SANOMETER-LAW OF LENGTH
FORMULA:- n= 1
2L √ T
M
n=frequency ,T=tension, M=mass, L=vibrating
length
OBSERVATIONS:- mass of the hanger=Mo=_ _ _ _ _g
Total mass =M=_ _ _ _g
Tension applied to the wire ‘T’=2500
TABLE:-
Obs Frequency of Vibrating length of wire 1 −2
cm
no tork L
−2
×10
1 512
2 426.6
3 320
CALCULATIONS:-
OBS no 1 2 3
Log n=a
Log L=b
A+b=c
Antilog c=nl
RESULT=
nL=_ _ _ _=constant when T and m are kept constant here law of length
is verified
ZENER DIODE
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
SR. no Current through Zener Output voltage across
( I z) zener(V z )
1
2
GRAPH:-
Result:-Breakdown voltage of Zener diode (VB)=_ _ _ _
POTENTIOMETER-COMPARISON OF EMF
E1 l1
FORMULA:- Individual cell method:- E = l
2 2
OBSERVATION:-
Sr Balancing length when Balancing length when E1 l 1
=
no E1 is in circuit (L1) E2 is in circuit(L2) E2 l 2
CALCULATIONS:-
A=LogL1 B=logL2 A-B E1
=antilog (A-B)
E2
MEAN=
RESULT=
E1
E2
using separate or individual cell method=_ _ _ _
SPRING MASS OSCILLATOR
OBSERVATION:-
Sr no Mass attached to F=(M-m) S (cm) Extension(s-So)
the spring (mg) gwt cm
GRAPH:-
CALCULATION:- convert gwt into dyne by multiplying slope K by 980
RESULT:-Force of the given spring (k)= - --------dyne/cm
RESONANCE TUBE
FORMULA:-1.End correction=--;d=inner diameter ,l=observed recoating length
2.V=4(nl) mean=4(n(L+e)) ; n=frequency of tunning fork, Lx=correct
(nl )mean
3. N x= ; L=correct length of fork of unknown freq.
Lx
OBSERVATION:- 1.LEAST COUNT:-
i)Smallest division on main scale=0.1(x); iv)zero error =check in instru.
x
ii)Total number of divisions=10(y); iii)Least count y =0.01
1.for inner diameter (multiply in end correction after)
OB MSR VSD VSR Diameter Corrected Reading
S no (a) (b) (C=b×L.C) (a+c=d’) (d=d’-e’)
2.For resonating length
Obs Frequenc Length of air coloumn Corrected nL
no y L1 L2 mean L length (hz cm)
N(hz) L=l+e
Lx=mean
CALCULATIONS:-
Log =n Log=l A+B=C Antilog(c) =nL
(a) (b)
nL
1) unknown:-N’= Lx (do calculation by log)
RESULT:- i)unknown frequency of of fork n’=
CURRENT SENSITIVITY
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
Obs Resitance Current Deflection(division) Mean
no R ohm Ig uA Before After
Reversing Reversing
GRAPH:-
∅ ∅ 2−∅ 1
CALCULATION:- I = ig1−ig 2
RESULT:- Current sensitivity of a moving coil Galvanometer(s)=_ _ _ _div/a
LAW OF RESISTANCE USING METER BRIDGE
Lx
FORMULA:- X= R L Where lx and lr are belonging lengths corres.to X,R
r
X 1+ x 2
1)Series=Xs=X1+X2 ; 2)Parellel=Xp= x 1 × x 2
OBSERVATION:-
Resistance Obs no Resistance Lx (cm) Lr=500-L Lx
Xs=R Lr
position from R.B (cm)
Series in 1 52 25.9 24.1 55.89
Left gap 2 58 24.5 25.5 55.73
Series in 1 52 26.6 23.4 59.12
Right gap 2 58 25.1 24.9 58.46
CALCULATION:-
Log values Left gap Right gap
Log R a 1.7160 1.7634 1.7160 1.7634
Log Lx b 1.4133 1.3892 1.4249 1.3997
c a+b 3.1293 3.1526 3.1409 3.1631
Log Lr d 1.3820 1.4065 1.3692 1.3962
e c-d 1.7473 1.7461 1.7717 1.7669
Antilog e Xs 55.89 55.73 59.12 58.46
Result:-
1.Experimental value of Xs=57.3 ohm
2.Theoratical value of Xs=X1+X2=55 ohm
NEWTONS LAW OF COOLING
OBSERVATION:-
OBS no Time In min Temp of water in degree
GRAPH:-
1. Curve one 2. Straight line from origin
RESULT:-The nature of graph of temp. against time is curve=newtons cooling
curve. Cooling curve will be step at first and less steps as temp approaches as
graph of d0/dt against (0-0)is straight passing through origin newtons law verify
