Jaypee Institute of Institute Technology
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
(15B11CI513 )
Credits :- 4 Contact Hours :- 3-1-0
Introduction to Design and
Unified Modeling Language (UML)
Jaypee Institute of Institute Technology
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Problem Statement
MelbX, a famous Australian University, has committed to a new registration
system for the students, employees and academic staff. The university would
like to keep records for each type of university member in a centralized filing
system. They would like to implement the system using the latest software
development technologies. The system should be able to support the following
high level requirements.
1. Keep records for all university members.
2. Capability to add new records to the system.
3. Capability to edit specific records.
4. Capability to enrol/unenrol students in subjects.
5. Capability to assign/unassign course to staff.
6. Capability to add/modify/list prerequisites for a course.
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Solving the Problem
⚫ Step 1 - Write Requirements for the system
⚪ Should be clearly written and unambiguous
⚪ Should be implementable
⚪ Should be testable
⚪ Is not a part of this course
⚫ Step 2 – Analysis, Design (Modeling)
⚪ You will be learning in this section…..
⚫ Step 3 – Implementation
⚪ You already know…..
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Analysis, Design and Implementation
⚫ Proper analysis and design (modeling) prior to
implementation results in a high quality product.
⚫ Successful projects spend most time on analysis, less
on design and even less time on implementation.
Analysis Design Implementation
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Introduction to UML
⚫ Is a graphical modeling language that can be used
represent the artifacts of analysis and design.
⚫ It is a standard that has international support.
⚫ Was developed by Rational Software –
⚪ Grady Booch, Jim Rumbaugh and Ivar Jacobson
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UML™ History
⚫ 1994 – Grady Booch and Jim Rumbaugh
started at Rational creating the new notation
Grandy Booch – Booch Method
Jim Rumbaugh – Object Modeling Technique
⚫ 1995 – Ivar Jacobson Joined the team
Object-Oriented Software Engineering
⚫ First Version of UML – 0.8
⚫ 1995 Object Management Group (OMG)
agreed to make UML the standard
⚫ 1996 – Additional companies got involved.
⚫ Current version of UML is 2.0
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™
UML – Building Blocks
⚫ Elements (Things)
⚪ e.g. classes, interfaces etc
⚫ Relationships
⚪ e.g. association, generalization
⚫ Diagrams
⚪ e.g. class diagrams, use case diagrams
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UML™ - Elements
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<<interface
Circle CircleA:Circle
>>
centreX:Int centreX:Int TypeWriter
centreY:Int=0 centreY:Int=0
draw() draw()
move(Int X, Int Y) move(Int X, Int Y) keyStroke()
Class Object Interface
Borrow Shapes
Use-case
Component
Actor
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UML™ - Relationships
⚫ Dependency
⚫ Association
⚫ Generalization
⚫ Realization
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UML™ - Diagrams
⚫ Structural Diagrams
⚪ Visualize, specify, construct and document the STATIC aspects
of the system.
⚫ Behavioral Diagrams
⚪ Visualize, specify, construct and document the DYNAMIC
aspects of the system.
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UML™– Diagrams – cont..
Structural Behavioral
Use case Diagram
Class Diagram
Sequence Diagram
Object Diagram
Collaboration Diagram
Component Diagram
Statechart Diagram
Deployment Diagram
Activity Diagram
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UML™– Diagrams - Notes
⚫ Class Diagram shows a set of classes, interfaces and their
relationships.
⚫ Object Diagram shows a set of objects and their
relationships.
⚫ Component Diagram shows the organization and
dependencies among a set of of components.
⚫ Deployment Diagram shows the configuration of run
time processing nodes.
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UML™– Diagrams - Notes
⚫ Use Case Diagram shows use cases, actors and their
relationships.
⚫ Sequence Diagram shows the interaction between actors
and objects and other objects of the system in ordered
based on the time they occur.
⚫ Collaboration Diagram shows the structural
organization of the objects that send and receive messages.
⚫ Statechart Diagram shows a state machine consisting of
states, transitions an events.
⚫ Activity Diagram used to analyze the bahaviour within
more complex use-cases.
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Life Cycle Phase Diagrams
⚫ Requirements
⚫ Object Oriented Analysis
⚫ Object Oriented Design
⚫ Development
⚫ Deployment
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Analysis Diagrams
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Activity UML Diagram
Understand Use-case Diagram
System Usage
Define Workflows Activity Diagram
Identify Classes High Level Class
Diagram
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Design Diagrams
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Activity UML Diagram
Identify Interactions Sequence and
among objects Collaboration Diagram
Analyze State State Diagram
Changes
Refine Class Class Diagram
Diagrams
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UML Modeling Tools
⚫ Rational Rose
⚪ Provides complete UML support
⚪ As many useful capabilities
⚪ Provides complete object management
⚫ Visio
⚫ Many other free tool are available on the web –
⚪ Be careful since some of them don’t allow printing.
⚫ Pen and Paper
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Use Case Diagrams
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Introduction
⚫ Getting started is the most difficult part of any new
process.
⚫ In software modelling, the first thing you need to
do is understand what are you going to model and
ultimately develop.
⚫ Creating a highest form details about a system--use
case diagram--is an almost natural point of origin
for the software design.
⚫ A use case diagram is an excellent way to
communicate to management, customers, and
other non-development people what a system will
do when it is completed.
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University Record System (URS)
⚫ A University record system should keep information about
its students and academic staff.
⚫ Records for all university members are to include their id
number, surname, given name, email, address, date of
birth, and telephone number.
⚪ Students and academic staff each have their own unique ID number:
studN (students), acadN (academic employee), where N is an integer
(N>0).
⚫ In addition to the attributes mentioned above:
⚪ Students will also have a list of subjects they are enrolled in. A
student cannot be enrolled in any more than 10 subjects.
⚪ Academic employees will have a salary, and a list of subjects they
teach. An academic can teach no more than 3 subjects.
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Some Actions Supported by URS
⚫ The system should be able to handle the following
commands.
⚪ Add and remove university members (students, and
academic staff)
⚪ Add and Delete subjects
⚪ Assign and Un-assign subjects to students
⚪ Assign and Un-assign subjects to academic staff.
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Use Case Diagrams
⚫ Use Case diagrams show the various activities the
users can perform on the system.
⚪ System is something that performs a function.
⚫ They model the dynamic aspects of the system.
⚫ Provides a user’s perspective of the system.
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Use Case Diagram - URS System
URS
add member
del member
system
user add subject academic
del subject
assg subject
unass subject
enrol subject
student
unenrol subject
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Use Case Diagrams
⚫ A set of ACTORS : roles users can play in
interacting with the system.
⚪ An actor is used to represent something that users our
system.
⚫ A set of USE CASES: each describes a possible kind
of interaction between an actor and the system.
⚪ Uses cases are actions that a user takes on a system
⚫ A number of RELATIONSHIPS between these
entities (Actors and Use Cases).
⚪ Relationships are simply illustrated with a line
connecting actors to use cases.
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Use Case Diagrams - Actors
⚫ An actor is a user of the system playing a particular
role.
⚫ Actor is shown with a stick figure.
employer employee client
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Use Case Diagrams – Use Cases
⚫ Use case is a particular activity a user can do on the
system.
⚫ Is represented by an ellipse.
⚫ Following are two use cases for a library system.
Borrow Reserve
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Use Case Diagram – Example1 (Library)
library system
borrow
client employee
reserve
Order title
Fine payment
supervisor
A Library System. 27
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Use Case Diagram for Student Assessment
Management System
Grade system
Record
grades
Student
View grades
Teacher Distribute
Report cards
Create report
cards
Printing administrator
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Use Case Vs Scenarios
⚫ Each use case is one or more scenarios.
⚪ Add Subject Use Case :
Scenario 1 : Subject gets added successfully.
Scenario 2 : Adding the subject fails since the subject is already in
the database.
⚪ Enroll Subject Use Case:
Scenario 1 : Student is enrolled for the subject.
Scenario 2 : Enrollment fails since the student is already enrolled
in the subject.
⚫ Each scenario has a sequence of steps.
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Scenarios
⚫ Each scenario has a sequence of steps.
⚪ Scenario 1 : Student is enrolled for the subject.
Student chooses the “enroll subject” action.
Check the student has enrolled in less than 10 subjects.
Check if the subject is valid.
Assign the subject to the student.
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Scenarios
⚫ Each scenario has a sequence of steps.
⚪ Scenario 2 : Enrolling fails since the student is already enrolled
in 10 subjects.
Student chooses the “enroll subject” action.
Check the student has enrolled in less than 10 subjects.
Return an error message to the student.
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Use Case Diagrams - Relationships
⚫ Inclusion
⚪ Inclusion enables to reuse one use case's steps inside
another use case.
⚫ Extension
⚪ Allows creating a new use case by adding steps to
existing use cases
⚫ Generalization
⚪ Allows child use cases to inherit behavior from parent
use cases
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Use Case – Example (self service machine)
Self service machine
Buy a product
Self service machine
customer
Collect Money
Collector
Self service machine
Restock
Supplier
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Use Case – Example (self service machine –
includes relationship)
<<includes>>
Open Machine
Restock
<<includes>> Close Machine
<<includes>>
Open Machine
Collect
<<includes>>
Close Machine
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Use Case – Example (self service machine –
extends relationship)
<<includes>>
Open Machine
Restock
<<includes>>
Close Machine
<<extends>>
Restock According
to Sales
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Use Case – Example (self service machine –
generalize relationship): Actor-to-Actor relationship
generalized actor
Supplier Agent
specialized
actor
Restocker Collector
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Use Case – Example (self service machine –
generalize relationship): Actor-to-Actor relationship –
example 2
generalized actor
Cook
specialized
actor
Mom Cook Father Cook
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Use Case – Example (self service machine)
Buy a
product Self Service Machine
<<includes>>
customer Open Machine
Restock
<<includes>> Close Machine
Restock according to sales
<<includes>>
Open Machine
Collect
<<includes>>
supplier Close Machine
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From Use Case to Classes
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Identify Classes (Extract Nouns)
⚪ A University record system should keep information about
its students and academic staff.
⚪ Records for all university members are to include their id
number, surname, given name, email, address, date of
birth, and telephone number.
Students and academic staff each have their own unique ID number:
studN (students), acadN (academic employee), where N is an
integer (N>0).
⚪ In addition to the attributes mentioned above:
Students will also have a list of subjects they are enrolled in. A
student cannot be enrolled in any more than 10 subjects.
Academic employees will have a salary, and a list of subjects they
teach. An academic can teach no more than 3 subjects.
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Nouns which are potential classes
⚪ A University record system should keep information about
its students and academic staff.
⚪ Records for all university members are to include their id
number, surname, given name, email, address, date of
birth, and telephone number.
Students and academic staff each have their own unique ID number:
studN (students), acadN (academic employee), where N is an
integer (N>0).
⚪ In addition to the attributes mentioned above:
Students will also have a list of subjects they are enrolled in. A
student cannot be enrolled in any more than 10 subjects.
Academic employees will have a salary, and a list of subjects they
teach. An academic can teach no more than 3 subjects.
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Classes identified in the first pass
⚪ UniversityRecordSystem - URS
⚪ Student
⚪ Academic Staff
⚪ UniversityMembers
⚪ Subject
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URS - High Level Class Diagram
URSDataBase
1 1 has
has
* *
UniversityMember Subject
0…10 0..3
* takes
AcademicStaff Student
1 teaches
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Bank ATM example
⚫ Purpose: Describe use cases that an automated
teller machine (ATM) or the automatic banking
machine (ABM) provides to the bank customers.
⚫ Summary: Customer uses a bank ATM to check
balances of his/her bank accounts, deposit funds,
withdraw cash and/or transfer funds (use cases).
ATM Technician provides maintenance and repairs
to the ATM.
⚫
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Online shopping example
⚫ Purpose: Provide top level use cases for a web
customer making purchases online.
⚫ Summary: Web customer actor uses some web site
to make purchases online. Top level use
cases are View Items, Make
Purchase and Client Register.
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