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The document discusses globalization, defining it as a complex condition characterized by economic, political, and cultural interconnections that transcend national borders. It highlights various perspectives on globalization, including its impact on social relations, the emergence of global citizens, and the influence of multinational corporations. The document emphasizes the need for an unbiased, interdisciplinary definition of globalization that encompasses its diverse forms and effects on society.
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fected by the said increa:
hte not be . This adjustment
imum mB s
Ti of commodities can be caused by national and international
and politic al events. Second, globalization allows for the
nd fnon governmental organizations (NGOs) that operate in
}, and inte! tional setting. For instance, the Philippine
oer in affiliate of the International Committee of the Red
i aig humanitarian institution based in Switzerland, Social relations
ie seen in the establishment of sister-city relationships such as
ition between Cebu City and Haarlemmermeer City of the
addition, social relations manifest in the establishment
é ernment associations and presence of multinational companies
philippines“ Thirdglobalization intensifies and accelerates social
and activities. Live telecast and the shift from snail mail to
,d social media are proofs of this attribute. In the early 1990s, some
y z could watch international television shows only a week after
ode aired. But now, cable TV and internet live streaming allow
sinos to watch shows as soon as they are released. More so, mail can
«ent instantly unlike the mail courier-delivered letters of the 1980s.
sjobalization occurs worldwide. Every person is a global citizen
se he or she thinks about the issues of the world. Europeans and
ricans used#prayformarawi in social media to show their concern for
-tims of the Marawi City siege in May 2017. Another instance is when
»rs associate themselves with global trends like K-Pop. They imitate
e way their K-Pop idols dress up, dance, and even talk. Global citizens
also assume a sense of responsibility in global matters. One good example
s the participation of global citizens in Earth Hour every 3rd Sunday of
March and the expression of concern from the international community
for the alleged human rights violations of the current administration in
the Philippines,
lenses, but a interdisciplinary de! on is necessary. Some scholars
woe a ” 5 brocess, a condition, or an ideology. Experts fe
Specialization or social sciences also define globalization based on their
definitions as ae But a working definition has to encompass all
Purpose of this otions about globalization. Steger’s definition, for the
module, is the most unbiased workin: ¢ definition.
~conomic
~xpansion @
existence ¢
tocal, regional
4 Red Cross is
ds. In
sode Section 1_> Concepts of Globalization s
same timeburturing in people an increasing consciousness of deepening
ages between the Jocal and far-off, Nonetheless, Steger (2005) uses the
mean globalization as a condition. For him, globality
denotes “future social condition characterized by thick economic, political
and cultural interconnections and global flows that make currently existing
political borders and eee barriers irrelevant.” The condition that
many are now experiencing is a result of the existence of multinational
and transnational companies, internationaltrading, economic blocks, the
United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), and the like. Moreover,
globalization is defined as anideology! For some, ideology is dogmatic
while for others, it connotes political sophistication. Ideology may also
vefer to the dominant modes of thought Gerring, 1997). SoD,
defines ideology as a system of widely shared ideas, patterned beliefs,
guiding norms and values, and ideals accepted as truth by some groups.
‘An ideology is defined by core claims. Since globalization has core
claims; hence, it is an ideology. uses the term globalism to
palization as an ideology. He then identifies five core claims of
link
tem
mean glo
globalism.
First, globalization is about the liberalization and global
integration of markets; second, globalization is inevitable and
irreversible; third, nobody is in charge of globalization; fourth,
globalization benefits everyone; and fifth, globalization furthers
the spread of democracy in the world.
\ Globalization is also defined differently depending on someone
else's expertise, experience, and perspective. For a political scientist
globalization serves as a challenge to nation-states. The strengthening of
regional blocks like EU, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN),
and the UN is gaining a stable ground. Similarly, the emergence of global
political norms is evident—for instance, the norm that each country is
entitled to the exploitation of human natural resources for its own growth
Subsequently, there is the emergence of global
an ions. Businessmen and investors can already demand what the
‘ant from the nation-state that would advance their interests. Some
them erie,
i prefer to go to countries where they can éarn more with the |
In fi
mi Some corporations have ues than the Gross Domes!
rete (GDP) of some countries In 2010, Microso!
© of $62.48 million is bigger than Croatia's $60.59 million GDP
2018, "
$899 ding to Fortune, Microsoft ranked 30th biggest corporation
95 million fevehilie Por an economist, globalization means in
oftiade, global economic organization, and regional
expansion of free trade allows governments not to Testrict ~
of products nor impede the export of local products, jp
exporting are done in just a millisecond through tech,
ytermet. There is also the intense establishment of eco mi
such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank a
trade Organization (WTO), International Labor Organizati ),
buropean Free Trade Area (EFTA), Mercusor, a customs unio, cig
Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Venezuela, AS)
\rea (APTA), and Trans-Pacific Partnership.
PAN a
Purthermore, for culture and communications experts, globay.
"sto the concept of a global village. fobalivatt
has become a borderless world.
century. More so, globalization is referred to as.cultural impe;
is the conviction that there is a “better” culture. Some cultures
ures as superior to theirs, forming inferior or nondominant cultures,
cultural globalization, therefore, the spread of popular culture (eg,
art, literature, fashion, lifestyle, etc.) flows from dominant to nondomin
cultures (i.e., from developed to developing nations).
From the various competing conceptions of globalization, there isn
a need to come up with a working definition. It must be a definition tt
is academic and non-biased as opposed to popular definitions. Li
it must not be a definition from the neoliberal organizations. It mi
grounded on an interdisciplinary approach that transcends disciplina
boundaries.
One objective working definition is that of
“Globalization refers to the expansion and intensification of so
and consciousness across world-time and world-space.”
From this definition, four attributes of globalization can be ar
__ First, globalization has various forms of connectivity such that®
be economic, political, or cultural. These forms, enabled by
factors, pressures, or media, affect different degrees of interconné
To illustrate, a Filipino minimum wage earner may suffer from #°
Price hike of basic commodities while his neighbor who earns 400
>64 ie re cir
Lorenz is a college student. He drinks Mi ith hi
beef, egg, and rice for breakfast every school a Wileea ee
Cartoon Network on cable TV to make his morning light, Ah
rushes to brush his teeth using Colgate. Then, he is good to go. Once inside
the university campus, he sends an I-am-at-school message to his mom.
using his new iPhone X. Likewise, he sends his “Hi” message to his special
friend via his Samsung Galaxy $9. More so, Lorenz and his friends love to
vear Vans shoes and use Vans schoolbags. They love to hang out in their
favorite fast food store, McDonalds, and happily eat their favorite burger,
chicken nuggets, and Coke float. He talks to his dad who works in Dubai
via Skype on Monday, Thursday, and Saturday nights.
One can observe this trend among many middle class or elite students
nowadays, especially in urban areas. This trend is a cl indication that
many Filipino lives are, in one way or another, affected + iota ecaamilc
imply put, economic imperialism is a situation in which
one nation assumes economic power or influence over the others.
Clearly, this is the age of “Westernization” and/or “Americanization” of
contemporary Filipinos, that is, Filipinos adopt ideas and behavior that
are characteristic of the West and of North America while relegating the
ideas and behavior traditional in their culture. Filipinos haye- become alien
to Filipino products. The internet has also made the world smaller'and
communication faster, As a result, the consumption of Western ideas and
adoption of behavior have become rapid and widespread. With all these
happening, a person with an inquisitive mind would pose the question—
What really is globalization? Many scholars have dealt on the topic, and
thus there is no single definition of globalization.
One thing is sure: It is something that
is difficult to understand. Reich (1998) says that it is a term whose meaning
is obscure. Schottle (1995) states that “globalization stands for quite a large
public spread across the world as one of the defining terms of the 20th
» The term is often distinguished more by
century social consciousness.
recognizes such a
what it is not, rather than by what it is. Rosenau (1
tendency when he states that
Globalization is not the same as globalism, which points our
aspirations for an end state of affairs wherein values are shared by
or pertinent to all the world’ five billion people, their environment,
their roles as citizens, consumers and producers vith an interest
incollective action designed 10 solve common problems, Nor itis
universalism—values that embrace all humanity.
ra
