Elements of Performing Arts, Music, Dance, and Literature The pattern of movement in time and space.

 Pattern in time refers to the unaccented beats of movements into

MUSIC
measures.
It is vocal or instrumental sounds (or both)  Path in space refers to the path traced by the dancer’s feet on the
floor and the levels on which they move.
combined in such a way as to produce beauty of
- MOVEMENT
form, harmony, and expression of emotion. It refers to the bodily actions of the dancer that include his steps,
gestures, of the arms, hands, and body and facial expression.
- RHYTHM - TECHNIQUE
It is the arrangement of musical sounds. It is the skill of movement executed by the dancer.
- MUSIC
It is the variation of length and accentuation of series of sound. It is the auditory background to which a dancer moves.
- BEAT Dance is always accomplished by any form of music.

It is the fundamental component of a rhythm and music. ELEMENT OF DANCE

Body- most essential element
It is the pulse of music.
Action- movement of the execution.
It is measured through meter. The arrangement of a rhythm in a fixed or Space- the place where it is presented
uniform number. Time- speed of execution
Energy- liveliness or vitality of dancers
- MELODY

It is an organized group of pitches strung out sequentially to form a - COSTUME AND PARAPHERNALIA
satisfying musical entity. These are properties worn by the dancers that help reflect the
message, customs, beliefs, and setting of the dance.
It is the Memory Element because it is always remembered by listeners. - CHOREOGRAPHY
- PITCH It refers to the figures and steps in dancing that enable the damcers
to perform in an organized manner.
It indicates the highness or lowness of sound and is determined solely - SCENERY
by the frequency of molecular vibrations. Background or setting where the dance is performed.
 The slower the vibrations, the lower the pitch
 The faster the vibrations, the higher the pitch LITERATURE
It is one of the arts that expresses human feelings.
- CHORD It shows ideas or emotions through symbolic presentation.
It is a combination of two or more tones sounded at the same time. - GENERAL ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE
 Concord Combination- produces an impression of agreeable or  Emotional Appeal- is attained when the reader is emotionally or
resolution to the listener. touched.
 Discord or Dissonance- a harsh or unpleasant sound.  Humanistic value- when the literary affirms the dignity and worth of
all people.
- TEMPO - SHORT STORY- a brief work of literature, usually written in narrative
It refers to the speed of certain musical piece. prose. Can be read in a single sitting.
It may be slow, quick or moderate. - NOVEL- it is a long work of prose fiction dealing with characters that
represent real life.
Largo - very slow - DRAMA- it is a story told in front of an audience.
Dran- Greek word means to do or to act.
Adagio - slow and stately  Playwright- it is the author of play.
 Actors- these are the people who perform.
Andante - at a walking pace  Scenes- these are the parts of the acts.
 Acts- these are the unit of action.
Andantino - alternatively faster or slower than andante - Types of Drama
Comedy- Komos Greek word for celebration. Focus on a problem
Allegretto - moderately fast with happy or joyful ending.
Tragedy- it is a form of drama that leads to the downfall.
Allegro - fast presto-very fast - Elements of Literature
- Characters
Accelerando - gradually becoming faster  Static- stays the same throughout the story.
 Dynamic- changes due to the events in the story.
Ritardando - gradually becoming slower  Flat- a simple, uncomplicated character
- DYNAMICS  Round- complex with different virtues and personalities
It refers to the amount, strength or volume of the sound. - Setting- it indicates time and place.
It may refer to the loudness and softness of music. - Theme- it is the main idea or lesson/ the meaning of the play.
- TIMBRE - Point of view- the perspective from which a story is told.
It refers to tone quality  First POV- I and We
It helps differentiate one type of voice to another or instrument  Second POV- You
from another  Third POV- She, He and They.
- Symbolism- when one thing is meant to represent something else.
DANCE - Irony- a contrast among what is seems and what is and could be.
It is an art and a recreation.  Verbal – saying one thing but mean the other.
It tells a story, a set of mood and expresses an emotion.  Situational- something happens and expecting the opposite.
 Religious dance  Dramatic- when everyone knows something, and one person don’t.
 Magical dance - Style- describes the ways that the author uses words or choice of
 Commemorative dance words.
 Ceremonial dance - Conflict- internal or external struggle
 Recreative dance  Man vs man
 Testimonial dance  Man vs himself
 Man vs nature
- Theme  Man vs society
It is the most basic element of a dance. - Music and Spectacle- relationship of the other elements of drama.
It conveys the message of a dance.  Music- background noise, effects
- DESIGN  Spectacle- visual elements of a play
 - Costume and make up- accessories of the actors. It is indicated by the name of the present owner or collector of the
- Dialogue- the conversation between and among the actors. work. It includes the list of all previous to recent owner of the
- Lightning- the placement of lights to help mood or feeling. artwork.

PLOT
LEVELS OF CONTENT IN ART
- It is the soul of the drama. The structural framework.  Semiotic Plane- study of signs/ general, technical, physical aspects.
 Exposition – serves as the introduction.  Iconic Plane- refers to the image itself.
 Rising Action- inciting incident/ conflict starts to unravel.  Contextual Plane- axiological plane/ includes the analysis and
 Climax- the conflict is at its peak. evaluation of the content by the values of society.
 Falling Action- the main characters react and contend to the conflict.  Evaluative Plane- broad knowledge of history and terms of human
 Denouement- end of the story. and social implications.

ART HISTORY
PRINCIPLE OF DESIGN READING THE IMAGE
- PRINCIPLE OF DESIGN- used to organize the elements of art in a  Western Art History
certain composition. It is the proper arrangement of different - Prehistoric art ( 40,000-4,000 B.C)
elements. The strategies in creating a good and beautiful design. Paleolithic era (old stone age)- rock carvings/ use of natural
 Balance- sense of visual weight or stability within a piece of art. pigments/ representation of object, rituals
 Symmetrical- most stable/ both sides have mirror image. - Ancient Art (4,000 B.C – 400 A.D)
 Asymmetrical- unbalanced/ not reflect the other side. Advanced civilizations/ Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece/ religious
 Radial- one central point/ circular distribution. symbolic imagery and demonstrate social status.
THE RULE OF THIRDS- composition guideline in the third part of an  Code of Hammurabi/ 1792 B.C/ 282 laws carved in stone.
art piece.  Sixth king of Babylonia/ shabash the Mesopotamia god.
 Unity- all the elements work together/ individual elements support - Medieval Art (500 A.D. – 1400 A.D)
the overall theme. Middle ages / Economic and cultural deterioration due to the fall of
 Contrast- sense of visual discord. roman empire.
 Proportion- it is concerned with how the sizes of object and  Darkness, Grotesque imagery, brutal scenery / center around
elements relate to each other. church
 Pythagoras- Greek Philosopher believed that everything is based - Renaissance Art (1400 A.D. – 1600 A.D.)
on mathematical equation. Focus on nature and individualism / Florence, Italy
 Euclid- proposed the golden mean or the ideal proportion.  Medici, wealthy merchant family who supported arts and
 Emphasis and Subordination humanism
 Focal point- area of the artwork which the eye is first drawn.  High renaissance (1490-1527)
 Subordination- give emphasis to other elements.  Realism
 Movement and rhythm - Mannerism (1520 A.D. – 1600 A.D.)
 Implied through rhythm or the alteration of light and dark tones More complex, stylized composition
in artwork.  Figures has grateful, elongated limbs, small heads, with
 Rhythm- repetition of an element over and over in art. exaggerated details
 Regular- repeated exactly - Broque (1600 A.D. – 1750 A.D.)
 Random- repletion in various color, thickness, length. Ornate, over-the-top visual arts and architecture
 Gradiation- repetition gradual change in color (monochromatic)  Grandeur and richness
 Progressive- arranged in a sequence or pattern.  Intense contrast between light and dark / broadening human
 Flowing- repetition with the use of curved lines. intellect
 Alternating- rhythm with two or more elements. - Rococo (1699 A.D. – 1780 A.D.)
Decorative art
READING THE IMAGE  Lightness and elegance / natural forms, asymmetrical and subtle
A visual work may convey a complex of concepts, feelings, colors
attitudes, moods, atmosphere and values.  Can be seen in silver, porcelain and furniture
- Neo-classicism (1750 A.D. – 1850 A.D.)
BASIC DOCUMENTARY INFORMATION by Alice G. Guillermo Classical antiquity / idealism
 Title of the work  Harmony, simplicity and proportion
It may contribute to the work by adding meaning, emphasizing on - Romanticism (1780 A.D. – 1850 A.D.)
subject or give relationships to the work. Embodies painting, music and literature / rejects order, harmony
 Name of Artist/s and rationality
The following information may give additional information to the  Emphasize individuality and imagination
work through the artist: - Realism (1848 A.D. – 1900 A.D.)
-Generation of the artist First modern art movement/ life-like depictions of subject
-Dominant artistic trend matter/captures everyday life
-Name of peers  Rise of journalism and advent of photography.
- Personal background - Art Nouveau
-Record, diaries, statements New art/ natural world/
 Medium and Technique  Architecture, graphic, interior design, jewelry- making and
The choice of medium and techniques is a part of the meaning of painting
the work. It signifies values, feelings, and concepts that the artist - Impressionism (1867 A.D – 1886 A.D)
conveys in the work. Sought to capture the immediate impression of a particular
 Dimensions of measurement moment/ uses modern life as subject
It may mean to draw the viewer into the dynamic movements within  Everyday scenarios
the artwork. Some may address issues and concerns of social and - Neo-impressionism (1866 A.D – 1906 A.D)
political importance. Pointillism/ highly textural expressive artworks
 Date of Work  George Seurat main proponent
It situates the work in a period and provides the historical context of - Post-Impressionism (1885 A.D – 1910 A.D)
a work. Abstract forms/ rugged brushstrokes and dark tones
-period of career of the artist - Fauvism (1900 A.D – 1935 A.D)
-trend Led by Henri Matisse/ First Avant-garde of the 20th century
-school  Cubism and expressionism.
-movement - Expressionism (1905 A.D-1920 A.D)
 Complete reserve of impressionism
 Provenance  Distortion of form and strong colors.
- Cubism (1907- 1914 A.D)
 Established by Picasso and Braque/ rejected the concept that art  Church sonata- slow and fast tempo
should copy nature.  Chamber sonata- dance like tempo
 Two-dimensional surfaces with geometric forms or cubes. - Concerto
- Dadaism (1916- 1922 A.D) Concertare – to join together or unite.
Effects of world war I/ capitalism, nationalism, corrupt politics
 Photomontage- taking photographs and pasting to new surreal - Classical Music
formations. Emphasis on beauty, elegance, and balance. More variety and
- Surrealism (1916- 1950 A.D) contrast than baroque music. Sonata flourish during this period
Influenced by Karl Marx and the theories of Sigmund Fraud  Piano is the main instrument
 Explores psychoanalysis and the power of imagination Applies to all music that are not modern
- Abstract Expressionism (1940-1950 A.D) classical - music that are top class
Shaped by the legacy of surrealism/ New Year World War II Classical - refers to a specific style of composer
 Uses spontaneity and improvisation to create abstract works of  Beethoven
art.  Haydn
- Optical Art (1950-1960 A.D)  Mozart
Op art/ optical effects and illusions/ moving or blurring  Stamitz
 Meant to confuse and excite the eye. - The orchestra- wind instrument became more important.
- Pop Art ( 1950-1960 A.D )  Mozart popularize the clarinet.
Most recognizable form of art  Flutes
 Used for consumerism, mass media, and popular culture  Oboes
- Minimalism (1960-1970 A.D)  Clarinets
Formed by the younger artists/ focus on the actual subject rather  Bassoons
than draw parallels to outside realities.  Horns
- Conceptual Art  Trumpets
Post-object art or idea art/ critique society through art.  Kettledrums
 Strings
ASIAN ART HISTORY  Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1827)
- Japanese Art Writes 32 piano sonata
Influences from Buddhism and Shintoism/ Respect for nature 9 symphonies
 Fusima- Sliding Doors 1 opera
 Ukiyo-e or picture of the floating world during edo period. He became deaf towards the end of his life
Ancient Pottery He uses more discords, dynamic and contrast in pitch.
Architecture - Romantic Music 1830-1900
Sculpture During the period, they considered music the art form most capable
Ink paintings of expressing the full range of human emotion. Emotional or
Calligraphy narrative content form of music.
Origami Conveying extreme emotional states
Ukiyo-e paintings or woodblock prints Exploring nature
Japanese Manga Fascination with the supernatural
- Chinese Art Incorporating folk music or stories
Reflects upon the class structure that existed at  Paganini
different periods. Art must be aligned with heaven and gods’ will.  Liszt
Shows social and moral function. Believes in nature’s patterns and  Brahms
living by nature. Art should be edifying and does not tolerate war, - Modern Music 1900- onwards
violence and nudity. Massive technological and socio-political change. Explored
Pottery untraditional sounds. Based their music on rhythm, texture and tone
Architecture color. Computer-based technologies.
Sculptures
Ink paintings 20TH CENTURY CPMPOSERS
Calligraphy  Claude Debussy 1862-1918
Woodblock prints France
Clossione, artwork on metal vessels Leader of the French
Impressionist Movement
INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC SOULMAKING CULTURAL APPROPRIATION Orchestral tone poems
- Instrumental music- a musical composition or recording without Piano works
lyrics or singing. Opera
- Baroque Music- Barocco/ oddly shaped pearl  Arnold Schoenberg
 Richest and most diverse period in music history/ west Austria
European art music. Atonality, music with no tonal center
 Monteverdi Serialism, putting pitches in numerically-ordered series
 Corelli 2nd Viennese School
 Vivaldi  Igor Stravinsky
 Bach Russia
Composer
CHARCTERISTICS OF BAROQUE MUSIC Conductor
Contrast as dramatic element. Monody and the advent of the basso Pianist
continuo Most influential composer of the 20th century
 Monody - solo singer with single instrument - Soul Making
 Basso continuo - variety of bass instrument with harmony Alternative venue for knowing ourselves and looking into depths
 Different instrumental sounds and real meaning of everyday life. Form of crafting stories or
 Harpsichord – center instrument transforming moments into images and symbols. Develops the
- Opera- primarily sung/ accompanied by instruments/ presented on artists in us.
stage. CATEGORIES OF SOULMAKING
 Recitative- speech like song/ Florence Florentine camerata  Crafting images- personal experience
- Oratorio- extended musical drama/ prayer hall  Crafting stories
- Cantata- secular work composed for solo voice and basso continuo  Crafting instruments
 for private social gatherings.  Crafting movements
- Sonata  Crafting techniques
Usually uses violins and basso continuo
7 DAVINCIAN PRINCIPLES

 Curiosita- Insatiable curious approach to life and unrelenting quest

for continuous learning
 Dimonstrazione- A commitment to test knowledge through
experience, persistence and willingness to past mistakes
 Sensazione- Continual refinement of the senses as the means to
enliven experience.
 Sfumato- “Going up in smoke”. It is about our willingness to
embrace ambiguity, paradox and uncertainty.
 Arte/Scienza- Developing balance between logic and imagination.
 Corporalita- Maintaining a healthy body and mind
 Connession- simple recognition of interconnectedness of all things
and phenomena.

APPOPRIATION
Ownership pertains to the general right of a person or an individual
to control an object purchased or in his possession.

COPYRIGHT
The person who created the work has an exclusive rights to
reproduce, to display publicly, to make and distribute copies, and to
prepare derivative work based on the original.

 Purchase of a created work will merely result in the transfer of

ownership but the copyright will still remain with the creator.

 For buyer who paid for the work, the buyer

usually holds the copyright.

Artworks can be appropriated in two ways:

 Appropriate artistic content, elements, motifs, style and genres.

 Adopt items that they consider to be artworks.

*Forgery or copying is trying to deceive the viewers

that they are looking at an original work of art.

CULTURAL APPROPRIATION

 Object appropriation
Refers to appropriation of concrete and noticeable works of art.

Happens when a tangible work previously owned by people from

one culture was taken and adopted by a person or a group of
persons from another culture.

 Content Appropriation
Adoption of works of art that are short stories, poetry, and musical
compositions.

 Style Appropriation – Artist do not replicate works created by a

person or group, however, they use the elements of those works
in creating their own.

 Motif Appropriation – happens when artist are inspired bythe

art from a different culture, but they do not produce artworks
using exactly the same style.

 Subject Appropriation
Occurs when a subject matter from another culture is appropriated.

Example would be a British writer creating a story about

Pacific Islanders.

This may happen in an offensive way.

It could morally unacceptable.