Measurements & Electronic Instruments Laboratory Experiment Manual

Department of Electrical Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

Measurement of self-Inductance by Maxwell Bridge

Objective: To determine the effective resistance and self-inductance of the coil.
Procedure:
1. Connect the components and the air corded coil as shown in the diagram.
Set the output (S1) of the function generator to obtain a sinusoidal voltage of
2V, 1000Hz.
2. Set the product R2 and R4 at a convenient value (say 40000Ω) and obtain the
balance by varying R1 and C1.
3. First balance by R1 then C1. Again repeat the procedure until the AC millivolt
meter gives minimum reading.
4. Repeat the step 3 with different values of the product R2R4 and decide upon
the value that permits maximum sensitivity to variations of R1 and C1.
5. Compute the determination error in the measurement and comment on your
results. If R2 and R4 are resistance boxes with a systematic error of ± 0.1
percentage accuracy in the measurement of the inductance and resistance
of the coil.
6. Now insert an iron core in to the coil and obtain the balance for the bridge
network. Determine the inductance and resistance of the iron core coil.
Explain why and to what extent the inductance and resistance of the coil
have changed.
7. Now vary the frequency and balance the bridge for each set of frequency.
Determine the inductance of the coil resistance for each frequency. Draw the
inductance Vs frequency on the iron core coil inductance and coil
resistance.
Formula to be used:

[1]
 Measurements & Electronic Instruments Laboratory Experiment Manual
Department of Electrical Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

Calibration of wattmeter by D.C. potentiometer

Objective: To calibrate the given wattmeter employing the D.C. Potentiometer.

Procedure: The connections are made as follows:
The Potentiometer is used to measure potential difference. It is basically a long string of wire
connected such a manner that there are ten (10) strings each of length one (1) meter.
Step1: Standardize the potentiometer wire;
 Adjust Rh1 so that the voltage across potentiometer is greater than standard cell voltage.
 To Standardize the potentiometer, first set the Selector switch to stander cell (position 4/4).
 Find the null point of Galvanometer by placing the Jockey so that we can get actual length of
the potentiometer wire for standard cell voltage.
 From the voltage across potentiometer we can easily find the voltage per unit length.
 Ascertain the potential and the current circuits of the wattmeter are correct as regards their
polarities.
Step2: To find the true voltage;
 Close DPST switch.
 Now connect Selector switch to Voltage Ratio Box (position 3/3).
 Measure the potential drop across the Voltage Ratio Box by DC Potentiometer. That is true
voltage.
Step3: To find the true current;
 Connect the Selector switch across standard resistance (position 2/2).
 Measure the voltage drop across standard resistance (Rs) by potentiometer.
 By multiplying the null point length of potentiometer with per unit length voltage we can
easily find the voltage drop across standard resistance (Rs).
 Find the true current in the circuit by dividing the voltage drop across standard resistance by
standard resistance value (0.1 Ω). That is true current.
 Adjust Rh2 to change the current reading in second Ammeter (A2).
 The above procedure is carried out at 0.5 Amp interval until the maximum rating is reached.
For each reading measure the true current and true voltage accurately.

Tabulate the readings as follows;

Sl. Current Bal. P.D. True Supply True True Wattmeter Percentage error
No I Length across current Volt. Volt. Power Reading
(Rs) (Wt) (Wr)

[1]
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CALIBRATION OF WATTMETER BY D.C. POTENTIOMETER

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 Measurements & Electronic Instruments Laboratory Experiment Manual
Department of Electrical Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

Wien Robinson’s Frequency Bridge

Objective:

a) To calibrate the dial marking of signal generator by employing the Wien Robinson’s Bridge.
b) To determine the response of the bridge with frequency variation, when the bridge is set for
1000 Hz.

Procedure:

a) Connect the bridge as per diagram. Keep R2 = 2R1 (say R1 = 1000Ω). Set the dial of the signal

generator to read 500Hz and apply the signal generator voltage to the bridge. Keep C3 = C4 =

0.1µF and adjust the resistance R3 and R4 together such that they always read the same value

ଵ
and at balance note the component values and calculate the frequency by fc = , where
ଶ஠஼ோ

R = R3 = R4 and C = C3 = C4. Find the percentage error in the reading of the signal generator.

% Error = where is the dial frequency. Repeat the procedure for

various dial frequencies and draw a graph for each range showing error various dial
frequency.

[1]
 b) Set the values of components to to give balance of a setting of 1000 Hz. Note the reading of

the detector for different dial frequencies on either side in small steps, keeping the output

amplitude of the signal generator constant. Draw a graph showing the relation between the

unbalance current (or voltage) and dial frequency.

Repeat the above experiment for different values of R1.

From the above , choose the value of R1 giving maximum unbalanced current and with that

value of R1. Study the effect of variation of R3 and R4 on the unbalanced current.

Discuss in brief:

1) Comment on the type of (signal generator) error from the % error vs. frequency graph.

2) Explain the reasons for the change of unbalance current for different R1 values.

3) How the unbalance current changes with the change of R3 and R4.

4) State how the unbalance voltage is changing in the above two cases.

5) State the difference between the error and correction.

6) What happens if the source and detector are interchanged?

7) Why is it required to select R2 = 2R1, R3 = R4 and C3 = C4?

8) What are the practical applications of this bridge?

9) Give the circuit diagrams of some more bridge, which can used for the calculation of

frequency and compare their and demerits.

10) Comment whether this bridge can be used for the measurement of capacitance.

11) Comment on this bridge as a two-port network.

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 Measurements & Electronic Instruments Laboratory Experiment Manual
Department of Electrical Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

Constants of D’Arsonval Galvanometer

Objective: To find the Galvanometer constants:

(1) G…..Displacement constant,

(2) C…..Restoring constant,
(3) a…..Moment of inertia of the moving system

Procedure: Since,

G Newton-m/Amp.

C Newton-m/rad.

a Kg-m2.

It is first required to determine

(a) Free period of the Galvanometer on open circuit, T;
(b) External resistance for critical damping, Rs;
(c) Coil resistance, Rc;
(d) Sensitivity S in Radians/Ampere.

To determine free period T,

Keep R = 0 in fig.1 and get a deflection of nearly 20 cms. Open K2 and find the time taken
for a few oscillations. Repeat this procedure to take several readings and find out the average
Ts .

To determine external resistance for critical damping, Rs;

Keys K1 and K2 in fig.2 are closed and when the deflection is nearly 20 cms. Open key K2.
Now the movement of the light spot on the scale is observed.

[1]
Adjust R1 so as to obtain the oscillatory motion. Then decrease R1 until the motion just ceases
to be oscillatory, which is the case required for critical damping.

To determine coil resistance, Rc;

Refer fig.1, with R = 0, get an initial deflection of 20 cm. increase R, from zero to such a
value so that the deflection is 10 cms. This value of R is equal to the coil resistance of the
Galvanometer. The method is known as half deflection method.

To determine Sensitivity S;
Keep R + Rc a convenient value, say 100 ohms, see fig.1 and for six different values of P get
the corresponding deflections. Compute the deflection angle and radian, assuming that the
distance between the mirror and the scale is 1 m.

Draw a graph between current and deflection.

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 Measurements & Electronic Instruments Laboratory Experiment Manual
Department of Electrical Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION USING LABVIEW

Aim of the experiment:

To study about the basic concepts of Virtual Instrumentation and programming in

application software, LaBVIEW and interfacing of real-world data to a virtual instrument.

Components required: A PC with LabVIEW software, Data acquisition card, Function

Generator, Digital Storage Oscilloscope, few resistors and capacitors, breadboard

Need of Virtual Instrumentation

Function generators, Oscilloscopes, Multimeters, etc. are commonly used equipment

for measurement and instrumentation.These conventional instruments can be used to perform
specific tasks and cannot be customized to perform analysis/control/user-friendly display of
the measurement results. Virtual Instrumentation provides an “all-equipment-in-one-PC”
solution to tackle the above problem. It basically emulates the conventional instruments and
provides advanced computation features with the help of a PC, application software and data-
acquisition units. The emulated versions of the instruments with user-specific and advanced
computation features are usually known as Virtual Instruments (VI). LabVIEW (a product of
National Instruments) is a popular application-software used to build Virtual Instruments.
This software and its associated data-acquisition kits will be used for this experiment. A brief
overview of LabVIEW software (Link: http://www.ni.com/labview/) is given below.

LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) is a graphical

programming language that can be used to create virtual instruments. A Virtual Instrument
developed in LabVIEW has two panels, namely (i) Front panel, (ii) Block diagram. Front panel
contains the graphical interface with which a user interacts (see below figure). It can house
various graphical objects ranging from simple buttons to complex graphs. Block Diagram is
the window where the graphical code is created(below figure). The representative VI, shown
in Fig. 1, adds two sine waves of different frequencies and displays the result in a suitable graph.
There are many more functionalities available in LabVIEW. Refer to the below link for more
information.

http://www.ni.com/getting-started/labview-basics/environment

(1)
 Front Panel

Block Diagram

Fig. 1. A simple Virtual Instrument which adds two sine waves of different frequencies and
displays the result in a graph

Exercises

a) Implement the VI shown in Fig. 1. Study the different settings (e. g., samples per
second, number of samples) present in “Simulate Signal” VI. Obtain the modulated (i.
e., added) signal in a suitable display in the front panel of the VI.
(2)
(b) Write a VI program to multiply two sine waves (say, qA and qB) of same frequency.
Amplitudes of the sine waves can be assumed to have arbitrary values. Further, obtain the
average value of the multiplied signal using suitable blocks in LabVIEW. Display this value
on a suitable indicator in the front panel. Note this value for different phase differences
between qA and qB.

Assume qA is a voltage signal and qB is current signal across a passive element. Then, which
physical quantity is represented by the quantity displayed in the front panel.

Fig. 2. Configuration Window of DAQ assistant block.

(c) (i) A Data-Acquisition System (DAS) mydaq, compatible with LabVIEW, is provided to
you. Link: http://www.ni.com/mydaq/. Study the specifications of the kit.

(ii) Learn how to acquire basic signals (sine, triangle) from a function generator to a PC using
LABVIEW and the above DAS kit. Set the frequency of the signals as 100 Hz. Use a DAQ
assistant block (see Fig. 2).

(iii) Also, generate a sine wave of 200 Hz frequency from LABVIEW (i. e., PC) and see the
output signals in an oscilloscope. DAQ assistant block needs to be suitably configured during
these experiments.

(d) Develop a suitable virtual instrument to acquire a sine wave signal of 100 Hz frequency
when a switch pressed. Hint: Use Case structure in LABVIEW, see the figure below

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(e) A passive filter circuit having unknown cut-off frequency (i. e., unknown passive components) is
given to you. The cut-off or centre frequency of the circuit is known to be in the range of
100 Hz - 10 kHz. Write a LabVIEW program to identify the type of filter circuit (Low-
Pass/High-Pass/Band-Pass/Band-Reject). Plot the amplitude response in graph paper.
Estimate the gain, cut-off frequency, and bandwidth of the circuit.

Hint:

1. Give a sinusoidal signal as input to the unknown filter circuit. Acquire the output of the
unknown circuit using the DAQ Assistant VI.

2. Write a code to obtain amplitude of the acquired signal. Change the input signal frequency
from 50 Hz to 20 kHz and note-down/store the signal amplitude (in VI) for different
frequencies. Plot them on semilog graph paper and estimate the required parameters.

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 Measurements & Electronic Instruments Laboratory Experiment Manual
Department of Electrical Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

Electronic Voltmeter

Objective: To construct Electronic Voltmeters for small A.C. and D.C. voltage
measurements and study their performances.

A. D.C. Voltmeter:
The major advantages of an electronic voltmeter over a conventional
moving coil voltmeter are the high sensitivity and high input resistance.
This is particularly true for MV range measurements, since the input
resistance of a moving coil dc millivoltmeter is in the order of ohms. Fig.1
shows the circuit diagram of a simple electronic voltmeter, using IC741
operational amplifier. Here the input voltage Vi is related with the
milliammeter current by the expression Vi = IR1. The input resistance is
ideally infinity (since no current is drawn through the terminal-3) and in
practical case, order of MΩ.

Procedure for calibration:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.1. Use an analog milliammeter in the
range of 0 – 10 mA. Select R1 = 1 kΩ. Connect a variable D.C. power supply (0
– 10V) at terminal 3 of the op-amp (Vi). Measure Vi with a digital multimetre.
With Vi = 0, measure the offset current of the op-amp I0.
2. With R1 = 1k, apply voltages Vi in the range of 0 – 10V D.C. and note the
current I. Plot I vs. Vi. Check the linearity.
3. Change R1 to 100 Ω. Apply voltage in the range of 0 – 1 V D.C. at Vi. Repeat
step-2.
4. Change R1 to 10 Ω. Apply voltage in the range of 0 – 100 mV D.C. at Vi.
Repeat step-2. For obtaining voltage in the range of MV, use a potential
divider circuit as shown in fig.2.

[1]
B. A.C. Voltmeter:

An additional problem for a.c. voltmeter measurement in the mv range is the use of
a diode rectifier in the measuring circuit. Since the voltage drop across a forward
biased diode is in the range of 0.4V – 0.6V, a.c. voltage in the range of mv cannot be
measure using an ordinary rectifier circuit. An alternative is to use a precision
rectifier, which can rectify a.c. voltage even in the range of μv.

Fig. 3 shows a typical circuit for small a.c. voltage measurement. Here a diode is
connected at the output terminal of the op-amp before the feedback and the circuit
acts like a half wave rectifier. The average current through the milliammeter is
given by:

Iav = , where Vm is the peak voltage of the a.c. input

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown. Apply a.c. sinusoidal voltage in the range 0-
500mv of frequencies 50Hz, 100Hz and 1 kHz. Adjust the offset of the signal
generator, if required.
2. Note r.m.s. value of the input voltage (Vi ) and the average value of the output
current Iav , and verify
√
Iav = for different voltages and frequencies.
3. Observe Voltage waveform at A and B on a CRO and note whether the output
is timely a halfwave rectified voltage or not.

[2]
C. Improve A.C. Rectification Scheme:

The major limitation of the precision rectification circuit shown in fig. 3 is that the
op-amp goes to saturation for half cycle and slew rate of the op-amp distorts the
output. An improved rectification circuit is shown in fig. 4, where the op-amp never
goes to saturation.

Procedure:

Repeat steps 1-3 of part B and see the improvement.

[3]
 Measurements & Electronic Instruments Laboratory Experiment Manual
Department of Electrical Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

Load Cell
Introduction:
Load Cells are universally used as electronic weighing machines. A typical load cell consists
of a cylindrical platform over which four identical strain gages are fixed with adhesive as
shown in fig. 1. If a weight W is placed over the platform, the compressive strain developed
along with the axial direction would be:

Where, Y is the Young’s modulus and A is the cross section area of the cylinder. The strain
developed along the radial direction would be tensile and magnitude γ.ε, where γ is the
Poisson’s ratio of the material.
A strain gage is a resistive element whose resistance changes with the applied strain due to
the change in dimension of the gage material. The resistance will increase if the strain gage
element is under tension. The change in resistance with applied strain is given by the
relationship:

where G is the Gage Factor which is constant for a particular strain gage material. The
nominal resistance R of each of the four strain gage used here is 350Ω. A typical value of the
gage factor of a metallic strain gage is 2.0. Fig.2 shows the arrangement how four strain
gages are connected in form of an unbalanced Wheatstone bridge. The unbalanced bridge
output voltage can be approximated as:

The load cell used in this experiment can measure load up to 10 kg and has a uniform
sensitivity 1.5mV/V, i.e. if the excitation voltage E is 10 V, then the bridge output voltage
would be 15 mV for 10 kg load. The electrical connection diagram inside the load cell is
shown in fig.3. since the voltage magnitude is too low, a suitable differential amplifier circuit
is needed to amplify the voltage to a suitable level; Apart from that, facilities for zero
adjustment should be provided so that, for zero applied load, the output should also be zero.
Experiment:
1. Apply 10 V DC excitation to the bridge (between Red and Black lead wires). Check
for the proper polarities of the lead wire connection.
2. Constant on a breadboard a differential amplifier circuit of gain 10 with offset null
adjustment as shown in fig.4. Connect the output of the amplifier to a second signal
ended inverting amplifier of variable gain as shown. Connect the bridge output
terminals to the input of the differential amplifier.

[1]
 3. With zero load, adjust the offset null so that, the final output voltage V0 is around
1mV.
4. Apply 10 kg load on the load cell and measure the output V0. Adjust the feedback
resistance Rf to get V0 = 1.0 V. Now withdraw the load. Do not disturb the adjusting
resistance values from now onwards.
5. Apply load in steps (e.g. 500 gm., 1 kg, 2 kg, 5 kg …) and measure the output
voltage. Plot voltage vs load and calculate the nonlinearity for full scale reading.
Report:
1. Derive equation (3).
2. The resistance of the strain gage changes with temperature. But the bridge
configuration used here will provide a perfect temperature compensation arrangement
justify.
3. State some other applications of strain gages.

[2]
[3]
[4]
 Measurements & Electronic Instruments Laboratory Experiment Manual
Department of Electrical Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

LINEAR CAPACITANCE METER

Objective:

A) To study the operation of an astable Multivibrator using IC555

B) To observe the deflection current variation with capacitance Cx
connected to the output of Multivibrator.

Basic Operation:

 When circuit is switched ON, the

capacitor voltage is initialized to
zero. The reference of
Comparator1 (VTH) and
Comperator2 (VTL) are set as 2/3
Vcc and 1/3 Vcc. So the output of
Comparator2 will be high and
Comperator1 will be low. This
SETs the output of SR flip-flop.
 Now capacitor C start charging
from Vcc through RA and RB.
 When capacitor voltage becomes
greater than 1/3 Vcc but less
than 2/3 Vcc, the output of both
comparators will be low. Then the
output of SR flip-flop remains at
previous condition. Thus the
voltage across the capacitor C
continues to charge.
 When the capacitor voltage
becomes slightly greater than
2/3Vcc the output of
Comparator1 will be high and
Comparator2 will be low. This
RESETs the SR flip-flop.
 Now the transistor Q1 turns ON
and capacitor starts discharging
through the resistor RB.
[1]
 Soon capacitor voltage goes lower than 2/3 Vcc and output of both
comparators will be low. So the output of SR flip-flop remains in previous
state.
 So, the discharging of capacitor continues.
 When capacitor voltage becomes less than 1/3Vcc, the output of SR Flip-flop
SETs. So the output of Comperator2 is high and Comperator1 is low and the
capacitor starts charging again. This process continues and a rectangular
wave will be obtained at output.

PART – A ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

A linear IC 555 chip can be used as an astable Multivibrator as shown in Fig-1.

It’s ON period and OFF period can be expressed by the equations:
t1 (high) = 0.693 (RA + RB) C
t2 (low) = 0.693 RBC

Procedure:
1. Determine the values of RA and RB for a 10m see period (T), where t1 = 7m
see. Use C = 0.01µF.
2. Using the computed values, construct the circuit shown in Fig-1. Measure
the time periods t1 and t2 with oscilloscope and determine whether the
period measured follows the computed values.
3. Increase the voltage Vcc slightly. Does the frequency change with voltage?

[2]
PART – B

If the circuit shown in Fig – 3 is connected to the output of the astable

Multivibrator, when the output square wave goes high, the unknown capacitor
Cx changes almost to Vcc with the current passing through the ammeter circuit.
When the square wave goes low, the capacitor discharges almost to zero
through diode D1. Since the charge Q on the capacitor is equal to CxV, the
average current passing through the ammeter circuit follows a linear
relationship.

𝐼 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 𝐶 . V. f

where Cx is the unknown capacitor, V (Vcc) is the charging voltage and f is the
frequency. The 10k and the 4.7k resistance and the 100µF capacitor reduce the
pulses to near dc.

Procedure:

1. Add the circuit of Fig – 3 to the output of Fig – 1.

2. Connect a 0.1µF capacitor for Cx and observe the ammeter reading. Does
it follow the theoretical reading?
3. Connect different capacitors in the range of 0.1µF to 0.01µF and plot
deflection Vs capacitance values.

[3]
 Measurements & Electronic Instruments Laboratory Experiment Manual
Department of Electrical Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

V-f and f-V Conversion using LM331

Objective: Voltage to Frequency and Frequency to Voltage conversion using

LM331 and study the performance of the same.

331 is a precision voltage to frequency converter having following important

features:
1. Operates on single +15V power supply.
2. Frequency range 1Hz to 100Hz.
3. Input voltage range -0.2V to +3V.

The pin connection for LM331 is shown in Fig.1

[1]
V – f Converter
Connect the circuit as shown in Fig-2. The frequency output is given by:
𝑉 𝑅 1
𝑓 . .
2.09𝑉 𝑅 𝑅 𝐶

Test the performance:-

[2]
f – V Converter

Connect the circuit as shown in Fig-3 and test the performance.

The voltage output is given by:

𝑉 𝑓 2.09𝑣 𝑅𝐶

[3]
 Measurements & Electronic Instruments Laboratory Experiment Manual
Department of Electrical Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER AND VICE-VERSA

Objective:
a) To design and develop an 8-bit Analog to Digital converter circuitry
based on IC ADC-0809.
b) To design and develop an 8-bit Digital to Analog converter circuitry
based on IC DAC-0808.

PART A: STUDY OF ADC 0809

Instruction:

i) IN 0 to IN 7: Analog
input channels.

ii) 2-1 to 2-8 Digital

output pins.

iii) ADD A, ADD B &

ADD C – Address lines
(for input channel
selection).

iv) ALE: Address Latch

Enable.

v) START: Input pin for

starting the Analog to
Digital conversion.

vi) EOC: End of

Conversion.

Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in Fig-2.
2) Select an input channel (say channel 0) and give input to the address
lines (AD0 – AD2) as required (SEE Fig-3).
3) Apply different input voltages to the input channel selected and
measure the digital output through LED’S.
4) Compute the error between detected Output & applied Input voltage.
5) Choose another channel and repeat steps 2 & 3.

(1)
Report:

Discuss the basic principle of operation of ADC 0809 following the ‘TIMING
DIAGRAM” shown in Fig - 4. For further clarification look into the datasheet
of the IC.

(2)
PART B: STUDY OF DAC 0808
Procedure:
1) Without disturbing
the circuit in Fig- 2,
connect the DAC circuit as
shown in Fig – 6.
2) Connect the output
terminals of ADC 0809 to
the input terminals (DB0 –
DB7) of ADC 0808.
3) Now one should get
the same analog voltage
applied to ADC 0809 at the
output of DAC 0808.
Compare the same for
different input voltages.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

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 Measurements & Electronic Instruments Laboratory Experiment Manual
Department of Electrical Engineering, I.I.T. Kharagpur

INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER

Objective: To study the characteristics of an Instrumentation Amplifier.

Circuit diagram:

The circuit diagram of a 3 Op-amp. Instrumentation Amplifier is shown in Fig-

1. The output voltage can be expressed as,
𝑉 (1+ 𝑉 𝑉

The differential gain can be adjusted by varying R2. The main advantage of an
Instrumentation Amplifier, (i) High differential gain, (ii) Large common mode
rejection, (iii) High input impedance and (iv) Moderate bandwidth.

[1]
Procedure:

1. Construct the Instrumentation Amplifier as shown in Fig-1. This circuit

will provide approximately a differential gain of 100. Use 1% tolerance
resistances.
2. Connect the two input terminals to ground and measure the DC offset
voltage at V0. If required reduce the offset by using offset adjustments of
Op-amps.
3. Connect both the input terminals to +5V and note output due to the
common mode voltages. Compute the DC common mode gain.
4. Compute the small signal AC differential gain using the circuit in Fig-2
as follows:

The circuit will provide approximately Vi1 – Vi2 = 0.01V1. Apply 1V p-p
Sin wave from the function generator at 10Hz, 100Hz, 1 kHz, 10 kHz
and 100 kHz observe the output V0 by Oscilloscope. Compute differential
gain Ad for different frequencies. Plot the frequency response.
5. Compute the Ac common mode gain Ac by removing R5 and R6 in Fig-2,
at difference frequency mentioned above. Apply V1 = 10V p-p. Compute
CMRR for all the frequencies.
6. Study the pin configuration and performance of a single chip
Instrumentation Amplifier AD624.

[2]