LAND USE AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS
PRESENTED BY – SHIVALIKA
P.hD. FORESTRY
(Agroforestry)
I.D. No. 23402
Subject- Agroforestry research and
Management
AGF 601
INTRODUCTION
➢From the ancient times agroforestry has been known as a traditional land-use
system in India. Since ancient times across the world it is practices with
integration of tree species with agricultural crops and/or animals.
➢Traditional forms of rural life are commonly able to satisfy basic peasants
households’ needs by using natural ecosystems and biodiversity while conserving
them.
➢Among the strategies for such purposes, traditional agroforestry systems are
outstanding.
➢These systems deliberately integrate the conservation of forest species with
crops and a high diversity of semi-domesticated organisms for the purpose of
obtaining ecological, economic, and social benefits.
➢Traditional agroforestry systems are important reservoirs of human culture,
technical experiences, biodiversity, and ecosystems.
➢People living in the rural areas have been planting and maintaining trees on
their lands as well as on common lands since earliest times. This is a tradition in
rural areas which the people are following for the past many centuries.
CLASSIFICATION OF LAND USE AGROFORESTRY
SYSTEMS
Agroforestry systems Agroforestry practices
Agrisilvicultural system: Combination of Alley cropping
crops and trees Multi layer tree garden
Multipurpose trees and shrubs on farmlands
Home gardens
Trees in soil conservation and reclamation
Shelter belts and windbreaks
Silvipastoral systems: Combinations of Trees on rangeland or pastures
pastures and/or animals and trees Protien banks
Plantation crops with pastures and animals
Agrosilvipastoral systems: Combination of Home gardens involving animals
crops, pastures and/or animals and trees Multipurpose woody hedgerows
Apiculture with trees
Aquaforestry
Multipurpose woodlots
Agrisilviculture system Silvipastoral system
Agrisilvipastoral system
ALLEY CROPPING
Alley cropping is a specific practice in which trees or shrubs and agricultural crops
are grown in alternate rows. The trees are commonly pruned to limit the shading of
the agricultural crop.
The practice involves woody species which can be formed into alleys or fences and
which can grow fast.
Benefits
❑Increased economic diversity, land use efficiency
❑Improved pollinator and wildlife habitat
❑Reduced nutrient leaching to groundwater
❑Reduced wind and water erosion
❑Increased air and soil moisture
❑Improves farm income , crop production and protect crops
MULTI LAYER TREE GARDEN
This practice refers to a haphazard planting of woody species such as trees,
shrubs, bushes, etc. without a particular pattern and the creation and
management of a multi layer tree garden.
Woody species that have varying growth rates, development forms and light
sensitivities, which are tolerant to life in a multi layer environment, are used.
Although agricultural plant species are generally not found in these environments,
at times, it may be possible to include shade-resistant agricultural plants.
In flat areas of the region, which are amenable to irritation, fruit orchards have
been created with fruit tree species, such as apple, cherry, walnut, peach, apricot
and so forth.
In addition to commercially intended, mono-species fruit orchards, it possible to
see multi layer tree gardens in small gardens.
SHIFTING CULTIVATION
Shifting cultivation also known as “slash and burn” agriculture, is an agricultural
system that involves clearing a section of land and using it for farming activities
for a relatively short time before abondoning it.
OBJECTIVES OF SHIFTING CULTIVATION
•To promote sustainable economic development of the people living in rural
area.
•To evaluate the cropping pattern.
•To generate and adopt technologies that promotes sustainable use of
resources and improve livelihood.
Farming cycle of shifting cultivation
Advantages Disadvantages
Simple growing It has negative impact
methods on environment e.g.,
Deforestation, soil
erosion and other
downstream effects
No need of power Forest clearance and
or no mechanization cleaning land
involved productivity due to soil
mn
erosion from shifting
mmin
cultivation results
low income and poverty
hj
Pest management Low output per hectare
Organic farming More effort is required
for long term
Multipurpose trees and shrubs on Agricultural lands
This practice refers to the growing of trees,
which bear fruit and fuel/building material, wood,
within and around agricultural lands where
agricultural crops are grown.
Among woody species, trees, shrubs, bushes and
so forth, with multipurpose uses as well as
various fruit trees are used.
This practice example has frequently been
observed in higher altitude basin areas where
irrigation is not possible and dry farming (where
crops such as wheat, barley) is implemented.
❑The woody tree types that are used include
poplar, willow, olive tree, almond and so forth.
❑The trees grown in these lands provide wood Acacia nilotica trees in
for fuel and building material, various shelled rice fields with sesame
fruits, border specification and shade. plants
HOME GARDENS
❑This practice refers to the production technique whereby land patches
found in patios of homes in rural areas are used to cultivate fruit trees and
vegetable plants in order to meet the feeding needs of the residents, woody
species to meet other needs( fuel and building material, shade) and various
ornamental plants for aesthetic purposes.
❑Examples of home-gardening can frequently be encountered in all
residential units of the region’s rural areas.
❑Seasonal vegetables are planted.
❑Production mainly serves the needs of the residents.
❑Excess yield are sold in local markets.
Solanum tuberosum Brassica juncea Carica papaya
Trees in soil conservation and Shelter belts and Windbreaks
reclamation
•This practice refers to the
plantation of tree varieties that
•This practice involves plantation of serve as screens at appropriate
trees, shrubs, bushes and so forth on areas on agricultural lands or
road inclines, sloped terrains and along edges in order to prevent
platform borders in order to prevent wind-blown damage.
landslides and soil erosion. •Woody species used for this
•Ligneous species such as trees, shrubs purpose include tree varieties that
and bushes, offering multiple uses as are wind-resistant and have a
well as fruit trees are grown. good ability to grow in height and
branches.
TREES ON RANGELAND OR PASTURES
➢This practice refers to the plantation of tree species with
multipurpose uses in a random manner or according to a specific
pattern on pastures and rangelands, grazing of animals on rangelands
and gathering of herbaceous plants for feed production.
➢Woody species with multi-purpose uses, such as those providing
building material and fuel, feed leaves and shade, are used.
➢Various herbaceous plants that provide nutritional value and can be
eaten by animals are used.
➢In addition, this production technique also includes large as well as
small livestock raised for their milk and meat.
➢Beside almost drinking fountains in the areas where animals can
quench their thirst, tree species such as sycamore, poplar and
mulberry have been planted.
PROTEIN BANKS
❑This refers to implementations involving the cultivation of
plants with nutritional feed value.
This practice technique may also be referred to as feed
banks.
❑In this implementation, woody species under which
herbaceous plants with feed value can be cultivated and
herbaceous plants with high feed value are grown.
❑In addition, there are production practices where corn(zea
mays), common oat (Avena sativa), garden vetch (Vicia sativa)
and so forth are used.
❑This production technique also includes small and large
livestock raised for their meat and milk.
APICULTURE WITH TREES
•In this system various honey(nector) producing tree frequently
visited by honeybees are planted on the boundary of the agricultural
fields.
•It is possible to see the examples of honey production where bee
hives can be placed in areas with tree varieties that provide flowers
or pollen for honey production and are suitable for use in
apiculture.
•This production technique involves woody plant species, such as
trees, shrubs, bushes which are preferred by bees and produce
flowers or pollen, herbaceous plant varieties that provide feed
valued and use in apiculture and bee colonies as the animal.
•Areas where flowery plants grow as well as locations where the
locust acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia) grows are preferred.
AQUAFORESTRY
•This technique involves various trees and shrubs preferred by
fish are planted on the boundary and around fish ponds.
•Tree leaves are used as feed for fish.
•The main role of this system is fish production and bund
stabilization around fish ponds and enhance the nutrients in
ponds through leaf litter.
•This example includes woody varieties such as trees, shrubs,
bushes and so forth, which produce leaves, flowers or fruits that
fish prefer to eat as feed.
•In terms of herbaceous plants, the technique includes sub
aquatic and super aquatic plants that support the aquatic
environment.
•Fish and other water creatures join the system as the animal
element.
MULTIPURPOSE WOODLOTS
Examples of this technique include woodlots, village parks,
school woodlots, aimed at providing various needs such as
wood, feed, land protection, land gain, etc. and particularly
outdoor recreational uses.
This production technique prefers the cultivation of
multipurpose woody species that are grown mixed or
separately planted for various purposes such as wood for
building material and fuel, fodder, feed leaves and shade.
The element of the cultivation system involves domesticated
small and large livestock raised for their milk and meat.
Furthermore, this example includes woodlots cultivated
particularly towards their use as outdoor recreational areas
in vicinity of provinces, counties, villages and towns.
Case study. Traditional Agroforestry System: A case study from District Chamoli of
Garhwal Himalaya
The study area was carried out in three villages viz Khalla, Mandal and Bandwara
of Block Dhasoli in Chamoli district of Garhwal region which lies between 1500
m and 1550 m.
Result and Discussion
The literacy rate of the villages was 90% for both males and females and most of
the people were educated above 10 grades in all three villages.
The cropping pattern were built around two major cropping seasons locally
refereed to as Kharif and Rabi.
The main occupation in all 3 villages was agriculture, which was practiced at a
small scale on terraced farms and not sufficient to feed an entire family for the
year. Few vegetables and fruits were sold on the open market to earn cash income
which led to cash crop concept among the villagers.
Reference
Iqbal, k., Hussain, A., Khan, Ali., R Pala N.A., Bhat, Jahangeer, A, Negi, A.K.
,“Traditional Agroforestry System”: A case Study from District Chamoli of Garhwal
Himalaya American-Eurasian. Agriculture and Environment Science.,14(9): 905-
912,2014
Total agronomic yield
Village Bandawara Mandal Khalla
Food products Rice wheat mandu Rice whea mandu Rice wheat mand
(tonnes) a t a ua
Production 14.82 14.82 0.98 12.29 8.83 1.45 10.43 9.441 1.31
Consumption 488.6 455.7 243.9 887.8 1087. 568.4 990.06 1098.6 275.9
1
Deficit 473.8 440.97 242.93 875.5 1078. 567.0 979.63 1089.2 274.6
2 7 31 2 3 3 2
Fruit trees found in three villages
Botanical name Local name
Citrus aurantifolia Kagzinimbu
Citrus sinensis Malta
Juglans regia Akhrot
Morus alba Shahtoot
Prunus persica Aaru
Different income groups in Bandawara, Mandal
Pyrus communis Naspati
and Khalla
CONCLUSION
•Traditional agroforestry systems are invaluable
biological, economic and cultural resources that need
to be protected and properly improved in order to
become economically , including remote sensing and
GIS under current socio-economic conditions.
•Such an objective though cannot be implemented if
their structure and distribution is not thoroughly
explored.
•It is recommended that a special program should be
developed to quantify traditional agroforestry systems
by utilizing all the existing information and applying
modern technology.
REFERENCES
•Dadhwal, K.S., P. Narain and S.K. Dhyani (2016). Agroforestry
systems in the Garhwal Himalayas of India. Agroforestry
Systems, 7:213-255.
•Toky, O.P. and P.K. Khosla (2013). Structure and function of
traditional agroforestry Systems in the Western Himalayas-1.
Biomass and Productivity.Agroforestry Systems. 9: 241-257.
•Maikhuri, R.K., R.L.Semwal, K.S. Rao, K. Singh and K.G.Saxena,
2000. Growth and ecological impacts of traditional
agroforestry tree species in central Himalaya. India.
Agroforestry systems, 48: 257-277.
THANKYOU
