International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7 (2.

12) (2018) 443-445

International Journal of Engineering & Technology

Website: www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/IJET

Research Paper

Experimental Study on High Strength Concrete by Partial

Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Ceramic Tile waste
S. Dhanasekar1, S. Vinothraj2, P.T. Ravichandran3, A. Aravindan4
1Asst.Professor, b&dProfessor, cFormer PG Student,
1,2,3 Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur- 603203.
4 Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foudndation, Vaddeswaram, Gundur

E-mail address: dhanasekar.s@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in

Abstract

Growth in construction industry is linked to the growth of infrastructure sector and the building industry. Construction industry has
been growing @ 8-10% per annum and is likely to maintain the same in year to come. Concrete is widely used as a construction ma-
terial due to inherent advantages. Booming economic growth led to indiscriminate and unregulated mining of river sand for construc-
tion which resulted in erosion of river bank and damage to bio-diversity. The demand for river sand is only expected to grow as the
demand for housing and infrastructure is ever increasing. Hence, there is a pertinent need to look for alternate materials to river
sand.This study explores use of ceramic tile waste as an optionto the replacement of river Sand in terms of suitability, acceptability,
and viability. In this study the ceramic tile waste is being used to replace the conventional sand i.e. fine aggregate (FA). The ceramic
fine aggregate (CFA) are used in concrete by replacing FA by 10%, 20%, 24%, 28%, 30% and 40%. In order to compare the results
of conventional concrete (CC) with CFA concrete a concrete design mix of M50 is produced with various proportions of CFA mate-
rial. Due to the good bonding nature of ceramic materials with cement it increases the strength of the concrete with respect to the
increase of CFA material. The durability properties of concrete also seems to be performed well because, the CFA materials are con-
sist of good chemical resistance nature. From the study it is found that the percentage of replacement for FA with CFA material is
20%, within which the performance of CFA concrete is better and all the results are attained within the design limit and it help to
solve the disposal problem to the environment.

Keywords: Ceramicfine aggregate; Compressive strength; Splitensile strength;RCPT

ronment is also been affected by various human actions which
1. Introduction deliver solid waste in significant amounts i.e, more than 2500
million tons per year, inclusive of all the industrial, medical, agri-
The ceramic waste and fly ashwill helpto increase the high com- cultural and other forms of waste from the rural and urban areas.
pressive strength of the concrete when compared to the other ma- Clearance of all these solid wastes causes various issues and com-
terials. [1, 3, 5] .Considering the environmental factors we can plication thereby affecting the ecology.
recycle the Construction and debris wasteused in the concrete.
[2,4].Concrete is an essential construction material which is usual- Presently large amounts of ceramic wastes are generated in ceram-
ly associated with Fine aggregate henceforth fine aggregate acts as ic industries which would have an important impact on environ-
an essential element in the construction field. In the present condi- ment and humans. But now a days the awareness regarding the use
tion the demand of sand is going increased, and it leads to the of theseceramic waste in construction field has increased. Even
gradual cost increment of river sand. Thus the M-sand have being this type of usage produce solid waste but the disposal of them is
implementing in present situation. But, some of the criteria regard- not much complicated compared to the waste and pollution by the
ing the manufacturing of M-sand are limited in a particular source industries. The non-biodegradable ceramic materials used
amount. So, still the demand of sand is there, so introducing the for Floor tiles, wall tiles, and weather course tiles, sanitary ceram-
new fine aggregate from waste ceramic tiles, by crushing it to get ic products, electrical ceramic insulators and ceramic utensils etc.
the required size. The 30% of ceramic products are being waste can be conveniently recycled into concrete elements for various
daily, so there is a small cost for this waste or sometimes it has no service and locations[9]. This replacement has numerous ad-
cost because the ceramic products can’t be recycled and re- vantages such as the economy, using as sustainable material and
used[6,7]. reduction solid waste disposal and minimize the environmental
hazards.
The utilization of concrete in Indian construction industries isat
the rate of about 400 million tons per year and if this continues it
may reach a billion tons in less than a decade. Concrete is made of
2. Materials
various aggregates present in the earth's crust, in this manner its
assets are consistently drained causing ecological strain [4]. Envi- a) Cement :The cement is a one of the binding material
which used widely among these modern days, it can cre-
Copyright © 2018 Authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unre-
stricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
444 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

ate bond between fine and coarse aggregate in concrete. The slump test for concrete is an important test; to measures the
In thisresearch Ordinary Portland Cement of 53 Grade workability of fresh concrete and it measures the consistency of
was used for the entire work and care has been taken to the concrete. It is mention the state of fresh concrete and it visibly
store it based on the reference of standard codes. The shows the ease with which the concrete flows.The slump values to
cement was tested for physical requirement in accord- measure the workability on various mixes are determined and the
ance withstandards [14] and the values are given in Table values with the inferences are given in Table 4.
1.
b) Ceramic Fine aggregate (CFA) : The waste disposed as 4.1Compressive strength of CC and CFA concrete
a waste from the ceramic industry is the broken ceramic
pieces not uniform in shape and sizes, most of them are In this study the compressive strength of concrete cubes as per IS
in the crushed and in fine texture only. It is obtained code procedure [17] are determined at the age of 7, 14, 28 days
mainly during the processing of polishing, dressing and curing. The results obtained for the various mixes are shown in
laying, which is around 25% of total raw material used. Table 5. From the results it is observed that the strength of con-
The waste ceramic tiles and crushed ceramic waste as crete for all the mix proportions used are increased with increase
fine aggregate is shown in Figure. 1.
in curing period, but with the addition of CFA of beyond 24%, the
c) Fine aggregate (FA) :The River sand is used in this ex- compressive strength of concrete is started to decline.
periment is clean and it is free from clay, silt and other
impurities. Medium and fine sand shall be used for the Table 3: slump Value Of Various Mixes
mortars. Coarse sand shall be sieved through 2.36mm
Symbol Value of Slump (mm) Nature of Collapse
sieve and used to make the concrete.
S0 130 True Slump
d) Coarseaggregate (CA) :Coarse aggregate used in this S10 133 True Slump
study is dry and clean.It is free from moisture content, S20 147 True Slump
dust, dirt and other foreign matter like clay, graphite etc. S30 163 Shear
The size of the stone varies from 20mm, 12.5mm size S40 170 Shear
and it should retain in a 5mm square mesh and well
graded such that voids do not exceed 42%.
Table 4: Compressive Strength Of Cc And Cfa Concrete
e) Water: Potable water is used in mixing of concrete and
Average Compressive Strength(N/mm2)
the suspended solid matter is less than 200mg/l. The Symbol
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
quality of water used in mixing and curing of concrete is
clean and clear which free from physical and chemical S0 44.8 52.4 59.2
impurities. S10 52.2 57.2 64.9
S20 53.8 56.2 59.9
Table 1: Properties of Cement
S24 45.7 51.1 58.6
Property Value Range as per IS S28 39.1 45.6 46.4
Standard consistency 29.5% 27 - 33% S30 35.8 39.3 44
Initial Setting Time 38 Minutes 30 Minutes (min.) S40 31.7 37.4 44
Final Setting Time 430 Minutes 600 Minute (max.)
Specific Gravity 3.15 3.1 – 3.25
4.2 Split tensile strength of CC and CFA concrete

3.Design Mix The split tensile strength of concrete cylinder is determined on the
mix proportion used in this study as perIS code procedurefor the
The design mix for concrete plays a vital role in determining the curing period of 7, 14, 28 days are shown in Table 6.Similar to
required quantity of materials to be introduced in the trail mix compressive strength the split tensile of strength of concrete for all
such that the results of mechanical properties shall fall as per the the mix proportions are also increased with increase in curing
target strength [15,16].The mix proportions for M50 grade con- period, but with the addition of CFA of beyond 20%, here also it
crete are arrived by trial mix method. In this the fine aggregates is started to decreases.
are partially replaced with CFA of various percentages (10, 20, 24,
28, 30 and 40%). The details of ratio and the symbols used are Table 5 Split Tensilestrength Of Cc And Cfa Concrete
given in Table 2.

Fig. 3.a) Broken waste ceramic floor tiles and (b) Crushed Fine Aggregate

Table 2: mix Proportion and Symbols Used

Mix Proportion
Repl.
Sym.
(%) Fly CA CA
Cement CFA FA
ash (12.5mm) (20mm)
S0 0 1 0.34 1.86 1.25 1.52 0.33 (a) (b)
S10 10 1 0.34 0.17 1.67 1.25 1.52 Sym- Average Split tensile Strength(N/mm2)
bol 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
S20 20 1 0.34 0.34 1.49 1.25 1.52 S0 3 3.4 4.4
S24 24 1 0.34 0.41 1.41 1.25 1.52 S10 3 3.5 4.6
S20 3.3 3.9 4.81
S28 28 1 0.34 0.48 1.34 1.25 1.52
S24 3.2 3.75 4.50
S30 30 1 0.34 0.51 1.30 1.25 1.52 S28 3.08 3.27 3.85
S30 2.73 2.92 3.61
S40 40 1 0.34 0.68 1.12 1.25 1.52
S40 2.44 2.66 3.32
4. Experimental Investigations
International Journal of Engineering & Technology 445

4.3 Water Permeability Test 24% and it gives 58.9 N/mm2 beyond which strength
started to decrease with further addition of CFA.
Water permeability test are conducted on the plain cement con- • The split tensile strength of concrete has increased upto
crete and the concrete prepared with partial replacement of fine 20% replacement of FA with CFA material. Further ad-
aggregate by ceramic fine aggregates are conducted on 28th day dition of CFA in concrete shows the reduction in split
cured specimens. The test results are given in Table 6. The in- tensile strength value. Hence the replacement of 20% of
crease in percentage of partial replacement of ceramic fine aggre- CFA can be used to achieve strength both in tensile and
gate with fine aggregate shows the increase in value of penetration compression.
while compared with the plain cement concrete, but it is less than
the prescribed value of 25mm as per DIN-1048. • The durability tests on concrete like water permeability
and rapid chloride penetration results shows the increase
in value on CFA concrete while compared PCC, but
4.4 Rapid Chloride Permeability Test these experimental results shows all the values are with-
in the prescribed limits as per DIN 1048 and ASTM –C-
The Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) is one of the dura- 1202.
bility test generally conducted on the concrete specimen. In this
study the RCPT is conducted on the concrete and concrete with • From the study it is observed that, in civil construction
ceramic fine aggregate as per ASTM – C-1202. The test results of works the replacement of 20% ceramic waste as fine ag-
concrete and CFA concrete with various replacement proportions gregate in M50 grade concrete can be adopted and it
help to solve the disposal problem and reduce the dwell-
for the period of 28 days curing are given in Table 7. As per the
ing of natural sand save the environment.
code the RCPT value should not be more than 1500 Columbs for
M45 and higher grades. RCPT Results of CFA concrete shows the
higher value than the PCC, however the values are less than the References
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