First, write about the various causes of gun violence.
Next, state the need for a humane and persuasive approach to ensure that aggression and hate are
addressed leading to a attitudinal change. Also, mention about the role of strong gun control laws in
curbing violence.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction
The U.S. once again faced the grim consequences of its unwillingness to tackle gun violence at its
source when a man shot dead at least 19 children and two adults, including a teacher, at an
elementary school in Uvalde, Texas.

Gun violence is an urgent, complex, and multifaceted problem. It requires evidence-based,

multifaceted solutions. Psychology can make important contributions to policies that prevent gun
violence.

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Body

Causes of gun violence

 The factors that contribute to a child picking up a gun are varied and often poorly
understood. However, in the context of urban communities, youth violence can be
associated with fear, need for protection, distrust of police due to entrenched
discrimination and discriminatory policing, and desire for peer respect and approval, as
well as involvement in criminal activities.

 Gun violence is particularly prevalent in the Americas where easy access to firearms, weak
regulation or poor implementation of laws designed to combat firearms violence prevail.

 Any kind of aggression is linked to socio-economic and environmental factors — creating a

self-perpetuating cycle often more prevalent in marginalized communities where
discrimination has taken a toll. Due to a lack of alternatives, these communities often
become hotbeds for gun violence and substance abuse.

Prevention of gun violence

 Sensible gun laws: Reduce easy access to dangerous weapons by requiring universal
background checks without loopholes, instituting waiting periods, and reinstituting the
assault weapons ban immediately.

 Establish a culture of gun safety: Reduce firearm access to youth and individuals who are at
risk of harming themselves or others. This includes keeping guns out of the hands of those
who have been violent toward their partners and families, and those with previous violent
convictions.

 Hold the gun industry accountable and ensure there is adequate oversight over the
marketing and sales of guns and ammunition.

o Insist on mandatory training and licensing for owners.

o Require safe and secure gun storage.

 Health system: Establish a comprehensive health system in which violence prevention is a

health system responsibility and imperative.

 Community healing: Prevent community trauma. Invest in communities to promote

resilience and mental health and wellbeing.

 Support healthy norms about masculinity: Explore the pathways between gun violence and
harmful norms that have been about maintaining power and privilege.

Conclusion

Endemic firearm violence and associated insecurity can have a particularly serious impact on
children and adolescents, including by disrupting school attendance and retention, damaging the
learning environment, and reducing the quality of teaching. This can in turn lead to poorer life
outcomes regarding employment and income, and perpetuate cycles of deprivation, crime and
violence.

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Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in

administration and governance.
Emotional intelligence is about being aware of how emotions affect your
communication and even leveraging human emotions to make yourself more
persuasive. Explain. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude by Lexicon Publications.
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Conceptual
Tuesdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Key Demand of the question:
to develop a link between emotional intelligence and persuasion.
Directive:
Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the
context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant
associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining emotional intelligence (EI).
Body:
First mention the role of EI in – perceiving emotions, using emotions, understanding emotions, and
managing emotions.
Next, link the emotional aspect of EI with communication and persuasion – attempting to influence
an outcome or followers using – authority, consistency and commitment, liking and
reciprocity/reciprocation etc.
Conclusion:
Complete the answer by stressing on the implications for leaders and employers in understanding the
importance of interpersonal relationships in the organizational context.
Introduction

Emotional intelligence refers to the capability of a person to manage and control his or her emotions
and possess the ability to control the emotions of others as well. In other words, they can influence
the emotions of other people also.

Body

Emotional intelligence

Emotional intelligence or EI is the ability to understand and manage your own emotions, and those
of the people around you. Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive emotions, to access and
generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and
to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual growth.

It is said to have five main elements such as – self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy,
and social skills. Of these, self-regulation is of significant importance in this context, especially for
civil servants.

For instance, watching social media and comparing ourselves with someone else might lead to
extreme anxiety about our inadequacies or shortcomings. Instead of indicting ourselves for our

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situation, one must understand that every individual has their own trajectory in life. And
circumstances surrounding one’s riches or well-being can be very different.

Significance of Emotional Intelligence

 The chances of succeeding are skewed towards people who are better able to manage
themselves and others emotionally, one’s who are likeable and trustworthy.

 Research shows that more than 80% percent of success is due to skills in “human
engineering,” personality and ability to communicate, negotiate, and lead. Only 15 percent is
due to technical knowledge.

 Additionally, Nobel Prize winning psychologist, Daniel Kahneman, found that people would
rather do business with a person they like and trust rather than someone they don’t, even if
the likeable person is offering a lower quality product or service at a higher price.

 Hence, instead of exclusively focusing on conventional intelligence quotient, one should

make an investment in strengthening his/her EQ (Emotional Intelligence). The concepts of
EQ may be difficult to measure, but their significance is far greater than IQ.
 Simply put, emotional intelligence is that “something” within us that help us to sense how
we feel and enables us to truly connect with others and form a bond.
 It gives us the ability to be present and listen to someone when they most need it. It is that
sense of internal balance within us that enables us to keep our composure, make good
decisions, communicate successfully, and maintain effective leadership even when under
stress.

Ways to develop Emotional Intelligence

 Self-regard: Having high self-regard means that one has a good understanding of his
strengths and weaknesses. Acting on this understanding requires that you have good self-
knowledge and effectively strike a balance between being confident and being arrogant.
People are more comfortable helping others who demonstrate the right amount of humility.

 Optimism:People find optimism and happiness attractive attributes. People are more likely
to cooperate with someone who’s optimistic.

 Approachability: Approachability, like optimism, attracts people. When we’re happy others
are more pleasant to be around. Being happy add to “likability” factor. It can also be
contagious. Everybody likes to be happy, and being around happy people contributes to
one’s own happiness.

 Self-evaluation: By self-evaluating oneself, one can know one’s emotions and reactions to
different situations. By observing others, one can comprehend feelings of others.

 Communication: By improving one’s expression, one can communicate better.

Conclusion
In the civil services, emotional intelligence is beneficial to manage the emotions in a manner that will
be helpful to achieve productive outcomes. High-EI individuals, could reduce the effects of negative
emotions like anger or rage on their decision-making. Rage and anger are not only removed as
hindrances, but also used to enhance the quality of decisions. Therefore, emotionally intelligent civil

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services could result in better decisions especially when more negative emotions accompany
decisions.

Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.

The Categorical Imperative is supposed to provide a way for us to evaluate moral
actions and to make moral judgments. Elaborate. (150 Words)
Difficulty Level: Easy
Reference: stanford.edu
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about about Kantian Categorical Imperative and its role in evaluating moral right actions.
Directive word:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must
be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining Categorical Imperative of Emmanuel Kant.
Body:
Begin the body by explaining in detail about your understanding of Categorical Imperative with
examples. Mention how it can be used to evaluate moral actions. You can use simple but effective
examples to put forward your ideas regarding Universal Moral Law etc.
Conclusion:
Give a concise summation of your views to conclude the answer.
Introduction

Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) argued that the supreme principle of morality is a standard of
rationality that he dubbed the “Categorical Imperative” (CI). Kant characterized the CI as
an objective, rationally necessary and unconditional principle that we must always follow despite
any natural desires or inclinations we may have to the contrary.

Body:

The CI states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people
must under all circumstances be treated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some
interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the
many.

Kantian ethics refers to a deontological ethical theory ascribed to the German philosopher
Immanuel Kant. The theory, developed as a result of Enlightenment rationalism, is based on the
view that the only intrinsically good thing is a good will; an action can only be good if its maxim – the
principle behind it – is duty to the moral law.

CI provide a way for us to evaluate moral actions and to make moral judgments

 Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should
become a universal law.

o It states that one should choose our ‘codes of conduct’ only if they serve perfect /
imperfect duty and are good for all.

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o Perfect duties are blameworthy if not met and are the basic requirements for a
human being.

o An example of perfect duty is the avoidance of suicide.

 Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of
any other, always at the same time as an end and never merely as a means to an end.

o This states that we should not use humanity of ourselves or others as a means to an
end.

o An example would be that of slavery or prostitution.

 For Kant to treat people with dignity was to treat them morally. This idea became a rallying
point for those struggling against social hierarchies and for human rights. It represent what
is called the moral conception of rights.

 Taking the example of forced labour and jajmani system where human beings are treated as
“means” for achieving the “ends” that is profit motive. Human intrinsic worth i.e. dignity is
not respected and they are exploited for petty gains. This led to inequality in society where
one section of people exploiting other section for self-motive.

 Every rational being must so act as if he were through his maxim always a legislating
member in the universal kingdom of ends.

o This states that we should consider ourselves to be members in the universal realm
of ends.

o We should consider our actions to be of consequence to everyone else in that our

actions affect not only ourselves but that of others.

 g.: Eviction of tribes from forest land for construction of a dam and rendering them
homeless.

Conclusion

Kant’s philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others
as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means,
therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This
philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between
relative importance of means and ends.

Value addition

Kant’s Categorical Imperative:

 Kant believed that there was a supreme principle of morality, and he referred to it as The
Categorical Imperative.

 The CI determines what our moral duties are. Kant thought that all acts should be judged
according to a rule he called the Categorical Imperative.

 A categorical imperative denotes an absolute, unconditional requirement that exerts its

authority in all circumstances, both required and justified as an end in itself.

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 He gives the highest honor for the categorical imperative because it became universal law
that can be applied to any and every one.

 Kant is saying that simply willing that our moral rule become a universal law produces a
logical contradiction.

 His categorical imperative ensures that we aren’t doing these acts in mimic of others but
rather in line with one universal law.

What do understand by the doctrine of Utilitarianism? (150 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: plato.stanford.edu
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Philosophical
Mondays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the philosophy of Utilitarianism.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining the philosophy of Utilitarianism in brief.
Body:
In your own words, explain that Utilitarianism is a theory of morality that advocates actions that
foster happiness or pleasure and oppose actions that cause unhappiness or harm. When directed
toward making social, economic, or political decisions, a utilitarian philosophy would aim for the
betterment of society as a whole.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising.
Introduction

Utilitarianism would say that an action is right if it results in the happiness of the greatest number of
people in a society or a group. Utilitarianism is a theory of morality, which advocates actions that
foster happiness or pleasure and opposes actions that cause unhappiness or harm. When directed
toward making social, economic, or political decisions, a utilitarian philosophy would aim for the
betterment of society as a whole.

Body

Concept of Utilitarianism

Greatest good of the greatest number, was famously given by Jeremy Bentham, the father of
utilitarianism. Bentham’s fundamental axiom, which underlies utilitarianism, was that all social
morals and government legislation should aim for producing the greatest happiness for the greatest
number of people. Utilitarianism, therefore, emphasizes the consequences or ultimate purpose of an
act rather than the character of the actor, the actor’s motivation, or the particular circumstances
surrounding the act. It has these characteristics:

 Universality, because it applies to all acts of human behavior, even those that appear to be
done from altruistic motives;

 Objectivity, meaning it operates beyond individual thought, desire, and perspective;

 Rationality, because it is not based in metaphysics or theology; and

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 Quantifiability in its reliance on utility.

Limitations

 A limitation of utilitarianism is that it tends to create a black-and-white construct of

morality. In utilitarian ethics, there are no shades of gray—either something is wrong or it is
right.

 Utilitarianism also cannot predict with certainty whether the consequences of our actions
will be good or bad—the results of our actions happen in the future.

 Utilitarianism also has trouble accounting for values like justice and individual rights. For
example, say a hospital has four people whose lives depend upon receiving organ
transplants: a heart, lungs, a kidney, and a liver. If a healthy person wanders into the
hospital, his organs could be harvested to save four lives at the expense of his one life. This
would arguably produce the greatest good for the greatest number. But few would consider
it an acceptable course of action, let alone an ethical one.

Conclusion
Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism because it rests on the idea that it is the consequences
or results of actions, laws, policies, etc. that determine whether they are good or bad, right or
wrong. In general, whatever is being evaluated, we ought to choose the one that will produce the
best overall results. In the language of utilitarians, we should choose the option that “maximizes
utility,” i.e. that action or policy that produces the largest amount of good.

In ethical decision making the three basic principles of intuitionism, moral idealism and
utilitarianism can be used for resolution of problem. Comment. (150 word)
Difficulty level: Tough
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Philosophical
Mondays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the role of intuitionism, moral idealism and utilitarianism in ethical decision making.
Directive:
Comment– here we must express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an overall
opinion thereupon.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by explaining ethical decision making.
Body:
First, write about intuitionism in ethical decision making – decision maker’s ability to perceive a
moral issue that is provided by knowledge stored in long-term memory.
Next, write about moral idealism in ethical decision making – judgments based on ethical principles
and that the right actions will lead to expected results.
Next, write about utilitarianism in ethical decision making – maximum good for the maximum
people.
Conclusion:
Comment with a balanced opinion regarding ethical decision making.

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Introduction

The problem with ethical decision making is that a decision in itself cannot be taken in a vacuum;
one single decision affects lots of other decisions and the key is to strike a balance to ensure a win-
win situation is arrived upon.

Though there are no golden rules to resolve ethical issues but administrators can take a number of
initiatives to resolve ethical issues

Body

Principles of ethical decision-making

 The principle of intuition works on the assumption that the administrator is competent
enough to understand the seriousness of the situation and act accordingly, such that the
final decision does not bring any harm to any person involved directly or indirectly.

 The principle of moral idealism on the other hand states that there is a clear distinction
between good and bad, between what is acceptable and what is not and that the same is
true for all situations. It therefore asks to abide by the rule of law without any exception.

 Utilitarianism concerns itself with the results or the implications. There is no clear
distinction between what is good and what is bad; the focus is on the situation and the
outcome. What may be acceptable in a certain situation can be unacceptable at some other
place. It underlines that if the net result of the decision is an increase in the happiness of the
organization, the decision is the right one.

 Before taking a decision, moral decisions need to be thought upon and not just accepted
blindly. Deliberation throws some light into the unknown aspects and widens the horizon of
understanding and rational decision making.

Integrating ethical decision making in administration

 Recognize there is an issue

 Identify the problem and who is involved

 Consider the relevant facts, laws and principles

 Analyse and determine possible courses of action

 Implement the solution after considering the three principles

Utilizing the rules-based principle to resolve an ethical dilemma necessitates considering which
decision would provide the greatest good for the greatest number of people. When trying to resolve
an ethical dilemma, the Golden Rule principle considers only the legal aspects of the problem.

Most ethical decisions exist in a gray area where there is no clear-cut or obvious decision that can
be determined solely through quantitative analysis or consideration of objective data or
information. Ethical decision making requires judgment and interpretation, the application of a set
of values to a set of perceptions and estimates of the consequences of an action. Sometimes ethical
decisions involve choosing not between good and bad, but between good and better or between
bad and worse.

Conclusion

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All decisions have an ethical or moral dimension for a simple reason, they have an effect on others.
Managers and leaders especially in governance need to be aware of their own ethical and moral
beliefs so they can draw on them when they face difficult decisions. At the same time, they must
follow morality and the welfare factor wherein their decisions benefit many people. This however
does not mean injustice to some while providing benefit for many.

During the pandemic, communities rediscovered how to care, and rediscovered the
meaning of community by performing small, systematic acts of compassion. Discuss.
(150 Words)
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Conceptual
Tuesdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the coming together of communities by act of compassion during the pandemic.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context regarding the tough times during the pandemic.
Body:
Write about how compassion led to solidarity among communities locally, nationally as well as
internationally during the pandemic. Substantiate with examples.
Conclusion:
Conclude by mentioning that key lessons learnt during the pandemic should be replicated even in the
normal times.
Introduction
In March 2020, when the pandemic first hit, the world saw kindness spread all over the world.
People came together to sing on balconies in Italy and others set up mutual aid groups to offer
support to the elderly or vulnerable. In India there was lighting of lamps to show solidarity with
health care workers and those affected by covid-19 to boost their morale.

We learned that amid the fear, there was also community, support and hope.

Body

Performing a selfless act increases one’s sense of gratitude, as one is in a position to do something
generous for another person Doing a kind act for another person can increase the sense of feeling
connected to another person, which in turn helps people see the worth and value in their own lives.

It had become clear that dealing with the pandemic situation required the entire country to come
together, especially to support the poor and the vulnerable. To a large extent, this actually
happened. In fact, within hours of the lockdown being announced, there were enthusiastic groups
on the streets, distributing food packets to the poor and needy.

Compassion and acts of kindness during pandemic

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 India and many European nations sent masks, vaccines and essential medicines to a lot of
African nations thereby showing solidarity in the crisis. India even helped USA with essential
medicines.

 During second wave, medical aid poured in for India when there was severe oxygen
shortage.

 People helping those in need, older giving away their beds to younger people, cremation of
the dead by strangers transcending community barriers showed the kindness and
compassion of human beings in times to distress to help out fellow humans.

 Health care workers worked tirelessly, round the clock to ensure the best medical care was
given to patients suffering from the disease.

 Free food to the needy and poor were given by many to hosting Langars in Gurudwaras and
mobile food distribution etc.

Conclusion

The commitment shown by volunteers and people was admirable and there is great value in what
they did during those times. It wouldn’t be wrong to say that our ability to overcome such crisis
comes from this very spirit that our people possess — the ability to reach out to the needy and help.
Kindness, empathy, compassion and selflessness were displayed all over the world when the world
tumbled against the force of an unknown biological danger that engulfed everyone.

Explain Categorical Imperative with examples. Do you think it is practical to follow it?
(150 Words)
Difficulty Level: Easy
Reference: plato.stanford.edu
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Philosophical
Mondays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Key Demand of the question:
To put forth one’s own understanding and views about Kantian Categorical Imperative.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining Categorical Imperative of Emmanuel Kant.
Body:
Begin the body by explaining in detail about your understanding of Categorical Imperative with
examples. You can use simple but effective examples to put forward your ideas regarding Universal
Moral Law etc.
Next, write about the practicality of Kant’s categorical imperative.
Conclusion:
Give a concise summation of your views to conclude the answer.
Introduction

Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) argued that the supreme principle of morality is a standard of
rationality that he dubbed the “Categorical Imperative” (CI). Kant characterized the CI as
an objective, rationally necessary and unconditional principle that we must always follow despite
any natural desires or inclinations we may have to the contrary.

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The CI states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people
must under all circumstances be treated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some
interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the
many.

Body:

Kantian ethics refers to a deontological ethical theory ascribed to the German philosopher
Immanuel Kant. The theory, developed as a result of Enlightenment rationalism, is based on the
view that the only intrinsically good thing is a good will; an action can only be good if its maxim – the
principle behind it – is duty to the moral law.

Kant’s Categorical Imperative:

 Kant believed that there was a supreme principle of morality, and he referred to it as The
Categorical Imperative.

 The CI determines what our moral duties are. Kant thought that all acts should be judged
according to a rule he called the Categorical Imperative.
 A categorical imperative denotes an absolute, unconditional requirement that exerts its
authority in all circumstances, both required and justified as an end in itself.
 He gives the highest honor for the categorical imperative because it became universal law
that can be applied to any and every one.

 Kant is saying that simply willing that our moral rule become a universal law produces a
logical contradiction.

 His categorical imperative ensures that we aren’t doing these acts in mimic of others but
rather in line with one universal law.

The three Categorical Imperatives stated by Kant are as follows:

 Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should
become a universal law.
o It states that one should choose our ‘codes of conduct’ only if they serve perfect /
imperfect duty and are good for all.

o Perfect duties are blameworthy if not met and are the basic requirements for a
human being.

o An example of perfect duty is the avoidance of suicide.

 Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of
any other, always at the same time as an end and never merely as a means to an end.
o This states that we should not use humanity of ourselves or others as a means to an
end.

o An example of the second maxim would be that of slavery.

 Every rational being must so act as if he were through his maxim always a legislating
member in the universal kingdom of ends.

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o This states that we should consider ourselves to be members in the universal realm
of ends.

o We should consider our actions to be of consequence to everyone else in that our

actions affect not only ourselves but that of others.

Conclusion

Kant’s philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others
as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means,
therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This
philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between
relative importance of means and ends.

Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and

problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions;
laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical guidance;
accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values
in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding;
Non-partisanship in public administration, is a precondition for ensuring that, regardless
of their political orientation, citizens are treated fairly and in an equitable manner.
Elaborate. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Abstract
Thursdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Key Demand of the question:
trace the link between non-partisanship in public administration and equality amongst citizens.
Directive:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must
be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by highlighting the importance of neutrality and non-partisanship in public administration.
Body:
Begin by talking about values which are important to the level of justice and continuity in public
administration with suitable examples.
Mention about how public servants must be accountable to the government for the effective delivery
of its programs.
Then finally talk about responsiveness of the administration to the government of the day within the
law and the how constitution is key to the effective implementation of government policies in an
equitable manner.
Conclusion:
Complete the answer by suggesting ways for neutrality in public administration in an increasingly
polarizing world.
Introduction

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Non-partisanship is not being specifically owned or affiliated with any group, party or cause. Non-
partisanship can be called as political neutrality. Non-partisanship implies that the administrator is
to do his/her task without any fear of or favour to any political party.

Body:

A bureaucrat is needed to be politically neutral:

 Neutrality depicts that public officials are not slaves to either the politicians or any other
authority other than the moral authority of the Constitution.

 It shows that the principle of neutrality implies a measure of independence both from the
partisan interests of the government of the day and the exogenous agenda that prompts
certain social groups to cow others down to humiliating vulnerability.

 Bureaucracy should be neutral in terms of ideology and politics. So that there will not be an
affinity to a particular class or ideology.

 For a genuine public official, commitment to constitutional principles is not only a lifelong
project but, more importantly, it can be carried out without any political or ideological
mediation.

 If bureaucracy won’t be neutral then it cannot lend its whole-hearted support to the existing
political system, and to the economic and political system if any radical changes are
introduced.

 Without neutrality, there can be a close nexus between bureaucracy and large-scale
enterprises which could further lead to crony capitalism.

 By and large, the spirit of neutrality imbedded by civil servants enables them to perform
their duties in a detached and impartial manner.

Impartiality and Non-partisanship which determine the foundation of a non-partisan public

service. These are:

 Recruitment, promotions or even terminations should be completely free of any kind of

political influence and done purely on merit basis.

 All public officials should perform their duties in an impartial manner.

 Kenneth Kernaghan has put forth a model of political neutrality which suggests the
following:

 Politics and policy are completely separate from administration. While politicians take policy
decisions, it is the public officials which put them in execution.

 All public officials are recruited purely on merit basis and not depending on any political
inclination or affiliation.

 Public officials do not engage in any partisan politics.

 Public officials do not express their personal views on government policies and
administration.

 Public officials give correct and objective advice to their political masters.

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 All policies are implemented with full zeal and enthusiasm keeping all personal biases at a
side.

 The major advantage of this value is that it removes all scope of controversy that a public
servant may encounter during his time of service. Neutral nature of work will keep issues
away from public fanfare.

o Ex: If a public servant gives permission for holding rally to a particular political party
and denies the same for another, it will create controversy. By maintaining
neutrality this can be avoided.

 In multi religious and multicultural society such as India there are many issues that arise
between two groups, which may result in tension. The public official must exercise his duty
by maintaining distance from both the parties in order to maintain peace.

o Ex: Religious procession is one of the many events where different groups show
their strength. During this time the public official must be ready to take rational
decisions without favouring one party over the other.

 Government is ruling body that needs to maintain distance from getting involved too closely
with public. If that barrier is broken, the value and dignity of the position will be
compromised.

o Ex: Members of UPSC should keep distance from candidates who they know
personally. If any links are established, then reputation of the body will be under
threat.

Conclusion:

Impartiality and Non-partisanship both form essential foundational values for civil services.
While impartiality ensures equality without any bias and prejudices in the general, non-partisanship
ensures a neutral approach in politics and a solid commitment to the government

Common good which is embodied in law, is authorized by popular consent. Debate.

(150 Words)
Difficulty Level: Tough
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about common good which is part of the law whether or not it has a popular consent.
Directive word:
Debate – Weigh up to what extent something is true. Persuade the reader of your argument by citing
relevant research but also remember to point out any flaws and counter- arguments as well.
Conclude by stating clearly how far you agree with the original proposition.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining common good.
Body:
Write about instances where in common good is established in the law of the country. Cite examples.
Mention whether of not the process of common getting enshrined in law has the popular consent.
Debate on both sides of the argument with examples.
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Conclusion:
Give a concise summation of your views to conclude the answer.
Introduction

In ordinary political discourse, the “common good” refers to those facilities whether material,
cultural or institutional—that the members of a community provide to all members in order to fulfill
a relational obligation they all have to care for certain interests that they have in common. Some
canonical examples of the common good in a modern liberal democracy include: the road system;
public parks; police protection and public safety; courts and the judicial system; public schools;
museums and cultural institutions; public transportation; civil liberties, such as the freedom of
speech and the freedom of association; the system of property; clean air and clean water; and
national defence. The term itself may refer either to the interests that members have in common or
to the facilities that serve common interests

Body

Common good that is embodied in law is usually in existence because there is popular consent and
support. For instance, RTI law, Motor vehicles Act, Air pollution Act, Medical Termination of
Pregnancy and such other laws were passed because there was a necessity as well as support of the
general public.

However, in a democracy there are multiple interests and consolidating it into one is not possible.
Sometimes, majoritarian interests may impinge upon minority interests, or what may seem as a
viable law for welfare is not viewed from the same angle. For instance, Farm laws in the
country had to be repealed because of huge protests by farmers who were directly impacted by it.

Likewise, when the Indian government passed the CAA/NRC bill, there was huge protests all over
the nation especially by minority community. Hence laws do not always get popular consent and
sometimes those laws without consent also gets passed. Over and above all this, there is an apex
court that can invalidate any law and acts as a checks and balance for the welfare of the society.

Conclusion

The common good is an important concept in political philosophy because it plays a central role in
philosophical reflection about the public and private dimensions of social life. When citizens face
various questions about legislation, public policy or social responsibility, they resolve these
questions by appeal to a conception of the relevant facilities and the relevant interests. That is, they
argue about what facilities have a special claim on their attention, how they should expand, contract
or maintain existing facilities, and what facilities they should design and build in the future.

Sometimes relevance for one group may conflict with others and in such cases, there must be
a middle path to placate all interests in the view of greater good of all.

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Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of

governance and probity; Information sharing and transparency in government,
Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work
culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds, challenges of
corruption.
Fighting corruption is often seen as a crucial step towards building better public
institutions and improving the quality-of-service delivery. Comment. (250 words)
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the importance of fighting corruption.
Directive word:
Comment– here we must express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an overall
opinion thereupon.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving importance of having a corruptionless public service delivery.
Body:
Write about the importance of fighting corruption – creates jobs, achieves gender equality, and
secures wider access to essential services such as healthcare and education etc. Substantiate with
examples.
Conclusion:
Conclude by mentioning various ways to fight corruption in public service.

Introduction

Corruption is dishonest behavior by those in positions of power. It starts with the tendency of using
public office for some personal benefit. Moreover, it is unfortunate that corruption has, for many,
become a matter of habit. It is so deeply entrenched that corruption is now considered a social
norm. Hence, corruption implies the failure of ethics.

Body

Importance of fighting corruption:

 Corruption is an insidious plague that has a wide range of corrosive effects on societies. It
undermines rule of law, leads to violations of human rights and allows organized crime to
flourish.

 Corruption in India is not limited to collusive high-level scams.

 Petty corruption, which affects the delivery of basic services and rights to people, is
rampant.

 Corruption impacts societies in a multitude of ways. In the worst cases, it costs lives. Short of
this, it costs people their freedom, health or money. The cost of corruption can be divided
into four main categories: political, economic, social and environmental.

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 On the political front, corruption is a major obstacle to democracy and the rule of law. In a
democratic system, offices and institutions lose their legitimacy when they’re misused for
private advantage. This is harmful in established democracies, but even more so in newly
emerging ones. It is extremely challenging to develop accountable political leadership in a
corrupt climate.

 Economically, corruption depletes national wealth. Corrupt politicians invest scarce public
resources in projects that will line their pockets rather than benefit communities, and
prioritise high-profile projects such as dams, power plants, pipelines and refineries over less
spectacular but more urgent infrastructure projects such as schools, hospitals and roads.
Corruption also hinders the development of fair market structures and distorts competition,
which in turn deters investment.

 Corruption corrodes the social fabric of society. It undermines people’s trust in the political
system, in its institutions and its leadership. A distrustful or apathetic public can then
become yet another hurdle to challenging corruption. This especially impacts the poor and
marginalized, who are most dependent on public provisioning of rations, pensions, health,
and education. Serious cases of several big corruptions have surfaced in the last five years,
including banking frauds and the Rafale deal. The popular sentiment that helped the
incumbent Government in the 2014 general election was resentment against corruption in
public life.

 Environmental degradation is another consequence of corrupt systems. The lack of, or non-
enforcement of, environmental regulations and legislation means that precious natural
resources are carelessly exploited, and entire ecological systems are ravaged. From mining,
to logging, to carbon offsets, companies across the globe continue to pay bribes in return for
unrestricted destruction

Measures to curb corruption:

The solution to the problem of corruption has to be more systemic than any other issue of
governance. Merely shrinking the economic role of the state by resorting to deregulation,
liberalization and privatization is not necessarily the solution to addressing the problem.

 Adopting effective and coordinated policies against corruption

o Developing a coherent anti-corruption policy which identifies the causes of

corruption and commits to practical, coordinated and effective measures to address
these causes is a prerequisite for success.

 Fair and transparent system of public procurement

o Establishing a procurement system, built on the principles of objectivity,

transparency and competition, is important to both saving public money and to
ensuring that the policy and developmental objectives of the government are met.

 g.: GeM Government E-market Place is a step in the right directions. With
this, Public Finance Management System also helps in tracking the real-time
usage of funds.

o Strengthened transparency and public reporting

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 An informed society with free access to information is a strong deterrent to

corruption.

 This underlines the importance of transparency, public reporting and access

to information in preventing corruption.

 Right to Information needs to be strengthened to make the public officials

and governments more accountable to the citizens.

 Citizens must be Vigilant: Otherwise, like Plato said “The punishment

suffered by the wise who refuse to take part in government, is to suffer
under the government of bad men”

o Institutional monitoring and legislative reforms

 Prevalent institutional arrangements have to be reviewed and changes

made where those vested with power are made accountable, their
functioning made more transparent and subjected to social audit with a
view to minimize discretionary decisions.
 Napoleon who said, ‘Law should be so succinct that it can be carried in the
pocket of the coat and it should be so simple that it can be understood by
a peasant’.

 The 2nd ARC recommended that The Prevention of Corruption Act should be
amended to ensure that sanctioning authorities are not summoned and
instead the documents can be obtained and produced before the courts by
the appropriate authority.

o E-governance

 The focus should be on e-governance and systemic change. An honest

system of governance will displace dishonest persons.

o Other Reforms

 All procedures, laws and regulations that breed corruption and come in the
way of efficient delivery system will have to be eliminated.

 The perverse system of incentives in public life, which makes corruption a

high return low risk activity, need to be addressed.

 In this context, public example has to be made out of people convicted on

corruption charge

Second ARC guidelines to prevent corruption

 Vigilance and Corruption:

o Strengthening pro-active vigilance to eliminate corruption and harassment to honest

civil servants including, wherever necessary, limiting executive discretion.

o Addressing systemic deficiencies manifesting in reluctance to punish the corrupt.

o Identify procedures, rules and regulations and factors which lead to corruption.

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 Relationship between Political Executive and Permanent Civil Service: Improvements in the
institutional arrangements for smooth, efficient and harmonious relationship between civil
service and the political executive is needed.

 Code of Conduct for different organs of Government: This includes Political Executive, Civil
Services, etc.

Conclusion

“Rivers do not drink their waters themselves, nor do trees eat their fruit, nor do the clouds eat the
grains raised by them. The wealth of the noble is used solely for the benefit of others.”

Corruption needs to be rooted out from the very core of our nation, so that there is justiciable
distribution of resources in the country leading to inclusive growth and ‘Sabka Vikas.’

Corruption erodes trust, weakens democracy, hampers economic development and

further exacerbates inequality, poverty, social division and the environmental crisis.
Analyse. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the impact of corruption and measures needed to prevent it.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining corruption.
Body:
First, write about the factors that aid corruption – opportunity costs, quid pro quo, acceptance of
corruption etc. Write about its impact on various dimensions. Substantiate with examples,
Next, suggest various measures to break the cycle of collusive corruption.
Conclusion:
Conclude by Summarising,
Introduction

As Gladstone has aptly said, “The purpose of a government is to make it easy for people to do
good and difficult to do evil”.

Corruption is an important manifestation of the failure of ethics. It is unfortunate that corruption

has, for many, become a matter of habit, ranging from grand corruption involving persons in high
places to retail corruption touching the everyday life of common people.

Body:

Challenges of corruption:

 Corruption is an insidious plague that has a wide range of corrosive effects on societies. It
undermines rule of law, leads to violations of human rights and allows organized crime to
flourish.

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 Corruption in India is not limited to collusive high-level scams.

 Petty corruption, which affects the delivery of basic services and rights to people, is
rampant.

 Corruption impacts societies in a multitude of ways. In the worst cases, it costs lives. Short of
this, it costs people their freedom, health or money. The cost of corruption can be divided
into four main categories: political, economic, social and environmental.

 On the political front, corruption is a major obstacle to democracy and the rule of law. In a
democratic system, offices and institutions lose their legitimacy when they’re misused for
private advantage. This is harmful in established democracies, but even more so in newly
emerging ones. It is extremely challenging to develop accountable political leadership in a
corrupt climate.

 Economically, corruption depletes national wealth. Corrupt politicians invest scarce public
resources in projects that will line their pockets rather than benefit communities, and
prioritise high-profile projects such as dams, power plants, pipelines and refineries over less
spectacular but more urgent infrastructure projects such as schools, hospitals and roads.
Corruption also hinders the development of fair market structures and distorts competition,
which in turn deters investment.

 Corruption corrodes the social fabric of society. It undermines people’s trust in the political
system, in its institutions and its leadership. A distrustful or apathetic public can then
become yet another hurdle to challenging corruption. This especially impacts the poor and
marginalized, who are most dependent on public provisioning of rations, pensions, health,
and education. Serious cases of several big corruptions have surfaced in the last five years,
including banking frauds and the Rafale deal. The popular sentiment that helped the
incumbent Government in the 2014 general election was resentment against corruption in
public life.

 Environmental degradation is another consequence of corrupt systems. The lack of, or non-
enforcement of, environmental regulations and legislation means that precious natural
resources are carelessly exploited, and entire ecological systems are ravaged. From mining,
to logging, to carbon offsets, companies across the globe continue to pay bribes in return for
unrestricted destruction

Measures to curb corruption:

The solution to the problem of corruption has to be more systemic than any other issue of
governance. Merely shrinking the economic role of the state by resorting to deregulation,
liberalization and privatization is not necessarily the solution to addressing the problem.

 Adopting effective and coordinated policies against corruption

o Developing a coherent anti-corruption policy which identifies the causes of

corruption and commits to practical, coordinated and effective measures to address
these causes is a prerequisite for success.

 Fair and transparent system of public procurement

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o Establishing a procurement system, built on the principles of objectivity,

transparency and competition, is important to both saving public money and to
ensuring that the policy and developmental objectives of the government are met.

 g.: GeM Government E-market Place is a step in the right directions. With
this, Public Finance Management System also helps in tracking the real-time
usage of funds.

o Strengthened transparency and public reporting

 An informed society with free access to information is a strong deterrent to

corruption.

 This underlines the importance of transparency, public reporting and access

to information in preventing corruption.

 Right to Information needs to be strengthened to make the public officials

and governments more accountable to the citizens.

 Citizens must be Vigilant: Otherwise, like Plato said “The punishment

suffered by the wise who refuse to take part in government, is to suffer
under the government of bad men”

o Institutional monitoring and legislative reforms

 Prevalent institutional arrangements have to be reviewed and changes

made where those vested with power are made accountable, their
functioning made more transparent and subjected to social audit with a
view to minimize discretionary decisions.

 Napoleon who said, ‘Law should be so succinct that it can be carried in the
pocket of the coat and it should be so simple that it can be understood by
a peasant’.
 The 2nd ARC recommended that The Prevention of Corruption Act should be
amended to ensure that sanctioning authorities are not summoned and
instead the documents can be obtained and produced before the courts by
the appropriate authority.

o E-governance

 The focus should be on e-governance and systemic change. An honest

system of governance will displace dishonest persons.

o Other Reforms

 All procedures, laws and regulations that breed corruption and come in the
way of efficient delivery system will have to be eliminated.

 The perverse system of incentives in public life, which makes corruption a

high return low risk activity, need to be addressed.

 In this context, public example has to be made out of people convicted on

corruption charge

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Second ARC guidelines to prevent corruption

 Vigilance and Corruption:

o Strengthening pro-active vigilance to eliminate corruption and harassment to honest

civil servants including, wherever necessary, limiting executive discretion.

o Addressing systemic deficiencies manifesting in reluctance to punish the corrupt.

o Identify procedures, rules and regulations and factors which lead to corruption.

 Relationship between Political Executive and Permanent Civil Service: Improvements in the
institutional arrangements for smooth, efficient and harmonious relationship between civil
service and the political executive is needed.
 Code of Conduct for different organs of Government: This includes Political Executive, Civil
Services, etc.

Conclusion

“Rivers do not drink their waters themselves, nor do trees eat their fruit, nor do the clouds eat the
grains raised by them. The wealth of the noble is used solely for the benefit of others.”

Corruption needs to be rooted out from the very core of our nation, so that there is justiciable
distribution of resources in the country leading to inclusive growth and ‘Sabka Vikas.’

Integrating ethical decision making into all levels of management of the organization is
a way to ensure an ethical work culture. Elaborate. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Abstract
Thursdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the importance of ethical decision making towards the work culture of an
organisation.
Directive word:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must
be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining ethical decision making.
Body:
Highlight the importance of ethical decision making and various benefits associated with integrating
ethical decision making in the organisations. Justify with examples.
Conclusion:
Conclude by mentioning ways to inculcate ethical decision making in the organisation.
Introduction

Ethics are moral principles that guide a person’s behavior. These morals are shaped by social norms,
cultural practices, and religious influences. Ethical decision making is the process of assessing the
moral implications of a course of action. All decisions have an ethical or moral dimension for a
simple reason, they have an effect on others. Managers and leaders especially in governance need
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to be aware of their own ethical and moral beliefs so they can draw on them when they face difficult
decisions.

Body

Ethical decisions can involve several determinations. The field of ethics, also known as moral
philosophy, shows that there are various ways of systematizing, defending, and recommending
concepts of right and wrong conduct. For example, from a consequentialist standpoint, a morally
right action is one that produces a good outcome, or consequence. A utilitarian perspective takes
the position that the proper course of action is one that maximizes overall happiness.

Most ethical decisions exist in a gray area where there is no clear-cut or obvious decision that can
be determined solely through quantitative analysis or consideration of objective data or
information. Ethical decision making requires judgment and interpretation, the application of a set
of values to a set of perceptions and estimates of the consequences of an action. Sometimes ethical
decisions involve choosing not between good and bad, but between good and better or between
bad and worse.

Integrating ethical decision making into all levels of management

 Lead by example: Employees look to the behaviour of top management as an example of
the type of behaviour that the company finds acceptable in the workplace. Actions speak
louder than words, so when top executives display ethical behaviour, it sends a positive
message to employees. Senior leaders need to be mindful of the fact that they’re being
watched and be sure to practice what they preach.

 Clear Code of conduct: Organizations that create and disseminate an official code of ethics
send a clear message of the expectations for their employees.

o A code of ethics or code of conduct clearly outlines the organization’s primary values
and ethical rules that they expect everyone to follow.

 Ethical dilemmas: Because the law is insufficient, and the nature of ethical dilemmas is one
of navigating ambiguity, we need to establish frameworks that will help us make decisions.

Making ethical decisions also involves choice about who should be involved in the process and how
the decision should be made. For example, if a decision will have a significant impact on the local
community, leaders may feel obligated to invite a representative of the community to participate in
discussions. Similarly, decisions with a significant ethical dimension may benefit from being made by
consensus rather than by fiat.

Conclusion

An integrity-based approach to ethics management combines a concern for the law with an
emphasis on managerial responsibility for ethical behaviour. When integrated into the day-to-day
operations of an organization, such strategies can help prevent damaging ethical lapses while
tapping into powerful human impulses for moral thought and action. Then an ethical framework
becomes no longer a burdensome constraint within one must operate, but the governing ethos of an
organization.

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Core values are the deeply ingrained principles that guide all of a company’s actions;
they serve as its cultural cornerstones. Elaborate. (150 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Abstract
Thursdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Key demand of the question:
To write about ethics and importance of core values in a ever changing environment.
Directive word:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must
be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin the answer by defining core values.
Body:
Explain in detail the importance of core values system – form the foundation on which an
organisation performs work, accomplish missions, how to reward, Guide us in making decisions,
Govern personal relationships and Articulate what we stand for etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by stressing on the importance of core value system.
Introduction

Core values can be defined as those which are inherent and sacrosanct; they can never be
compromised, either for convenience or short-term economic gain. In the context of business ethics
or company ethics, they are the source of a company’s distinctiveness and must be maintained at all
costs.

Body

Core values are the fundamental beliefs of a person or organization. These guiding principles dictate
behaviour and can help people understand the difference between right and wrong. Core values also
help companies to determine if they are on the right path and fulfilling their goals by creating an
unwavering guide.

Integrating Core Values into company’s actions

 Core values need to be integrated into every employee-related process—hiring methods,

performance management systems, criteria for promotions and rewards, and even
dismissal policies.

 From the first interview to the last day of work, employees should be constantly reminded
that core values form the basis for every decision the company makes.

 Core values usually complement the corporation’s mission statement. There are many
examples of common core values for a business or other type of organization.

o Eg: A commitment to sustainability and to acting in an environmentally friendly

way.

 Govern personal relationships: Core values helps in creating peer to peer relationships in a
company. They strive to keep employee relations amicable, respectful and enagaging.

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 Guide business processes: Any business decision is guided by core values, be it creativity,
innovative, commitment towards society while execution and so on.

 Objectives of Core values:

o Guides in making decisions

o Underpin the whole organization

o Require no external justification

o Essential tenets

Conclusion

In an ever-changing world, core values are constant. Core values are not descriptions of the work
done by a company or the strategies employed to accomplish some mission. The values underlie the
work, how they interact with each other, and which strategies are employed to fulfil a company’s
mission. The core values are the basic elements of how one goes on about their work.

Case Studies on above issues.

In recent times, there has been an increasing concern in India to develop effective civil
service ethics, code of conduct, transparency measures, ethics and integrity systems
and anti-corruption agencies. In view of this, there is a need being felt to focus on three
specific areas, which are directly relevant to the problems of internalizing integrity and
ethics in the civil services. These are as follows:
1.

1. Anticipating specific threats to ethical standards and integrity in the civil services,

2. Strengthening the ethical competence of civil servant and

3. Developing administrative processes and practices which promote ethical values
and integrity in civil services.

Suggest institutional measures to address the above three issues. (250 words) (UPSC2019)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Why the question:

The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Case Study
Fridays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.

Introduction

Ethical values in governance show how well the ethical values are followed in governance and its
structure. This includes legality of government action, rationality in policy and decision making,
evolving a sense of responsibility, ensuring accountability, strengthening work commitment, creating
excellence, facilitating spirit of individual and organizational goals, developing responsiveness,
showing compassion, protecting the national interests, protecting the spirit of justice, bringing
transparency and elevating integrity.

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Body

The following measures can be taken to address the above three issues:

 E-Governance and digitization to increase transparency and accountability along with easing
paper work and reducing red-tapism. Example: PRAGATI, MyGov portal

 Right to Information act to allow for citizen’s right to know which enhances probity in
governance.

 Stringent laws like Prevention of Corruption Act, presence of CVC to ensure there is no
corruption.

 Civil service codes and various Service Rules to ensure honesty and integrity. Example: Civil
Service Conduct Rules.

 Effective implementation of citizen charters and citizen oriented governance to better

address feedback, grievances. Example: CPGRAMS, Jan Sunwai.

 In 2006, the department Of Personnel drafted a Public Service Bill which enumerated
fundamental values of Public Services, a Code of Ethics, a Management Code etc. with the
objective of developing public services. The bill didn’t make much headway and is in cold
storage etc

 Witness protection scheme to safeguard the witness from victimization. E.g.: Whistleblower
protection law.

 Involvement of the public in the governance by local governance methods, Social Audit
schemes

 Removing political interference in administration and politicization of administration.

 Introduction of Public Service bill and Code of Ethics.

 Effective independent review of major official decisions undertaken by the civil servants and
reports of the same to be submitted in a transparent manner.
 Appointment of Ombudsman and set up of administrative tribunals to decide the disputes
quickly and alleged complaints of ‘maladministration’ to help both the citizens and civil
servants.

 Human Resource Management strategies like performance based evaluation, objective

annual performance records, merit based promotion and recruitment, anti-discrimination
protections can be brought in.

 The Second Administrative reforms commission has suggested the following methods:

 Codification of ethics will ensure the minimum standards that public servants must follow.

 Strong vigilance systems to ensure that corruption is eliminated at the root. Example: CVC,
whistle blowers act, Lokpal etc.

 Ethics audit mechanisms must be strengthened and be made a norm.

 Digitization and e-governance is the way forward to ensure citizen centric

governance. Example: UMANG- one stop for customers to pay all their bills.

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 Values such as selflessness, honesty, integrity and objectivity if inculcated at early age
through education will lead to Ethical leadership in the future.

 Sensitivity trainings, Value oriented training of public servants in relevant ethics codes and
its application.

 Ethical auditing should be done.

 Delegation of work and responsibility in every organization should be ensured similarly the
standard protocols must be codified vide citizen charters.

Conclusion

Strengthening ethical and moral values in Governance is imperative to ensure the best service
delivery and citizen-centric administration. Attention needs to be paid to systemic threats that could
weaken adherence to core public sector ethics values, and commitment to good governance, and to
preparing the necessary political and management responses. New techniques need to be
undertaken to institutionalize ethically competent decision making, disinterested advice to
Government, and, ultimately, an ‘ethical culture’ which supports professional responsibility, self-
discipline, and support for the rule of law.

Rakesh is a responsible district level officer, who enjoys the trust of his higher officials.
Knowing his honesty, the government entrusted him with the responsibility of
identifying the beneficiaries under a health care scheme meant for senior citizens.
The criteria to be a beneficiary are the following:

(a) 60 years of age or above.

(b) Belonging to a reserved community.

(c) Family income of less than 1 Lakh rupees per annum.

(d) Post-treatment prognosis is likely to be high to make a positive difference to the quality of life
of the beneficiary.

One day, an old couple visited Rakesh’s office with their application. They have been the residents
of a village in his district since their birth. The old man is diagnosed with a rare condition that
causes obstruction in the large intestine. As a consequence, he has severe abdominal pain
frequently that prevents him from doing any physical labour. The couple has no children to
support them. The expert surgeon whom they contacted is willing to do the surgery without
charging any fee. However, the couple will have to bear the cost of incidental charges, such as
medicines, hospitalization, etc., to the tune of rupees one lakh. The couple fulfils all the criteria
except criterion ‘b’. However, any financial aid would certainly make a significant difference in
their quality of life.

How should Rakesh respond to the situation? (250 words) (UPSC2018)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Case Study Fridays’
in Mission-2022 Secure.
Structure of the answer:
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Introduction:
Begin by writing about the facts of the case.
Body:
Write about the approach that Rakesh must take to help the couple while also not committing any
unethical act in helping the couple. Mention alternate ways in which Rakesh can address the
situation.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising on the need of empathy among civil servants towards weaker sections.
Introduction

Rakesh is an honest officer who is entrusted with a responsibility to identify beneficiaries as per the
criteria. However, the old couple who are in dire need of benefit do not belong to the reserved
community. This is a case that involved values of empathy and overcoming ethical dilemma in
decision making.

Body

Stakeholders

 Rakesh as the officer in charge

 Old couple in distress

 Other beneficiaries

 Public welfare in general

Ethical values involved

 Empathy towards those who are suffering

 Compassion and spirit of service

 Dilemma in handling decision making

 Public service and welfare of community

Response to the situation

 On receiving the application, his immediate course of action should be to hold meeting with
the surgeon who is willing to do the surgery free of cost. The prime focus during the
discussion should be to know the details of condition of the applicant, his health, and kind of
care required post-surgery.

 After the said meeting with doctor, Rakesh should hold meetings with NGOs working in
health sector for old age people and public-spirited citizens. The course of action should be
to crowd source funds to meet the incidental charges and providing post-surgery care.

 Rakesh should also forward an application to his superiors in the district with the details of
the case requesting them, if possible, from DM welfare fund for financial support for this
specific case.

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 These immediate steps are to ensure support to the couple in consideratio As midterm
solution, Rakesh should try to organise awareness among citizens of district regarding
Integrated Programme for Older Persons (IPOP).

 He should make proposal and effort for proving space and creating awareness about PM Jan
Aushadhi Kendra at District, Block and Village level.

 This case cannot be taken in isolation as there would be many more poor people in need.
Taking this case as base, Rakesh may propose his seniors to consider insertion of sub
category for economically weaker section. Sub categorization can be considered as inclusive
of landless poor, old people without children and people without any permanent source of
income.

Conclusion

Rakesh cannot defy the rules and regulations in order to help the individual. Alternative measures
are best suited to handle the situation. Thus, professional duty and personal empathy must not be
mixed. A middle path that does not create any problems has to be followed.

There is a disaster prone state having frequent landslides, forest fires, cloudbursts, flash
floods and earthquakes, etc. Some of these are seasonal and often unpredictable. The
magnitude of the disaster is always unanticipated. During one of the seasons a
cloudburst caused a devastating floods and landslides leading to high casualties. There
was major damage to infrastructure like roads, bridges and power generating units. This
led to more than 100000 pilgrims, tourist and other locals trapped across different
routes and locations. The people trapped in your area of responsibility includes senior
citizens, patients in hospitals, women and children, hiker, tourist, ruling parties, regional
presidents along with his family, additional chief secretary of the neighboring state and
prisoners in jail.
As a civil services officer of the state, what would be the order in which you would rescue these
people and why? Give Justifications. (200 Words) (UPSC 2015)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
In brief, mention the facts of the case and the major ethical issues involved along with the
stakeholders.
Body:
Write about the order in which you will organise the reference based on their vulnerability. It should
be based on rationality, empathy, objectivity and without any bias.
Give justification to your order of preference of your rescue.
Conclusion:
Stress on the importance of objectivity in Civil Servants especially in the light of the above case.

Introduction

Public officials are expected to follow the values of non-partisanship in all aspects of their duty
including the treatment of civilians. As a responsible official, it will be imperative to maintain these
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values even when handling a situation where there are officials and civilians involved. One cannot be
prioritised over the other. Value of human being is not based on their designation.

Course of action

I would follow the general guidelines that are prescribed while handling disaster management
including the evacuation process to be conducted. Evacuation will based on situation context,
access and current safety of those who are stuck.

Order of evacuation

 My first priority would be to identify the most vulnerable section that need immediate
assistance after the occurrence of the disaster.

 In this regard, I would firstly evacuate the patients in the hospital who are vulnerable to
health risk due to the destruction of infrastructure.

 My next batch of evacuees would consist of senior citizens, followed by women and
children. Individuals suffering from any health problems would be given more priority.

 The hikers, tourists including the political party president, and the additional chief secretary
would be evacuated based on the category they come into. If they belong to vulnerable
sections, they will be evacuated early else the same procedure would be followed. No
special provisions will be provided on the basis of their position.

 Jail inmates can be the last to be evacuated. But if any individual among them has health
issues, he/she can be given a priority.

Justification

 Patients in the hospital may need immediate medical assistance and it would be better if
they are provided better service by early evacuation.

 Senior citizens, women, and children consists of the most vulnerable sections of the
society according to the convention.

 The hikers and tourists not necessarily comprise as least priority but vulnerable among them
can be given priority among evacuees.

 As far as political party president is concerned, he is not eligible for high priority just because
of his political accomplishment. He will have to wait for his turn as given in guidelines.

 The additional chief secretary also needs to understand that public official in charge are
performing their duty and he will have to co-operate with the officials while handling the
issue.
 The jail inmates may be the last priority but they should not be ignored at any cost. They are
eligible to all human rights during the whole process.

Conclusion

Efforts should be towards ensuring safety of all. However, the most vulnerable will naturally be a
priority and strict non-partisanship and neutrality are the values that will guide a civil servant

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involved in evacuation. Chaos must be avoided and justice must be done at any cost, so that people
do not feel discriminated due to the attitude of the officials.

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