OCupy-rrglrtl94l,lt;144,rt1,t(.

t,t94tl,t96t,byAlstonll'Chascandllenryl'hilfips'Jr'

All nglrts resetved

TypographybY l]urton L' Stratton

I - i b r a r yo f C o n g r e s sC a t a l o gC a r dN u m b e r6 l - l ' 1 7 ' 1 8

ISIIN <>-(;Z.t-6r6u>-6

['rinted in the United Statcs of Amenca

20 19 18 t7 t6 l-5 l'1
This book is designed primariiy for college students and for seniors
in secondary schools, a class of beginners in Greek rvhich is increas-
ing in numbcrs. No introduction to Greek exists r,vhich attempts in
brief cornpass to introduce to such students reading of wide variet;'.
Real Greek has, in largc measure, been selected for the reading
material ; continuous narrative has becn introduceci early. It is
hopcd thzit thosc stuclying this book may acquire, in addition to
knorviedge of the forms of the Greek language, some conception of
the importance of Greck civilization. The authors assume that the
majority of tliose studying Greek today rvill not be able to continue
for so long a time in the language as rvas possible tu'enty-fir.e years
ago. Beginncrs today must early meet Democritus, Piato, Thucy-
clidc's,and Herodotus if they are ever to be encouraged to go farther.
The vocabularies contain r,i'ords u'hich are of great enough fre-
.luency in the Greek literature commonly read in schools and colleges
(excluding poetry) to justify recommending that these words be
iearned permanently as soon as met. Guidance in the choice of words
lras been furnisired by the booklet, Basic Greeh Vocabu.lary,by J. R.
Chcadle (Neq' York: nlacmillan, 1939).
For securing as large a vocabulary as possible, it is stronglv
reconrmencleclthat many of the seniences be learned by heart. Tlie
brevity of the book and the character of the reading do not provide
for repetition of vocabulary on any systematic scale. The instructor
can easily provide material for revielvs; or, better still, provide for
nrcmorizing the scntences.
In Lessons 15 alid follou'ing are given, and designated by letters
(4, R, C, D), passages of rnerit and interest wliich should elicit
'fhese
tiiscussion of thc basic ideas they contain. shoulcl not be
 assigned,but worked out in classby studentsand instructor. Tliey
are particularly worth memorizing.
There is ample reading material in the lessons.Not all need be
preparedin advance.Extra passages, annotatedin the text for more
rapid reading,occur in many of the later lessons.
The order in which the lessonsare presentedin this book is dif{er-
ent from that of other such books.For example,the pr,c- and contract
verbs have been placed early. This has made easier the choice of
real Greek to be read in the early stages.
The book is designedto be completedin one semesterof a college
course, where classesnormally meet three times a week. In the
schoolsthere is usually more time available.
The authors are grateful for the many helpful suggestionsoffered
by usersof this book in previouseditions.They wish in particular to
record their gratitude to the late Professor Carl Nervell Jackson
of Harvard University, who inspired them to undertakethe present
work, Dr. Cedric Whitman has ofiered much valuable assistance.
Professor.O. J. Todd of the University of British Columbia has
contributed advice of the most vaiuable and painstakingnature.
The illustrations were selectedand the captionsr,vrittenby Sterling
Dow, Hudson Professorof Archaeologyin Harvard University, who
has helped the book in numerous ways. He and rve wish to thank
Mrs. J. J. Whitehead, Jr., of New York for advice and encourage-
ment; and not less the Bollingen Foundation, for a subsidy to the
Archaeological Institute of America which made the illustrations
possible.
A. H. C.
H. P., Jn.

P R E F A C ET O T H E T H I R D E D I T I O N
Twenty years and trvo lvars have gone by since this book was first
published. The authors hope that they, like Solon, have learned
much as they have grown older. The changesin the presentedition
reflect their own exDerienceand that of manv friends who have
used the book.
The paradigmshave been set in larger type, Sentencesin Greek
and in English have been composedto provide review of vocabulary
Yi
 a n d s y nt ax . Lis t s o f p re p o s i ti o n sa n d o f th e commonesti rregul ar
ve r bs hav e been a d d e d .Bo th th e Gre e k -En g l i shand E ngl i sh-Greek
vocabularieshave been rewritten.
T he illus t r at ion sa n d th e i r c a p ti o n sh a v e p roved to be a notabl e
feature of the book.* For the present edition, ProfessorDow has
revisedthe text of the captions,and has added two new illustrations.
ProfessorHomer A. Thompson,Director of the Agora Excavations,
has supplied an up-to-date photograph for Figure 5. All classical
studies are a unity, and archaeologyought to play a part from the
ve r y beginning.
We wish to acknowledgethe generousassistanceof Professor
Ze ph S t ewar t of H a rv a rd U n i v e rs i ty , D r. W . E rnest Gi l l espi eof
th e P hillipsE x et er A c a d e my ,a n d o f m a n y o th e rsw ho have usedthe
b o ok .
A. H. C.
H, P., JN.

. Reproduced in full, these served as the basisfor an article by Sterling

D o r r ' , " I l l u s t r a t i o n s i n T e x t b o o k s , " J o u r n a l o J G e n e r a lE d u c a l i o n , 5 ( t 9 5 t ) ,
ror-I r5.
Lesson Page

I Tr r e G HaE r iA Lp H ,\BE TP. tj N C T tT A T Io N r

2 r\ccpxrs 4
3 Fr ns r A ND S E C o N DI)E c L E N S ro N S
T .u n D p c L E N S ToN
ot-
dy a?dsT. ur D e T T N IT DA n rrc re 6
4 Frns r Dr c lr x s r o N N o u N s (c o N T IN U EDT
).H n R nl A TrvE
PnoxouN rr
5 Rrculan VrrBs: Pnesrxr AND Furunp Inprcarrvr
A c u v p . I x l r x r r r v r i r N I N D T R E cDTr s c o u n s E ry
5 Tsn T s r Ro oR C o x s o x e N r D rc trx s ro x . Cl euses oF
Rr s ui- r rB
7 I n n e c u r a R A N D N e u r a n N o u H s o F T H ET s r r r p D n c r - a x -
s r oN. E x pne s s ro N So l - T rl rr. D a u v e o r P osspssroN 2r
B Tue llr ppir r r c r . T n r F l R s r a N p Sa c o N p Aonrsrs IN -
DT c A T I VaN E p IN rrN rrIv E 24
9 C onpaRr s oNoE Ao ;n c rrv E s a N o Au v ER BS D
. B cr-E N sl oN
or fi\tav zg
l0 I)r m ox s r RA r r v E s 33
I I I N . T E R I T O G A T I V EA X P I X P T F I N I T E P R O X O U I . I S .E N C T T T i C S .
Dar r v r , lx o A c c u s A T rv Eo p R rs p rc r 37
1 2 Tnr V pnn et y " [TH
. r P R o N o u Nc ri z c j s 4r
l3 1 '| I l- \ r E nB sP: nr s E x r, Iu p rn ru c r, AN DF rn s r a N o S E coN u
Aontsr Ixotc.,tttt'e Acrtvr oF iorrTyl AND 6iEopr..
Cortrpour'ro \/eRgs 45
l4 M/ - \ r nns s : P RE SE N TIu , p rR ru c r, A N D S n c o N o A oR rsr
Ixptcartvr Acrrvn oF rt?r1ptthpr. PnEsrnr AND
Iltpenruct or Eeir<uug,r, 49
15 CoNrnecr Vrnss : rry.du aNo t'r)dcu 32
l6 6r7,\<iar.
FuruRr oF LI9UID VBnns. PnnsoNar PnoNour.ls 57
17 Ao;rcrrvEs IN -Js, -etu,-ri, aNn -4t, -&. Corqrnacr Ap-
JECTTVES
f8 DrcrBNsIoN oF nds,p"/yus,AND nokjs
19 Pnrsrur, FuruRn, AND SncoNo Aonrsr Panucrprns
Acrtvn or O- axn ConrRAcr Vrnns
20 Frnsr Aonrsr Acrrvr PanrrclprE oF J2-Vpnes.PnrspNr
AND SrcoNn Aonrsr Penricrprns AcrrvB or MI-
Vrnss
2l Usrs oF THE PeRrrcrprn
22 PnnsrNr AND AoRrsr Sun;uNcrrvr Acrrvr. Furunr
Monn Vrvro euo PnsBur Gnwnnar CoNprrroNs 77
23 Tnr Oprarlvr. PuRposB Crausrs WITHivu, tis, aNo dzra.,s Bz
24 Furunr Lass Vrvrp AND Pasr Grnnner CoNnrttoNs.
IblptnEcr DrscounsE rvITH dz AND <is. INprnncr
QunsuoNs 86
25 THB MTpDLEAND Passrvr Vorcps. Pnrsrxr INorcnrrve,
Mroorr aNo Passrvr. Furunr INoicATrvE Mroprn.
Crausns Expnnssrxc Fran go
26 Itvrprnpscr MrnnrE AND PessrvB aNp SrcoNo Aonrsr
Mronrc. Trlrponar. Creusn. 94
27 Frnsr AoRrsr Mrnors. RBrupxrvp Pror-rouNs.CoNTRARv-
ro-Fecr CoNntrroNs q8
28 PResrnr Mrpore erqp PassrvEANDAonrsr tr{ronrr Sun-
JUNcrrvE.THp HoRraroRy SuBJUNcrrvE r03
29 Tss MToDLEAND Passrvs OprarrvB ro6
30 TnB Aonrsr PassrvE AND rsp Furunr PessrvE.DATIVE
or Mreus aNn GrxrrrvE or Prnsoxer AcpNr rog
Tnn Frnsr AND SpcoNn PrnrBcr AcrrvB rr3
THr PpnFEcr aNo PTupERFECT MronrB axn PassIVEoF
Vowrr Srrus. Darrvr on'PrnsoNar Acrur rr9
Pnnprcr Mrnorn aNo Pessrvr SvsrErvroF Murr SrBlts rzz
Tnr IupBRATIVEor^J?-aNo CoNTRACT
Vrnns tz6
Tsr IUpTRATIvEor M/-\rnnns rzq
x
 36 Surnrany oF VriRss
r33
37 NLrrrrR.Lrs
r37
3 8 I nnnc uLA RSrc o N p Ao n l s rs
14I
39 InprnarivE or; ejpi. Cr-lN.lucATroN
oF etpt r44
40 CoNluG A r r o No n /4 p c i a N o o i 6 a . \/n n s ar Anlncrrvos.
CrnusEs or Epr-onr
I4B

APPENDICFS

I N.qr,rasI,{ExrroNED rN THE Taxr

r53
2 Drcrcxstor.rs
I58
3 P n o x o L r N SA N D A n t , E R e s
t67
4 Cenuwar aro O n n r N a r N u u E R A L S a N l N ul mnar A o-
VERBS
r68
5 O-Vrnss
170
6 CoNrnecr VEnns 175
7 M/-Vnnns
178
B Su:vrrvr.q,ny
or SyNrax rB7
9 Tgp PnrposrrloNs, \\,ITIITlrErRCorcuoNnsrMriRrrrrlcs
r9o
l0 I nnec uLA r t\/E r{ Bs \\rrrH
, T H E rrtP n rN c rp a l P anrs r()z
Gnr r x - E NG LT s HV o c a nu ra n y
r95
Excusn-Gnrnx \/ocen urany
213
 ILLUSTRATIONS

The order of the illustratiorrs is chronological. itead consecutively, the

captions give a brief historl' of Greece. The vase-painting below is repro-
duced from IVlonttmeuti Inediti: Pubbticati datt'Instituto di Corrisbondinza
a r c h e o l o g i c a ,I ( r 8 z g - r B . j 3 ) , I r l a t e L I .

I G nnr x W n l u N c xvi
F r o m A r t h u r J . E v a n s , S c r i p t a 1 l l i t t o a( O x f o r c l , r g 5 2 ) , V o l . I I ,
Plate LXVII I, no. go7 ; Otto Kern, Inscriptiones Graecae
(I3onn, r9r3), Plate 3r ; U. von lVilarnorvitz-I!{oellendorff , Der
T i n t o l h e o s- P a p y r u s ( L . e i p z i g , r 9 o 3 ) .

2 l) r . r pur o N T rrES r-o p no F N Io u N r p a nN nssus ro

A SrrBx, Hnnlrss, AND A Far,vN

36
rleriin, Ehemals staatlichc rluseen, Division of Antiquities,
no. 216o. By the Pan Painter; photographs by courtesy of ttre
Iiogg Art i\Iuseunt, Harvard University.

A t Hr x S , L o o x rN c Ei rs r 56
courtesy of the Arnerican school of classical stucjjes at Athens.

Osrnacrsn Bo
courtesy of the American School of classicar Studies at Athens.

\o\\l)
{ rr,utt\

Scene from a Chalcidianvase painted about 560 t].c. At this early date the
Greeks sometimeswrote backrvards(like the Phoenicians) as well as forwards;and
ttrere are odd, non-Attic, fonns of letters. The nrain subject is the cleathof the
greatestof the Homenc heroes. Achilles has been shot in his one vulnerablespot.
(although,for credibility,he has been hit in the side also). Glaucus,having roped
the ankle, is about to drag the body away, so as to get the armor; but the rnighty
Ajax nrns him tlrrough.IVleanwiule the archer Paris skulks off, shootingas he .goes,
while Aeneas(one of tris earliest appearances in aft, some -5ooyears before \/crgil)
anri anotht:rTroian charge into the fra-v.I3eyondthern Echippusanrl l.aodocusare
 -t\n-rrx rsn Crry-Sr,.lrr: A BnoNzn FouNony r02
I-lerlin, Ehemals Staatliche }fuseen, Division of Antiquities,
no. 2294 ; photographs by courtesy of the l\{useu -I.he
nr.
I;oundry Painter rvas so called from this cuo.

F oun P onr nar rs IIB

AIi in tire Boston lluseum of Fine Arts; photographs
by
courtesy of the lluseum, as in the Buuetin of tie Archaeorogicir
Ittstitute of America, 38 (rr)+7),
+B_+g, wiih clescription and
rcferences on pages 5-6.

Atrlrlrs uNDER Ilolrax Rurs r 2.)

Ac noc onr Nr n r46

As in corinth: Results of Excauatiorts by rhe Anterica,tt
schoor
of classical studies at Athens, vor. IIi, part II :
The l)efenses
of Acrocorinth and lhe Lower Town, by lt. Carpenter,
A. J3on,
arrd A. W. Parsons, page rT4.Ry permission
of ttr" School.
t 0 A G nr ir x B oox ^ .D . 1 3 7 4 r52
trIilan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Codex A
78, f>arte inferiore,
folio 39. Iir<>m F. steffe's, proben aus griechisciten
If a,dschriften
ttttd Urhunden (Trier, tgtz), Figure zo.

D/,.
\'/U
$
(fr

c n g a g e di n m o r t a l c o m b a t , a n d a t t h e f a r r i g h t , i n
contrast, Diomedes is having his
f i n g e r b a n d a g e db y S t h e n e l u s . o n e p e r s o n w h o d o e s
not need to be labeled is Atilera,
goddessof $'ar; she is adequately identilied
b y h e r u n i q u e s n a k e - b o r d e r e dg a r m e r : r ,
the aegis.
'Flomer's epics told about people and events rvhich
even for his timc were in iire
remote past. back in the Bronze l\ge. For centuries
epic poets had handed Ao*n .,r.
t a l e s o f T r o v . t r n t i l ' o n i . v a f e w g e n e r a t i o r r sb c l o r e
the presenL vase lvas paintecl,
Iionrer himscif gave these tales such form that the
Itiarr and ortyssey b..u,n. .,le
surirerre books of Greece,kr:olvn to everyone for
a thousand vears.
A NEWINTRODUCTION TO G REEK
 GREEK WRITING

G r e e h l t r ' r i t t e n i n " I . i n e o r B " : C l r L 1T, t t b l e t , c o . r 4 o oR . c .

F r o m t h e M i n o a n s o f C r e t e , t h e G r e e k s f r r s t l e a r n e dt o u . r i t e i n t h e B r o n z e A g e .
T h e M i n o a n s u s e d e l a b o r a t es i g n s ,e a c h o f w h i c h s t o o d , n o t f o r a s i n g i e l e t t er . b u L f o r
a r v h o l es } ' l l a b l e . I n r 9 5 z a ) ' o u n g E n g l i s h a r c h i t e c t . I l l i c h a c l V e n t r i s . d e c i p h e r e dt h i s
s y l l a b a r ; ' ,a n d t h u s g a v e u s G r e c k 5 o o ) ' e a r s e a r l i e r t h a n H o m e r . O n t h e t a b l e l a i r o v e ,
t h e r e i s a n a n - l ei n 7 s 1 ' l l a b l e st,h e n " r a m s , 2 o 2 ; e w e s , z 5 o ; z / b i l l ) , - g o a t sr 2 , 5; nanny-
g o a l s , z 4 o ; b o a r s , z r ; s o w s , 6 o I n o t e t h e p i g s ' h e a d s J ;b u l l s , 2 ; c o \ \ ' s .r o . "

G r e e h I n s c r i b e d i n h f a r b l e . c a . - ] - 1 4B . c .
A f t e r t h e T r o j a n \ l / a r , s a v a g e D o r i a n s i n r , ' a d e dG r e e c e a n d d e s t r o l ' c c lt h e B r 6 n z c
A g e c i v i l i z a t i o n ,i n c l u d i n g l i t e r a c l ' . T h e G r e e k s n ' e r e i l i i t e r a t e f o r c e n t u r i e s( c a . r : o o -
c a . 7 5 0 o r l a t e r ) a n d t h e n l e a r n e d t o u ' r i t e a l l o v e r a g a i n . ' I h e i r n e r v t e a c h e r su , e r e
P h o e n i c i a n s ,r v h o t a u g h t n o t s y l l a b l e - s i g n sb u t l c t t e r s : { t r s La l e p l t , t h e s i m p l i f r e c pl i c t u r e
o f a n o x , a l p h o t - oG r e e k e a r s : l h e n b e t h , a h o u s e ( a l l r v r i t i n g b e g i n s a s p i c t u r e s ) , a n c l
so on through the alphabet. The early Grecks used only capitals; no gars; rlo accents;
l i t t l c o r ( a s h e r e ) n o p u n c l u a t i o n . B a o r ) . e i , s' A ) . i { . , v 6 p o s i . v i g r l x e , i , v t , o i r , ' A l t 1 v a t r 1 t
IIo,\triEr. "King r\lexander dedicated the temple to Athena porias."

G r e e h l l ' r i t t e n u t i t h P e n o n p o p y r u s , c o . - 1 J o - 3 0 or ) . c .
A s d e v e l o p e da n d p a s s c do n t o t h e R o m a n s ,a n d s o t o u s , t h e G r e e k a l p h a b e l ,i n i t s
s i m p l i c i t l ' a n d c l a r i l y ( c o n t r a s t L i n e a r B ) , b e c a n r eo n e o f t h e f o u n c l a t i o n o s f our
c i v i l i z a t i o n . T h e l e t t e r s c o u l d b e i n . s c r i b e db , r ' h a m m e ra n d c h i s c lo n m a r b l t : ,o r . u , r i t t e n
r v i t h a p e n p o i n t o t l p a p y r u s . G r e a l n u m b e r s o f i n s c r i p l i o n s a n c lp a ; r y r i h a v e s u r v i v e c l ,
a n d t h e s t u d y o f t h e m , a l o n g r v i l h L i n e a r B , i s a n c x c i t i n g c h a l i e r , 3 -: -r : l i i c g r o q , i n g
p o i n t o f o u r k n o r v l e d g eo I t i r c c l a s s i c s .' f h e o l d c s t G r e c k l i t e r a r v p l i ) ] . r u s i s a p l a 1 . ,
tI.te Pcrsirtn.s hv Timol herrc rrret,irrrrs,lv locr Ahnvp it s nn,-rrinl linr.c
LESSON
I

THE GREEK ALPHABET. PUNCTUATION

r. The Greek alphabethas twenty-four letters:

A aiplra, pronouncedrvhen short like the first a in aha:
. rvhenlong, like the a in archon.
Bp beta, pronouncedlike the D in biology.
fy garnma,pronouncedlike the g in grafh.
/3 clelta,lrronounccdlike the r/ in danocracy.
E€ epsilon,prorioulicedlike the e in epigrant,.
a7sr zeta, pronouncecllikc the z in glaz'd (zd) or adze(d,z).
Hn eta, prorrouncecllike the e in /6te, or the a in paper.
oa theta, pronouncedlike the th,in tlrcater.
IL iota, pronouncedlike the i rn gcrarli,,n, rvhen short;
rvirenlong, like the i in police.
I{ K l<appa, pronounced like the fr in h,inetic.
A
^ lambda, pronounceci likc the I in labyrinth.
I,I p nru, pronounccd lilie the rn in rnetaf>hor.
/V v nLr, pronounced like the n, in naplttha.
€ xi, pronounced like the r in ax.ionr.
o o onricron, pronounced like the o in ol>tic.s,or the o in
polenr.ic(not a diphthong).
n ii
pi, pronouncedlike the j> in perim,eter.
P p rho, Pronouncecllike the r in rhinoceros(p is trilled).
x o sigma, pronounced like the s in sonalthore. The form -s is- ,L-p)h t *,4-
fif ;,.,',
q'":) |'0.*f
useclat the end of a rvord,o elsewhere.
T r tau, pronouncecllike the t in tactics /+'tE" c " 4\t
Y u trpsiion,pronouncedlike the , ir French tu, wltenshort; '' ; " ':
t
*
I
 like the u in French sur' German ii in
X:;:;.""g,
A 4 phi, pronouncedlike the ph in Philip'
XXchi,pronouncediikethechinGermanttr&chen,or,less
correctlY, Iike the ch in chorus'
Y ,lt psi, pronouncedlike the ps in eclipse'
Au)omega,pronounceclliketheoinode'orelsebetweeno
of.oceanand o oI orgY'
They
z. The capital letters are used at the beginning of names.
of sentencesunlessthe sentencesbegin
are not used.at the beginning
a parasraph ol q:,:fation'
a worcl beginswith a vowel,
3. There is no letter & in Greek.when
breath-
if fr should be pronouncedbefore it, the sign called a rough
vowel of a
ing, is written over the initial vowel or over" the second
a
proper diphthong. Il h is not to be pronounced,the sign -called
smooth breathing, is written in similar fashion' ?t'ii]4^T:i^'*?y:
"
havethe roughbreathing t PnwPuta ; t\Puq
like ng in angle when it comes
4. The letter 7 is pronounced
dyxvpu,\d'puy{'&yyouou'
before x,l, f, or {, e.g., dyyeAos,
.,;,,..t' .i''r ' -'
,|l.are.known as d.ouble consonantS,0' 6,
s. The letteri-(, f,.and'
and X as asPirated consonants'
t-, are ahvays long;
6. The vowels.'antl o are always shorti17 and
a, L, u are sometimes long and sometimes short'

7. The diPhthongs are:

dr pronounced like ai in aisle'
crupronounced like ott' in h'ott'se,now'
€c pronounced like ei in feign'
€u pronounced like the e in met plus the oo in rnoon'
in f6te plus the oo in nl'oorl'
Tu pronounced like the s
ocPronouncedliketlreoiinfoil,boywitlicioseo.
ou pronounced like the oo Ln lnoon'
uc pronounceci like the English we'

B.Theletteriota(r)isoftenwrittenbeneathu'11'andc'r'Itis
when such an
then known as iota subscript and is not pronounced.

7
 line, but it is still not
iota accompanies a capital it is written on the
pronounced.
i
g. The Greek question *"r/ is like the English sernicolon' For
the semicolon Greek uses a single point set above the linel The period .
and comma are like the English'
7
ro. The foilowing words may be used for practice:

Ep&p.a,d.oBeoros vd$\u' vixruP

prcypa$tu,, PrPAh, ifoEos
d'{i'ut1t"u,
ypo+i, yupvdocov,y/veors iPv's,6'lt's
Erly"oxpuri'a,itd,yvutots notl"is' nepty'erpov

iniypap.pa t't'v\xePus' t'eaP'u

ouv'-Lvuy'os' v(p"eoc
EQor, (-vt1,'ctyt8u
i.orrip,,inepPoAri ruxrtxds' ro4
\iofpor, trivTrlp ilPPc' ilPvos
yepl^,tov, noAtlns, pLos QiAmnos' $'itra(' t'ilos
xptots XoPds'YaParcrlP
^,6yor, ),up,jpwlos {'xi, trcA'eults
&6fi, drceav6s
1tr.ro$op,l,p.lrpov
DIPHTI{oNcs 16i{0oWoL)
eiyev'is' tyveJputv
$awdpevov,iulpuv
naia, vo.ag 6st'otog
orovieios r\oiros
'rrrro*
2
ACCENTS

r. It is customary to rvrite most Greekrvordswith accents,rvhich ":jl-''.,

occur only on the last three syllables.These originally dcnoted a . ..rii:,...;'
quality of pitch, not of stress,but they are no\v usuallygiven a stress
value.
A Greek word has as niany syllablesa s i t h a s v o w e l s a n c i d i p h -
thongs.
The last syllable of a n'ord is called the ultima, tltc next to the
1astthepenult,theonebeforethepelrrrlttlreartteilentrlt''.
Therc are threc accents: .,',' :

'"(a) Tlie acutc accent, ', ffiry stand upon any one of the last : i
t hr e c s y l l a b l c s ,b u t s ta n c i su p o n t l t c z r r t t c p c t r r r lot n l y r v l t c n
t hc trl ti m a i s s h o rt.
(b) Thc gravc accetrt,' , is rvrittctr insteaclof thc arcuten'hen
' -.--"'i
the latter r,voulcl naturally stand upon the iast syllableof a
word foilorvedby anotherrvorclin the sentencervithout any
int e rv c n i n gma rk o f p u n c tu a ti o n.E ncl i ti cs (I-essonrr) i n-
volve exceptionsto this rule. Thus the grziveaccentis founcl

i ' (c) fhe circumflcx accent,

^,
stands only upon zrlong vorvelor

'-
: t he l o n g p e n u l t o n l y rv h e nth e u l t i nra i s short.

A rvorclbearingthc acute upon ttrc ultirna is known as an oxytone,

one with the acute upon the penult as a paroxl,fe1e,one r.viththe
ar:uteupon the antepenult as a proparoxytone.One w'hichbearsthe
circurnflexupon the ultima is callcd a pcrispornenon,one rvith the
circtimflex upon the pcnult is a properispomenon.These terms,
though formidable,u'ill save nruch laboriousperiphrasis.
4 jri
,
 z. The follorving rules of accent are of great importance:
(a) The positionof accentin Greek is conditionedby the quan-
t it y of t he u l ti ma , i n L a ti n b y th a t o f th e penul t: e,g.,
Kw{p<,tvbut Cicero.
(b) The accent of a noun, adjective,and participleis peTsistent,
, that is, it tends to remain upon the syllable receivinfi tHb
accent in the nominative case,so far as the quantity of the
i ultima allorvs. Its position in the nominative must be
learneciby observation.
'
(.) The accent of the finite forms of a verb is.recess,iue,,that
. , is, it goesas far back from the ultima as the quantity of the
ultima allows,e.g.,AapBdvouot. ,tr,' . :-'
' :
(d) When the ultima includesa long vowei or a diphthong, the
,. -- ,,1' antepenult cannot be accented,e.g..,Aap"Btivew.
I (.) \4/henthe ultima includesa long vowel or a diphthong, the
. circumflex cannot stand upon the penult, e.g., zrloia, but
rAot<.,-tv. -.. r
-..,i (f) A long penult beforea short ultima,'riT'aciented,imust
bear
"
. .;- the circumflei, e.g., nAoCa. ---:*"-"'
Accent may be graphically representedby the following table
, (s: syllable):
55-\
.t-ov

Acute Circurnflex Grave A (before another word).

: ; : : ;
SSS

The Greeksconsidereda syllable long if it contained a long vowel

or a diphthong. ar.and or, when they are the last two letters of..a
word, are counted short in determining,accent,oexcep! in jhe optative
mood and the adverb oircot.
When breathing and accentmust be written over the sameinitial
vorvel,the breathing is written beforethe acute or grave accentand
beneath the circumflex. Both are written before capitals,with the
sanrcarrangement.Breathing and accent are written over the second
t'owel of an initial diphthong. E.g., &,,&, o8, oi, A, U, "Q.
A ferv rvords cailed proclitics and some of those called enclitics
h a ve n o ac c ent . l
I The proclitics are the forms 6,
i, oi and cf from the definite article, the
prepositions iu (in), ir (out of), and eis (into), and the words ei (if), c,re
(as, so that), and ori (not). For enclitics see Lesson rr.
 arrrot3

FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.

T H E D E C L E N S T O NO F d y u 0 6 s .
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE

r. Besides the singurar and prurar,

the Greek 'as another number,
the dual, ,sed to refer to tlvo persons
or things. Tire dual is obsolcs_
cent in classical Greek, though frequent
in Homer. It is rirnited i'
Attic for the most part to natural poi..
(rrancls,a pair of oxen, etc.),
even so, other rvords in agreement r,r,iilr
1nd, it are sometimes found
rn tne plural.
Throughout the text of this book
dual forms rviil be omitted fronr
paradigms b't rvill appear i' the complete
inflectionar appendiccs orr
Pages r58-rfi6. For a clescriptio' of tire forms sec p..gc
r5g, note r.
z' Greek has t'ree granrmaticar genciers-m^scurine,
feminine,
ancl neuter.

3 . Greek has tlie follorvingfive cases:

No m i n a ti v e ,th e c a s eo f th e s u b j ectof a
fi ni te verb.
1,
tz,'iVq,n44" G e n i ti v e ,th e c a s eo [ p o s s e s s i o n,
ori gi ., and separ' ti on.

efnvkf th
Da ti v e , th e c a s eo f th e i n c l i re c to bj ect and
of l ocati veancli n_

i^rrqj"il'\13, stnrmental relationships.

A c cu s a ti v e ,th e c a s eo f ti re c l i rc ctobj ect.
Vocative, the caseof clirectaclclress.
tEb Learn tlte cleclerisionof d.yalos, goocl.
s t N ( ; u f _ nt (
I,LU RAL
NI l i *
\ \ l
ltN
N dya06s d.ya?fi &ya7dv dyalo{ d.7,a\ai dya\c{.
G d.ya0oi dyaAfis dyct7oi
LTrtK D &'ya\riv d.ya?Ctv &yu\fov
ayduu) dya\Q
{r'{
it"0n dyalois dya1ats iya\ots-
,ra 1
dya06v yl"?i, d,yu06v &.yu|otjs
\/ d.yaflcis dya\d
&ya?d dya9i dyu06v t.yoloi dya9a{ t}.yu7ri
6

r"
 5. This adjective exernplihes the endings of the nouns of the
second, or o, declension, ancl of a Iarge number of nouns in the first,
or cr, declension. trfasculine nouns of the sccond declcnsion are de-
clined bke dya16s, neuters like dyaA6v. fhe second cleclensionconsists
almost entirely of ntasculine and neuter nouns, s,ith a few rare
feminines like ri8ris,road, rvhich follorv tlte masculine nouns in their
declension. i\{any r}ouns of t}re first declcnsion Are clcclinecl like
dya0fi,

6. Lear n t he de c l e n s i o no f tl i e d e fi n i tea rti c le: N ote that onl y i n

the forms d and rd does it differ from the endingsof d.ya06s.
SINGULAII PLURAL
I\I ]T N 1\IFN

Ndird OL
a a ,

dL TA

c ro0 ,iE roA r6tv ritv rtiv

DrQrfirQ zois ruts rots
A r6v ,4v 16 TOUS
, a
?GS TA

I . I n g e n e r a l , t h e d e f i n i t c ; r . r t i c l ei s u s e r l i n G r c c k a s i t i s i n E n g ) i s h .
Thus, d dya?ds&v0purros,the good man.

8. The adjcctive is niost conrmonly placecl in lvhat is know'n as

the attributive position. In this position the article appears clirectly
before the acljective or other modilter, as in <ji,.ya06s&v0p<unos
above
A nrore forrnal arrangement, bcaring the sanre nreaning, is the fol- #t{rrh'4,
lorving', 6 dvlpcunos,; dyag6s. Sometimes thcrc occLrrs a thirul ar- l)'q"'t
llr2'
rangelrrertr &v0p<,;nos 6 irya0,is.Irt placc of the acljective may be used r;, t
.-,2
a p o s s e s s i v eg e n i t i v e , a s , j K J p o u$ t A o g ,C y n r s ' s f r i e n d ; a n a d v c r b , a s ( U f t t 1 t f f i
o i .r d r e & r , 7 p t u z r o
( ot r s i n r p l y c , i r 6 r e ) , t h e n r e r r o f t h a t t i m e ; o r a p r e - - ' ) * , , - / t ?
'fhe
positional pirr:rse, as oi iy rQt-neilq irrot, tlrc horscs in thc pliin.
ffi44,t9J,
'-'
article is sometirnes usecJto clenotc a class, cr.g. ci d.v?pr,nros, man. ' J ,,
- ' ,(,
Thisis callecl
thc gcncricarticle.
ffrry %
9. A corripletc
sentcnce
nray,
fg of
fornrcd a nounor a as
Pronoun #$r-j{q,*
subject and an acijective as prcclicatc,the verb lo le being omitted.
In this case,thc acljectiveis outside thc':irticlc noun group, tliat is,
it does not directiy follorv the articlc, ancl-itis,saicl to be in the
preclicate
lrosirion. Ltrt 4! Z Af,.6er;*{&
qylr
Tff:lllltiil,iwfzqtr7e +v,,
:i:f::;";,;::i::
rd roA dv?prittrou nnt}ic r c c t A c if.h c man's children are beautiful.
 ro. I he article is commonly used in place of a possessive rvhere
ownership is clearly implied, as diape 16 p$Atov, he took his book.

r r . w i t h p l v a n d 3 1 t h e a r t i c l em e a n st h e o n e . . . t h e o t h e r , a s
6 p . & . . . d E 1 ;o r , i n t h e p l u r a l ,o ip' ' 1 ' ' ' ' o i E / , s o m e ' ' ' o t h e r s '
rz. There is no inclefinitearticle (:r, an) in Greek. Sometimesthe
indcfinite pronoun, used as adjective,is so employed'
13. Learn the declensionof the following noulls. Note that oxy-
tonesof the first and secondcleclensions circumflcx the genitive and
dative of both numbcrs, anclthat the ultima of the genitiveplural of
the first declension is alrvays circumflexed. See also Ilules (d) and
( f ) on p. 5.
T{IlIFF
speech 1n'att road ol>itttott it,
SINGUI,AR

N ),6yos &v7paros d8ds Yv<ist'r1 6iipov

(; A6you dv7pcirou d8o0 Yv<i1t'r1s 66pov
I) A6yrl, dv|p<[n<'t ,i6t; Yvcitply 6rip,at
A,iyov dlIparov d8dv Yv<i1tqv 6,ipov
A6ye &rgputne dEi YvdLL, 3,1pov
PLURAL

N Ariyot irr'|pcanot .j6ol YvdPut Ecirpcr

G A6ya-tv dl'|pcintov 66av yvutp"Ctv 6citp-v
r) A6yoc dv?p<inots dSois Yv<bPatE 3<ipo,.s
A Adyous dv|p<irous <j6orjs yvclpas 6ii..pa
Adyot &v|panot <j6oi YvtitY'at
66pa

READING
t. &gd.vq.ros i1 ,l,uyi1. z. ya),etr&' rd' rco,)''i' 3' pttpov &p'o'ov' 4'"Q
o o 6 Q ( i v o v o r ] $ 1 v . - A N T I S T H E N E S . J . r c o c u dr d r 6 v $ l A a v . - A t < I S ' r O T l ' E '
6. 6 y-p6vos iurpds ,,i,v ndvav ioti.''.7' Adyos yd'p tpyou orctd' 8' 'hjzrls
i.otp6i, tor* dvgp<.[roc ypdvos. g' eiE<.''"\ov tpyotv ioriv dvqp'irou A6yos'

ro. p"irpov ydP ro1 piou rd xaA6v, o'i rd ro0 Xp6vou p'fixos-_PLUTARCH'
ltavc the same
N o t c s : t . & 0 t i v a r o s :c o I n P o u n d a d j c c t i v e s , a n c l s o m e o t h e r s '
things'
e n c l i n g s f o r t h e f e m i n i n e a s m a s c u l i n e . z . , d . x o , A & .b, e a u t i { u l
by an
beauty. The neuter singtrlar or plural of an adjective, preceded
article, o f t e n f o r m s o r u b r t u r , t i v e . C f . S e n t e n c e I o , r d x u A d v ' 3 ' p 'ir!o.v,
"the golclen mean. " 4. (&'ov (adjectivc), strange fxenophobia]; ori6dv'
n o t h i r i g . 5 . r & , t h e n e u t e r p l u r a l o i t h e a r t i c l e i s u s e c lh e r e a s a s u b s t a n t i v e :
ndvuv, of
tlre things : the property. 6. iarp6s, physician [psychiatryl;
shadow
pairr (lil- of pains);2otrr, is (Lesson 12)' 7'o'<td -(nominative)'
t i . l , i " r 1 s , o f p a i . . For the accent of iarpds, see Lesson rz.
isciagraphi.
io' p']*os (neuter noun' 3rd declension)' length'
9. .i5-lor, liL".r"., iiaort.
( \ \ / o r d s i n s q u a r e t r a c k e t s a r e . 1 e r i v a t i v e s ,n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t r a n s l a t i o n s ' )

B
 VOCABULARY
&.v0p<oros,-ou, 6, malr, human being [anthropology]
ptos, -ou, <i, life [biography]
yvitp.l, -71s,i, opinion
66pov, -ou, 16, gift
tpyov, -ou, T6, work, deed, act [erg]
A 6 y o s ,- o v , 6 , w o r d , s p e e c h , r e a s o n , a c c o u n t f l o g i c ]
-our 16, measure, "mean"
lttrpov,
dEds, -ofi, f, road
nut6tov, -ou, r<i, child
-ou, 6, friend
{rlAos,
yp|vos, -ou, 6, tinre fclironometer]
rluyfi, -fs, ri, soul

&.ya0<5s, -i, -6r, noble, good

d.9dvaros,-ov, deathless (ri- privative * 9dvaros,death) [Athanasius]
i,tptorog,-rl, -ov, best [aristocrat]
xaA6s,-rj, -6r, good, beautiful .
xo,t'6s,-ri, -6r, con-lmon fepicene]
oo$6s, -rj, -6r, wise fSophomore]
yuA<rds,-rj, -dr, difificult, harsh

iorilv), he, she, it is (from the verb eip.t,to be; see Lesson rz)

ciei, ahvays (adverb)

yrip, for (conjrrnction, postpositive)
6, fi, rd, the (definite article)
ori,not (adverb, proclitic). This rvord is written orlr before a word begin-
ning with a smooth breathing, oJx before a rough breathing.

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. N{en's souls (are) immortal. z. For the words of friends (are)
best. 3. Good nren (are) not aiways deathless. 4. The property of tlie
best (rnen) is (in) common. 5. The opinion of noble men is wise.
6. Thc best road (is) difficult for (dative) a child.

REVIEW EXERCISES
Write out, \4'ith correct accents and brcathings:
Genitive plural of rd 6ci,po
v Genitive plural of. fi yv<ipt1
Dative singular of ri Bios Feminine accusativesingular of.oo{6s
r\ominative plural of 6 &v|panos Accusative plural of.6 &,v|panos
Masculine genitive singular of Nominative piural of.rd r.ol.Ei.ov
d.|dv'uros Neuter dative singular of &pwtos
Fenrirrinedative singular of xov6s
 ff
ffi$
DELPHI, ON THE SLOPE OF MOUNT PARNASSUS

Above all others, Olympia and Delphi were the national shrines of Greece. The
v i e r v s h o w sD e l p h i , t h e m o d e r n v i l l a g e , o n t h e l e f t ; a n d t o t h e r i g h t o f t h e c e n l r a l r i d g e ,
the ancient precinct. The stadium is clearly visible as a horizontal light gray band at
the top of the precinct just to the right of this same central ridge. Lower and farther to
the right, near the mouth of the chasm, is a bowl-like rvhite patch, the theater. The
oracle and Apollo's temple rvere slightly below the theater.
From the olive plain far beneath and out of sight, the road zigzags up to the
t o r v n . A b o v e , a t r a i l t o t h e h i g h s u m m e r p a s t u r e s o n P a r n a s s u si r a s b e e n t r o d d e n o u l
by shepherds for cenluries, perhaps from earlier even than the time rvhen Apollo
('Aztd,l,),,rr,)took over the sanctuary. Before Apollo, it belonged to fi, the old lvlother-
E a r t h g o d d e s so f t h e p r e - G r e e k i n h a b i t a n t s ,a n d l f r e t a i n e d a m i n o r c u l l . L a t e r , w h e n
a n e \ v a n d r v i l d w o r s h i p a r r i v e d , t h a t o f D i o n y s u s ( A r , i v , ' o o s ) ,A p o l l o ' s p r i e s t s a p p l i e d
t h e i r m o t t o p r l } i v , i y a v ( " n o t h i n g o v e r r n u c h , " i . e . , n o e x c e s s ) ,a n d D i o n y s u s b e c a m e
civiiized. In fact, it was Delphi which taught all Greece the sane, u'ise, essentialiy
h u m zn e d o c t t i n e o f m o d e r a t i o n , t h e G o l d e n l M e a n .
'fhe
houses of the citizens of the city-state (rvhich nranaged the oracle) may
have looked from a distance much as the town does today in the picture. Then as
nol the citizens lived mostly on olive-culture and grazing. The economic basis of
a n c i e n t G r e e c ew a s l a r g e l y a g r a r i a n , a l i k e u n d e r t h e e a r l y k i n g s a n d i n a i l l a t e r p e r i o d s .
E x c a v a t i o n sh a v e r e v e a l e dm u c h o f D e l p h i ' s h i s t o r y , f r o m t h e e a r l y f o n n a t i v e F l o m e r i c
years all the rvay dorvn into the Roman time when Plutarch, himself a priest of Delphi,
gathr,red up in his rvritings a thousand years of tradition.
LESSON I
A
F I R S T D E C L E N S IO N N O U N S (continued).
T H E R E L A T I V E PR O N O U N

r. Nouns of the first declension fali into four classes:

(a) Feminines declined like the feminine of d,ya06g,as yv<u1t1.
(b) Feminines rvith bases ending in p, which have ltong;?
5r 1,or " S.l
or a (short) instead of t7 in the singular, as reipa and ?ed.. '
, i ,
(.) A few other feminines ending in a (short), as 1d),arra.
(d) A few masculine nouns that have -rys or -t7s(or, after e, t,
p, -a.s)in the nominative singular, -ou in the genitive singular,
as cr parLcirqs, veavtag.

2. All first declension nouns are declined alike in the plural.

3. Revierv the principles of declension governing nouns of the first

declension as given in paragraph r3, Lesson 3. The a in the genitive
and dative singular of all first declension nouns and adjectives is long.

.4. Learn the declension of the following nouns; and of the adjective
'r--ri ". , , ''
d(tos,lvhich lias a feminine in c. ,, i' . ,. i' i . l )

FITFM;
goddess sea altempt soldier uorthy (adjective)
SI NG ULA R

N ?ed 9rlAarra reipa o'rparuirrls d.{rcs d(ta d.(rcv

c ?e&s ?aAd,rr1s' ,retpas orpartdtrou &{iov d.{tas it(i.ov
D 1rQ ?a),cirr1j reipq orparu.i.,rn ,itiq d€tq it(te
A ?edv 9dAarrav netpav orparuirlv" &.(rcv &,{tav d,{rcv
v ?e,i 9d.trarra rreipa orparuira d.{rc d{i.a d.(tov
PLURAL

N 9ea[ |d.Ao.r:cl reipat orpartirrat &.(tot d.{rat d.(w

c 0e,j-,v |aAarrG,v re tptiv orparu,.nitv d{iov &{tav &(tav

D |eais fc.Arirro,rs nelpats orpurt,irats ,i{iors d(tac d.fiots
A 0e,1s Tukl"r:ii neiprii. orporrri,i"is d.(i.ous d.(tas &{n
v ?eal ?dAanq.t neipat orparuirat d(tot d{wt d(w

il
 tpi, y'$t'pa, ilptpu' iy{em' valr'1s'
5. Practice tfte {eclension of
otod, po\, &rco'i,pao'Aeta' rpd"e(a'
X-po, vi.xr1,$uyrj, y'otpa, yA'i.rto,,
veavtas(-or), 3eor6rr1s,non1rtis'
,1.Atjlerc,

6 . L e a r n t h e d e c l e n s i o no { t } r e r e l a t i v e P r o n o u l l :
SINGUI-T\II PLURAL

I\1 FNI1ITN

N6snJNoiai{'
c o8 tis o{' G f,'v 'I'v 'iv
D,prtADolsoisols
A6vir6aotisds&
rvith its antececlent in gender and
7. Tlie relative Prolloun agrees
nurnber, but it takes its case from its construction in its o\vll clause'1

READING
t. rcaAdvriovyta. z. i1 roi oo$oA '!'uyif iovy's iort' tv ta?'s ro0 Btou
ouS*$opc,is.3.d8rrco5zrloOros oijno'e plpatds iotry' 4' $e}ye t\v rdv
rcq.xtitv$Atclv rcc;it\v r6,v d.ya06v tygpav. 5. of t'6y.ottltuy]1rfis noAtretqs
eioiv.6. oxrluil nds 6 pi.os.7.6 r,iv dv7p,intt, p[os 8,ipov riv o<,iv
iorrv.8. &vLptirnq oodQ 6 rc6oy.osnarpts toflv' 9'i'ti riv roAnatt'
eioepe{a x<xi i, rfi rciv orparx.,trtfiv t.v6pe[q rco'ii, rfi rtiv \txaoritv
rfis noArrricrg ioti.r.IO. rd 3ircara &.eixuAit. tt. pepata
Stxu:tooJyn
I irlpn
fi n6hs fis ilrcolot oi' noAira'.
Notes: t. xa\6v,in preclicate("a fine thing"). z. iiovyos,-ov,callrl (for seconcl
accent, see Lessorrr r). 3. p(patos, secure.4. $eOye,flee (imperative.'znd .lf
pcrsonsingular); iyLpav, 5. noAneto,, goverulnerrtIpolitl']; <ioi.t',are {
I

jI-"..or, ,rS. C. rr.as,'ait(rvith ",r,n1t1,.

pios) 8. rc6opos, narpts, native
r1'<rrld.fcosn'ros];
I

' ,l

iancl (nominati'e). ,1. ,riolprro, ,".'"'""t"; i,,}pela, brav'crv; 6'*o'oo'l'1'

j u s t i c e ;i r i p n , s t r e n g t h . r r . z r c i l r ec,i t y .

VOCABULARY
, -oa, 6, jurl'man
}rr<aorrjs
ilouyta, -ee, i, calmness
7dAarra, -rs, i, sea 't I

\ed, -6.s,zi, goddess / ,

ilt
',-.r
,'' i
,'' i
t
J
0e6s,-o0, d and 4, god, goddcss ltlieologyl ,'. ' i t" r
",' |
-ou, d, latv
v|trLos,
r<tpa, -os, fi, trial, attcmPt
i; ' - ;ii
1 A relative rvhich has an antecedcnt in thc ge-$tJlg or dati,v3 .o.{::+.'l*,*:
w h i c h t v o u l c li t s e l f n o r n r a l l y s t a n d i n t h e a c c u E a t l v e ,l s g e I ) c r a l l ya t t r a c t c o
irrto the case of thc antececlcnt,e.g., frorir the cities rvhich hc iras, trc rC,v,
iiAeav,Iv iXer.(for de /1e c). '

t2
*"l{ ,

- i { : i
'
t i
fr
 .rAo?ros,-ou, 6, wealth lplutocratl
noAtrls, -ou, d, citizen fpolitician]
ontlrn, -fis, i, tent, stage building, or stage [scene]
o'rparu,Lrls, -ov, 6, soldier
oup"$opd,, -&s, 4, misfortune
$rAic, -os, i, friendship
dEcxos,-orr,unjuSt
<ifro9,-d , -eY,rvorthy
E/rcalos,}tnula, 6ircrrov,just
xaxdg,-ri, -6v,bad
y.txp6s,-d.,-6v, small
6s,i,6, who, rvhich (relative)
iv, in, among (proclitic preposition with dative)
xat, and (conjunction); also, even, merely (adverb; precedesthe word it
modi{ies)
oirore, never (adverb)
ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. Wealth (is) never secure in disasters. 2. Good soldiers and just
jurymen have (iyouot) the friendship even of the citizens.3. The
chilclren (are) among friends. 4, The laws (are) just and worthy of
the citizens. 5. The misfortunes of life (are) also common. 6. The
fricnd of the juryman is fleeing ($etiyet).7. Unjust (is) the rnisfortune
of the solcliers. 8. The justice of the jurymen (is) secure. 9. The
citizens' words (are) unjust.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Translate :
r. of ydp rC,v dp(,or<tvA6yot oo$o(..2. rcovd rd 6itpa r& rtiv $tA<'rv.
3. d0<ivur6s iorw 6 rdv d.yu?Ctv d.v9p<inav Ftos. 4. ipyov yaAr.rdv
rl'vXfis &ya9fis rcaAdv tort pirpov. 5. ,l r6v rol6.utv yvci1,cr1oJrc dei
oo$fi iorw.

II. Write in Greek:

r. The time (is) not good for the children. z. The wise men (are)
not always the best. 3. The beautiful road (ir) diffrcult. 4. The
child's gift (is) best. 5. The opinion of the good man (is) wise.

t3
LESSON
5
R E G U L A R V E R B S : P R E S E N TA N D
FUTURE INDICATIVE ACTIVE.
INFINITIVE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE

r. The Greek verb has three voices: the actiue and,passiu, are'i',..
used as in English, and the middts representsthe subject as acting i
upon itself or in its own interest. The Greek verb has six moods:
indicative, subjunctive, optative, imperative, infinitive, participle.
z. The Greek verb has seven tenses,classifiedas follows:
Primary Secondary
Present Perfect Imperfect
Future Future Perfect Aorist I
Pluperfect
3. The same personai endings are used for both the present and
future indicative active of regular verbs. As in I-atin, pronoun
subjects are usually omitted. Learn the followingendings:
SINGULAR PLURAL

rst person -u) -opev

znd person -€rs -ET€

3rd person -e, -ovo{v)z

-.j
4. The future is formed by placing o beforetheseendings.
5. Learn the presentand future indicative of na6eJu, educate.
PnesrNr Iwprcetrvn
SINGULAR PLURAL

zcl}eJ-c.,t3 I edu.cate nat\ei-opev ue edlt'c&le

nat}eJ-e,s you educale nat\eJ-ere you educate
rat6erj-et, he, she, it educates rat6erj-ouor(v) they educate

I The aorist is a past tense denoting a single action. It is similar to the

French and Spanish preterite.
s v is added to final -or. and to all third personal endings in -e, when a
word beginning with a vowel follorvs, or at the end of a sentence. It is
called v-movable.
3 N o t e t h a t t h e a c c e n t o f v e r b s i s r e c e s s i v e .( P a g e 5 , r u l e z . c . )

l4
 (,
Furunr INorcnrlvn
SINGULAR PLURAL

:r'ar6eJ-o-<,tI shall educate nut6ed-o-opev we shall edu'cate

,rar}e/-o-e Ls ylu will educate nar6eJ-o-ere you will educale
rar}e,i-o-et he., she, it will educate ratEcJ-o-ouor(v) lhey will educate

6. When the stem of a Greek verb ends in a mute, certain changes

are made before o in the future.
(u) A labial mute-zr, p, t'-combines with the o to make ry':
ntprt t, niprltc, send.
(b) A paiatal mute-rc, y, X-combines with the o to make
{: d.y-, df<'r, lead.
(c) A dental mute----r, E, d-is before the o: nei\cu, ". :i ' ,
$Jopped
reloa, persuade. (So also the voicdd dental (.) ,
;
-eLv to the--*'
7. The present active infinitive is formed by adding
stem of the verb, as nat|eie:r,: to educate. j" ;
,r-
B. The future active infinitive is formed by adding both the o of
the future and -ew to the stem, as zzarEer/*o^er.v-^...
."_ i j

9. Many verbs of saying and thinking, as $1pi (to be studied

later) and voy.i(@,are followed by indirect staternent in the infinitive.
In such cases the verb of the direct statement is changed in the
indirect to the same tense of the infinitive, ancl the subject is put
into the accusative case.
If the subject of the verb of saying or thinking and the subject of
the infinitive are the same, and are not emphatic, the subject of the
','
infinitive is not expressed, and its modifiers remain nominative.
,, , ;
The teacher educates the boy. ri Er.8dorcatros
rut}eiet rd no,t}tov.
He thinks that the teactrer is educating the boy. vo1ti,(etrdv
v rat\erietv rd nut 6i.ov.
SrEciora,tro
He said that the teacher was educating the boy. i$1 rdv 6r6do-
rcu\ovnat\eJery rd nat}tov.
The teacher will educate the boy. 6 3r6d,orca)osz'arEeJoetrd
nutEtov.
He thinks that the teacher will educate the boy. vopi(et rdv
v nat}eJoew rd nat\iov.
8rEciorca,tro
He said that the teacher would educate the boy. t$q rdv 6r.Ecfo-
xo,Aovtat\eJoew rd nut\tov.
The teacher said'that he would educate the boy. d 6r6dorcr)os
!,fu rar}iov ,rar\etjoery.
"3
t5
 READING
r. oi v6y"o, zoJs dv?p<inous narSe,jouorr,. 2. rtoreJopev rots rC.n'

$iA"tv Adyo6.3. ror)s $tAovs ne(?et nroretjery rots vdpots.4. ?i int9uptu

i13ov6v noAA,|rc.s i,.v9pc|rous eis ir\xiav &.yet. J. xarcdv $ipouot xaprdv
o i .* q . * o i $ i . A o t . 6 . i $ n r a r c o J s $ i . A o u s$ i p < r , x a p n d v x a x d v . 7 . v o p t ( o u o w
o['A1rlraiot rdv Advaro, etvat xo,i ijnrov. B. zoJs v6y"ous oi.'A9qvaeor
eis,\i0ous yp,l$ouotr. Q. oJrc i$aoav r6v }dvarov xuxdv e'tvat dl?pdrotg.
to. vo1ri.{ovorv oi. &v0panot xc.).dv et a, dyo,?oJs y',i}ous {yetr'.

N o t e s : 4 . i n t | u p i c r , d c s i r e i f i 6 o > , < i , vo,b j e c t i v e g e n i t i v e ; d . } t x i c r v , i n j u s t i c e

( d p r i v a t i v e - 1 -r o o t 6 r r c - ) . 5 . x a p r 6 v , l r u i t [ c a r p o l o g y l . g . o i x i $ a o a v ,
sairl not (Latin, nego),

VOCABULARY
'A71vatot, -ruv,
ot, r\tiienians
fi}onj, -it, i, pleasurc [I'Iedonism]
?dlarog, -ou, 6, death
A t ? o s-,o v , 6 , s t o n e f l i t h o g r a p h y ]
i,rrvos,-ou,6, sleep [hypnotism]
,|ya, &(a,lead, drive [pedagogue]
yp,l#,r, yyl*-, write [graphite]
etvat, to be (infinitive of eipi.,Lesson rz)
€$q, he saicl, replic<l;i$aoav, they said (follo*,ed l,y the infinitive in
indirect statcrncnt) icuphcrnisrnl
tyu, t{a or oyrjoa, have, hold
,op"i(-, think (takes inlinitivc in indirect statement)
ro.r6<Jrr.t,-o<rl, educate
re i?clt, nel.ocrt,Persuade ( + accusative)
n(pra, r(p.r!<t, send
rtoterJa, rtoretJo<rl, trust (* dative)
6(p-, bear, carry

eis, into (* accusative)

.loMdrc6, often

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. I trust the larvs of the Athenians. 2. He said that he rvas per-
suading his (: the) friends. 3. We are not carrying the stones.
4. They said that death rvas sleep. 5. He wiil persuade the soldiers
to trtrst the Athenians. 6. The pleasures of life are often small.
7. Ile wiil persuade thc Athcnians to u'rite their laws on stones.
8. The just citizens said that rnen often lead their friends into in-
justice.

l6
REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Translate:
t. pwpit fi orcr7"\& rt i.orw 6 orparuirls. z,6t"xo,/a i1 r6v &.6txi.,lv
oup$opd.. S. i i, ri ?qAdnyl ,jouyta xo,Afliorrv. 4. oi vdpo,"ritv no)niw
&(rct.5. ol 9eoi xo,iaf ?eai olwore d8crcocrois dyagoi.s.

Ii. \\rrite in Greek:

r. Wealth is a bad thing for thc unjust jurymen. z. The words of
the good citizens (are) fair. 3. Thc friends of the gods (are) immortal.
4. The difficult road is a disaster .for the soldiers. 5. The citizen's
friendship for the juryman is not just.

t7
 LESSON
6

THE THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION

CLAUSES OF RESULT

r. The third declensionincludes a large group of nouns of all

three genders.The stems of these nouns end for the most part in a
consonant, and the stem is seen in the genitive singular rvhen the
ending -os is dropped.The nominativessingularof thesenouns vary
greatly, but they often end in -s, and the remainingforms are usually
regular.l Learn the declensionof the following nouns:
.. l
. li M MM IYI i..F

shield thieJ guard diuinig, old man fauor

SINGULAR
f t
N d,orts xA<it$ $nAa( \atpuv yeP@v xdPLt
c d,ort6os xAut6s {r-i}cxos 6a[y.ovos ye Povros xaPLTos
D d.ort6t x).<ont 6ai.p.ov,"
,,
y€PovrL
$JAaru xdPLTL
A &.onl6a ,<A,itrra $J),axa 6ai.pova y€povrd xdPlv
T '
v d,ort xAuttlt 6JAd€ latpov y€Pov xdP:.
J'

PLUI'AL

N d.oztles rli'"res \aty.oves

,,
yePovres
$iAuxes xdprT€s-
c dort\uv xLo.zitv 6atp6vu;v yePovr@v
,,
$vAd.rcav xdPLT@v
D donic* d,carlti 6ai.y.oot
,,
yePouoL
$,j[a(t xctPLoL
A d.ori6as xA,lras $JAaxas Sai.povus y€Powq9 xapLras
v ciozri8es xAdnes $JAaxes Sai.y.oves y€Povr€s xaPLT€s

2. It is necessaryto learn the nominative and genitive singular

and the genderof the nounsof the third deciensionin order to under-
stand the manner in which a particular noun rvill be declined.
r lVlasculineand feminine nouns usually form the accusative singular by
a d d i n g a t o s t e m s e n d i n g i n a c o n s o n a n t ; y t o s t e m s e n d i n g i n r .o r u . ' f h e
vocative singular of masculine and feminine nouns is usually the pure
stem, e.g., d.ort, but there are a number of exceptions, €.8., $JAa{. Nouns
rvhich do not accent the ultima usually drop the dental of the stem and
a d d v t o r o r v l e . E . , y d . p w .B u t n o u n s a c c e n t e d o n t h e u l t i m a i n t h e n o m i n -
ative, and having a dental stem, keep the dental and add ai e.8., &orrt\a.

l8
 3. The ending of the dative plural is -or, with v-movable before
a word beginning with a vowel; this ending is often the cause of
certain changesin the final consonant of the stem, which must be
learned by observation of various nouns.

4. The accent of these nouns is persistentexcept in the case of

monosyilabicsterns,and of a few other irregularnouns.Monosyllabic
stems of the third declensionaccent the ultima of the genitive and
dative, singular and plural.

5. Result is expressedin Greek in two ways:

(a) Actual result is expressedby dtore plus the indicative. The
negative is oJ. He did not come, so that the Greekswere
rvorried. oJy flxcv' tito?'of," EDqvest$p6"r,,(ov.
(b) Natural result, which often denotesintention, tendency,or
capacity, is expressed by d,ore and the infinitive. The
negative is p4. He was so brave as not to flee. oiirc'tsd"ya06s

t.,\ ou$pooJ,ry1 rc6op.os iori yipovot ,<o,i.veavl.o,rs. z. rdv oJpuvdv ot

r onyrui.at?i pa dvop.dfouorr . 3. fu*frtr1gv Atyouow dj\ qtr*dr -ro0..
oi pavqQ,
4, tya lAoirov.,io{rAWeci{ew rd. 6,ipa.5. rcr,\dv rco) yipouot" pav?d.vev
ooSd..6. 6 ydpav 1g!s 3e.av!u1-st$r1,.ri1v y<o$pootivrlv 3"tvat x6oy.ov.7. 6
'iots 'A7t1rii,ors
noAt tls ntore,Joet ot, Sllr,i eiory. B. roJs orparuiras
&.{et eis r\v sKrlrn" i-y f, Corrv 6 TAoAros. g.hor,e oJ vop.i(ouot rdv
0&,vurov *oi Jnro, ,trot. io. d?o$ds 4*,yti, dyet"iv ruCs oupSopcr?s.
rr. orir t$r1 e'tvcltronytjs, riMci rprrr)s|6ri nonTrar.

Notes : t. ou$poorJvq, self.-control; x|opos, ornament fcosmetics]. z. ui1tpu

( a c c u s a t i v e ) , s k y f e t t r e r e a l ] ; d v o p d , ( o v o t v ,c a l l [ s y n o n y m ] . 3 . l t y o u o r u , t h e y
call; d$|u,\pciu (accusative), eye fophthalmia]. 4. &yopd,(ew, to buy, cf.
, a r k e t . 5 . y . a v ? t i v e r vt,o l e a r n f m a t h e m a t i c s ] . ( A n i n f i n i t i v e m a y b e
d , y o p d ,m
used as a noun as the subject or obj ect of a sentence.) ro. ,jovyto, dyet, is
- . c a l m . r t . t < p t n j s , j u d g e , c r i t i c ( f r o m r c p i . v - ,t o j u d g e f c r i s i s ] ) ; o J x t $ q , s a i d
not; cf. iinglish "I don't think." -"*"-'\*

VOCABULARY
dpy<ov, -evros,r d, ruler
,
&.oni,s, -iEos,{, shield
t /N',_

yip<ov,yipowos, d, old man fCeronlion)

\atpuv, tgros, <i,divinity
ij),tos,-ov, 6, sun fhelium]
l9
 d, thief
R^(b{r, xAci',rds,
veavl.as,-ou, 6, young man
olpuvds,-o0, 6 heaven furaniunr]
roqrrjs, -o0, d, poet
$d\a(, -d,Kos,d, guard
udpc, yd.pnos,i1, {avor, grace

iolAds, -rl, -6r, noble

y"6vos,-r, -ov, only, sole fmonolith]
${Arcs,-d,, -ov, friendly (cf. {Aos, $)ta)

fiv,he, she, it wasi r)oau,they were

d^)d, and by elision <i,ll', but
pfi, not (negative with conditions and infinitives except infinitives in
indirect discourse)
orir<rr(before vowels, oiras), thus, so
,iore, and so, so that, therefore (elided to <ior'before a smooth breath-
ing, ,io9' before a rough breathing)

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. It was a good thing for the young men to learn to be calm.
z. The rulers will send the shields to the old men. 3. The noble poets
will persuade the young men to trust them (crlrois).4. The guards
are wise, and so they persuade the citizens. 5. The divinities will send
their favors to poets and rulers so as to educate them (o,Jrois).
6. They lead the thieves into the tent in which the guard u'as.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Translate:
t. t$aoav ,ois'A?tlva{ous rtoreJoery rots oo$oi.srcal 8rrcaiots noAlrats.
2. rd. nc,t}ia $ipet roJs Al9ous eis riv d66v.3. t6n rols ooSois voy.i,(ew
rdv 9d.vurov ijnvo, etvqt. 4. oJ roAAd.xrynat\edet rois d.v,1p<inous i
i16ovri.g. netoet roJs oo$ois roAiras v6yous ypri$ew xui n(pnew rott
orpuru.Lratg.
N o t e : z . A n e u t e r p l u r a l s u b je c t r e g u l a r l y t a k e s a s i n g u l a rv e r b .

II. \4rrite in Greek:

r. He said that the soldiers would lead the horses into the road.
z. They think that pleasure is not a good thing. 3. Tliey saicl that
they would not have a tent. 4. Sleep rvill lcad the soldiers into death.
5. We do not think it is a pleasure to carry stones for our (the)
f riends.
20
 7
LESSON

IRREGULAR AND NEUTER NOUNS

OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
E X P R E S S I O N SO F T I M E .
DATIVE OF POSSESSION

r. Learn the declensionof the following nouns:

MFNNMM
hing city army /ace father man
SINGULAR
paotAeJs r6ALs orpdrevy.a y&os ,odpr &"1p
puot\(as zrd,trea.,s orpareJy"uros y(vovs r,o,rp6s &vEp6s
paotAee trdAet atparcJy.art y(vet narpi &l6pi
PaotAiu n6Ar"v orpdrevp.a ylvos rrur(pa dv6pa
puorAeA n6At orpdreupo yivos ndrep dvep
PLURAL
paot)eis rdAer.s anpareJp.ara ybl ro.r{pes dv6pes
pao,.r\iutv r6)e<'tv orparcvp.d.ruv yevitv nar(pcttv d,v6pdv
paot),eiot n6\eot orpure{p"aoc y€veot rarpdor. dv6p,io,.
BaotAfus rrdLeq orpareJp,ara y#r? rartpas dvlpus
pa.otAeis r6Ae,s orpareJp.ara yilrl nar(pes dz8pes

z. The first four are each typical of a large classof nouns.

Nouns like ydvoshave a stem -€s which drops the s and aliows the
e to contract with the foliowing vowel, €.8.,ylveoos,yivousI ylveoa,
vbt.
3. Duration of time and extent of space are expressedby the
accusativecasewithout a preposition: He marched five days. fiAuwe
nCvrei1y.$as.
t t4ryp,mother,is declined:pirrp, pr7rp6s, pfirep(singu-
plrpt, 1lqrdpu,
lar); plripes, pqri.puv, ltqrpd.ot, 1tTlpos, p.qripes (piural). of
!!1.vo9ative
n o u n s i n - r q p h a s r e c e s s i v e a c c e n t a n d s . h q r t e n s q t o e,

Zl
 Time when is expressedby the dative case,usuaily without a pre-
position: He will come on the next day. fl(et rfi ,iorepaia.
Time within rvhich is expressedby the genitive case,usually rvith-
out a preposition: He rvill come within ten days. fi(et Bircai1p"..p,iv.

4. Simple possessionis often expressedby the verb lo be rvith tfue

dative, the dative denoting the possessor:cyrus has a general.
rQ KJpu iori orparlyds.

READING
t. "E)d.t.,viseiow dvipes orirc &yvdpoves rco,iyerd. Aoyrcy.o0nd,vra
npd,rrouow.z. tcpivet$iAous6 xo,'4,ds, 6s ypuodvrd rAp.3. oj turpoi
rd' rctv -oA.'itv ociy.aru \epaneJouo,v.4. ri,\)' eloi pnTpi zaiEesdyxvpac
Bbu.5. n rlpipa ptxpdvpipos roA trous iortv.6.' y,jvat,yvva$i xdopov
n oLyi $ipet. 7. Xeip yetpa vi,(et. 8. d dodlds paor)eJs-voy.t(etrilv
\trcutooivtlv 6,itpov etvo,r"r6.w Tedv. g. of ydp dyo.ioi io,iy"oves r/ptrouot.
rois &,v?p,itnoc ndrra (all things) & d{et, eis Blov d.\tivurov. t,ore of,
d,v?p<'ttroc d,no6d'oouot (will give back) rots Aeois 6 $i,Aov torat (rvill
be), ,iore tyew r\v
$tAtav aJrdv (their) . ro. ydpts ydprv $ipet. rr. d
ypivos ioriv iv ,It xutpds, xatpds i;;y Q yniros ori rroAds (much).-Hrppo-
CRATES.

N o t e s : t . d y v c [ p " o y e s :i,g n o r a n t ; A o y t o y " o A ,r e a s o n i n g i n d v r a , e v e r y t h i n g

(neuter plural accusative). 2. ypvodv, goid (accusative) [chrysolite].
3. iarpoi, physicians ; |epatreJovor, treat ftherapeutics]. 4. dyxt,pat, anchors,
mainstays. 5. ltipos, 16, part lpolymeric]; irous, year (rd iros) [Etesian].
6 . o r f i , s i l e n c e . 7 . v i . { e r ,w a s h e s . 8 . - o J v 1 , s u f f i x l i k e E n g l i s h - r r e s s . 9 . d . { e r . :
singular verb with neuter plural subject;
$iAov, pleasing.

VOCABULARY
d.v1p,dv6pds,
d, man, husband
paocAeJs, -i<rrs,<j,king
yivog, ovs, 16, race, kind
yuvzj,yuvatxdsz,ri, woman, wife [gynecology]
'EMqv,'EDqvo;,
d, a Greek
ip&o, -os, i, day fephemeral]
xatpds,-oi, 6, critical time, occasion
p4nlp, srlrpds, ri, mother (for declensionsee note, p. zr)
ruts, ruc66s,d, child (cf. rar6eia), vocative zci; genitive plural nal6c,w
nadp, rrurpis, d, father
116A$,-ec,rs,ri, city
'yrd is declined: yuvtj, yuvaurdg,ywatrcl, ywatxu, yivat (singular);
ywatxeg, yuvawtr, yuvat{t, yuvatxas,ywaerces(plura}).

22
 rip, nupds, 16, fire fpyromaniac]
orpdreuy.a, -o.rot, 16, army
oCtpa,oltparos, zd, body fchromosome]
yelp, yetpds,ti, hand fchiropractor]
- money, things
Xpfrpa, -ctros,z<i,thingi plural
xplvco,judge, decide
rpd,t'rt'.t,rpd.{u, do fpractical]
i
p"erd,,prepositionwith genitive,iwiih ; ;with accusative, after
'
<,is,&S(pioclitia)"'
6/ra, ten (undeclinable)
ldecaloguel

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. The child will write a letter (irrrcro\'fl to (his) father within ten
days. z. The Greek said that he would send fire to the men. 3. The
child's mother has (iXer)money in her (: the) hand. 4. The wife of
the Greek is for ten days carrying fire to (napti + accusative) her
mother. 5. The jurymen think that they judge with calmnessand
pleasure.6. The king thinks that silenceand ju.sticeare ornaments.

REVIEW EXERCISES
L Tr ans lat e:
r. fi, yd.p oijra rco,A\ dore roJs veav[,as 66tpa r(S"nerv.2. oJ 6i,<atot
cii,\d d8cr<ot foav oi. ltrco,orat, itore rois no)ir"s pi rrcreJe ev rois Adyo6.

f. t(et ydp d veavlas illov)1v xai r\v ytipw riv rdv ?edv. 4. rds rc)v
ronyrCv yvtiy.as aJ yprl.,ltop€v. 5. t6\ 6 oo$ds rd rC,v 3a,"y"6vav tpya rcc.Ad
etvat.

II. Wr it e in G r eek:
r. The rulers were so rvise as to trust only the wise and noble
ci ti zens .z . T he old m a n i s n o t fri e n d l y , s o th a t l re w i l l not send
th e s hield t o t he yo u n g ma n . 3 . T h e p o e ts th i nk that the sun i s
a divinity in the heavens.4. The guards rvili lead the thief into the
ruler's tent. J. The just have the favor of the gods.

23
 LE5SON
B

THE IMPERFECT.
THE FIRST AND SECOND AORISTS
INDICATIVE AND INFINITIVE

r. Past time in Greek verbs is denoted by two means:

(") by a different set of personalendingsfrom those previously
studied; and
(b) by augmentation of the verb stem.
z. Augment is of two kinds:
(a) Syllabic augment. Verbs which begin with a consonant
prefix the vou'el e to form the imperfect, aorist, and plu-
perfect tenses, e.g., nipnrtt, €neptnov, trreStr/,u.
(b) Temporai augmeut. Verbs which begin with a vowel
lengthen that vowel. The most frequent changesare ct to 7i;
e to z1and o to a; ar to n. Also r (short) augments to r
(long); u (short) to u (long); au to r1uior to ?. 8.g., dyc,t,
fiyor.In certain verbs e is augmentedto ec,e.g., tyc,t,<tyov.
3. The terms f.rst aorisl and secondaorist denote different forms,
not diflerent tenses.Most verbs have a first aorist, but a number of
important verbs have a second aorist instead. The second aorist
generally occurs in consonantstems, and is similar to the past of
strong verbs in English, €.8., Ae[ncu,
iAnrov;cf. sing, sang.
The stem of the imperfect, and of the first aorist, is that of the
presenttense,while the stem of the secondaorist is that of the root
of the verb (it is sometimescalled the strong aorist). The personal
endingsof the secondaorist are the same as those of the imperfect;
no o is added to the stem. Whether a verb has a first or secondaorist
must be learned from the principal parts (given in the general
vocabulary).
24
 + , Learn the following forms:
t

Ir,lpsRruct f lrprRrrcr
i-rat6ev-o-v I was educating, t-Aem-o-v I was leaaing,
d-trqi6ev-e-s etc. i_lclz.-e_s etc.
i-ral6eu-e(v) t-Aem-e(v)
i--rat6ei-o-pev i-Aehr-o-p.ev
i-ret6ei-e-re i-Aein-rjre
i-ru(6eu-o-v t-\eur_o-v
FrRsr Aonlsr SBcoNo Aonrsr
i-zai6eu-oa I educaled, t-),tzr-o-v I left,
i-no,/6eu-oa-s etc. i-hz'-e-s etc.
i-ro,/6eu-oe(v) E-Aur-e(v)
i=zc,deJ-oo,-p.€v i-Air-o-p.ev
i-ro16eJ-oq.-re i-Ahr-e-re
i-nai.6eu-oo,-v t-Anr-o-v
Liguro Frnsr Aonrsr
i-1t<r.v-a, I retnained,
e-paLv-q,-s ctc.
E-p.etv-e(v)

i-p.eiv-a-p"ev
i-pLe[v-e-re
i-p.ew-a-v

5. The tense sign of the first aorist is o.,. when the verb stem
ends in a mute or in (, the same changesoccur
as before the o of the
future, e.g., r(y.nat, Enep.tla.

6' when a verb stem endsin a iiquid (A,p, v,

ot p),the first aorist
endings are added directly to the stem without
the o. usuaily the
vowel of the stem is lengthenedin this case,cr
becomingn; €-,€(,;L
(short), c (long); u (short), u (long); €.g., p.&<,t,aorist
tp.ewa.
7. The ending of the first aorist active infinitive is -oat,in a liquid
stem 'at; nip.rftat,y.etvuc.
The infinitive is not augm.nt.d,
"'atleioo,,
the augment being used onry in the indicetiv'crmoord.
'i:: ' ' The iccelt is
al-w^ayg
upon the penult.
B. There is no imperfect infinitive.
Th,gending of the secondaorist infinitive is -ecv.
. 9. This infinitive
alrvayshas the circumflex upon the ultim&, e.g.,
Anreiv.
ro. so far, three of the six principal parts of
the Greek verb have
25
been given. These are the first personsingular of the presentindica-
tive, of the future indicative, and of the aorist indicative. For ex-
ample i nut\eJa, rat\eJout, inai\euou; Aein<t, Aei$<o, {.Amov.
These parts, and others to be learned later, should be practiced
together. Rapid identification of any given verb form in Greek de-
pends upon a command of the principal parts.
The first three principal parts of the verbs given in the Vocabu-
laries thus far, with the exception of certain irregular verbs, are
given below (the futures of xptvo and vopi(<r rvill be learned in
Lesson 16):

d,yu.,,d{a, fiyayov,lead, drive

y p,16cu,y p,i{r", ty pollta, rvrite
iyut, t{<'t or oy"riou, i,oyov, have, hold
-, ixpwu, judge
rcpl.va;,
voy.i(u, -, |vdy.na, think
nat\eiu, ratEeJou, inai.6euou, educate
net9u, retou, Lnewa, persuade
rrt pctro.,,ni prftut, tne y,r!u, send
n torerJu, ntoreiou, inloreuoa, tiust
,rpdlra, npd.{ut, trpa{u, do
{ip-., oloct;, fiveyxor, bear, carry

READING
r. toov icriv dpyfi rco,i9tlAarra. rcui yuvfi. z. of [Tipout rd- rtxvu el,s
&.A10<wv irut\euor.3. ir'A?rjvacs of no)trut iv rais txrcAr1oia,s ipoiAevov.
4. "t lfipout rQ "t'fi.iqt xo'Lrff oe\rj"n xo,i rfi yfi rco,irois dvi+.ors i?uov.
J. 6 pciv dya06s &v7pc,tnos irc ro0 dya\o7 7qouvpo7 rfis xup6i,asnio$$e,
rd d,yu06v,d 6; novt1pdsirc roA novlpoA rd novrlpdv.6. rcai.oJ, rtxvov!-
CAESARTO BRUTUS,Fltol\l SUETONIUS.J.'Ayti.leJs tni ,dv niAeStov
oirc t(fiet (went forth), plvi.atv (being angry) 6d. Bprc1t}a. ,iore of.
Tp,ites Aupoloavres (taking courage) irc rfis n6Aeus npofiA?ov. of Ei
"E))lves retyos ttrparrov rcaird.$pov (ditch). xui of, Tp6es rois " EDrlvas
eis zd reiyoe i}tutxov (pursued).-APoLLoDoRUS.

Notes: r. 'l.oov,equal fisosceles];dpyfi,dative of respect (T.essonIr);

xcri. .. xc), both. . . . and. z. Ilipoat, Persians; r/xvov, child. 3. ixxArlota,
assembly[ecclesiastical];'A?fivut., Athens. 4. oeA\ry,moon fselenography].
5. 01oaupo0,treasure house fThesaurus]; xap6ia, heart [cardiac]; rp6 *
$(pet, bring forth. 6. oJ, you (Latin tu.). 7. rrpofi),|ov,rp6, forth * fi\9ov,
went; Bpcorlt\a,accusative ol Bpr.orl{s, Briseis; tnpurrov, they built.
26
 VOCABULARY
d\fi|ew, -oe,i, truth
d . v e p . o s-,o u , 6 , w i n d f a n e m o n e ]
yfi, yic, fr, yfir, rj, earth fgeology]
ipyi, -is, i, temper,anger lorgy]
zd)cy.os, -ou,6, war [polemics]
reiyos, -ous, rd, wall
t ovlpds, -d,, -6v, wicked
p ouAeia, pov),erjoat,dporjAeuoa,plan
9Ju,9Joa, t|uoa, sacrifice,sacrificeto (+ dative)
fiA9ov(second aorist of.tpyop.at), I came, I went (aorist infinitive i)'le'i.v)
\eino, ),ei.,!a,t),mov, leave
p.tva, aorist, tp.erva,remain (future to be learned later)
nut}eJco,nut\eJou, ttaiieuoa, teach, educate
6rd, preposition * genitive, through (in a spatial sense); * accusative,
on account of
?r, preposition * genitive, out of ; df before vowels
izti,, preposition * genitive, upon (superposition); * dative,on (proxi-
mity), in addition to, for; + accusative,to, against
Iti, . .. 6i, used to coordinate members of an antithesis. Often ptv is
not translated by a specific word

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. [n Athens they sacrificed to the gods. z. The king of the Per-
sians remained in the city. 3. The Persians persuade their (the)
children to learn (paAetu)the truth. 4. The Athenians came into the
city, but the Persians planned to remain and sacrifice to their
gods. 5. The wicked king in anger usecl to remain on the wall.
6. The Athenians were not wise who thought that the winds had
come out of the heavens.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Translate:
t. d narlp 6ixa fipep,1v nip.$et rd.6,ipu rots nanl.. z. oitrr,.tsd.yu06s
fiv 6 dv)p <iore roJs ,oAirus &.ptorov a|rdv (him) rcptveu. 3. {$, rdv
pc,oa)/a r)1v yvvutxa xuA\v etvs.t vopt(etv. 4. "EMtlves iv xatptil
"t
netoouqt ypripata :6 orparerjpart ntpnew. S. n pqrlp prrd
"ds "rdlers
r6tv rut\av $tpec 6<i,pcriv yepoi roi.s ?eois.

II. Write in Greek:

r. The race of the Greeks thinks a beautiful body is a gift of the

27
 just. 3' I{e will do good
divinities. z. They trust the king as fair anci
( t hings )in t h e ,ri y .4 . Ih e fi re i s i n th e a rmy' s tents' as they sai d'
ten wives'
5. The king is the husband of

28
 9
LESSON

C O M P A R I S O N O F A D J E C T I VE S A N D
A D V E R B S . D E C L E N S I O N O F fi6i.av

r. Adjectives rvith regular comparisonform the comparativede-

gree by adding -r€pos,-d, -ov to the stem of the positive,the superla-
tive by adding -ra,ros,-Tt -ov, €.S.,8/rcrros,6mat6repos,6rxo,t6raros,
just.
z. Adjectives in -os u'ith a long penult keep the omicron of the
stem of the positive unchanged;those with a short penult lengthen
the omicron to omega before the endings of the comparative and
superlative.The penult is countedlong if it containsa long vorvelor
a diphthong, or if it contains a short vowel followed by double
"
consonantor by two or more consonants.So:
Posrrivn ColrpenntlvE SupBRre,rrvr
r,vicked Trovlpos
, t
Trovrpor€pos rovr1pdraros
noble io0Ads to0Adrepos io1\6raros
bitter irrrcp6s ntxp6repos rtxpdruros
but:
rvorthy ii,{ns &{uirepos d.(u[ruros
fearfrrl $opep6s $opeptire pos $opepciraros
3. Several adjectives are compared with -{<av, -Loros. (For de-
clension of comparatives, see below.)
MM,FNMFN

sweet {Erisl fi6[uv, fl}tov ti6wros, -It -ov

beautiful,
good rclds xo"Mtar,,x&,Mtov rd.l^lroros, -nlt -ov

4. Several of the commonest adjectives have irregular com-

parison:
good dya06s d.petvuv,dpewov d.pwros,-It -ov
noble, good d.ya06s pcArtutv,p,iArrcv B(Arwros, -Tt ov
l For the declensionof the positive, ti6ris,see Lesson r7.

29
 strong, good &.ya06s rcpelrtutv, xpeerrov xpdrwros, -\r -ov
bad xarc6s xurctav, xd.xrcv xd,xtorog, -4, -ov
inferior rcuxds yetpav, yetpov yelpwros, -T, ov
large p.iyasz p.et(uv, y.ei(ov p/yto'toe, -rlt -ov
much, roAtjsz rAelav, rAiov or rrAeiaros, -Tt -ov
many r)etov
easy -rlt -ov
fd8ros t'(atv, t'Qov t'&.oros,
few d\tyos 6\ei{uv, 6Ae$ov dAi,ytoros, -\t -ov
small ptrcpds iAd,rrav, (Aarrov iAd.ytoros, -\t -ov
swift ro.ytls ildrrav, 0&rrov rd,ywros, -tlr ov

5. Adverbs are usually formed from adjectives by changing the

ev of.the genitive plural to c,rs,e.g., rc)ds, ra)ris.

6. The comparative of the adverb is the neuter accusativesingular

of the comparative of the adjective, the superiative the neuter accur
sative plural of the superlative of the adjective, e.g.,
6:::t--t_ }watdrepov. Ewutirar_u

7. The word iot than is ri. When { is used, the secondmember of

a comparisontakes the same caseas the first. But ri may be omitted,
, in which casetbe,$epgndmember of the conrparisonmust be put in
ihe'genitive case.
\'
I never saw a b'etterman than Cyrus. o|rore el,6ov
&v6pud,pe
tvovu
fi Kipov or oJnore et6ov&,vlpudpeivovuKipou.

B. The degreeof differencewith a comparisonis expressedby the

dative casewithout a preposition.
Cyrus was ten years younger than his brother. Kipos
Qj"g (rlot',
vetireposfiv roA d8e)/o0. '

9. Learn the declensionof filiov, the comparative of the adjective

fi6is, sweet.sOther -icuvcomparativesare similarly declined.
SINGULAR PLURAL
M,F N M,F

il}tatv fi}rcv ri8ioles ("i16tous

) ilitovu (i6{,t )
fi}tovos ri8iovos fi66vuv il6dvau
il}tovt fi}tovt" i16i.oot f16toot.
fi}tova (i6fo') fi}rcv i16i,ovas(fi6tous) fill,ova(i6t,,)
ij}cov fi}rcv rj8ioues il6tova
2 For the declension of th6 positives nokjs and. p,iyas, see Lesson r8.
3 The bracketed forms ',i6f<r,'and
{6ious were cornmonly used in daily
speech, but are less common in literature.

30
 READING
r. oolds Do$orcAfis, oo$cirepos6' Eipnrl}rls, dvSpGwDe ,rd.wuv
Duxpd.rrlsoo$draros. 2. xai rd 6),ovp.ei,(ovroA p"tpousiodv--nUcLID.
3. oirc iort AinqsJ::C,(gl.dl:0.p<inots {. oitx to|' Jyrctosrcpeirrov
tcarcdv..
oJ8tv tv pia. g. orirctorry oJEdvlcr.frE.qxd.Mtov$t),ou.6. \qp'oxpatta
xpeirrov rupavvt6os.-PERIANDER. 7. A Theorem of Euclid. rlwds
rptyelvou irnd r)1v pe(,(ova yc'tviuv ri
p.ei/uv n\ev pd irror etvet.
€ora, rpiyt'trov rd ABf , pe i,(ova
€yov (having) r)1v in6 ABf yuvtuv
ris in6 BfA. Aiyc, 6n rco,i.rAeupd.fi
B
AT nAeup&sris AB pet(av iottv.
ei yd.ppfi, firot i,o'1ioriv i Af rfi AB ff iAdrruv (smaller). i,ar1p'tv ol,u_
oix iorw i Af rfi AB. ion ydp &v fiv (would be) rcciycoviari ntrdABI
fi AlB. oJx tort 6i. oix <ipcr(theref.ore)iotl €oriv i Af rfi AB. oi6t
iAdrrav ioriv i Af rfis AB. iAd,rruv ydp &,vfiv xai ycovlai1 itrd ABf
rfis itrd AlB. oix d.ortEi. orir &,paiAdrruv ioriv i Af rfis AB.
eleiylq (it rvas shown) Ei dzr. oJ6t ia1 ioriv. ltei(uv dpa ioiv i1
Al fi1s-AB. r.o;wdsdpo rptytivou wn6 rly ptet(ovay<'svi.av i1 p'ei{<ov
n A e u p d ,i n o r e l v e t . . 6 n e p i 6 e t 6 e t { a c ( g . r . o . ) .

N o t e s t . r d . v r a v , o f a l l . z . 1 t / p o u s( g e n i t i v e ) , p a r t . 3 . , \ r i t r l s ( g e n i t i v e ) , p a i n ;
xarc|v, evil (substantive) . 5. rcrfip"ap , ossession.7. navr6s (genitive singular),
every; rpryrivov, triangle ) pei(ova, greater; yc'tvia, angle; im6, at r\evp,i,
s i d e ; i o r < r . , ,l e t t h e r e b e ( i m p e r a t i v e , 3 r d s i n g u l a r ) | t i r o t , e i t h e r ; i o r 2 , e q u a l ;
dv, particle not translated (see Lesson z4); 6nep, the very thing which.

VOCABULARY
-de, i, democracy
}r1y,orcpo.ria,
rupawls, -i6os, ti, tyranny
,)yiew, -as,i,health fhygiene]

{Er.is,ri6eio, i6rj, sweet, pleasant (for declension,see p. 6o)

v/os, -a, -ov, new, young [Neoplatonism]
6Aos,-t], -ov, whole
oi6iv, nothing (for declension,see Lesson 37).In a sentencebegun with
a negative, succeedingnegatives are treated as positives. As adjective,
no; e.g., oi6tv xrfipd, no Possession
Em{vf, there is (emphatic form stressing existence or possibility; see
Lesson rz)
A(yco,),1(a,ilefc, say (in indirect discourse,takes a drc clause with the
indicative; see Lessott z4); with infinitive, de{ine.
relva, aorist i.rewa,stretch, extend (inoretr-, subtend)
3t
 0i, and, but (postpositive)
ei lproclitic), if
{, or, than
'6zr(conjunction), tliat (introducing indirect statement) ; because
oti6/, nor, not even, not . . . either
oriz (postpositive), therefore; now (in narrative sense)
rjzd, under (preposition rvith genitive and accusative); by (with genitive,
denoting personal agent)
<is (with superlative of adjective or adverb), as . . . as possible

fhe adjectives in paragraphs 3 and 4 are to be iearned as part of the

vocabulary. Note that the superlative can mean " very " as well as
" most."

ENGLISH SENTENCES
' r. There exists nothing in life worse than tyranny, as the wisest
of all men, Socrates,used to sey. z. The Greeks,thercfore,thought
that health was the best possession for men. 3. I say that tyranny is
the rvorst thing for men. 4. Democracydid not teach the Greeksto
be always calm, neither did tyranny teach them ("Jro,js) to be
harsh. 5. They say that health is a pleasantthing for both body and
soul. 6. The wise man said that nothing is better than democracy.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Translate:
r, fiA9ereeisn\v rdv'EAArjv<.ov yfiv. z. t?uoavo[ orpurcCtrat6d r\v
rdv dlQt"uv ipyfiv, 3.n dAr1?<ta o'ix inq,i.6euoe
ro|s rarcoJs&vlpas.
!. ty.evov6ixc-flp"ipasCuro'i,erelyeorErdzdv n6Aepov. 5. oi, ptv rovlpoi
noAera, dporjAeuouvAetrew roJs t'iAous dv rfi ?aAd.rr1,oi 6i dya1oi
inep.,ltavn\otu (boats).

I I . W r it e in G re e k :
r. The soldiers came from the city into the war. z. Upon the
stone they sacrificed the best of the young men. 3. The Greeks
thought that they were brave, but the Persiansdid not think so.
4. Truth is a wall for the just and fair. 5. He rvasso wicked that the
citizensdid not judge him worthy to be king.

32
 | 0
LEssoN

DEMONSTRATIVES

r. Greek has three demonstrative words which may be used as

pronouns or as adjectives; o0ros, ixe?vos,d6e. oJzos means this, or,
after an enumeration of two or more persons or things , the latter.
ixetvos means lhat, or, after a similar enumeration, the former.66e is
a rveaker demonstrative and means this or that. Sometimes 6Eemeans
the following, as ofiros means the aforesaid. 66e consists of the article
pius Ee.1
^[he
z. deciension of these rvords is as follows:

SINGULAR PLURAL
tt
ouTog aunl TouTo ofiror, aSrat rq0ra
TOUTOU
/ a ,
rd,u7?ls touTou 1'OUTUJV
,,, TOVTQ)V rOVT<Dv
t r t t l l

TOVtA TdVrp 7OVT0) TOUTOL' TqUTuLS TOVTOLS

t ,
rotrrov tarirtTv rotio TOVTOUS Td,UTA,g TtVT&

t ^ r t t ^ l ^ t a t ^

6K€LVOS eK€LVll €K€LVO EK€LYOL EKELVAL €KELVG,

, r l r t l , t r l r l
€.K€LVOV eK€L|}lS €K€LVOV €KILV(OV CKCLVQV €KCLVU)V
, r l l r , r t t r l t
CK€LVA CKEL,/II CKCLVU) cKeLvoL' eKe Lvq.Ls €KeLvoLs
t ^ t r t ^ l t r t t ^
€.K€LVOV €.Kelv1lv <K€LVO €K€rvous eKeLvq,g eKeLvd,

6Ee 'f5. rd8e oi6e ai6e rd}e

ro06e rfio\e roi}e r6v6e r6,v6e ritv}e
rQ6e -f6. zQ6e roio8e ra?o8e ro?o8e
r6v\e rlv}e r66e roJo\e rd.o}e rd,6e

3. When these pronouns are used as demonstrative adjectives,

they must be placedin the predicateposition,i.e., they stand outside
the article-noun group which they modify. Thus, ofirog6 d,v?panos,
i *rit rl, or'fi xcilttTixrivty, that village.
this man, irce[vr1
l Ei is an enclitic, which explains the apparent anomaly of the accent in
several forms. See Lesson rr.

33
 4. Observe that ofiros has a rough breathing where the article
has a rough breathing, a r where the article has a r, an ou where the
article has an " o " sound, an cu where the article has an cr or ?.

READING
'I.
l.r"iytorov ipyfis iort $dpp.arcovldyos.2. p.erd.3t ra7ra, rotjros
ro?,s ?eois i?uov. 3. rotole rois dv6pd.otp,&Mov i) ixetvoq intoreuou, |rt.
$i),rci. eioc rois "ENow. 4. Aiyouow 6tt o'f,'A?1vaiot |iouot rois fleois
ro|,s rfis rr6Aeus. 5. oJros 6 orparui?s 6s znep.,le rd orparrlle
"ds
d.orri,6as€Ae(e rri6e.6.ipxous yuvawde eis riEc,rpyp,i6-.7. d.rcoioas
(having heard) rdAra, diefe rd}e. B. 6 llpoptrlleis rpritrov ptv dvgp,irous
rco,i?r1pi,ainoiqoe (made) . tnena dpdv (seeing) dzc rd. ?r1pi.unAeiord.
|on, flMo,fi (changed) rwa (some) eis dv|pcirous...ld Ee ro0ro lrt
eioiv of rd, p.tv o,ilLura &v?pdnc,.tvz<is Ei ,ltuyds ?t1pi,av tyouot".9. Draco
the Athenian Lawgiver. lpd.rcuv, 6s rroAtrls fiv nore (once) iv ruts
'A|rjvats,
otrat oo$ds rcal 8/rcacosfiv 6ore of,'A?rlvaCociileAov q,irdv
(him) v6y"ousv(ous ypd$ew. dMd Xctrenoi fioo;, (rvere) of. vdy.ot o{s
dypa$ev.i, ydp iv trcetvotsrots v6po$ pic (one) tnfi" (penalty), 1d,vuros.
of, o$v'A?qvaiot tAeyov\rt oi./pd,xovros vdp"otoJrc &v7pirou fiouv &AAd.
6pd.rconos.
Notes: t. $tipparov, medicine, cure (pharmacist).:. eiqc, are (3rd plural,
present; Lesson tz). 6. iprcous,
oaths. g. lpdrcovros,
of a serpent.

VOCABULARY
?qptov,-ov, 16, wild beast
orparrlyis, -oA, 6, general fstrategic]
{,6ap, J}aros, zd, rvater [hydroplane]
irceivos,-\t -o, that, the former (of two)
6Ee,riEe,z<i6e,this, that
olros, alr1, roiro, this, the latter (of two)
rpdros, -!t -ov1first; rpCtrov (adverb), at first fprotoplasm]
i0 (A<'t,d0eArjoa,l0 iAqoa, wish
Erettu, then, next (conjunction)
drr.,still, yet
y.&.A\ov, rather, more (comparative of p.&),a,very) ; p.&.Mov ..i, rather
...than

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. They say that there is rvater in that city in which I rvish to
remain. z. Draco thought that the men in Athens wished to have

34
harsh laws. And so he wrote them (cJrotis).3. The Greeks did not
sacrifice wild beasts to the gods. 4. These generalswished to come
into the cities of which they said they were rulers. 5. The old men
did not plan to be harsh rather than just. 6. Draco was so noble that
it is unjust to say that he was harsh.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Translate:
r, oriStv rfis *yrcias fi6,.dvio'rev. z. rj \p.oxparla oi f(on1 toriv.
3. t$uye Ei { d,\'7 T6Atst)v rupawi\a. 4. 6 oiv orparuirqs tAe{ev6rt
rd nat6[,ovxpetrrov i, i d rarfip. J. ori6t { <i8dsiret"veir.d r&. retyq.
tAe{ev6t 6 veartos lirt d.y.ew6vton, rti orpureJp.urt yp|vov t\&rrova
SteCvat.

II. Write in Greel<:

r. The army came as quickly as possible.z. Very many soldiers
remained the whole day in their tents. 3. Not even tyranny is
stronger than a few just citizens. 4. The wise men said (use tiyut)
that health is better than very many possessions. 5. The poets say
that the stonesof the earth are the fathers of men-

35
 A SItEN, HERMES, AND A FAWN

In the Homeric epics the various city-states of Greece are all under kings, and
monarchy lasted for centuries. Iiinally, not'long after Delphi had begun ils civilizing
A p o l l i n e t e a c h i n g , a n d a f t e r t h e P h o e n i c i a n sh a d t a u g h t t h e G r e e k s t h e i r n e a r - p e r f e c t
a l p h a b e t , i n m o s t c i t l ' - s t a t e s t h e k i n g s B & t ' er v a v t o a r i s t o c r a t s .
'Ihe
a r i s t o c r a l s c a r r i e d f u r t h e r t h e c i v i l i z i n g p r o c c s s e s .T h e l ' e n j o l ' e d v e r s e s u n g
to the lyre, and they advanced to nerv forms, producing that fusion of literature and
m u s i c r v h i c h t h e G r e e k s c a l l e d p o t , c r t x rf ri o m t h e I l o i r r o r ( N I u s c s ) , r r ' h o r v e r c g e n e r o u s
i n t h e i r i n t e r e s t s ,a n d i n s p i r i n g .
The lidded vase above may serve as a symbol of Athens in the fifth century, rvhen
democracy was beginning to supplant aristocracy. With its elaboratecontrast of the
h e s i L a n t ,s n u b - n o s e d ,h o r s e - t a i l e do l d s i l e n a n d t h e d a s h i n g ,a r i s t o c r a t i c y o u n g g o d , t h e
p i c l u r e i s a l m o s l t o o a r t f u i a n a n t i t . l i e . s i sA. m o r e d c l i c a t e [ a r v n c o u l d n o t l i v e .
T h e a r i s t o c r a t s i,n t h c i r g r a c e f u l c u l t i v a t i o n o f r n i n d . h a n d , e y e . a n d v o i c e ,d e m o n -
stratecito the rcst of Grcece (anci to us) the right balance b-y u'hich discipline rvas
r i g o r o u s r v i t h o u t b e i n g h a r s h , a n d e x p r e s s i o nr v a s f r e e a n c l s t r o n g r v i t h o u t l o s s o f p r e c i -
s i o t ra n d c o n l r o l .
 LESSON
I

INTERROGATIVE AND INDEFINITE

PRONOUNS. ENCLITICS. DATIVE
AND ACCUSATIVE OF RESPECT

r. The interrogative and indefinite pronouns are deciined like

nouns of the third declensionand are similar in form. The indefinite
generally losesits accent. The accent of the interrogative is always
the acute over the first syllable; it is never changed to the grave
accent.
z. Learn the declensionof ris, ri (interrogative),who? which?
wh a t?; and r Ls , r L( ind e fi n i te ),a n y o n e ,a n y th i n g ,s o m eone,a certai n,
a, an.
IurrRRocettve
SINGULAR PLURAL
IVI, F N M,F N
,is rt f a
TLV€S TLVu,
rivos (ro0) rivos (ro0) rtvcttv rtvcr.rv
rtvr. (rQ) rtvt (r,1) ,,
?tqL TLOL
t,
rlva rt f Lyas Twd,

INorrrNrtB
SINGULAR PLURAL
I!I, F N M,F N
/ ! 5
rcvts rwd,
rw6s (rou) :tds (rov) rcvitv rwcitv
rwi (r<p) rwi, (r'L) rni, rwl
rryd, .rL rryd,s rwd.

3. The neuter singular accusativeof the interrogative (ri) often

meanswhy?

4. The indefinitepronoun is an enclitic and is postpositive.An en-

clitic "leans back" upon the precedingword for its accent.The rules

37
for the accent of enclitics and the lvords preceding them are as
follows:
(a) All monosyllabic enclitics lose their accent.
(b) Dissyllabic enclitics lose their accents except when a
paroxytone precedes.
(") An extra acute accent is added to the ultima of a pro-
paroxytone or a properispomenon when either type of
enclitic foilows.
' (d) An oxytone followed by an enclitic keepsits acute accent.
A perispomenonkeeps its circumflex.
(.) lVhen two or more enciitics come together, the preceding
. enclitic or enclitics are normally accented iike any other
word, but the last of the seriesremains unaccented.
(f) When a proclitic precedesan enclitic it has an acute accent
and the enclitic has none.
The following table will iilustrate these rules (s : syllable, e :
enclitic syllable):
6 s S e or ee'. dv0pu:n6s 16, dv|ponrol rrves
s S s e b u t s S s e Oo r e 6 : d , v ? p < i t r a v r c s , & v ? p d r u v r w r i v , & v | p < i n o v r w d s
s s 5 e or ee roray,6s rLl, rrorapot rt"ves
S 6 e or ee: r\ot6v rt, rAoid, rwa
S 3 e of ee: x<tt1t"ti.tv
rr,g, x<olttitv rlvu)v
3 e: ori zr.s
S 6 6 ee: ei rts 'rl rore d,rco,Jct

5. An indefinite relative pronoun 3o16, whoever, is formed by

combining the relative and indefinite pronouns.The relative retains
its normal accent, the indefinite has none, but the two are written
as one lvord. It is also used as an indirect interrogative (Lessonz4).
NIFN

SINGULAR

iiors firc 6 rt
o$rwog or tjrou $o"rro, o?rwos or 6rov
,ltrrvt or |ru firwt, t$rwt or 6r<7t
6wtva 'iiwwa 6 rt
PLURAL

oirryes a'l,rryes drwa

ttnrycov or liruv ,ivtwttv ,I,vtwav or 6rav
otorwt, or ijros atsrrct of,srwt or drors
oJorwc<s &qrryas &rrya

3B
 6. Either the dative or the {gusari"yg- may be used without a
$ q\ich some statement is true:
preposition to denote ttre-,Sgp.99t
a man still young in age, dvip iAtrciqtrt vios, swift-footed Achilles
zrd8es,it<is'Ayttr\erjs.

READING
t. ri,s d.puo$rdsCoTw,tirt. xo,i6 d.veposxo,ifi 0<iAq.rru
inarcoJetairQ;
St. Mark. z. ri, 6i rr.s; r(, 6' otj 1r5; oxt&s6vap &.v0p&rrros.-PINDAR.
3. ri 6' dA.\o; $-"n xui orctdytpav dvrjp..--r:vRIPIDES. 4. tort rc
oijrag d$p,"v vopi{ec geoJs oJx etvat;---SoCRATES.., 5. rt ),iyec
6o18
dper\" etvar; 6. ru$)ds.l:!*Q:: voiu_rd r' ippyr',iei.-soPHo-
T9, .re
CLES. l. 6, e:..1i_-9rpgT.gQ Eevo$6v'A?r1vutos, 6s iii,re orparz7yds
"f 'A1qvuCds
oilre orparuirls {v.-xENoPHoN. B. Definition of a Ruler.
rLs ipdnloi (asked) nore rdv fIept.rc\ta,"3 IIepi.xAe's," ($q,"rl. iort rd
rp,itrov 3 rdv d.pyovra 6ei iy r',i txervi' d 6; t$t1, "\rt &v0pun6s 4ort."
"rl 6' iori'id iitiirpori'"6rL rai Ee0 ra)ris xc,i Srxaiots." t/)os
4.pxr*
6' iort rd rpirov;" rco,iI7<ptxlfis i$r1"6rr' oirc &'ei dp{et."
: fyieEAeye,"rt
N o t e s : r . i t r q r c o r j < r ;h, e e d ( * d a t i v e ) ( c f . . d , x o J c , . rh,e a r [ a c o u s t i c s ] ) ; a i r , ; t ,
hirn. z. orcd, shadou,; dvop, dream. Z. $-r4,voice ftelephone]; dtr\o, else.
y i p a . , v h e r e i s a n a d j e c t i v e . 4 . d $ p o * , s e n s e l e s s( & + $ p r 1 v ,m i n d ) . 6 . r u $ \ 6 s ,
blind; bra, accusative plural of oJs, dr6s, ear; 6ppa, -ctros, eye; ef,
you.are (Lesson rz). 8. ti 6i refers usually to someone mentioned in the
preceding sentence other than tire subject.

VOCABULARY ';'.'
-4s, 1 ""'-i'':''
dpr4, i,virtue, goodness,excellence
voAs, voa, vQ, voiv, voi, 6, mind (contracted from vcios)
orpartd.,-&.s,i, army (cf..orpcireupu)
r(Aos, -ous,16, end; as adverb, ziios (accusativc): iinally fteleology]
|c,jrepos,-a, -ov, second fDeuterononty]
,ts, ,t, rvho ? u'hat ? (interrogative)
TLs,TL (indefinite),anyone, a (an), someone,a certain, a man
5o16, fircs,3 rr, whoever

dpx-, dpt-,fipt", rule.,often in middle voice (Lessonz5), begin (* gen.)

Eei,it is necessary(impersonal,found also in imperfect dEerancl infinitive
Eeiz).Takes accusativeand inlinitive

dpcr,therefore (postpositive)
orize,neither (often correlated rvith another orize)
nori (enclitic, postpositive),at one time, some time
ze (enclitic,postpositive),and; correlatedwith another ze, both . . . and
3, O, with vocative. Not translated in trnglish
39
ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. Who was leading the arnry into that city? z. Is there anyone
rvho does not ask (ipurQ) what (use form of. Sorrs)a rulcr ought to
keep in mind ? 3. \\/hat do you think a rviseman is ? +, A certain
nran planned to sacrificeto the gods.5. \!'ho is so r.r'ickedthat (<iore)
he doesnot at sornetime speakthe truth ? 6. It is thereforenecessary
to think that virtue is the best end in a man's life.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I. For practicein the accentuationof enclitics,declinethe following
rvith the indefinite pronoun used as adjective:
&v?punos Sitpov orparly|s rcA<i,lt

I L T r ans l a te :
r, ro0ro rd ?qpi.ov rcuxdv
p6.AAov fi xaAdv€rsrt.z. trceivov
rdv orpurlydv
'A?qvatot
rrpGtrov ineplftuv of p.erd rirv orpurtarCtv eis rdv ndAeptov.

3. Enena i$epe 6 nais rd {6utp rfi p1rpi. 4. oi6e oi. vloc oJx i?(Aovot
zrtor<Jew irceivn rfi yvvatxi,. g. t'rt yprifrt 6 6xaot)s rilv yv<ipr1v.

I I I . W r it e i n Gre e k :
r. These things (use neuter plural of the demonstrative)he will
s end in add i ti o n to th o s e .z . Ou t o f th e c i ty they drove the w omen
and children. 3. On account of that opinion, the citizens will not
trust the judges. 4. Boy, tirc soldier sent the gift. 5. On that day,
the rulers of the city rvill sacrificeto the divinities of the earth and of
the sea and of the sky.

40
 l2
LEssoN
THE VERB eiyi',
THE PRONOUN crrh,is

there are a few important verbs

r. Besidesthe verbs iike zrcrEericrr,
rvhosefirst person singular present indicative ends in -g,r.and which
for that reason are called prc-verbsor nonthematic verbs, because
they contain no thematic vowel. The pr-verbsdiffer from the t.r-verbs
imperfect, and sgcold" aorist tenses; otherwise they
in the pJ"g"_l-glt,
are similar in inflection to c,.r-verbs.
The p.c-verbsfall into three
principal classes:
which the personal endings are added
(a) The..Rool-,c.1a_qgr;in
directly to the root. Verbs of this type are all irregular and
will be presentedas they are needed.
(b) Reduplicati.ng which the initial consonantis
Present-class,ilin
ieduplicited with iota (e.g.,stem Eo-,present 6iEopu).
(.) The -y*uggclass,,in which the formant -vu- occurs between
the stem and the ending (..9., 6e(,rc-vu-gtt).Tltis class regu-
,l
rather than a second aorist. fi;,; , t.
larly has-a-fi-rq!-_Lqg;,t .- I -,,ll(t
-1;
i;j'
I { i'.,
\ a ".'

z. Learn the following forms of.eiy.i,I am (Root class), , ,1. l i i

ir" 'i
Iu
Pnrsrxr INprcarrvr fuprRnrcr lNptcertvr
eipt I am, fiv or fi I was, /i; l.
et etc. fio1a etc.
iail(v) fiv
iop"tv 4p,,
iorl 4,,
eiot(v) fioav
PnrsrNr Inrrrrrrvr
etvq,t,

3. In the present all indicative forms are enclitic exg_eg!the second

singular. The infinitive is not enclitic,
4l
 4. Infinitives in -vaLare regularly accentedon the penult.

5. The intensive pronoun uir6s is declined as follorvs:

SINGULAR PLURAL

MFN MFN
,rlrl, rrttrt
auTo, duTl dvTo d.vToL q.vTaL d.uTa
t A ! ^ l ^ t ^ t ^ l ^
quTou avTTls q,wou duT@y avTuv d,uT@v
t ^ t ^ t ^ l ^ t ^ t ^
qvTq durn avTq) avToLs q.vTqLs av'roL'
t t t r l t t t l r l ,
dvTov auTlv duTo d,vTovt q,vTd9 duTct

6. a,irdshas three meanings:

(a) As an intensive pronoun and as an adjective tl-t"ffeffig-ai.9.1!i"j

p_9_s-r!g_nit means self, as, aJrds !$r1, he himself said; el6ey
r\v pqripu alrfiv,he saw the mother herself; cf. French "le
jo u r m 6 m e ."
(b) Used as an adjective il_tklglJfi!_ff-!-t_ySlpg-:tjion it means
sqlne,as, we saw the same man, el6op"ev rdv arhdv&vlpa; cf.
French "le mdme jour."
(") Used i" ti"ts.6,FlfrGbattt (i'e., all but the nominative and
vocative) it servesas the commonestform of the pronoun
of the third person, as, he saw them, elEev\n:Sit; he saw
their friends, elEeyroJs $tAous*y:g-y, ..," ;,-

Learn the following sentenceillustrating the three uses: _u!.fn

"n.
].i 3t:l_! Kipos czr]zd1el,Eev
alrols, on the same day Cyrus himself saw
t5;ni Prt.l,. j)

7. Observethat the forms of uh6s always begin rvith ari and that
the accent is always on the last syllable (genitives and datives
circumffexed).This will heip to distinguish it from oJros.

B. Tl-e possessive_ genltive of personal pronouns and partitive

genitives occupy the predicate position. d /i)os uiro|, his friend.
iif n^rrorrr. ritv r:oAritv, most of the citizens.
The possessivegenitive of nouns usuaily occupiesthe attributive
position. 6 ro0 oo$wroi {iios, the professor'sfriend.

g. tort is often usedimpersonallyin the senseof "it is possible,"or

"it is aliowed," and when so used is followed by the infinitive. tor,"
used without an infinitive stressesthe existenceof its subiect; it is
not enciitic.
47
 .'
*.
l1 / j

READING
T. Eorry6 y.iv yetp<rv 6 6' &pelvavtpyovtxaorov, / ori8eis6' dl?p6rav
arizds&rravraoo$ds.2. rd rfis I$ryyds uk,typu fiv r66e, "ri' tort' rd
uJrd rerpd.nouvxui 6i.nouvxo,i"rptnouv;" 3. ri. iort {ilos; &l),os iycit.
!. oJrcEorw oriEdvd.v|pinq y-pLs |edv.5. zois r6v a,ir6v yovtav
,rutoi. :roil,ix.s oiy qi-q}r-r|-:ypfueleioi.v.6. eip'i"'1yr?eJ:::y_3(rpats
i<,tKuntis.7. The l-wo Picks. {xuoros
3t rriu.-1r.eE
"pt$rrT&{G,""nd),epos
dvlpunos Etjo nf1pas(packs) $|pet, riy ptv tpnpooAev,riv E' 6nw0ev.
xai €rcuripaxurcCtv(faults) 1teorfi (full) doz i lt=!ryrpooQg-v rd. &AAdrprc
(others') rcarci",$ipe,,i&i.i.riBs rd.uJroAroa dv}p6s.f g ro-01^9 oi"dv?pcunot
rd, iuuriw (their own) xo,rcd. oiy 6p6ot (see), z<i El d.M6rprcn,l.vu
;"/;pai lvery keenly) 0ei-tvrat(see).
N o t e s : r . d p i v , s e e L e s s o n 3 , p a r a g r a p h r r ; E p y o v ,a c c u s a t i v e o f r e s p e c t ;
& t r c ; v r a ,i n a l l r e s p e c t s ( a c c u s a t i v e ) . z . X $ r y y d s , g e n i t i v e o f X $ t y ( ; a i v r y p a ,
riddle [enigma]; rerp&novv, four-footed. 3. iy<L, I. 4. yapts, apart from
( a d v e r b w i t h g e n i t i v e ) . 5 . y o v & t v , g e n i t i v e o f .y o v e r i s , p a r e n t ; r a . t o l , d a t i v e
of possession. 6. yeapyds, farmer fGeorge]; x&v : xcri i, (crasis).

VOCABULARY
,ip4rr, -r1s,
fi, peace[Irene]
-ou, rd, plain
lre6i.ov,
rlrpa, -qs,i, rock [Peter, petrifyl
rp|rros, -ou, 6, character, \r'ay, characteristic
dilos, -\, -o, other, another (declined like arizds)
ai.r6s,-4, -6, self, same, 3rd person pronoun
6rjo,two (nominative and accusative)
-\t -ov, each (of any number)
txd,o.-ros, \take predicate
tx<|repos, -a, -ov, each (of two), both, either J position
Erepos,-d.,-ov, the other, other (of two) fheterodo.rl
oJ6eis,no one (for declension,see Lesson37)
et6ov,I saw (znd aorist; intrnitivs : i6eiv)
eipi, be
,pi$rt,, i|pe,lta, nourish, care for, rear
.0,ei*-,
ts"npoolrr, in front, earlier (adverb)
6trc|ev, behind, later (adverb)

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. The children of the same parents often have (use ix<,.')the same
characteristics. z. You saw once the same men in that city. 3. You
thought that those.men were friends. 4. The friend of the ruler him-
self was in that same plain on wliich were very large rocks. 5. Who
43
says that the gods did not care for each man well ? 6. The character
of the other ruler (of the two) was neither noble nor just.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Translate:
r. ris &pu fiA?eperd. roJ'rou roi ylpovros ixetvn 2. trcpr'vav
"fr itlpq;
of }rrcc,oratrdv'A?1vai,ov o,i rcACmaetvq,c.3. 6Apd inep",fte6 puotAe}s
"e
rQ orpa'ruitrn iiorcs rilv doni.6a iiveyrce.4. irceevos6 noAtnls rd srtv
oipa rccrlds, rr)u 6l ,!uyi1v novlpds ion. J. oiire 6 nar\p oiire d nais
fiA?i nore eis r)1v rdArv.
II. Write in Greek:
r. The exceilence of the king's army lvas very great. z. In the end,
a fair mind is better than a fair body. 3. Whoever came second was
inferior. 4. Who shall rule the city of the Atlienians ? 5. It is therefore
necessary that sonreone write to the boy's father within ten days.

44
 LESSON
I 3
x 4 I - V E R B S :P R E S E N T , f M P E R F E C T ,
AND FIRST AND SECOND AORIST
INDICATIVE ACTIVE OF io",11',
AND 8ibc.rp
CcOr .M P O U N D V E R B S

r. As previously explained (Lesson 12), verbs of this class re*

duplicate the initial consonantof the stem with iota in the present
system (present and imperfect tenses).In these tenses the stem
vow'eiis long in the singularand short in the plural. The characteristic
personal endings of the pr-inflection are then added directly to the
stem. These enclingsare, for primary tensest -1"t,-s, -oc, -ltev, -Te,
-aot; for the secondarytenses:-v, -9, -, -lL(v,-T€,-ocxv.

z. Learn the following forms of lorqpt, to make and; sternora'.1

-r"i
9..
PnrsrNr It*lrrnnrctl
iorly.t I ntake stand, iorr1v f was'ntaking stand,
torls etc. i.ort1s elc.
LoT\oL LqT\

toTaP€v LOTg[LeV

LOTdTE iorqre
a^
LOTAOL LOAd.qAV
"\4. PnrsBNr IxprNruvn: rt
torrivot

SrcoNo AoRrstz FInsr Aonlsts

d' -.,'. +
L,
€or7lv I stood, torrloe I made stand, .-i'
€or19 etc. €orrloas elc,
€.oT\ foTro€
, f

eorlp€v eqrrqqp.€v
, a
torqre €oTlOaT€
esTnos,v eoTloq,v
Sncoxo Aonrsr frvrrNrrrvr : orfivat"
Frnsr Aonrsr fNrlNrtlvB: oriqaL
I i,ortTpt rvas original]-y otorlpt; cf., Latin sislo. In Greek an original
initial sigma frequently disappears, giving rise to the rough breathing.
2 The second aorist of iorqp.t is intransitive in meaning; the first aorist
has transitive meanings.

45
 3. Observe that in the present and imperfect of this verb 17is
found in the singular, a in the plural.

4. Learn the following forms of.6t}i.ry.c,Igive:

PnrsBwr luppnrBct SrcoNo Aonlsr
6i6<,rp,c
I giae, i6i6ouy I was giuittg, dEcrrra3I gaue,
6iE<os etc. d8iEous elc. d8arrccs etc.
Ei6c,.'oc d6i6ou d5<r-,xe

6t6oy.ev d6i6opr.e
v t6op.ev
6i6ore i6i6oze {Eore
Et66aot" i6i6ooav t6ooav

INrrNrrlvrs
Eddvcrr 6o0vq,r,

5 T9l3!q-r-e-ol r.t-yglbt i; like-lhal o.{.,:-t.tbs ; e.9.,ortiou.',

E6ou.
6. In the following sentences appear some compound verbs,
formed by prefixing one or more prepositions to a simple verb. A
number of important rules concerning the formation and orthog-
raphy of such compoundsfollow:
(a) When a preposition ending in a vowel is prefixed to a
verb beginningin a vowel, tLt-gfinal vowel of the preposition
is omitted, €.8., d,nd{ dyu : d.rd.yut.a
(b) If the verb has a rough breathing and the consonantbefore
the elidedvowel of the prepositionis a mute, the mute must
be changedto the aspirated form of its ciass,e.g., lni + ,f

,r i-..
ir11tt:
i$fip.t.
(c) The letter v is subject to several changes:
Before a labial mute or pt y becomes p, e.g., s6v
: oul,ttr/1-ttrtt;;oiv * gti.yoltu, : orltpdxopaL.
Before a palatal mutd*v becomes y, e.g., iv +
€yyp,i$u,.
Before ), u becomes tr, €.8., otjv + \gy.pava : ouilo,p-
priva.
Before o and (, vdrops, €.8.,odv * orpure{ut : quarpare{u*-
(d) Compound verbs are augmented after the prepositional
element, and occurs before the augment, e.8.,
ttStql,
3 The second aorist singular endings of 6i6arpr and those of rt?qp'r an<J'
i71t"tin Lesson r 4 are irregular.
, I tepi and rp6 are exceptions to this rule.
*l**., -."...,.-....
1... .
-..
".--'

46
 d.tro6t6upt, &n(6e'txu; d.rotripncu, dnlnep,lta. Consonants
changed to fit the larvs of eupbony go back to their original
form before the augment, e.g. , ou1tri1.nra, ouvirep.rfta.
(.) The accent of a compound verb can neve-r'.fqqgd-e*_bgya4d
the augment,e.g.,dn,iy-,dnfiyov.
riiniiti".t ;;J;t;ai.ipt",
retain the accent of the uncompounded forms, 8.g., &naya-
yeiv, dndyov.

READING
l. ivrui?u oiv torqoav of" "E\Ar1ves. z. rdre E; d.niorrlouv rpts
Kipov a[, rdAec nA]1v MtAtjrou.3.6orc d.vlpa $i.Aov p.]1 'npo6i.6u)oLv,
p.eyriAq"i.yet rtplv tv re pporots tv re 9eoiow rcor' ipdv vdov,-l-TTIC
SCOLION. 4. q papiu 6i6rrrotv d.v?prinots xaxd.. !. A(youow Srt, tv
ranjrn rfi prix1, r6tv orparurrtiv o'i. ptv t$euyov npds rd orpurdne\ov,
oi 62 iv6y"{ov aioypdv etvat $uyeev. riM<i dMos ci),\o Xyeu iyd (I)
6t ori ntoreJco rots rtiv roAnCtv A6yoc.6. nonTrfig r$ ),iyet 6rt of |eoi,
izrerQi inoi:r1ouv (made) rd. [Q" (living creitures), tiooav drcd.or<,t
yipas ,c (a gift) . rco) rois rutipotg (bulls) xipu (horns) t6ooav, roig
6t 6pwot (birds) n'rlpuyas (rvings) xo,i ro?s dDocs &)Ao rt rotoOrov.
d.v9p<irow (humans) Ei oriEiv rorc}rov t6ooav, dMd roes piv &v6pdor.
dperfiv, zais Et yuvat{i xciMos (beauty). Ecd 6t ra}ra 4 V"nn rdvrav
(of all) xpartorrl iori.. oi. ydp dvlpes pe\"i,ovis eiot rff d.perfi, ai Et
yuvatrceevtxCtot (conquer) ro|s &.v6pasrQ xdAAet.

Notes: z. i"$torript,go over to; Kfrpov,Cyrus; l\{r).rirou,

Miletus,a Greek city
in Asia \{inor. 3. peyr|Xrp,,great; Bporois,mortalsi ?eotow: 9eois;xar'iy.itv
r,6ov,tcCordingto my mind, in m1'opinion.4. pupta,folly Imoron,sophomore]-
$. d),).os.iAtro,\17rr,one sa)/sone thing,anotheranother.

VOCABULARY
t",ixr, -4s, ,i, battle flogomachy]
orpardzreSov, -ov, rd, camp
rtpl, -fis, ri, esteem,honor [timocracy]
aioyp6s,-&, -6v, disgraceful
rorcAroE, ,otarJrq, rotoiro or Tolo|rov, such

6iEcr.,plr,6c6out, i6c,orcv,give
iotr11tt, orfiou, !or'1-o_y-andtor1v, stand, set, establish
r p o 6 t S r , . p t ,b e t r i y
$e,jyu-,,znd aorist i$uyov, fi.ee
ivrai?a (aclverb), here, there

47
 inel,,itrct6ri,when,since,after
nAlv (preposition rvith genitive),except
np6s,preposition rvith genitive,from; rvith dative,near; with accusa-
t iv c , to , a g a i n s t
rdre (adverb),then

ENGLISH sENTENCES
r . T he Gre e k si n M i l e tu sd i d n o t re vol t, si ncethc ki ng gave them
gif t s . z . T h e g e n e ra l th e n h a l te d h i s sol di ersnear that w al l and
rvishedthem to renrain there. 3. It is folly to betray friends.4. They
said that tl'repoets fled shamefullyfrom that battle. 5. It was never
disgracefulto give such a gift to a king. 6. Those rvho betray their
friends do not have honor among the Greeks.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I . T r ansl a te :
t. t6n iv ptv rfi 0aAdm71
eipzjv1v
etvar,iv 6i rf rr6Aet
o{j.z. fiutpoo?ev
piv rilv 9riAarrav<t6opev,6nrc0ev 6t dy rQ ze}fut r(rpas peyi.orae.
3.ri.rois i r c e [ v o u r o A z r a r 8 d s r p 6 n o u s i . 6 e i , vi l ? i A e r e ; \ . 6 J o i n n o t e i o i .
ro}rov piv &{opev, riv 3i irepov rfi y.tTrpi Aetrftoy.er,,alr}1 ydp i!?pe,ltev
air6v.5. oJ8eis tortv o$rut rovlpds rois rp6ror.s ,iote pi1 i?lAew $tAovs
(ye tv.

I I . W r it e i n G re e k :
r. Each chiid bore a gift for his father. z. Thesemen wish to have
peace;the others are planning to go to the \\/ars.3. \Ve did not think
he rvas wicked, but the judges say that his ways are very bad.
4. Who reared the children of that king? 5. \Vhoever\vasin the tent
he was not the thief.

4B
 LESSON
I 4

MI-VERBS
: P R E S E N T ,I M P E R F E C T ,
AND SECOND AORIST INDICATIVE
A C T I V E O F r i . 0 1 ph' ,r r , . P R E S E N TA N D
I M PERFECT OF 6..i'x,v1"t

r. Learn the following forms of. rt|qp,"t, to place; stem, -0e, -0r1:t

PnrsEr'lr Iuprnrrct SecoNo Aonrsr

ri.?1p.t"I place, irt?ryv I was placing, t?rlxaz I placed,
rt01s elc. irt|e$ etc. t9qrcas etc.
rt?rlot irt9e t t?qxe

rt|epte, irt|eltev (0ey.ev

rt9<re irt9erc (1erc
rfiiaot irt?eoav t?<osv
INrrxrttvps
rfi(vat ?eiva,,

z. Learn the following forms of.h1y.t,to huri;stem, t, or fi:r

PRnsBNr lltpnRnacr SBcoNo Aontsr
i,r11ttI httrl, \v I was hurling, fixaL I h.urled,
int etc. iecs etc. fixas etc.
itlot iet 4*,
iepev iepev -ety.ev3
iere iere -etTe
[&.ot ieoctv -etqav
INnluruvrs
ty'rat etvat
1 The original forrn of ri.0r1p.,.was0t01y"t; that of. tqp.t is uncertain. It may
be cognate rvith Latin iaao.
2 The endings in the second aorist singular of.rt9qy.r and h1y.tare irregu-
l ^ -
l d t .

3 A hyphen before a form denotes that the form is {ound only in com-
pounds.

49
 3. Learn the present and imperfect of. 6eixvu1n. This verb has a
regular first aorist, d6ecfc.Notice that the formant vu occurs in the
present and imperfect only, between the ending ;a the stem.
PnesBNt Iuprnrn,cr
}etxvvlt t 6elxvvp"e-v d}ei,xvvu. i6ei,xvvpeu-
6ei,xvvi 6eircvu7.e. i8eirvus iletxvvre
\etxvvs_c 6exv,jgot tie txvu t}el.xvuouv
';H;'J,"
READING
r. rd, 6; ypfip.aru raAra xureri,7qv. z. Mtvcas rois Kpr1oi v|pous
€?qxe xai tLeyev *rt nupd, Ads ro0 narpds tAapev alrois.3. ri zilos
ivri1qot rfi oeAfir,1rd Aay.npdv.4. "{)ros ra} 'E$'lAqs, oi,6rio zrai8es
toi ffooet6.ivos, rlv ptv "Oooav id rdv "Olupnov, izi 6t rt\v "Oooav rd
[Irjfuov E|eoav. oiirot yd,p ivdp.$ov eis oJpuvdv tr.vapfioeo0ac(would go
up).-APoLLoDonus. 5. inei Et ei6ov d&rjtrous,or' "E)Arlves ieoav rois
At9ous, 6. ypdvos i/rcacov &"Epa Ee.lrcwowpdvos.-SopHoCLES. 7. oi.
rrouyai trtie';r;viaot rd, rGtv no'Autitv dv}pitv tpyu xo,inprl.(eq 9auStuord.s
xai Adyovs. B. ri)v'E&rlwxtiv nd\rav i1 n6\ts r6rv'A?1vatav np,irrl
vipous irt|er.. g. 9!Sp .t8e1 .Eg!fa9,(9. 8. D.) - ELrcLrD. ro. The First
Anabasis of Cyrus the Younger. Aapei,ov (Darius) xo,i ffupuod,rtEos
(Parlisatis) yiyvovrar (were born)
1ai6gs 6Jo, trpeoBireposy.tv'Apra{-
iptrls, vecirepos 3t K0pos. drrer8r)6i Aupetos Jnbnreve (suspected) rau
ri),eut)v (end, cf. ri)os) ro0 Biou rapetvat, fi?eAe ro}s naiicrs iEe?y.
'Apra(lp(ls
p.tv otv napfiv. d,yyeAovEt tnep$ev 6 pao}eis rQ Kipq 3s
Ey.evevtv rfi dpXfi ls oarpd.nrls (satrap) fiv.-- xENopHott, Anabasis
r. r (adapted).
Notes: z. Ml,vuts,Minos, legendaryking of Crete:'Kplol, dative of. Kpfires,
Cretans; lrtis, genitive of ZeJs, Zens.3. ivri,?1or,from iv * rt?rlpt; oelfirn,
moon; Aaprp6v, brightness [amp]. 4. " Ooou, IIl,Atov, and "OAu;^r?'os are
mountains in northern Greece.7. rpd(ets, deeds (declinedlike z<j)rs;cf.
rpdrru\.8. zrpdnl: when rpCtrosis used as a predicateadjective,translate
"(was) the first (to)." The adverb "first" is rpitrov. to. lupetov, Ilapuodrt\og
are genitives of source;Tp€s\&repos(adjective),elder.

VOCABULARY
dyyeAos-ou,6, messengerfangel]
dpx4, -fis,i, province, rule; beginning (cf. dpx.)
dDrj\uv, -ors, -ous, etc. (only in plural),,each other fparallel]
'E&qvcxis, -1, -6r,
Greek
50
 0aup.aoz6s, -i, -6r, marvelous [thaumaturgy]
:rcAat6s,-d, -6v, ancient fpalaeolithic]
Eetxvultt,6eifa, dEer-fa, show
irt}ei.xvv1tt,show forth, reveal
ir11t"t,fiou, fixa (-etp.ev),throw, send, hurl
xarart?qy,t, pay down, deposit
).ap.B&vco, second aorist, tAapov, take, get
r&pe4t, (napd, by side of.,+ eipt), be present
d,04pr, |rjou, t?qxa (i|ey.ev), place, establish
trupd.,preposition with genitive, from ; with dative, beside; with accusa-
tive, to
-7r(p, often attached to a relative word, means exaclly, the aery, e.g.,
6onep, the very one who

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. We shall pay down that money here; and so no one will say
that you took it. z. The elder son of Darius was king. 3. They in-
scribed these matters (neuter) on the stones which they took from
the king. 4. They were the first to establish laws for the Greeks; and
so they got honor. 5. The ancients never betrayed each other.
6. Their friends are the very ones who gave such good things.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Translate:
r. oi otparuirut of iv rti orparo#lqt ori" d6i6ooav rqr\v rQ orparlyQ.
2. ri, o,irctonl tdre rj r6v'EMfiv@v orpdrd. iv |xei.vn rfi pd.y"y1; uioypdv
ydp 4, zoJs dLtrous'npo6o0vat.3. ivra60a oiv tSuye 6 ro0 d.pyovrosrais.
'retyet 6 orpurt\yds tot 'A|qvait
4. npds rQ loe ro|s "E))r1vus rA\v rirv v.
5. oi re xarcoloi re &ya?oi i$euyov npds r)1, ndAtv.
IL Write in Greeli:
r. !\rho gave such gifts to that harsh woman? z. Men do not
establish a common measrlre of the beautiful. 3. Such was the opinion
of the army which was rvith the general. 4.Calmness is the best gift
which the gods give to the souls of the rvise. 5. After the attempt, the
arrnv did not u,ish to remain beneath the rvalls of the city.

5l
 I 5
LESSON
CONTRACT VER$$1ny'au
A N D iltAiut

r. Three groups of verbs in Greek are known as contract verbs'

In each of these groups the stem of the verb ends in a ljor,r'elwhich
contracts with tlie personal endings in the gresent and imperfect
tenses. Elsewliere these verbs are regular, save that'the final a or e
of the stem is lengthened to 1, final o to ar, in otlier tenses. The com-
monest classes are those of verbs having stems ending in -a or -€.
\/erbs with -o stems rvill be discussed in the following lesson.

z. Contract verbs are extremely regular in their obedience to the

rules which govern their contraction. It will repay the student to
learn these rules thoroughly, as front thcrn he can construct the
contracted forms.

(a) For a-verbs:

r . I o t a o f t h e personal endings, or of tire modal sign
(L e s s o nz 3 ), is written as subscript.
z. cr plus any o sound gives *(q). An o prevails over any
other sound.
3. crplus any e sound gives " (g).
(b) For e-verbs:
r. e plus e becomes er.
rt
2. e plus o becomes ou. {
I
3. e before a long vowel or a diphthong is absorbed.l

3. In contract verbs, tlie contracted syilable is accented if either

of its components in the uncontracted form lvas accented. It has a
t Verbs of trvo syllables in &,t (e.g., n'1d6, saii; D/<r.,,
want) contract only
when the contraction gives er, otherwisethey remain uncontracted.
52
circumflexif the first of its componentshad an acuteaccent,an acute
if the secondof its componentshad the acute.

4. For conveniencein analyzing the changesin vowels according

to the principles of contraction, the following paradigms, consisting
of contractecland. uncontracted forms, are given ("tp"d'co,to honor,
and Sr)ic,,',to love):
PnBsrNr IupBRrrcr
rty.ci (rryda) iriltt'tv ( irtp.aov )
rtp.Qs (np"de's ) |rtpas ( dr[y.aes)
'rLpQ (rrpde,") i'rly"u ( iri.y"ae )

r4tCtp.ev (ny'doy'ev ) irrpdy.ev ( irry.d,op"ev)

rty.&re (r,'1t'<iere) irtp.&re ( irry"tiere)
rtp"6ot (rrydouot) irilt-v ( trtp.aov)
INnINr::lve
r4t&,v ( r r y " d ' ew ) 2

Pnesrxr Ilrpn,nrBcr

$A<i (64tu) i$i.Aouv ( 2$t),eov)

{u\e ?s ($t\iec ) i{ile ts ( i$iAees)
{ilea ($tAtu) i$i.),et" ( i$tAee)

$Aoipev ($tAdopev) t$tAoip.ev (i$cAiopev)

$t),eire (6tA&re ) i$t\eire ( t$t\&re)
$t),oAoc ($t),(.ovot) igi)ouv ( 2$t)'eov
)
INrINtrrvr
$tAeev ( $cA&w )

READING
A.3 rlpa rdv naripa oou rcai r\v prlripa oou.-olD TESTAMENT'

B. d),lov rp|rov I &,\Auv iyei"pet $povris dv1p<inrov.-FRAGMENTA

TIELICA ADESPOTA.
t. yaAen|v rd norctv, rd Ed xeAeioo;- t'(}nv.2. oi ydp ioxeiv &'prcros,
&,AA' etvu,. 0(Aet.-AESCHYLUS. 3. 6v oi. ?eoi $tAoiow dno9vioxer. vdos.
4. p{Ardv ton o6,y.d'y' i {"Xiv vooeiv. 5. dpyi, traipou rcai$iAou
neryct$!pew.6. r,,v $tAoo6$<"v [pyov ioriv <i}ivo,tri p"tv pAaBepdv
rt
2 Properly speaking, the -ay of the infinitive represented an original
e * e y . T h e r e f o r c , r 4 t d v : T L L L r*r e * € r l a n d t h e r e i s n o i o t a . S o i t i s
r4t&v, not rtp"&.v.
3 B e g i n n i n g t v i t h t h i s l e s s o n s e n t e n c e sd e s i g n a t e d b y A , B , C , a n d s o o n ,
have been includecl rvith a vierv to class discussion. They should be read
in class w.ith the instructor. Nerv rvords found in thenr are not placed in
the lesson vocabularies, but will be found in the general vocabulary'
53
 Ee &$ihpov dv|pdrot"s. J. @ep.moxAfis iv{p.rcev a}ro|s roJs geoJs
xuAioo, rdv Eip{1v roa puotAesoar rcal. rfis 'Aoia.s rccs}rfis Eiptitrrrls.
B. The North Wind and the Sun. ,j Bopias rrarl xo,| <i fir.os fip,t(ov
(contested) ]rrdrepds lorc xpetrrcov. l6dv (seeing) 6i &.v0panov iyovru
(having) ty.drr,ov (cloak) , idn d .'ifu.oe," rt pd.rr1v (vainly) Aiyopev;
dpQsrdv &v6pa txeivov' indrepos &.v oiv 4p6, (of us) 6,iv1rat (is able)
d,rE0oar (to take off) zd' i.p.&,rtov,or9roe vtrctjoet." <i 6i {repos ini rorjroq
cip.uAdyqoe (agreerl). np<irov 1t"iv o$v d Bopias tnveuoe (blew), d E;
,e"lp €aurdv (himself) rQ tp.aric4t ixd.lvnre (covered). izrer.z* Et d
zj)ros d{4A|ev (came out). r/los 62 6 dvr1p,|epp.ds(hot) <iv (being), rd
tptirrcv dnippuf'e (threw off).

Notes: r. rd roteiv, "articular infinitive ": infinitive with neuter article,

u s e d a s a s u b s t a n t i v ei n a n y c a s e ,l i k e E n g l i s h g e r u n d . z . | i \ < , t : i | ( A < o .
4. otitltu, {"X4, are accusative of respecti ye (enclitic, postpositive) at
leirst. 5. reryti, try (imperative, znd singular).6. $r),ood$aw, philosophers;
et6i,vu, to l<now (infinitive) ; pAapepdv,harmful ; ,i$iAtp"i, helpful. 7.
Oey.o.roxAfis,Athenian statesman; rcuAito, prevent, + genitive; ro0
paor),eiout,articular infinitive in genitive case;'Aolus xai EJprir:rr7s, Asia
and Europe, genitive with verb meaning "rule." B. dv }tivqrar.(subjunctive)
e x p l a i n e di n L e s s o nz z .

VOCABULARY
iratpog, -ou, 6, companion
6tr6repor,-a., -oy, which (of two)
fd6ros, -a, -ov, easy
' dtro|vTioxat, znd aorist dri|avov, die
paorAei<'t,-oa, ipaot\euoa,be king (cf. Baoileris)
6oxda.t,6df<.r, i6ofa, seem; 3rd singular, seem best (impersonal) fhet
e r o d o xj ; t h i n k
dpard.<'t, -4o-,fip,in1oa, ask a question
xe).erja, -ut,, ixl),euoo,order, urge (takes complententaryinfinitive)
vtxda, -rjoa, ivtxqoo,Co[QU€r,win
voc(r, be ill
6pd,a,aorist elEov,see (imperf.ect i<ipuv)
rotta, -4o., trotqoe, do, act, make; with two accu:iatives,do something
to someone
tqtd,u, -io., iri,pttlou,honor
$tAiat,love

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. The gods themselves will order Xerxes to send (infinitive)
soldiers. z. Philosophers point out to men what is harrnful to them.

54
3. It is easy to seem to be best, but difficult to be (ro). +. The com-
panions finally asked them (accusative)which of the two seemed
srvifter.5. It is not easy to seewho came.6. The mother orders,the
father acts.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Translate:
r. 6 dyyelos i6erfu, \rcetva \arpoo"d, & t)aBov o'i,orpartitrat.
"&,
z. rcari.?eoavof. zroAtru rd, ypfipurcr dllziAors. 3. dz'ei eis r\v n6Acv
fiAAovfi nuAatorti,rqrfis dpXis fiv, nip ieoav eis "ds otrci,as(houses).
4. oJ )ifers 6o16 napfiv xal t6et{erQ d,pyovnrd,6d..pc.;5.oi rro\tru oi,
nupd,rQ po,oD.ei eiow oinep rt?daot rois v6y"ousrfi n6Aet.
II. W r it e in G r eek :
r. At (usedu)this time, there was a wind upon the sea.z. The un-
just men established nerv larvs which were a misfortune for the
citizens.3. We shall persuadethe ruler to give the beautiful stone to
the rvoman. It will give her (arlzf) pleasure.4. The gods will send
sleepas a favor to the old men. 5. The guards stood that day near
the bodv of the kins's lvife.

55
 4 ATHENs, tooKrNG EAsr

fn many city-states, the aristocracies were overthrown by aristocratic tyrants,

w h o p r o v e d t o b e s t e p p i n g - s t o n e st o a w i d e e x t e n s i o n o f a r i s t o c r a t i c p r i v i l e g e s a n d
culture. Thus dernocracy was born in the fiflh century, most nolabiy in Athens.
Each city-state ("rci).,s) was in reality a small territorial state, with a hill
f o r t i f i e d f o r s i e g e s ; t h e c i l a d e l t h u s f o r m e d w a s c a l l e d t h e d x p < i r o A r s .H e r e i n e a r l y
days lived the king, who conducted the state worship centeredin lhe temples of the
dxp6ril,ts. Round its foot cluslered the housesof the citizens,the zo,\irar; the com-
p a c t b o d y o f h o u s e s w a s c a l i c d t h e d o r r ' . W h e n e n e m i e s a t t a c k e d , t h e z r o A i r a ra b a n -
d o n e d t h e i r h o u s e sa n d h u r r i e d u p i n l o t h e d x p d z r o ) , , t .I n t i m e o f p e a c e t h e y c o m m u t e d
d a i l y t o t h e i r f i e l d s i n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g c o u n t r y s i d e ,c a l l e d t h e 1 d , p o .
In the picture above, the sharp-topped conical hill on the left, Lykabettos, rvas
useless as a citadel, but f rom early times the hiil on the right made a suitable
Acropolis. Here the Periclean democracy built the Parthenon (q+l-qlz n.c.), rvhich
still dominates in any view of Athens. Belorv, at the extreme left, stands the almosl
completely preserved temple of I{ephaestus. Between this temple and the Acropolis
m u c h o f t h e a r e a w a s d e v o t e d t o t h e p u b i i c g a t h e r i n g - p l a c eo r f o r u m ( i . y o p , i ) , u ' h i c h
c o n t a i n e d m a n y o f t h e c i v i c b u i l d i n g s . T h e A c r o p o l i s w a s r e s e r v e df o r t h e g o d s .
In recent years the American School of Classical Studies has excavated the
ancient Agora. The modern visitor can tread where Socrates taughl, where Sainl
Paul preached, where in later Roman times the antiquarian Pausaniasnoted down
building after building which has again come to light. At the far side of the Agora
( i n t h e m i d d l e o f t h e p h o t o g r a p h ) t h e S c h o o l h a s r e c o n s t r u c t e d ,f a i t h f u l l y i n e v e r y
detail, one of the ancient buildings,for a museum and place of stud,v.Thus the creative
energy of Athens, long known from its literature and thought, is norv clear also in its
a r c h i t e c t u r ew , h e r e t h e t r a d i t i o n o f f r e e b u t d i s c i p l i n e de x p r e s s i o na. h e r i l a g ef r o m t h e
a r i s t o c r a o ' . w a s b i e n d e d w i t h l h e n e w d e m o c r a t i ce n e r s v .
LEssoN
| 6

E r 7 ) < i aF, .U T U R E O F L I Q U I D V E R B S
PERSONAL PRONOUNS

r. The rules for contractionof o-verbsare:

(") o plus e, o, ar qu becomesou.
(b) plus 1 or ci becomesur.
"
(.) o plus any iota diphthong becomesor, €XC€ptin the present
infinitive (: -o0r).
z. Learn the conjugation of the following tensesof Eqldar,show:
Pnrsrr.rr Iurgnrucr PnBsrxr IbrrrNrrrvn
6r7trd'/ slnu, d6{AouvI was showing, 61Ao0v
Er7)ois etc. d6{lous etc.
31)oi dDriiou
61Ao0p.<v i6rTAo0pev
ErlloOre i31)o0r<
61Ao0oc i}r1Aow

3. Verbs whosestems end in a liquid (4, p, u, p) have a future like

the present of -€@contract verbs: e.g., p,€vut,future p.evCo, p,eveis,
pevet,p.evoip.ev, pevoiot..There is often a change in the verb
peveCre,
stem irr the future) e.8., $atv<'t,future $av<ii priA)a, future puAA;
dyyiilt.,, future &yyeAit.

4. Verbs in -t(codrop the ( and form a contract future similar to

that of liquid verbs; e.9., vo1t"i,(<'t,
future vop.tti(aorist 4vdp"rr.a).

5. Attic Future. In Attic Greek certain verbs in -(u and -d,u

drop the o of the future and contract the € or the cras in the present,
e.g., xaA&t, future xuA,it,rca)eis,etc.; iAarivu (stem dlc-), future
i,\6, ii€s, etc. AII verbs in -dwupt have such futures in -do, e.5,.,
oxe}d.vwlu(scatter), future orcel,it,
ore6fs, etc.
6. It should be remembered that verbs whose stem ends in a
liquid form their first aorists without o, e.g., ;-'./v<'t,
first aorist
tp.ewu.Cf. LessonB.
57
 7. Learn the declension of the personal pronouns of the first and
secondpersons:
Frnsr PrRsor.l SBcoNo PrnsoN
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

iyri llFe w dJ ,iy.ets

ipoi ( y"ou) llLQv ooA (oou) ip,6v
ip.oi ( y.ot) rlpLv ool (oot) iy,tv
( a

ip.t ( p.e) rpas o( (oe ) iy.6.s

In the oblique cases of the singular the shorter forms of. dyti are
enclitic; forms of.oJ are found both as accented and as enclitic {orms.

B. The pronoun of the third person is customarily supplied by the

oblique cases of arirds. Cf. Lesson rz.

9. The possessive genitive of the personal pronoun takes the

predicate position. Cf. Lesson rz.

READING
'
A. nurpdg ogr6C"""m ,'p.(ywrov 'rixvots nupdyye),p"
B. af Ee,jrepai ntr,s 4powt6es oo$,ir€pal.-EURrprDES.
r. 6 ypivos zd d64,\a 6r7loi. 2. oix iorw t]6iuts (happily) {fiv &veu ro0
$povi,1t<'tsxai xa),,its ral 6rai,coc (fiv, oJDt $povtp"u;s xai rcrtrcis xci
}txc'tus dveu ro0 i6&,ts (fiv. ei 64 rcp y.i1 i{eon {fiv $povilt<,rsrcr! ra.\,is
rcai Et,xata, orJr €ort ro}tov iliicos {ir. s. <i deris xo,i }1
$iow ori6iy
y,it l, rrorcflory. +. g.g..$povo.oi Eei zds rpi,yag {ccvlds
""lty.-yyyqil.<qm""
notetv. 5, dnopaAetre rlv &.per)1v',,fiv .ikiBere d,nd ritv nartpav Jp.6tv;
6. 6povooawes ioyvpo| pevoapev. T. IrAd,r<,tv$1oi rds Motjoas iv raes
$vy ts rdv eJ$udv oixe?v. B. dfr,ois dilo rt \ d.noflaveip,.- LysrAs
:rg|s
9. The Trumpete r. orparl(irai_rwesjot' ivixloav roAepious oa\nty -
&
y.lv (trumpeter) ildpgy. drei 6t dpeMoy cit ox,ielvrw s.'ird,v, ,i dv6pes,"
"d$"t,
" t"i dro*rrifi"i (do not kill) pe. tyd yd,p tjp.e.so,Jx d,nlxrewa.
6p&re 6rt" oi62v SnAov (weapon) tytl, ei pi ,nv qdAnq,ya rutin7v." of,
'lErri
Ei dlefav, aird rotnor8ixa.os el d,noluveiv, 6rt
? pt, o,i",is ori
no\ep"eis,zor)s 6i d.tr)ous etspdylv ieipe$ (arouse)."

Notes: ti6z2,l.os(adjective), unrevealed,unclear (cf. 6ald",). 2. Lveu,without

(+ genitive); $povipas, wisely. 5o-zc,it is (not) possible. J. diots, nature
(cf.. #tiu, to grow) i p,l.trlv,in vain. 4. ci$po,v, oi$povos, modest, wise; lpl{,
rpty6s,hair.;.(av06s,lellow. 6. 6povoo6vr.r, by agreeing.7'. Moioat, the Muies;
(declension,Lesson t7); Sqoi, says.g. ,i
€u+u?is,.rilell-born fr\, except; oi 6i,
:he soldiersi toA.epcis,you 6ght (cf. ori),epos).
s8 +
t?y+i,,wffiE,
/!

, {2'au
) "-,
I ou]e
VOCABULARY
no\(prct, -<,tv,ot, the enerny (substantive use of the adjective no),tptrcs,
-d, -ov, hostile)

toyupds,-d, -6v, strong

d,(dco, -ttoc,.t,i1(.uou, expect, demand
&rroxretvu, dtrorcrevtit, &nixrewu, ktll
Bc.AAc,,,Bc"A,i, ilp,r),ov,
throw, pelt fballisticsl
-tiou, i6rj,\aroa,reveal, nlake clear (Drllos)
Er7,\do.r,
iAatjva, dtrri',{)aocr, drive, ride, march
I{eo"v, it is possible, permissible (impersonal; + dative or accusative
and infrnitive)
{fioa, imperfect. t(av,live (contracts into 1, not c;infinitive Li')
(,1.<u,
xo,A,i,ixdAeoa,call, summon
xc.)./.<rt,
pd\A<,t,pr*rioa.,, tplA),r1oa, to be about to (with complementary infini-
tive, regularlY future)
t,olu, ,orji-, ivd4oa, think (often compounded; cf' voOs)
otxl.or,-4o., drrcrloa,livein, dwell [economy]

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. It is possible to live justly and happily and do good things for
men. z. we shall remain here rvith our friends for a few days. 3. I
shail show you what it is to live well; and so you also will live happily
among your friends. 4. We ourselves expect to live since we are
strong.5. You say that the enemy are about to dwell in our province'
6. A trumpeter aroused his soldiers, and so they fought the enemy.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Translate:
r. 6 rol "EAAtlvos iratpos t6o(ev ii'cup 6pev, dtr'\'d "Q 'Q iv6oet"
z. 6 iatpuv .rd Tqpla iv xatp' irt*u.3.oJ 6orei f(6rov etvut rtp6'v
paoAia rovlpdv. 4. tp<,-trQ. 6n6te
yuv-rt pos|roripan'$tAet' 5' 'i paotleJs
T
r6re itrr(TynoK€ xcci txiAeuoe rdv rut6c puottreietv to0A6s xai dyu?d.
norciv roJs n'o)ircrs.

II. Write in Greek:

r. Race or money, which do you honor more? z.we were ill and
did not rvish to come; nor did it seem best to remain with the others.
blowing. 4. I think the man's
3. The general asked which rvin<l was
temper will get the better of his mind. 5. I sarv that the ruler had
left his shieid uPon that stone.
59
 LEssoN
l7
A D J E C T I V E S l N - J e ,- e i a , - 4 A N D -'js,

CONTRACT ADJECTIVES

r. Many important adjectives in Greek have the endings -rjs, -eCcr,

-i, typified by
{Erjs, sweet, which follows:
PLURAL

ItT N

d;
r)Dios
aala* dJ f6;;s ' ri6eicrc i16h
{6eics {6ios ; .i16iaw. ri8erci'u i16fuv
{Eee i16etq {5ei, r16io; {Eeicrr.s i16€o,.
,)6Jv ilieio,v i6rt' fDeis riEeias "f16ia
;t6i l6eia i6J , {6eis; {6eicn i16€a

z. Another important group of adjectivesis that with the ending

-4s in the masculineand femininenominativesingularand -is in the
neuter. Learn the declensionof d,o$o'Arjs,
safe.Note the contractions
in the genitive and dative singularand the genitive plural, similar to
thosein y&os (Lesson7).

SINGULAR PLURAL
II', F N M,F N
, t \ / t t \, ,. t t
q.o9d^7ls ao9d^es aoQaAE6 aoQaAl
do$aAois ciolaloOsi d.o$c,A.iv &o$a)6'v
d.o$aAee d.o$o'Aei, &o$..Alat do$o.Aior"
do{c^Li : dogdis i do$c,Aets &o$o,Afi
&o$oJls. &o$o,Ais d.o$aAeis d.o$aAfi :

3. A few adject_ivesof the first and second declensionsare con-

tracted. The norninativeand vocative singularis -oOs,-fi (-&,),-oiv;
the accusativesingular -oAv,-fiv (-e.v), -oOy.Otherwisethey have
the same endings as dya06sor d.(tos,but are circumflexed on the
uitima throughout, e.g., ypuoo.Ag, Xpuofr,ypuoglv,golden, and dpyv-
poAs,&pyup&.,dpyupoAv,silver. Seeparadigms on pages16o-16r.
60
 4. Elision, When one word ending in a short vowel.is immediately
foliowed by another word beginning with a vowel, the last vowel of
tire first rvord is sonretimesomitted and an apostrophewritten in its
place. This is caiied slisiort.,e.g., dM' dye fo,r&Md,dye.

5. Crasis,Occasionallythe final vowel or diphthong of a word is

contracted with the initiai vowel of the following word and the two
rvordsare written as one. A smooth breathing is placed over the con-
tracted vowel. This is called crasis,€.g., raird for z.) alrd,.

READING
A. oriy.eruvoeev&AAd,npovoetv yp\ rdv dv6pardvoo$6v.- EPICHARMUS.
B. y)urcJsdnetpqtndAepos.
r. zrolAdrts yo,Aerrdvtort rCtv &A106v rd, $eu6fi yu;p(,{ew.z. dya1dv
oi rd pfi d}txetv glr76ii0iAeLv.- DEI(oCRITUS.
ri,D<i.rd 3. rd y"2vd,\qOts
TLKpov eort roes dvofiro,"s, Td Et ,/eu8.ts yAuxf. 4: rrat"6eio'.,.roCs
I t
p"tv
eiruylot x6opos dorl, rots Et SuoruX(ot xaro,$uyf. 5. FpgX:g_rQrltls
{8or{s xurcfis.6. yaor\p royetu Aenrdv ori rtxrec v6ov.7. d roqr}1s
rpayetuv drcciAetrfis dperfis r\v d8dv. B. fi nol}ec 6p,"oia ior| ypuoQ
ore$dv<'t. 9. rd\Ofi A€yovres oJx ciei roJs dv?p<inous eJ$pctvoy,ev.
ro. rrtre?arot roL 6vres eiyevetseicrw xaxoi..

Notes: r. ycopl(@, separate (cf. yarpi.s); &Ar706v,genitive of separation.

3. dvorjrow, foolisir. 4. xura$t4ni, refuge. 5. rip,!c, enjoyment. 6. yaonip,
belly; :r'uyeia,thick; Acnr6v, fine. 7. rpayeia, rough. 9. A(yowes,participle
of.A(ya (Lesson rg); ei#pdtvoy.ev, gladden. ro. roL, you know (colloquial);
6vtes, being, participle of.eiy.t (Lesson r9).

VOCABULARY
nc,tlela, -ds, i, education, training
ori$avos, -o.', 6, crown, wrgath

d)qlljs, -is, true

&pyvpoAs, -&, -o}v, silver
Bpaxds, -e?,a,-tJ,short, brief
yAvxris,-eea,-rJ,sweet, pieasant
6va'ruyfis, -/s, ill-starred, unfortunate
eiyevzjs,-/s, rvell-born
eiruXrjs, -ds, fortunate
6ptotos,-d, -ov, similar, like
trr"xp6s,-d,, -6v, bitter
XpuooAs,-fi, -oiv, $olden
,!eu6{s,-/s, false
6l
 &Em€u,-io., i16in.,oa,be unjust, harm
rlxru, znd aorist drexov,bring forth
xpri (impersonal), it is necessary (takes accusative and infinitive)
prl6t, nor, not even, not . . . either (used instead of oriEi where pni rvould
be used instead of ori; cf. Lesson 6)

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. It is not difficult to point out the truth to them. z. Truth is often
pleasant even to the unfortunate. 3. It is necessaryto tell the truth,
and to speak briefly (Bpayiuts).4. Education never harmed any one.
J. A crown is a pleasantthing to the rvell-born.6. It is bitter to do
harm, but pleasant to wish to do good to someone.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Translate:
T. d,rorcrevoiy,ev zo,)s zolep.i.ousof Ai?o's tpuLov rds yuvatras xai
roJs nai8as \y,tiv irri'ro0 retyous.2. ri, d,tt"o?sAapetvei i(eort, Er.Edvar.
ooLrt; J. orir ioyuptiiorw n piqp uiroi. oJx oiv p.ilAet (riortu eisrd ro0
nolip,ouzi)os. 4. ,i rr voetsrrepitoi no\ipou, Eorce? p,ot&pecvov e|var,
34,tro02c,irb rois orpanlyots. J. rfues oircoiowiv rfi yfi ircei."t1
p"e|' Jy,C-,v;
II. Write in Greek:
r. He thinks that the Greekswill scatter our enemies.z. In our
land the wind is aiways strong. 3. Who will call you on the day of the
battle ? 4. The boys will drive your horsesinto the camp. 5. We shall
remain with our friends upon the wall.

62
 II
LEssoN
DECLENSION O F n & s .p d y u s ,

A N D n'ohis

r. Learn the declension of the irregular adjectives all,r p.iyas,

",'de,
great, and zo)rjs, much, many.

SINGULA R PLURAL

]!TFN ]!1FN

zrds ni.oa t&.v nd.wes rdoat rd,vrq

Ttd.vros
,/ Trcrorg TrdvTog
I

fawa)v Tfg.ouv _ TqvTu)v

l t t
'TTuW L r6.ot r6.oe
TTd.VTL TTd.U1) rdoa$
TrctyTa 'rf doq.y Trdv rdvrqs fid.oas rdvra

ttiyos y.eytl.Arl p(ya y.eyrlAot. peyr|Aat pel,dAa

peyrl.Aou pey,ihls p.eyci.Aov peyc|Ac,v pcyd.kuv p.eyd.Auv
pey,1,Aq,, p"eyriAp peyciA.'t pteyrlAos yt eydAac p"ey,l)ot"s
y.iyav 1.LcyrlAr1v p(ya peyci.Aous peytiAas peydAa

zroAJs noAJ noA),o[ zro).A,a[ roA)d

"roM1
',oMoA zroDfs zo))o0 ,roA\dv ro&,iv noM6v
roMQ roA)fi noMQ zo))ois zro)-trcris zro.l)ois
nokiv rcA)riv roA,i zroA)oJs roA)ris noAA,i

READING
A. riv8pi r&oa yfi F""4'*"Xis ydp dya9ijs rurpig 6 (Jy.ros
"o6iu
rc6oy"os:-DEIlOC RITUS.
B. piyu p$liov 1"tiyaxax6v.-CALLII{ACHUS.
C. qJ nayrds civSpdseisKdpw?6v io1' d z'io0s.
t. yp|vos rd. npunrd. n,lvra trpds rd $,is $ipet.-tr{ENANDER.2. d
pios zo,,\,\diy<t, zrapci.So(a.3.oJ noAAd,ci,Md zo)rj. {. viv ririp nivrav
6 &ydv \rIv.-AESCHYLUS. 5. i, rQ iv AeA|ois trpQ ypuooi xai
I \\/hen nds-nr€anSall, it has the predicate position (trd,oataf. r6).es):
r v h c n i t m e a n su , h o l ei,t h a s t h e a t t r i b r r t i v e p o s i t i o n ( { n & o q r 6 A r s ) ;u s e d
rvithorrt the articlc it means euevy.

63
 apyupoC xparijpes fioav. 6. (Arye Et rQ Qeproro*Aet d 8c8d,zxatros,
OJ6tv toy1, nae, oJ (you) ptxpdv, dAAd.piya ndrrrr,s d.yu7dvr) xarc|v.
7. The Medes and Persians under Xerxes attack at Thermopylae.
'EAArjv<'tv,
iret6\ Ei of lllpoac fiouv tyy}s ritv dv @epp.omj)ars Elp(qs
ivdy.t(ev'|rcelrous dAi.y-" fip.ep6,vdnivat (would u'ithdraw). o,l 3i
"ri<
"irrotoui'.roAro. ty.rQ o$v e'ty<v6 po,oAeis ro|s otput't,ir;'s ,ipn<rv tni
-'"oJs noAey"ious.ixlAeuoev 6i zoJs Mrjiovs 'EAAlvulv
l,ape.iv rLyas rtlv
aiypuAdrous (captives) rcai.d,nd.yew npds taurdv (hirnself) . rpitrov
p.2voiv of Mfi\ot dnoAlp.ouvroes" EAAI,dtxo,i.ori8iy,xsrdv o]iois izro[r1oav.
Ecd Et raAru 64)oz fiv oi, pduov rQ Eip{n g,tr)d ra) n&ow \rt ,oAAoi pi,
&v0pcanotetocvdAtyorEd du8pes.-HERoDoTUS (adapted).

Notes: z. rapd.6ofcr,contrary to expectation (Ecifa,cf. 6ordcr.r)

. 5. /eA$ois,
Delphi (dative); xparlp, mixing bowl. 6. ioy1,you rvill be nat, my boy
(vocative). 7. xaxdv crrlzoJsitrotr1oav,did harm to them (tu'o accusatives);
oi pt6vov,not only (adverbial).

VOCABULARY
dyciv, -6tvos,rJ,contest (cf,.&yat) fagony]
B$Atov, -ou, zd, book
8e8doxa)os , -orr,6, teacher, master
tep6v,-oa, 16, temple (i.e., sacredplace) fhierophant, hierarchy.]
$6.,s,$-"6s, 16, light [photograpli]
6fAos,-\t -ov, evident
xpvrrrds, -tj, -6r, hidden (cI. xpltr<'t) fcrypt]
p(yas, p<ydAn,p(yo,large, great
tds, n&oa, r&v, all, every; singular in attributive position, entire
roAris, noAArj,noAi, much; plural, many

dndyc';,leadback
nttrrat, znd aorist {treoov, fall

iyyJs (adverb + genitive), near

vfv (temporal adverb), norv
rdrna's (adverb), wholly
[rip, preposition rvith genitive, over, in behalf of (for); rvith accusative,
over

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. All the Greeks went to Thermopylae and fought with (ip"-
yloavro * dative) many Persians. z. King Xerxes had a large
army. 3. For the whole day they tried (inetpitvro) to conquer the
Lacedaemonians. 4. Ot ali the Greeks at Thermopylae, e\/ery Spartan
64
fell. 5. Life has many paradoxesand much evil. 6. When Xerxesfirst
came into Greece,he thought that the Greek soldierswould betray
their country.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Translate:
r. t\arcev 6 xAuu,/t8,ipo ypuo&.,]s nAeeora roCs 8rraorais. z. rdv rfi
ndAet <Is nmp6rara fiv roes noA[rars. 3. oJrc d.ei fi}'rlv rd &Art?ts ro0
y'reu8oOs torrr. !. 6 roA d.pyovrospi.os 6i"u fiy.ipats ppaylr'tv fiv i) 6 ro0
ci6e){o0 uJroA. 5. Xpi vopt(ew rd y"iv d8trceiv ntxpdv, rd 3t }ku,.rx
npdrrecv yAurcd.

N o t e : 5 . S e en o t e o n a r t i c u l a ri n f i n i t i v e ,p a g e5 4

II. Write in Greek:

r. Education is the noblest gift of the fortunate. z. The fairest
crown of democracy is justice. 3. Education makes the unfortunate
similar to the u'ell-bom. 4. Tyranny seemed the easiest thing to most
of the citizens. 5. It is a very bitter thing to see men give more
(things) to the false than to the true.

65
 | 9
LEssoN

P R E S E N T ,F U T U R E , A N D
SECOND AORIST PARTICIPLES
ACTIVE OF O. AND
CONTRACT VERBS

l. Learn the declensionof the present participle of the verb eig,i,

to be.
SINGULAR PLURAL
MFN MITN
v f t l u
LDy OUAd. oV avr€s ouoq.L ovrct
t t ! v t
ovTog ouoli OVTO| owu)v ouo@v ovT@v
t t t f v t
owL ouoll oyTL ouoL ouod.Ls ovoL
6vtu o0oav dv otrdg ougas
,
ovr&

z. The accent of participles is persistent,like that of adjectives.

3. Learn the declensionof the present active participle natSajav,

educating,and of the secondaorist active participle Amdtv,leaving
or having left, noting the" accent of the latter. All second.aorist
participies are so accented. ,
MFNIVIFN

nat"}etii,uv rat\eJovoa nat}eiov Anreltv ),tno1sa ),n6v

rut\eJovros ratievorjols Arlrdvros Anroior]s Amdvros
"ratierjowos
rrst"6edovrr, nol}evorion rut}e,Jovr,, Anrivrc ),mo,jo'J1 Anr|vrt
rqtEeriovra nol3eriovoq,v rq.t}eiov Atnivra )uroAsq.v ),m6v

ttat&eJovres nat\eriovou, nat\eiovra Ar',r6vreE Amofioat Atrdvtu

nat\evdvrav rqt}euouoil nar.6eu6vray ).n6vruv Anrouo6v Aqr\wov
rat\eriovot rq.tievoJoo,s nut}etioust Amoiot At"trorJoatg Amoiot
rat\eiovrq,s rat6euo',jqus ',rat\erjovra )tndvras Amoioag lnr|wa

4. The future active participle, r.o,r5r;o-v, is declined exactly

like the present active participie.
65;
:,,
-, { ,-"
 J. Learn the declensions of the following participles of contract
verbs I rtp.tiv, honoring, $tA6v,loving, and E4r\ri,v,showing (declined
like /dri'v), which are similar to those of the verbs given above, save
for the contraction of the stem vowels with the endings.

MFN M

rtp,iv rryttioa rty",iv g,Aii'v 6rAooaoo $ A o A v

r4L.rtrvroE rtptiorls rqt"Csvros
$tAoivros $r.Aoio1s $cAoAvros
rty.titwt rtptLoq rtp.C;vrt $rAoivrt $Aodop $AoOwt
rtp6.tv'ra rtpctoav r4t Ctv $AoAvra $tAoAoav $ t A o A v
rqtCtwes rtpCtout rtpC,twa $tAoAvres $tAoiool $tAoivra':
rtp.<itvruv rtp.atoitv rq.trivrav $tLoJvruv $Aouotiv $AoJvruu
rtp"titot rtp.t6oats rtpCtoc $AoAot $AoJoats $AoAot !
rtpriwas rtylioag rqtC,wa $t"Aoivras $tloJoas $Aoivra

READING
A- 6 dv1p@rros$Joer' ro).nmdv (eov.-enrsrollE, Potitics.
B. 6 xdopos oKrlvf, 6 Bios n,1po6os.
{,\Oes, ef8es, d.nfiAles.
r. ntoreJew 6et roi,s pa|opggJl.2. 6 ptv Di10e6s, ttonep xui d zra.trards
A6yos, dpX4, re xui reAeurl, xc,iploa ritv 6r,r<ovnd.vr<,rvdyer,.-pLA1o.
3. of lopydves 7vyarlpeg fioav,<Ddprcuog rai l{",'ols. etyor 3t,rceda,\,is
y'tu neprconet'puptvat ap:":?".11:E4l'4j at peyri[ous: noi,:
xeipo1 1o,\"{s
x.'i.\1iPuvriiypiuois,,reir-sirndy-:.-qr-*ir-d+
Allousirotoui.l.-,j Kinp,rs
rlji Ktiipi*v iviKv|6- etrev iioioa yuiltiiliv et6t 1te llpa:(t-
l$r0,$ei,noi
riAqs;-GREEri ANrgor.ocy.
5. The Battle of Thermopylae (con-
tinued) . tnerta E; d .gipf r1s trcp,lev ro}s flipoug of floav p€Arrcrot xcLi
xpd,rwrot rtiv orpurta,iv rd-vrav.n rotlroug Dt oi z<jze iiiiri, ioi,
d9uvdrous (Immortals), 6v fipyev'Y6tipvt1s. e'rrei 6i of,rot inoAlpouv rois
Aarce\atp.ctviots rco,i rois oup"Ttd.yots (allies) orj6iv nAtov'tr,oiouv rol
orpareJy"aros roa M16trcoa, ci)Ari rri u,irri, oi.62 Aarce,iatpdvrct iptiyovro
(fought) d{i'as Adyou. (notably) rco,i trtnto, uirtiv'ritv Xrraprcarrlv
(Spartans) ivra17u dAlyot.-uERoDorus (adapted).
:
Notes'.2. Te...xo,i, both...and; r e A e u r r 1e,r r d ( c f . r i , \ o s .) 3 . g v y d r r 1 p ,
daughter; Q6pxuos,cai lfirois, Phorcys and Ceto; nrpruonrrpolriros
6 p c i r x o u o Lr,v r e a t h e d r v i t h s n a k e s f s p i r a l ] ;
xcirds, of bronze (adjeciive);
r r ( p v ( , . n , i n g f p t e r o d a c t y i ] i y p u o & . s ,o f g o l d ( a c l j e c t i v e ) .
a KJtrprr, apn.o-
dite; rjv l{tirpw ivi i: tv) Kvt6q': the statue of Aphrodite in Cnidus by
Praxiteles: $e0, gtcJ, expression of amazement, ,.my, my!" iiofroa, znd,
a o r i s t a c t i v e p a r t i c i p l e f e m i n i r - r eo f e l 3 o y . 5 . t n e r u , t h e n .

67
 VOCABULARY
xe$uArj,-is, i, head [brachycephaiicl
d6oJs,d66wos,d, tooth forthodontist]
yuptv6s,-rj, -6r, nalicd [gyrnnasium]
p(oos, -!t -ovt middle; in predicate position, middie of [lcsoz.oicl
etrror,secondaorist, I said;aorist infrnitive einetv,participle eirr<k,
aorist {.pa9ov,learn, knorv fniattrematicsJ
Stuv?eivco,second
6'j, surely, indced, of course (postpositive)
zroi, u,here?
tionep,just as

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. I said that I liad seen (aorist) the Gorgons; but they did not
nrake me a stone. z. trinally Xerxes ordered his mcn to conquer the
cnemy. 3. \,Vlren hc hacl lcft thc solcliers titere, he seirt thc general
into the cit1r. 4. \\/hat did Hipptas ('Inni.rls) sav rvhen his tooth feil
out at (in) I{arathon (Mupa06vt)? 5. He l<ncr.v\f iren hc sas'this that
l-rervould surely not con(lLrerGreece (")1v' EA)dDa).6. Pl:rto (r5ITAri.rav)
said that gocl controls all things that exist.

REVTEW EXERCISES
I. Transiate:
r. noiloi orpurtitrat fiouv iv 16 dydvt. z.}fiAov t6o(ev etvat 6n 6
}tSriorcaAosrd piyu p$Alov dv 16 tepQ oJrc tAme. 3. n&lree oi. vloc vAv
i9iAouocr66e rd ?l1ptov),appdveu.4. 6 &pyot, npri.ros inip ri,,v noAnti,v
z'o))ds d.onl}os d.pyup&s rfi 9rQ ivvi1lrce (dedicatcd). J. ra}ra rd.
xpvttrd eis {cis trt t.nci{opter.

II. Write in Greek:

r. Thc soldier u'ho stood near the genera.lis rvholly bad. z. The
ferv seenrto u'ish to shorv the trtrth to the rnany, but the latter are
unr,r'illing to receir.'eit. : All the children love this teacher morc
t h a n t h a t o r r e . 4 , I I c t l r i n k s ( u s e 3 o r c e ih) e r v i l l c o n ( i L l e rt h e g r e a t k i n g .
5. I'he book was so large that the teacher could not carry it.

6B
 LEssoN
20
FIRST AORIST ACTIVE
P A R T I C IP L E O F J 2 . V E R B S .
P R E S E N TA N D S E C O N D A O R I S T
P A R T I C I P L E SA C T I V E O F M I . V E R B S

r. Learn the deciension of the first aorist active participle,

ro,t}eioos,having educated:
FN

,rar.6eioas rctt\eJoaou nat6e0oav

nutSe{oayros rat\euodols zarEqJoavros
natSeJoevrt ncl}euodotl ratleJoq.vrL
rat6erioavra rc.r"\erJoqouv rq,t\eAoav

ratDerioavrcs ,rat\erJqaoar z'crr8e ,ioq.wa

ratDeuodvrcov rc*t6eur'q.o,iv nq.t\eusdvrav
natSeJsaot nat\euo&.oa$ rat\elouot
ratSeJsavros rat6evod,qas a'crrderioqvrq,

z. Similarly are declineclthe present active p"rti.ift. of i,ort1pr,

i.ord,s,-&ou, -dv, causing to stand, the secondaorist active participle,
ords, having stood, and the first aorist active participle, orllous,
having causedto stand.

3. The present and second aorist.;active participles of. r(.?qpt,

rt?els,placing, and 'having placed, are declined as foilorvs:
{eyl1,
PnrsrNr Srcor.lo AoRrst
}fFNIVIFN

rfiels rt1eioa rt?iv 9ets 1e?,ou 0&

rt9(vroE rr?etoqs rfi/vros O(vros 1etoqs ?lvros
rt?ivrt rt9etog rt9tvrL 0/wt ?elop ?brt
rt?i.vra rt?eCqav rt?& 1iwu 1eioav 0&

rr.0(vres rr.0<Coat rt?(vro 0(vres ?etoat 0&ra

rt0(vrav rt1erc<itv rt]/vratv ?ivrory 9ercCtv 9lwory
rt0eiot rfietoac rt?eiqt ?etor. ?e[oa,.s ?etor"
rt0/vras rt?e tmrs rfi(vra 06ras ?eioqs O#ta

69
 Similarly to rt|el,sare declined the participles oI h1y.t:present,ieis,
ietoa, ttv, throwing, and second aorist, -r-is, -etoa, -{v (oniy in
compounds).

4. The present and second aorist active participles of 3i6a.,pr,

SrEorjs,giving, and Eo.is,having given, are declined as follows:

PnnsrNr Sricor.roAonrsr
.IvIFN .IU!'N
/-o , s ^
Er$qrjs-. ErEo0oa 6cE,jv .'Dorjs doOou 66v
6r6<ivzos 6r6oriorTs 6r6dvros 8ciyros 8oriozTs Sdvzos
6r6riyrt 8rEorjo17 6rE<jvzr Edwr. \orion 66vtt
6t66vra 6rEo0ocy 6l6dv 36wa \oAouv Eriv

Sr8drres 6t6oioat Etldv:a 66,:es 6o0oat 66r,za

6t66vruv St}ouoriy 3t66w<rtv 66wclv \ovo6tv 66wuv
6r6ofor 8rEorjoars 6r.EoDor 6o0ot Eorjoats 6o0or
6r6<ivzas 6r6orjocs 6t66vrq, Sdrrzss 8orioas 6dwa

READING

A. n'o,\,,\.d,nisv xc.'iz'ol.),ri $ay,i:v'ra) ro\.trd xo,rc'eirrriv/d"v?pbnous

rcet
y.at, T ty,orcpi<rtv'Pd6ros.-SI IIONIDES.
B. {c.\e?Et zQ rcd.pwovrt ouoneJ\ew ?eds.-AESCI{YLUS.
t. Ai,uv$tAdv oeaurdv oiy t{etg $tAov. z. rotg dei dArl?eriouot'trd,vres
rr.or<JoouoLv.3. rca)ri,s inotqoev oijruts rc).eurfious rdv ptov.-wSIAS.
4. fopydt i1 Ae<"vi6ov yvvl napa6t6oiou rti vtq rilv d.oni6a i.Aeyev,
"i) rairlv 'Ent6d,p.vtot
i) iri rutjrn." 5.of nfir,ltavres eis AeA$ois
flpci.,rqoavrdv ?edv ei r.o,pu}otevrots Kopp?i.otg r\v ndAw.6. fi 6o0oo-
rdlra xai rcop.i(eratrJyq. /. 0eo0 Sr8dvzosori8tv ioyrjet $06vos, xai pi1
8cEcjvrosori8iv ioytiet',rdvos.B. May&.gv rd rg0 lleyeA,lou rpaipu id.oaro
$dpp.urcainfft1ets. g. 6 ei Era0eis rdv iauroi oLxov xai. rd, rfis niAetos
npirypar' ei &,v 6rc0efu. ro. oi rdlavra iri. rd.Ao,vrs,intAivres Jrrd rdv
'Agqv,iv,
nevtir<tv $\ovoivrat. tt. Atlouvipos \6, xparrloas erigJs
periorrToe r\v ro\trel,av, rptd,xovra p.tv &.pyovras xaltord.s iv &.oret
E/rccr6' tv rQ IIetpurci. r2. An Incident During the March of The Ten
Thousand. d 6a $eiyet eis zd iuuroa orpd.reuptu,rcaLei,?is nupayyi)0.r.t
roJs piv 6r.).i.rusalroi trciAeuoepteivut,
(commarided) eis rd. ln),u. rco,i.
rds dont}us npds rd. ydvara (knees) ?tvras, arizds Ei,\cpc.,u rois [nn/as
(cavalry) of fioav aJrQ tv 16 orpure,Jp.art nAel.ovsi) ,rrropdrcovru,
rorirav Et oi z)e?orot @p&.rces (Thracians), 'iiA.auvev
(charged) irri zoJs
Mlv<rtvos'oi Ei ,.a) toraqcxvd,nopojvres(perplexed) zri' zrpd.yy.art.

70
N o t e s : r . o € c r u r d v ,y o u r s e l f ( r e f l e x i v e p r o n o u n ) , z . d A 1 9 e J c o s, p e a k t h c
t r r r t h . 4 . I ' o p y r L ,G o r g o , a S p a r t a n w o n - r a n ; / l e u v t 6 o u , g e n i t i v e o I A e a v t E a s .
'Ent6dprvtor,people o{ Iipidamnus ; KoptvAhs, people of Corinth;
5.
napu}oiev (optative), they should give. 6. xopi(eru (middlc), takes ail'ay.
7 . @ e o a6 r 6 d y z o s ,i f G o d g i v e s ( g e n i t i v e a b s o l u t e , c f . L c s s o n z r ; s i m i l a r l y
pi 6L|6"7os); ioyria, avail. B. Mayd.<ov, I\{achaon', Ililevekiou, of I\{enelaus;
r p a | p u , w o u n d ; i d . o a ' r o ( r s t a o r i s t m i d d l e ) , f r o m i t T o p t a t ,h e a l ' 9 . d a u r o A
( i e f l e x i v e ) , h i s o r v n ; r p d y p " a r a , a f f l i r s ; d - v 6 r a 0 e t 1 r, v o u l d a r r a n g e ' r o . r i . v r 1 s ,
-rlros, a poor :|nar.; ^]ovo^v;qt (passivii) ari envied. rr. AJoavEpos, Ly-
'A?1vdv, genitive of 'Aqfivat, Athens;
sander, rvho caPtured Athens;
p l a c i n g ; d . o r e t ,c l a t i v e
' otfe r ( . o r r 1 o ec, h a n g e d : n o A L r e i a ,g o v e r n m e n t ; x a ? L o r d s ,
p
d . o r u , t h e c i t a d e l o f A t h e n s : I I i r y u l e l c l a t i v e o f I l e t p u t < r j s ,P i r a e u s , p o r t
of Athens. tz. 6 refers to Clearchus, one of Cyrus' gelrerals; 67Ai7as,
hoplites; M&aryos, genitive of. Mlvuv, IMenon, orte of Cyrus', generals;
rerrapdxovra, forty; tqruoav (znd pluperfect), stood.

VOCABULARY
ot,xos,-ou, 6,ltouse
6nAov,-ou, 16, weapon ; plural, artns
'irdvoE,-ou, 6, labor, toil
rd).|,vro,i,'ov, 16, a titent (measureof yalue, wortli abotrt $rroo)
rtjy1, 'IS, i, fate, luck
ui6s,-o0, d, son
'
$,Lppi*or, -61,,rd, drug
$06vos,-ov, 6, jeaiousy, envy
6wri.0qp"t,dispose, arrange
irr tr i.0qy.t, apply ; add
xopi{a, xosttti,t*6pwa, bring, accomPany;rniddle (rarcly), take away
xpurtco,conquer, be porverfulover (+ genitive)
nupa6t6<u pr, gil,e over, surrender
retreurd<,t, come to ttre end (re,\eurti),die, bring to an end
e J ( a d v e r b ) ,w e l i
e,i6'is(adverb), at once
)iau (adverb), too Inuch, very
rptd.rcovra, thirty

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. The rvife of Leonidas, sending her son into battle, ordered him
not (use pz)) to surrender his shield. z. Clearchus and N{enon who
were (i.e., being) generals of Cynrs, ordered their cavalry to conquer
the enemy. 3. Nlachtlon al)plied drugs to the bodies of many men lvho
f o u g h t n e a r : f r o y ( ? ' p o i . u-,o s , 4 ) . 4 . T h e f a t h e r , d y i t l g , g a v e o v e r h i s
arms to his son. 5. Fortune gi\/es man)/ evil things, bttt much good.
6. When Cyrus gave orders,the Thracians chargedagainst the enemy.
7l
REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Translate:
r. of v/ot yultvoi iivres eis prioov rdv d.ydva xar(.ort1oau (entered).
z. etnov 6rt 6 rfis fopydvos d6ois|"et(av i) dv?p,inov xe$ali1 fiv. J. rois
oo$oi,s rcuAoivres, oi. roAero,t €y"u?ov r[ 6et norci,v. {. noi 6}1 nrc6vres
d.n(?avov of rfis orpurt&s &pyovres;5. zdios &,pa iA06vres rwis ijonep
vtrcdtvres roJs zfs niAl.us y(porrae ixriAeoav.

II. Write in Greek:

r. The exccllence of the boy's mind was greater than that of his
father's. z. \\'ho is that man who ruled the city for ten days?
3. Neither tliose who u'ere in the city nor those rvho were by the sea
learned anything new. 4. Calling their mother, the cirildren remained
near the fire. 5. Flecing the Greeks, he fell into the midst of the
Gorgons.

72
 2 I
LESSON

USESOF THE PARTICIPLE

r. One of the salient characteristicsof Greek is the variety anc

frequency of its uses of the participle. These uses fall into three
main divisions-the attributive, the circumstantial, and the sup-
plementary.

z. The attributive participle is one used simply as an adjective,

usually rvith the articie, e.g., the reigning Cyrus,6 puotAeic,tv
KDpos.
Very often the noun is omitted and the participle is used as a sub-
stantive, sometimeswith modifiers,€.8.,thosewho flee,of,$e,jyovres,
those rvho came from the city, of.ix rfis ndAei'is2A06vres;in the land
which was once Messenia,iv rfi Meoolvla nort o3Tl yfi; against the
isiands called those of Aeolus, ini rds Ai|Aou wjoousxaAoup"tvas.

3. The circumstantial participle is used to set forth any circum-

stances or conditions attendant upon the action of the main verb,
It may expressjig., cause,manner, means, condillgrr, concessign;
-Other
purpope,or any attendant circumstance,and iGmost convelni-
ently'translated into English by means of an English clauseexpress-
ing one of these relationships.Examples foilorv:

When he had come into the city, he wrote a letter. eistjv ndAv
iA?civ, dypa,ltevinnroAfiv.
Since he had boats, he escaped.zrAo?c lyc'tv,dni$uyev.
By slaying the guard,he escape d. rdv $JAuxud.noxretvq,s,&r{$uyev.
If he seizesthe city, he will conquer.l r)v nd),wAupciv,wxtjoet.
For many, although they talk smoothly, have no sense.rro))oi
y,ip, xottreeAXtyovres,o'ix tyovat voiv.
He came to persuade the king. fiA?ev(ris) rdv po,oA& ne{.o<'tv.
I The negative with the conditional participle i, p4.

73
 '"' {'' ':-
i'
Q|/:t,
The last example illustrates the fact that ais may be used with the
future participle to express purpose. The negative it p4; in this
construction the negative is very rare.

that the
4. ,is is used with the participle in Greek to indicate
writer is giving the presumed reason or purpose of the subject, but
does not himseif assume responsibility for the correctnessof the
facts. Compare the Latin use of r1u,od with the subjunctive. A some-
what clumsy but useful rule-of-thumb translation of ris with the
participle is on the grottnd that. r6v &v6pu rdv
dnlxrewe c,isa'poEr.Edvra
Bo:oAlu.He slew the man on the ground that he was betraying the
king.

gsed to supplement or com-

5. The supplementary participle is
plete the meaning of certain verbs. Particularly important are the
to happen;
uses with rvyyd,v<o, AavAdru, to escape notice; $?rlva, to
anticipate. Study carefully the following examples:

t ,lyyorrffii,n.he happened.to be present.

H" came into the city w-itho-*-l-F9ilg
tAalev,ii ri1" no[t \?Al.ri'l,J
i$-n''-
t$)aoe rois zoAepirvs rdv A6$ov,Aap<iv.z He captured thc liill
\."/'V'rY'\.' '. :;
ahead of the enemy. J ,, .' "'i Ir'"

6. A noun and a participle may be used in the genitive casein an

absolute construction correspondingto the Latin ablative absolute:
rdv nat\tuv napdvratv, dr(.1avev 6 rarfip. While the children lvere
present, the father died. ,.,:

Z q!g+{*nt particlple representsactioS continuous with, often

contem,poraif with,'tfat of ttre main verb.iQre- ag1ig!.irepresents a
sinele act. often prior to that of the main verb.iThE futtire participlel
is risually to expresspurpose,anTis often, id stated
"Xi;ila-"rnv
above, accompanied by tis. I3 t\e lgp_Fl-ementary."participlethe
tense of the participle representsthe type or stage of an action, the
-UsDalljib-ein$
ptes€nf ySecifor a iontinuous action or state, the
aonst lor a stngle act.
-"t
2 take direct objects.
$|d,vu and Aqv|dv@ may , , ,, '

74
 B. After verbs of 's'enseperceptiild and certain other important
verbs meaning to knlu, to rementber,indirect discourseis often ex-
pressedby the participle; usually its subject is in the accusative,
.l"putit,the subject of the parliciplg is thlt of t]ie main verb, the
pditiciple is in the nominative. The tenseof the participle is that of
the original verb in the direct statement.

I see that Cyrus is riding up. <ipcl,1.9.y:::"^:L!:!5.rry,

I lrear that the enemy fled. rirorj- l?l:j_g]1y1,,i.9ys
&ryo$uydvrus..

When the participle refers,to an actuai fact, -asg;ually !n indirect

discourse,its negativeis oJ, when it refersto a condition or a general
statement,
tlWit}i its negative is"pri.
ijreseverbs, indireit discoursemay also be expressedby drr
witlr the indicative: cf. Lessonza.\
-! i
F d;j

READING
A. 4, /7urceiary.dwos,
X{),-v oo$6s,;r$.-4a;..4,f &yuv' rcatpJt
e{e I prt62v
rrd.vra n pioeor c rcatrd.-ctrITIAS
I>. ll€A€rq To rav.

C.' EAAqv@v TrpopaxoAvres' A|lvaiot Mupu?,i,vt I Xyqogpgpc,tu-_ll[fi6utv

dor 6peouv 6Jv aprl .--SI ll ON IDES.
r. ori8eis notCtv rovqpd. ),at,1dvet Ae6v.-NTDNANDEIt. z. "EAArlves
dvres pappci.pots 6ouA<Joop,"ev; 3. drip ydp A{yutv 4rt,
9.orts f::yy
i\c,?ev taurdv rois cuvoiocv d\v pupJs.-soPHoCLES. 4. &v|puttrot rdv
\iii":o, $eJyov:res Srri*ororvEiipltoCnn'us. 5. $i[ous lyutv iv6p.t{e
?qouupois iyew.6. IlJppc'tv oJ}iv t$q 6rc$ipew (fi, )) re?vd"vat. eiTdvros
6! ,wos, "rl ohv orix &ro0viorce6i' tdn, "6rttt'ori8tv iw$ipet." 7. 6
'AA4{av6pos 'AytlA&
ryi}atp"|vrce rdv \rc "Optlpov xfipurca eis r\v
inena pvipTv tyav iruyev.-ARRIAN. B. oi. iv rfi n6Aet inep$uv &v|pus
Ai{ovrus |rt 666uot rdvra rd 6nAu rois Auxe6atp.oviots.-XENoPIroN.

N o t e s : z . p a p p t l p o c s , d a t i v e r v i t h l o u A e J e t v ,b e s l a v e s t o . 3 . ' i p e r o " t ( d e p o -
n e n t ) , t a k e s p l c a s u r e ( * p a r t i c i p l e ) ; i l c 0 e v ( g n o n - r i ca o r i s t ) ; i a u r | v ( r e -
flexive), himself. 5. 01oavp6e, treasure IIhesaurus]. 6. IlJppa.rv,Pyrrho, a
philosopher; 6.ir.$1pa, rnake a difference (its otrjcct, oJ6&, is an inner
accusative) ; re|vdlat, perf ect infinitive of d.no0v77oxt'1.7 . ei}atp.ovtla,
consider fortunate (cf. ei6aiS'.uv)i'AyttrAia, from'AytA\etis, Achilles;
" Oprlprt, Homer ( n e t r a , f u t t t r e ; L L r 4 p r,l r e m e m b r a n c c ( . f . p q w r i o x t ' t ,
rccall).

75
 VOCABULARY
p,lpSapos, -ou,6, forcigner,oftclt a Ptrsian [barbarian]
ci, nressenger,herald
*iprt, rcrjpurcos,
papJs,-eta,-J, iteavlr,tiresome [baritone]; declinedlike f8'js (Lessonr7)

\x|rcot, \xi,(a , €}iiLr(o, pursue

),av1d.vut,Arjoa, lAa?ov, escaPe notice of ( + participle); deceive,elude
o , J v e r p t ,b e r v i t h ( + d a t i v e )
ruyydv<o, second aorist truyov, happen t o ( * p a r t i c i p l e ) ; h a p p e n
upon, neet, get (+ genitive)

o,jv (* dative), rvith

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. After saying (use 1>articiple) this to the soldiers, the general
rvent awaJ/ (dnfiA?ev)frorn the camp. z. Tlre Inessengerslvho hap-
p c n e d t o b e r v i t h t h c o l d m e n e s c a p e dt h e i r n o t i c e g o i n g a l v a y . 3 . H e
s a w t h e h c r a l c lb r i n g i n g t h e l e t t e r o f t h e b a r b a r i a n s .4 . A l t h o u g h t h e y
w e r e n e a r t l i e k i n g , t h e y d i d n o t p u r s u e h i m . 5 . \ V h e n s o r n e o n es a i d ,
"\Vhcre is the messcnger?" the foreigner replied, "FIe rvent away."
6. fhe heralcl hcard that Cyms \vas pursuing tlic foreigners, who
were fleeing.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Translate:
r. r&. ijrAo r<1 ro0 &pyovros ut,i, iv rQ, olrcat napaSorjs, r&Aarrov
t).nBe.z. rdvov n6va int?ets, et,6'/0r7rce rd ypfipura. J. rQt oo6Q iinvos
,rdvou $d.pputcovd8d,<er.!. rdv noAcpt<a,rcparfioas xoi r\v nlrpuv iv rQ
.re}t,p <is rp|nurc, (trophy) Anrcitv, eri0Js eiprivrlv rfi ndAet ixdy"toe.
5.6 pc"otleJs ze)euritv, Aicv rdv ve,ir<pov ui.dv $t\<iw, rilv dpy\v rco,i
rptd,xovru rdAavrcxairQ (iurce 'd 3i d8e,l/ds 8rd $06vov irc<ivor,&n/.rcrewe.

II. Write in Greek:

r. Leaving her children behind, the rnother fled to the city. z. I
sarvthem giving the money to the slave. r. Not having cared for the
children 'uvell,the father must not expect honor, 4. Why, having
t h i r t y t a l e n t s , d o e s h c r v i s h t o g e t r n o r e? S . I s h a l l n o t h a n d o v e r
tlre clrugsto a dying rnan.

76
 LESSON
22
P R E S E N TA N D A O R I S T S U B J U N C T I V E
ACTIVE. FUTURE MORE VIVID
A N D P R E S E N TG E N E R A L C O N D I T I O N S

subjunctive of the verb eiptt,to be: cl, fit, rt,

r. Learn the preser-rt
,T-,pev,
fire, 6ot.
z. Sirnilar to theseforms are the subjunctivesof nearly all verbs,
b o th i n pr es entand ao ri s t.In a l i i ts te n s e sa trdv o i c e s,the subj uncti ve
iias the cltaracteristiclong votvelsctrand 4. fhe subjunctive has the
sarnestenr as the indicative of its tense and voice. The subjunctive
never has an augment. There is no future subjunctive.

PrrnsnNr Iilnsr r\onrsr Sncoxn Aonrsr Pnnsexr PnrsrNr

nqtEeJat nut\eJoat Atnct-t $)A 6etrcv,iat
rat6e,i77s natSeions Atrr?s $cAfis 6eu<v,j77s
ratEeJyl nctr\eJon Attr71 #rAfi \etxvJn
nerSetlupev zc'rS<,Jorrtpev Atrc'tpev $),6tp.<v \etrcvrjap<v
rotSe Jqre nctr}e,jolre A[nqre $tAfire }eu<vJqre
rq,tEeJatot nat\erioust Atraoc $tAciot Setrcv,iowt

Pnrsnrur SecoNn AonIsr

a ^
(OTQ
n ^
TLA@ LQ) or<i 0A -e)
rorns n ^
r.vrls
a ^
Lns ctrfis ?fi, -fs
r
LoTn
^ n^
TLUn
(^
Ln o,fi ofi -rt
tor,lpcev rfiip.ev L@LLev orriptev 06tpev -,ipev
a ^

Lornr€ TLAnr€ LNTC orfire 9fire -1r,

tor6-,ot rt?ritot L<DOL orCtot 0<itot -f,ot

3. rtplt<a,}r1Adu,and 6i8c,,,prr
differ in subjunctive endings from the
verbs in paragraph z. (Cf. thc rules for contrarction givcn in Lessons
rs and 16.)

77
 PRrsrNr PnBsrwr PRrsBNt SBcowo Aonlsr
rry.6t fu,\6 6rEa 66
rt y.Qs 8rllois 6d<ps E€s
TLPq Er1)oi 6r6Q 6,i,
rry.Cty.cv }qAttp.ev 6d<iper }ttpev
r4t&re 5r7tr6ze 6rE<i'ze 6<ize
rty.enc 6nlri'or. 6166or. 6,3or,

4. The subjunctive, which generaliy refers in time to the future,

may be used in a subordinate clauseif the sequenceis primary. After
main verbs in the secondarytensesthe optative is used,aithough the
subjunctive is sometimesfound in place of the optative. Thus Greek
has a sequence of moods,whereasT atin has a sequence of tenses.

5. Since the subjunctive refers commonly to the future, its tenses

have no temporal signific?ncc..The present is used for a continued
act, the aorist for a single act.

6. The subjunctive is used in two classesof conditions:

(a) More Vivid Future Conditions. These make a definite and
unqualified statement (one that is more "vivid" in that it is
more likely to take place) about some future event. They
follow this formula:
PRoTASIS (i/ clause) APoDosIs(conclusion)
idv (: ei + dv)or &vor fiv future indicative
plus subjunctive or equivalent,
(presentor aorist) sometimes imperative
If he comes,we shall conquer, ,id.vt\07t,wxrjooy.ev.
(b) Present General Conditions. These state some general fact
(one which is always true) in present time. Their formula
follows:
PROTASIS APODOSIS

idv or &v or fiv present indicative

plus subjunctive
(present or aorist)
If Cyrus is general, the soldiers (always) conquer, id,v
Kipos orpurlyds fi, of,orpurccsratwxC.tot.
(c) In both these conditions, the protasis may be introduced
by a relative pronoun or adverb instead of idv-by tnet6dv,
dzau (when, whenever), 6nov dv (wherever),6s &v, ian.s dv
(whoever),etc.
7B
 7. In conditions the "negatir,'eof the protasis it lrri, that of the
)
apodosisusually ori.

READING
A. pttxpai yd.pnes Kd.LO0) lt iyrcrac rois
CRITUS.
'
B. Cv1ouow.opoi xo,i
rcatrd
I.

Notes: z. xarapai{a, bark at (* genitive). 3, zr)o0s, sailing, voyage (cf

rAi<o, sail); e'oO' : iort before rough U.eatiirig. 4. pr16efs,for oriDeiswhere
p { w o u l d b e u s e d i n s t e a d o f ,o i . 5 . i y y p d , $ e w f r o m d y * y p d $ e w ( L e s s o n r 3 ) .

VOCABULARY
dyopi, -ds, r), marketplace,assembly
xtJav,xuv6s,ci, dog [cynic]
6vop.a,dv6p"otos, zd, name (cf. dvoy.ri.{<r)
fhomonyrn]
&ypotxos,-\t -ov, mstic .
&nas, &.naou,&rav, all, every (like zds)

dxoJa, aorist rixouoa,hear facoustics]

dr o6tEa4.t"
t, give back
ytyv,iox<o,know fgnomic] (future and aorist to be learned later)
)avpti(u,-, i1atjp.aod,marvel at, rvonder fthaumatology] (future to be
learned later)
notla * trvo accusatives,do something to somebody
rqrris tyu,be badly off, be ill
#(p., be annoyed
ya).erruits

ris (adverb modifying adverb), how

T9
 '
A p wr ei6r1sl\r,o tlt,iyol
Aristides (son) of Lysimachus
O s t r a c i z e di n 4 8 2 / r n . c .
IlIe7ax),f s h 6777 p 1i7s1's
s 11
Megakies (son) of Ilippocrates
Ostracized in 486/5 n.c.

@epn? oxA,ilsNroxtrlols @eyw 0o xXils ( corrected

'fhemistocles (son)
of Neocles to @eproroxXfis) Qpedphtos
T h c r n i s t o c l e so f ( t h e d e m e ) P h r e a r r h o s
O s t r a c i z e di n 4 7 2 / r B . c .

osTRACtStl

T h e v e r y w o r d " p o l i t i c s " s h o r v si t s o r i g i n . P o l i t i c s i n a z l c i A r sn e e d e d n o s t i m u l a -
tion: man is by nature, said Aristotle, a political animal.
One problem of democracy was the danger that a strong man migirt again succeed
in mastering the state as a tyrant. To avert this danger by iegal means, the Aiirenians
i n v e n t e d t h e i n s t i t u t i o n o f 0 s t r a c i s m ,r v h i c h w a s s i m p l y a p o p u l a r b a l l o t i n g o n p i e c e s
o f b r o k e n c l a y p o t t e r y ( 6 o r p o , x c - -) t h e rvaste paper of ancient Greece. Provided
as nlan)' as 6ooo \orpaxo rvere cast, the man named on a pluralitl' of them 'rvas
required to leave the country for ten )'ears. No larv required a voter to inscribe his
orvn ballot; il rvas unsigned. Ostracism u'as thus open to manipulation, an(l 6nally
r v a sa b a n c l o n c ctlh. o u g h l o n g a f t c r t h e r i g h t e o u sA r i s t i d e s ( a b o v e ; r v a s o s t r a c i z e d .
'I'he
actual rvriting ;s thc old Attic lelters used beforc 403/2 a.c., alleredin the
c a 1 ; l i c i ntso t h e l a t e r f o r r n s . S o m e c i t i z e n s\ \ ' e r eu n c e r t a i na b o u l s p c l l i n g s a , nd u'hether
t o u s c t h e c l e r n o t i c( T h e m i s t o c l e sI ' l t r e ; r r r h i o s )o r t h e p a t r o n l ' r n i c( a l l o t h e r s ) .
ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. If you are badiy off, 1re1rvill call a doctor. z. Whenever they
are anrlovedat someonc,tireir friends ask them rvho did something
evil to tjrem. 3. If he ltearsthe enemy,he ordershis soldiersto flee.
4. If I cio not have friends, I knorv that I am badly off. 5. Ile r,vho
(ions) knorvs the truth rvill do justly (do just things) to ali rnen.
6. The rustic happeneclto give a sherd to Aristidesand askedhim to
rvrite on it.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I . Tra n slat e:
t. 6 rats iAq?erdv nartpa rd }C,povrfi pr\rpi ErEo/s.z. et6ovrois
pupBdpousrdv rclpurca&.trorcretvovras.3. Ai?ouspo,peis6vras oJx
"oJs
i}eliyoouotv of orpantCtrqt els zd orpurdreSov $dpew. 4. ,ois rilv ndAw
rpoS6vras t,op.{(oy.ev ixelva rQ ,roAtr71 ouvetvat. J. ro0 po,otA{uts iA06v-
'tnnous
ros, i.ruyev 6 apya, ro|s \uirccttv.

II. \Vrite in Greek:

r. I sce that the battle is very hard for those who are rvith the
l<ing. z. The generai rvill honor those who went into the enemy's
camp unseen. 3. Flere the Greeks stood, for it did not escape them
that to flee u'as ciisgracefLrl.4. All except tlie Athenian betralred
those u'ho lvere lvith thern. 5. Near the ger-rer:ilstood the herald of
the barbarians.

8t
 LEssoN
23
T H E O P T A T I V E . P U R P O S EC L A U S E S
WITH L v a ,r i s , A N D Snas

r. The optatiue,which takes its name from its chief independent

use, that of expressinga wish, is the mood used in secondaryse-
quencein many constructions.

z. The endingsof this mood are of two kinds:

(a) The -r,type, found in the present, future, and the first and
secondaorists active of regular verbs.
(b) The -q type, found in the presentof contract verbs and tire
presentand secondaorist of pr-verbs,except thosein -vu1tt.

3. Learn the foilowing optatives:

(") Regular verbs (-r type):
PRnsnNr PRrscvr Iiuru nIi
rat6e,joty"il 6. trcv,Jot
lt t oot\erJootlt,
zar.6erj6rs i 6. txvJos nr,l}erjoo's
nutSeJbt"L 6. trcvJot ro,t}elqot
I
ro,t}etiot1.tev 6er<vt1or.p.ev natietiootpev
rat}eJo,.:e:' 6etxv,iorre nq.t\eJoone
rat}erio:.rur, 6etxvJorcy nat\eJoot"<t'

Frnsr AoRrsr S e c o r , r oA o n r s r
,rat\erJoatpl ) lrotpt
rrol}erjouts or rat\eioetasz ),hoc
rat\erioutr or rat}eioete Ai.trot

nut\eJoa4tev Attrory.ev
nat\eJoatte ) [tror.re
rq.t6<rjqar,<vor rat\eioewv A{notev
I It should be remembered that fi,nal ar and or in the optative mood are
counted long in determining the accent. Cf. Lesson z.
? T h e f o r m s i n - < c a 9 ,- e r e , a n d - c n v a r b m o r e c o m m o n i n A t t i c G r e e k .

82
 (b) Contract and il,r-verbs (-r1 type):

PnBsrNr
rtp.titr1v $t),oh1vs torairlv rfiehlva 6r.Eoi1v ehyv, (from eip"t)
rry.,itt1s SAot Ts f.oratls rrfletrls 6r6oi4s eirls
rLp4I $tAoh1 toratq rfieiq 6r6oi1 ei\ .

rtpQy.ev $tAotp.ev [oraip.ev rfie?pev 6r6oipel etpev or eilpev

rtltCtre $t\oire tors,ire rfieile 6t6oire etre or eiqre
rtp.Ctev toratev 'rt?etev 6r.6o?ev etev ot eiloav
$t\otev
SBcoNo Aontsr
ora[1v, etc. 0e[1v, etc. 6oQv etc. eir1v, etc. (from ir77"t)

In the plurai of ail these verbs, longer forms with iota followed by
-IFev, -rlr€, -nsav are found. Cf. the optative of. eip"i.

4. One of the commonest ways of expressing purpose in Greek is

by a clause introduced by l,va, tis, or |ras, follorved by the subjunc-
tive after a primary tense of the main verb, by an optative after a
secondary tense.s Negative purpose is expressed by ivu pfi, -t p4,
6nas p4, or p4.
He is come to teach Cyrus. fircet iva KApov no,t6ein.
He came to teach Cyrus. fiA?evivu KApov rucleriot.

5. The optative, eitlier present or aorist, may be used either with

or witlrout ei?e or ei yti,pto express a possible wish. The negative is pni.
ei|e Kipos il8or.. Would that Cyrus would corne ! or, May Cyrus
come !

6. Wishes impossible of realization are expressed by ei?e or ei ydp

rvith the imperfect indicative for present time, with the aorist indica-
tive for past time. The negative is p4.
ei,0eKipos napiiv. Would that Cyrus were here! ". : i :1,,.'
' ' ,

r ' ' : l i- i . r : ' i ' i ' : r - ' ' : "

. . 1 t ' l r . ,

';: '
READING
A. "O ${Ae IId.v re xq,i.d,\)oc iioot ri6e ?eol,6o11r( y"ot"rcaAQyyvQ.|-g,'.
elvui ltot $tArc. rAoJorcv 6t
rdv6o0ev'i(<,'Ie.y--Q.'dogtX-,,rr_g.i.t,.,d11dl
voy.t(ot1tcrdv oo$6v.T 6i ypuo,o-AgAfilpg ei,r11to, Soov prjre $ipew y"rire
dyew 6,ivan' di.\os i) d o<i$puw.-PLATo, Phaedru.s.
3 Similarly to conjugate the optative 6r7.\oi1v from 61)ria.,.
$t),oi.r1v
{ Similariy to rt?ei4vconjugate the optative iei4v from h1pt.
6 E v e n a f t e r s e c o n d a r y t e n s e s o f t h e m a i n v e r b , t h e s u b ju n c t i v e i s
s o m e t i m e su s e d r n p u r p o s ec l a u s e s . ;
83
 -.'r,. l

' .,,' i_
.r.ril:'',.^
-
t. Zu'rcp,irrysifn (iiv iva io?[utotv,
dypp<ing,vs,
":ys-.*rir*lgAr._r:
q.Jrds 6t io9tew iva (fi.-xItNoPIIoN. z. dv xq.Adviyrl rrs oip.a xni
*rXi, xarcriv, xaAilv tyet vahv xai xvpepvr;rtl, iii6r.3. ,p,aros riyyerAu
-
'A7r1vaioc
IGpo, o-:L*s-u-9t1g An**:5rg""- 4- oi' zro))ds";ao; filil ,(;i
-.'i
-;---*i -r
r, t ^ o.,/.-*-\ , . o\ 'AA*,f&ir1}
, r\F-l'6--*.iai i*--'!
iff"{ui,pd.,,n15. d D;
L1uje.7o-u71,tyf&Jrot, ia"ai"
,ii{'Ao,rl- ,-
'lotous oJ* t{o"rros o'tror,7}iffni'oJroJs d.n6 roa xaxoa yutp/ou dneAleiv ',..i:.i:
l
i;l tis oirov tAotev. of.62 orparqyoi lxlAeuoav aJrdv &.ne),|eiv'uiroi ydp viv
t
t"
i,,:;' \-
!t^rr^artttrln\\d\/
orparlyeev, oirc irceivov.6 &pa $erryovres dniBaAov rd.6nAa rcahep
oi 6ci".,x6vr@v. 7.,<s,rlxauoqr v€tiv: 6ras pi ot
ip6, l::.-.d.:igTqs.- LQla
If ipou, elonAiorcv.
W.%-ng-gus
Notes z. xupepr\rr1s, pilot (cf. Latin gubernator; governor). 3. orpareJ<o,
c a r r y o n a c a m p a i g n ( c f. o r p a r t d , e t c . ) : p a r t i c i p l e i n i n d i r e c t d i s c o u r s e .
S. i}<iv, aorist participle of 6ptit't (vocabulary, Lesson z4); orparrlyeiv,
infinitive in implied indirect statement following ix/Aevoq.v. 7. xarat<ata, burn
up [caustic]', fi vfioos, island fl)odecanese]; eiozr\iorer, dissyllabic verbs in -ec.r
do not contract e with o sounds (cf. Lesson r5).

VOCABULARY
ve,is,ti, ship fl-atin nattis,nautaf (declension
vaOs, continuesw1t,vaiv;
vfies, v<tiv, vavot, veis)
nAfi?os,-ous,'16,numbbr, amount, crorvd fplethora]
rrtrog,-ou, 6, food, grain'
yaptov, -ou, -16, place, spot
6oos, -r..,-ou, how nruch, horv great, as much, as great; rvho (relative; in-
direct interrogative)
dyy,iMu, d.yyeACt,fiyy<t\a, report (cf.. 'dyyeAos);takes participle or 6rt
clause in indirect statement
atpia, o,f.pfio<,t,
Sgz.-finfinitive i,\e?v,participle ilc,iv), take
to?ta, znd aorist t{>ayov,eat fesophagus]
nAi.a, adiiet ln\uroo, sail (cf. zloos)
&,y"a,
at the same time; together with (*dative)
ila (conjunction), in order that
xatnep, altliougir (with participle)
6z<,rs(conjunction), in order that
r&ne, five
<,is(conjunction), in order that

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. He fled that he might not fare badiy. z. They sent the messen-
gers to report that Cyrus was plotting against (in$oAeJo + dative)
the king. 3. He will w'rite the letter in order that the king may kill

u
 it

the men rvho plotted against him. 4. If you do not eat anything,
you will not lir.'e.5. When the ship sails to that place,the men will
take food, 6. Alcibiadesorderedthe Atheniansto get food from some
other p1ace.

REVIEW EXERCISES
L Transiate:
r. rarccielyet xJ<uv6orc &.vdrcoiny./.vrrva, yl76{vu6i cfpf. 2. 6 rt
i).vytyvtioq 6 &yye)os,ld$er.6rav eis r\v dyopdv tAfu.3. d paorAeJs
iA(Aety.a?etv16 6vopa&navrosciu8pds6orq dv rd, ypfip.arapc{ riroEc8ri'.
4. ?uuy.d.{et re rcui.yuAen,fisSipet 6rav d.rco,iTl
cis oi,roAtrat irc ro0 noAd-
pou t$vyov. !. xara?fiou rd. yplptara ivu Aapcprlv71s rd naAucdvptpAtov
.i dEerfe ooi 6 ydpuv.

II. W r it e in G r eek :
r. They are throwing rocks at the boys in order to drive them out
of the agora. z. Whenever the ruler comes into his province, he
takes presentsfrom the greatest citizens.3. What is the name of
tiie wonderful book which you are giving to your brother ? Why did
yo u not s how it t o us ? 4 . W h o e v e r i s p re s e n tm u s t stand w hen the
g e n e r als peak s .5. I f w e d o n o tg i v e b a c k th e d o g , the boys w i l l be
a n n o y ed.

85
 74
LEssoN
F U T U R E L E S SV I V I D A N D
PAST GENERAL COND tTtoNs.
I N D I R E C T D I S C O U R S EW I T H 3 , t
AND -s. INDIRECT QU ESTIONS

r. Future Less Vivid Conditions. These conditions, sometimes

known as "should-would" conditions, describea remote or doubtful
possibility in the future. They follow this formula:
PROTASIS APODOSIS

ei * optative (presentor aorist) optative (presentor aorist) + A,

If the enemy should come, you would fight. et of" roA(.p.to,.
tA9orcv,noAep.o?re
&.v.
The particle &.vusually follows a negative, a verb, or some other
emphatic word.
z. Past Generai Conditions.These state some generaltruth about
the past. Their formula is:
PROTASIS APODOSIS

ei * optative (presentor aorist) imperfectindicative

If Cyrus was general, his soldiers won. ei orpurryyohyKipos,
tvlrcav oi orparulrut uJroi.
In theseconditions,as in Future More Vivid and PresentGeneral
conditions (cf. Lesson 22, paragraph 6c ), a relative pronoun or
adverb may be used in place of ei.

3. As with the subjunctive,the tensesof the optative describethe

type or aspectof an action rather than its time. The presentstands
for continuous or repeated action, the aorist for a single act. The
one exception to this rule is explained in the following paragraph.
B5
 4. I.r addition to indirect discourseexpressedby the infinitive or
the participle, Greek has a tliird manner of expressingthis construc-
tion. After many verbs of saying (e.g.,\iyu, etnov)and perceiving,
the indirect statement may be expressedby a clauseintroduced by
the conjunction 6rt or c,ls.After a primary tenseof the introductory
verb, the main verb of the indirect statementremainsunchangedin
tense or mood from that of the direct statement. But after ?. S€c:
ondary tenseof the introductory verb, the main verb of the indirect
statement nr.aybe cirangedto the optative of its original tense. In
this constructiSnthe tensesof tiie optative have a real temporal
significance.This is almost the only casein which the future optative
is usedin Greek.

Cyrus is rvriting. I{Aposyprl.$ec.

He says that Cyrus is writin g. Aiyet |rt Kipos ypri$et.
He said that Cyrus was rvriting. ilAe{ev6rt l{Apos yp,i$ot (ot
yp&$et).

Cyrus came. Kipos fiA?e.

He says that Cyrus came. Aiyet6rt KAposfA?e.
IIe said that Cyrus had come. tAe{eviirc Kapos tA?ot(or fiA?ev).

Cyrus r.r'illcome. Kipos iiftr.

He says that Cyrus will come. Aiyetiirt l{Aposfi{et.
He said that Cyrus rvould come. tAe{ev6rt Kipos ij(ot (or 4trr).

5. Subordinateclausesin indirect discourse,both in the infinitive

and in the 6z construction,are governedby the following rules:
(a) In primary sequencethey remain unchanged.
(b) In secondarysequence,if the verb of a subordinateclause
is in a primary tense of the indicative or is in the sub-
junctive, it may be changedto the correspondingtense of
the optative, dri dropping out; but secondarytensesof the
indicative are not changed.
vtrcioopev.
tdv l{ipoE tA0"J1, if Cyrus comes,we shall be victorious.
i)cyev 6rt ei l{Apos tA9ot,vtxrjootpev.I{e said that if Cyrtrs came,
we shouid be victorious (or t$q ei Kipos i\9ot, i1p&.s vcrc{oew).

6. It is important to observethat, unlike English,Greekkeepsthe

tense of the direct in the indirect statement, even when the intro-
ductorv verb is in the past.
87
 7. Indirect questions follorv the same rule as does the 6rt
construction.
They zrsk them rvlro thel' are, iputritot, o,ltoi,s rh''es eio[r'.
fhey aslied thcrt-r u'ho thel/ \\'ere. ,iprir-r' ar-lroJsr{vel e'f.ev(or
eiotv).

8. The apodosis of a fultt.re /ess t'iuid conditiort il1x12f. lsed

independently of its protasis to express a possibility, e.9., KApos
tAloc dz, Cyrus migirt (or u,ould) come. This is callecl the potential
optalizte.
in ir-rclirectcliscourse, it is
When the potential optativc a1>pea.rs
treated as follorvs:
(a) With the rirc construction it rernraitrsunchanged. (Aeye, 6r,
IiipoE iA}ot ur.
(b) \\/ith the infinitive construction it becomes the infinitive
u'ith dv. t$1 l{Apov iA1eiv civ.
( c ) \ \ / i t h t h e p a r t i c i p i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n i t b e c < ; n r c st h c p a r t i c . i p l e
rvitlt dv. 'ii,<ouoe li1po, iA?lt,rct cir. -
;t "'")'':' :..,i..'i'r--
READING
, . 1, ,
A { d*8i y,ipii::d,,"yecpar,lie,'Qi:- ll ii"y:-tirbrtanntus.
"gi ldpg,1 .7.(
R :i rc JrrepBdAAotri p.hprcv, rd. ttn<pnlorora ,)rrpriorara d.v
-t
y [yvon o .-DE, II O(.RI US.
r . nrlvr<rtv ypr1pt,irav p"lrpov iori, &v0p<ttnog , rC,v p2, 6vr<'tv ,-,is'
lorw, r,itv 32 oJx iivrov ,,itsoJx iortv.'-L'l{OT.'\cORAs. 2. l*P"_ys*-li::gr"S
peyriAg.n,i.ts t\o., 16 iir;3.rt pi yapto[.1&v1panos, o,irc &.v tyot
1d
icr,rd..-vr.NANDlilt. 4. e[r1s$op,1rdsoi,< dv, ei rpdrrors rcu,\cis.5. 1-he
Solcliers Are Attackecl by "l3otrlirtry" (i.c., ox-iiunger, a not r;er5r
scientifrc term for exhatrstiorr) VR Sa y-?:rg"jf l*_rj:r:- |-,-ti. ytivos
(srrorv) ngAAfiq\.i zou EJl2p,1,7nr*i6iip"v, xuL Stipatvov (crossed)
-r'- i * " r ^^
aurov ' \91:ui:'*(-- 5e tiAavrovlitr{pc,r' 6)4r, iSrri ytivos,
. - rcai ,io))oi rriv
r_;.#_*.*_;_., I *-".:
&.r0pcLn<'tvipovAtpi.aoor. Eeio$ri, 3i fiyr''6etA.."., na1es (rnattcr)
";
etq. <tne 61 1tr uirQ 6rt of ar?paro, pouArpi,itet',x.,i 6rt yp"i1arjroJs
$ayeev rc. d Dt Eevo$,iv dxoioag ru}ra, re pniet (n'ent arouiid) nepl rd
orparcire\ov, rco,i. e[ rorj'rt 6pcir7ppc'trr3v(edible), Ere6i8ourots povAt-
lttriotv. iz'erEr)3t $,iyotcv oi. &v|p,'ttrut, cir'[orauto (they got up) xo,i oJ
noAi ijorepov,iiAuut,ov.-xIiNOI'lloN, ^l nu(tosis (aclirl>tcd).

N o t e s ' . t . p t r p o v , l l r c l r s u r c ( c f . z d 1 t / r p t o t , , t l t c t r t c t r n , i . c . , " t r t e a s u r e c"l)

[ t h e r r r r o r r r c t c r ] . : . n r j v o s , < l a t i _ v co . f l n e r r n s 4 . , l r o p 1 r 6 s ,e t r t i u r ; r t r l t (r c t . $ l p a t )
i s c rr ta p l ro r c ; .
BB
VOCABULARY
tr&los,-oug,16, experience,suffering
rcrrpLs,-i8os, ,i, native land, country
,rorap69,-o0, d, rirter
dorepaios,-(r, -ot,, the next, later; rfi iorepuls : the next day
t'or<po9,-u, -ov, later [/4'51eron'l>roterott')

&yvol<,.,, -4o-, \yvdr1oa,not know, be ignorant (cf" ytyv<"orco)[agnostic]

yapr/a, ya1t6, tyrllro, marry [monogamous]
b,oEi6-p,,'giveaiound, divide (Erdin compound suggestsdistribution)
?Aa, ifi,ooo,rnarch, clrive (future conjugated bke rry",7opresent)
t,\'c:i,vtt,
iip&.at,znd aorist eIEov,see
,rpritru,xoArirs,fare rtell' cio rvell

ivreller,,from here, frorn thcre (-OevaS Suffix denotes place from rvhich)
z'ou(indehnite adverb, enclitic) somewhere(cf' zro0)
a'<is,horv ?

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r.I{orvwould}/ouconqller?2.Thegeneraldividedthemoneyin
order that the soldiers miglit not be annoyed and do him some harm.
he sacrificed to the gods of his
3. Whenever the general conquered,
native lancl. 4. Someone said that if a man should not lrlarry, he
u,oulri have troubles (npdypara). 5. \\/hoever did not knorv the
truth clid not Iare rveil. 6. Xenophon said that if the men ate some-
thing, they rvould march faster.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Translate:
I. rj vcl}s'inAeuoevtis otrov xoStnioa tvu io7i.orevof noACru. Z- idv
rd y-pio, irceivo tA-ow oi.orpurtdrat, eigis niprlouow €taipov 6s rQ
orparr:y; &1,y(AA71.3.ot &pyovres ipctTitot rd .rAfi?os Sooc 6ore0
f(ircv etvur rois noAeptousvtrc&.v.4. xai,trepyip<rv ilv, &.y,orois v(o$ rd
6rAa tLupe. j. tLvre orparuiras irciAevou, y"erd roA orpurlyoA n)'<tv,
ivu, ei }iot, intp rfis narpt}os &no?rivorcv'

II. Translate:
r. If the rvicked tnan is king, the wise will not remain in the city'
z. Do you not see u,hich is ili anci which is cou'ardly ? :. what did
the solcliers do in order that the city should thus honor them ?
-fhey
4. n'ill kili as n-iany as are unwiiiing to sail. 5. They do not iove
the neu'companion \\rhom the commander gave them'
B9
 25
LESSON

T H E M I D D L E A N D P A S S I V EV O I C E S
P R E S E N TI N D I C A T I V E ,
MIDDLE AND PASSIVE.
FUTURE INDICATIVE MIDDLE.
C L A U S E S E X P R E S S I N GF E A R

r. Besidesthe active and passivevoices, Greek has a third voice,

the middle. It representsthe subject as acting either upon himself
(reflexive)orin his own interest (e.g.,)orjr',,I wash, Aoioy"at,Itake a
bath). The specialmeaningsof the middle voice of many verbs must
be learned by experience.Somemiddle verbs are transitive and take
objects, but rareiy or never appear in active {orms. These are known
as deponent verbs.
z. The forms of the middle and passivevoicesare identical in the
present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses.In the aorist and
future there are separateforms for the middle and passive.

3. The personal endings of the middle voice differ from those of

the active, and the primary and secondary middle endings differ
from one another. The primary endingsate:r
SINGULAR PLURAL
-PAL -Pe?a
-oaL -o0e
.TdL -WdL

IHrrwrrrve
-q0a,t

I I n t h e s e c o n d s i n g u l a r o f - c r .a
r nd contract verbs the -o- of the ending
is dropped and the -e- of the verb theme contracts with the -ac to form
-n or -€L (or, in -cicoverbs, -d). '.'":

90
 A Learn the follor.vingforms: tl./
!
t--i{
, PnisBNr I glrurunui il +
I\'Ironlr ,rNo Pesstvp j l l t l r o u l E -i i\ - ,'*-
-.--j

,rat6erj-o-pat rat6eJ-o-o-p"at
ro'$eJ-e, (n) rar6eJ-o-e, (n) n
nut}eJ-e-rot rat6eri-o-e-rac

rat6eu-6-pe0a nat6eu-q-6-pe|a
nut6eJ-e-o0e rat6eri-o-e-o0e
no16rJ-o-r"o,
"ltEeti-o-o-yrut
Ixr.rNltlvB
rq.t6eti-e-o0at nat6eti'o'e-o0ut

PREsnxr lt'Iloor-s eNo PnsslvB

rtpiy!.t $t\o1y.ar. 61Aoip"ac iorapat ri,|epa? 6i'Eop'at
-
-fi) ioraoat rt9eoat Ei8ooac
rrp|.i 6LAei( E1)o?
$tAeirat }l\oirut l,orarat r(,?erat 6i6ozat
.rtpr&,rg:
rty.<ige|a $tAoipe)a 6rlAoJpe0a iorti.pe?a rfilp"e|a 6t66pe0a
np.&qpE $Aetole 6l)o1o0e iorao?e ri.Aeo9e 6i6ooge
rtyCtural $tAoivrat 61Ao0wat" ioravrat, rl?evto, ElEovrcrr.

INt twlTlvr
rqt6o-?at $tAeig?at 6q\o3o0at iotao7at rt9eo9at' 6t6oo0ol

5. All future middles are regulariy formed upon the stem of the
rtptfiooy.ol, ttorllooltat, orrjooptat, etc.
future active, €.$., ro,tBe,joo;t"ut,
Liquid verbs have future middles of contract form similar to the
present middle of. -ic't verbs, Q.9., xpwoip"at.

6. Some verbs, like <iy.t, have no future active, only the future
middle. I-earn the future of. eipt, toop.at'.
SINGULAR PLURAL INT'INT:ITVT

toopu, |odpe?o Eoeo|ql

toet ( -71) ioeo?e
Zorat toovra,.

participles have the endings -prr.vost -ltiv\, -y"evov.3

7. Middle
They are declined like dya06s.Learn the following present middle
'i'ordp'evoe,
participles , rcpriy.evos, $t\orlpevos , 6r)'oJpevos,
: ncru8eudSL€vos
r t 0 / .p " < ,o s , 6 r D d p e v o s .
Learn the future middle participlesl zrar8euo6y-evos, rtp,"'qody'evos,
rronTodp.evos,Eliaodpevos, o"qodpevos, 1lodp<vog, afld Euo6p"evos.

2 S i m i l a r t , t ' r i . . d e : f , a t itih e p r e s e n t n r i d d l e a n d p a s s i v e o f f i r 1 y r ,l r ' p t i , i

.."^
3 The accefif 6f'the feninine genitive plural oI -yevospartiefples-is"on
the penult.

9l
 J
B. Verbs of fearing, rvhen referring to an event feared in the
futur,g*are follorve.l by object clattsesrvhich are introclucea.6yllf-'
,-T6iarl
affirmative and ri._gg f.or a negative fear.,'Af1_gl o primary
tense of the verb of feaiitr'g the subjunctive is rised in the object
a seconclaly_ ustrally
1_"_t:. tire optative, though the sub-
:i""r:,,itf;
; u n c t r v et s p e r m r s s t b l e .

I fear that Cyrus may not corne.313oc^a

ryi $plg: gu5 tA?x.
fhey feared th:rt the enemy might tdin. l8e8oirceoa, ot
li
roA(y.rct r'rcrj<tetav.
.. 1

When a verb of {earing refers to an event fearedit.!he llt,esent

or past, it is follorved bylyi{ofqf ou) and t-}e_11dgc-Ative.
3i3or.Ka
pi
z'iroXiptot ivixqoav, I feai tli-at the enemy may have rvon.

9. A verb of fearing may be foliorved by an obje,c_t infinitive.

$opfoerat ci8crce
iv uJrois, he rvill be afraid to injure thcrn.

READING
A. d.ndve6nTros3i dp(up"ivous6<i y.uv?dvew.-PItorAGoRAS.
B. v6oos }etAotou'ioprfi. oi ydp ixttope,jovrcuini rp&.(w.-ANTIPIION.
C. A {eiv', dyyiA)eLv Aarce\ary.ovi.oc|rt rfile I rcetpe?a, roiE xetv<'tt,
frj pao t r et96pevot -SI IvIoNIDES.
t. 6 ptv vo1L.o|hr1svdy.ousrt9qow, d 3i 6fpos vdpous r[?erat. z. iv
vurcri pouA\ rois oo$ots yiyverat 3. oJ8eisper' dpyfis do$aA,1sFy"Aurir-
raL. 4. 7l Aiyunros 36pov roA l/ei)ou norup"oA S.;!_yltf":
liyeru.
TI*.i."6s "rcrrcis :fXq kd iiyq, "rrq" f)uy. rQ iarp|,\g21ooo,,jr1v.v6oov
iyoti,Lorc tt1_!1!r"o{it prir, ,<a7fio\u ltrjre *.,r',rcetoii, 1t11r-e,r-orfivat.
6 6t iarp"s, "o.J3/2," t6\,"d,trio oo,. i,.o*6v io"w i-rcptpaoOcr (hang
yourself)" 6. A Honrily on Fear. qj-p}r, Vip $op.o'jpuroLI:.i $iyuot
i1v narpt\q xui oi. p(AAovrcs rro).petv Setoavr<s pi vtxdtyrsr, rco'xis
npd,ouo,,' D,)-T;l';{7;ii.,itl;;; 6ouAel*v (slavery) x..i Seopois
"")
(bonds) , oijre oi,roy oijre ,i"Lll_yU-IQey y orj8tv
2!:ot " kFSe, 6,ivo.vrat
s,,i ig1 -di p"ri;".*'t' - ;6;;", a,3, r-J,i, 6 g6pos pdA,io x.,r.,",Arirr
et
(confuses) ri1v,l'uyfiv.
N o t e s : r . , o p o 9 t r r 1 s , l a v v g i v e r ( v d p " o s ,r t ? r 1 p t ) ; E f p r o s , t h c p e o p l e [ d e -
m o c r a c y ] . z . p o v A f i ,c o u n s e l , p l a n ; o o $ o t s , d a t i v e o { r e f e r e n c e . 5 . , 6 o o s ( i ) ,
d i s e a s e , c f . .v o o i . u t ; \ o m 6 s , l e f t , r e m a i n i n g ( c f . A c h c o ) ; x r L , r c a i r d . A o r . n r i: e t
celera. 6. $JyuoL, be exiled from; vtxrivrat, be overcome-

92
VOCABULARY
vi(, vvrcrds,{, night
-ou,6, fear (cf. $oPcp6s)
$6Bos,
Servds,-i, -6r, terrible, clever (cf. 6ei6<o)fdinosaur]
pol).Ja, -oa, ipoJA€uod,counsel, plan;in middle, plan for one's self
ytyvop.at,yerfiooy"at,iyev6plv (Lesson z6), become, be proved to be, be
born (deponent), cf..ylvos
Eei8co,aorist i8eroc, perfect 6/5orxc (Lesson 3r), fear (present not used
in Attic)
abf q_(d en o n en t) [dyn ami te] (a p rove rb)
,Nysagy -s"y:lo ot!ll.!.,) g_.
tpyopat, iA,<,jooy.at, fiA?ov,come, go
xd0r1pat,sit (present an<i imperfect only; deponent)
xeipac, rcetoopat,lie (deponent; used as perfect passive of, rifup.t);
xard.xetpar,lie dorvn
$ophp.ar, $opr1oopat,fear (deponent) fclaustrophobia]
p.dAwra (adverb), very much, most, especiaily (superlative of pdlcr)
rooo}rog, rooarJrl, roooAro, so much, so great; plural, so many (cf.
rorcAros)

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. The citizens of Athens feared that they might not go back to
their native land. z. Kings established laws in order that men might
do justiy to each other. 3. He feared that the philosophers would not
be kings. 4. They are afraid to sit when the king is standing. (Use
genitive absolute.) 5. Those who counsel weli would not fear any
terrible things. 6. At night even the brave become fearful.

REVIEW EXERCISES
L Translate:
t. perd, rd, nd,0r7rd, trcetvouro0 dv6p6s,nds &v i?dAoc,rs r)v yvvairca
ralrrlv yay.eiv; z. ei?e p.i1iAaivorcv rip.6.seis rdv6e rdv rorup"6v.3. 6re
tA?oc 6 dpyar, zi61cr.,sdv t}orcv o.Jrdv of, orpartGtrat. 4. ei rTou rd,
yprjpura 6pr!,rt,rfi iorepatq rois $tAous eis rdv o'trcovxaAohTdr.5' 6orry
tA?ot, ot)x i{fiv aJrQ ixeevo rd nci?os 6r7Ao0v.

IL Write in Greek:
r. He said that he rvould slay the soldiers rvho reveaied these things
to the enemy. z. He does not know who pelted the ruler with stones.
3. \Ve are asking rvith rvhom that rvoman dwelt afteru'ards. 4. The
clever thieves are about to capture the money of the commander.
5. It would be better that rve live, even though being slaves.
93
 LEssoN
26
I M P E R F E C TM I D D L E A N D P A S S I V E
AND SECOND AORIST MIDDLE.
TEMPORAL CLAUSES

r. The secondarymiddle endingsare:

-trrv -y"e9a
-ooL -o?e
-TO -WO

z. Learn the following forms:

Iupr,nrrc'r M-P SrcoNo AoRrsr Mronrs
irat\eu6pqv iAnr6prlv i66p1v ilip.r1v -eiprlv
izro,t6eriou iAtnou i6ou t?ou -etoo
iru$ciero iAtnero J6ozo t|ero -etro

izra,.6eu6p"e0a tAnr6p"e0a t}dp.e\a i0tpe9a -eiy.eAa

ir,at6e rieo0e i\ineo1e t6oo0e i0eo9e -eto?e
irro-t6eJoy,ro i),i,novro (6owo t0evro -etvro

Ir{rrIr'rITrvE Anrio1atz 36o0ut 0h0at -to0at

P,\RTICIPLD Arr{irro, 66p.evos 0lp"evos -t p.eros

I r ' l p e R r . - r c rM t o n l n AND PASSIVE

irry.cit1,t1v i$),o,|ptt1v i}lAorlpoy irfiip.1vs i.ord.yrlv i6$6y.r1v
irtp",it i/rio0 i6r7,\o0 iri,0<oo iorq.oo i6i6ooo
irtp&,ro i$Aei:o t}rl\oiro ir[|ero iorqro dEi8oro

irtlt"titp.e1a t$r.Ao{y.e|a i61),oJpe0a irfi(p"eAa f.ori,p.ela i6t}6pe0.r

irtp&.o9e i$Aeio?e d61Ao3o0e 4t0eo0e iorao?e d6lEoo0e
irtpitvro 2$tAoivro i}lAoivzo trt|<wo ioravro d8i8ovro

-.-.t.1" the second singular of most verbs thc -o is droppeci and the -o
contracts rvith the -e- of the theme of the imperfect and second aorist to
-out and rvith the -a of the first aorist to -@.
I Note the accent of. )l"n{o1at.
r tiy.r1v, from t1p"t, is conjugated lilce irfiip.ryv.

94
 3. Temporal Clauses:
(a) \Vhen rrptvf.ollowsan afhrmative clause it means b.ef9"y,g
and
t_a]1eslhe infinitive with subject accusative.When the sub-
ject of the main clauseand of the infinitive is the same,the
subject of the infinitive may be omitted, if-it is_g_nemphgtic.
The Greeks conquered before Cyms died. of "E\Aqves
tvi.rcryouvnpiv Kipov dno9aveil.

(b) npb meaning wttil (after a negative clause), and tore , tc,ts,
and plypr, which alrvays mean u.ntil or uhile, take the
following construction :
r. To denote a definite past act they take the indicative,
usually aorist. The same is true of ine(. and inet}fi,
when, after. Note that the Greek uses the aorist where
the English usually uses the pluperfect.
They did not flee tllil. Cyrus had died. oJrc t$uyov rp.iv
Kipos d.n(.1a,veu.,- i..
They fought, until they had conquered the enemy.
|prl.yorro ivircqoav,ois noAepiovs.
:o_f, i.-,_
\Vhen they had loosed the horses, they fled. iin.r6t) t
tAusa, rois innovs, dir!$uyov.
z. \\/hen they dcnote a future or repeated act, they take
a construction analogousto th:it of the protasis of more
and less vivicl future conditions: : -

I n p r i n r a r y s e q u e n c et h e y t a k e t h e s u l > j u n c t i v e w i t h
du. They :rre rvaiting.:ytil he]colieq ptvouot, i-s. d,i?)9.1.
I n s e c o n d a r y s e q u e n c et h c y t z r k e t h e o p t a t i v e w i t h o u t
c?r,.They u'ere u'aiting trntil he ipevov t<us
,s!ould'come]
1A0ot.They rernained as long asirve ll;ere writing. ty.evov
i.us ypd.$otpev. {,.f',.',,,,,-/
r ,r"'-

READING
A. 0eds 3' ,lltuprdrouoa, oJ !!.ptorarar.-TIENANDEII.
T) ./ /(\
L).. orav (rrt€uon rs air6g,i yd .0eds ovvd.trrerac.-AESCIIYLUS.
C.'6 v61tos porjArrat ptv itripyrtrt, pi.ov clvlpdtrutv'S,ivarat 6i 6r*au
alrot po,jA<'tvtat rrioye w ef,' rotot yr).p net?oy"lvotot
-: :Jy:!rI:_,:!::Tr_
iviei,xvurar.-orniocririus. i

95
 '."

t. rcc,xfisdn' dpXfis yiyrerat z1)os rcax6v,,.-EURIPIDES.2. zept-

p ( v e r e ( o r ' & v t y c b i A A u . 3 . 6 n 6 r e < L p u e ' t 1 , L p t o r c v ,d v ( p < v e vc r J r o J s
{ctre $ciyoiv z.--XE,NoPHON. 4. rco,i raAra';_51g!ouv ptxp, orc|ros
iylvero.-xENoPI{oN. J. inei 3; i(fiA7ev,(.i{tjyyerXe rois g!i,\ors,iv
'Op6rru 'ty-
rcptow roA ,is iylvero.-XENolItoN. 6. 3i n"i)|u oJolav
n\oJorcs xo,Aoipu tind nd.vrc,.tr,,
rcc,l. 3' rjzr'oiiSeyds.'..--trIENANDEit.
purcclpros
7.-Themistocles :rrrrl the Cock Iright. o:.r.,..9uWorox,\fs i'l,i roJs
pd.ppdpo,!?.,i{ny:roJs'A?1r,aLous, &Aexrpudvae(cocks) ef.}evpctyoplt,ous..
iSJv 3i tnlorrloe (haltecl) rois &v}pos xai. Ocye ',rpdsalro,Js, " oirot
ptv oiy [37p narpiSos o'j8i n-y.!g...rst,
_QSQ,: ndoyo.uotv, oi6i i_.nip
"g5fq
3:{Z: (glory) oriSi rjilp -iAeu?epi.as(frecdonr) oJDt J72p ral6c.,u, d,,\)'
inip roi pi1firrl?fiucrc (be beaten) trcasros pr13t et{at (yield) rQ trtpu.,
'A?r1rctl,ous
6 irepos." raAra 3r) e;ntr, dn.oirlo<roJs troAitrpo?t,storlpous
eisriv pciytTv.-Aui-l,r N (adapterl).
Notes: C. rotot net?olrlvowr, Icinic dativc lllural. 2- re ptp/vc,t : u.aiL
irrotrnd (irnpcrativc).J. &proror' (zd), Irrnclr; dvap.lva,, rv:tit for. 4. oxdros,
'Opdvras
darkness. 5. xpi.ots, trial (cf . xpLt,ut, npr"rls): (gcnitivc in -cr), a
I)crsiarr traitor in thc ,,!trabasis. (>. o,io{a (cf. orioa), substancc, Property;
[16, by (I-csson 3o); oJ8€yds, genitive of or]8eis (l-esson 37). 7. nd.oyouow,
suffer.

VOCABULARY
inros, -ou, 6, t), ltors<:
n a r p t g , - i 6 < , e ,t ) , t r a t i v c l a t r d
o t p a , - a s , f , t i r n c , s e a - s o np r o u r l

i ' 6 r < r e- ,a , - o v , p r i v u . t c , o l l c ' s o l v n l ) c r s o n a l ( c f . i . 6 u l q s , p r i v z r . t ei n d i v i d u a i )

Iidiot, idiorn]
puxdprcs, -ct, -ov, lllcsscd, happ1,
n A o J o t o g ,- d , , - o v , r v c a l t h y
nS'60upos,-ov, eager (nplt * 0vp6s, spirit', cf . &Aupos, dishcartenecl)

dpaprd.rur, dy"aprrjoopat, 'iip.aproy, miss a nrark (+ genitive); err (cf .

&.p"uprta, sin)
potjlo pa t, pouAtjoopcrc, rvish
eiepyettat, do good to (+accusativc; uJ * iipyov)
p,d.yopat, payo}pat, light ( * dative)
onerj\at, -orrt, ion<uo.r, ltasten, be eager

iore, until, while

ft,,s, until, rvlrile
p(Xp, until, rvhile
6r6re and 6re, rvhclt, rvhertever
rp[v, bef.orc,until
.,1s,horv
96
ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. I shaii ordcr tlrem to go away r,vhenit seenrsbest to n:re.2. fhey
rvisirr:cl to advise (ouy.pouAe'j<'t
* dative) their friends well rvhenever
thr:v erred. 3. FIe clicl not hurry until he sar.vthe soldiers. 4. Solon
(6 ZoA<'tv) rvi.sliedto see the end of a man's life before he called him
liapp_r'.5. We never err n'hen we do goocl to someone. 6. Whoever
was eager to fight for his native land rvas held in honor.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Translate:
t. $oporjpe1a p\ riis t,uxrds lA?<porvof noAip"tot <is ,\v nurpi,lrl.
z. Dervdspiv xcti rtxpds, ppayis 6; yl,yverar d Aavitrov l:dpos. J. i
rat6e[a, rca[nepo'i yAurceiaoioa,n'o))d rco'i&ya?&.rois eJyevto, S,ivurut
$i.\ot ,is pouAerjoovrese0 rorci.v rois
rtrct<n,. 4. ipyovrat of &.Ar1?e?.s
dr, Secvoisrcetp,.{vous.
J. rcrL9ryatd ylp<av roi,s veav{.atsyt&.AtcrraAiyous
327,\ci,v
d.A10eCe
.
II. \Vrite in Greel<:
r. We fear that thc city rvill not give the crown to the brave but
to tlre fortuuate. z. The false can become pleasant to those rvho fear
the truth, for of these therc are too many in our country. 3. It is not
safe to sit u'hen the liing is standing. 4. They asked r,vhorvas cleverest
to prlan thc war. 5. \\/hocver knows the truth r,r'illplan the best.

97
 27
LEssoN
FIRST AORIST MIDDLE.
REFLEXIVEPRONOUNS.
CONTRARY.TO-FACT CON DITIONS

t. Learn the foliowing forms:

Ftnsr AoRrsr Mropre
,'ro,
' inat6euodge!-a-
itrar\evoci,ltqv
irat\eJoal*' i ino;}eJouo?e
'
?",'o16.rio&ro t'..,rErri.,oiro

INprNrrlvs Penrrcrpre
rat6aioao0o"t tat\euodp,eros, -ptrq, -p€vov

z. The reflexive pronoun.is a compound of the stems of the per-

sonal pronouns with crJrdi;"'fu__tj,g_,^,q!ngular
of the first and second
personsand throughout the third personthe forms are written as one
word. The d- of the third person comes from an old reflexive form.
Note the rough breathingof the contractedforms of the third person,
by which they are distinguishedfrom the forms of.airds.

3. Learn the following forms:

Iitnsr PrRsoN (ntyself) SecoNn Prinsox (1,ou.rself)
ItF[{F

SINGULAR

iJ!_avroi ip.avrfis oeuwai ( oavroi ) oeavrfis ( oaurfis )

iy.avrQ iy.awfi seavr6; ( oaurQ ) oeaurfi ( oavrfi )
ipuvr|v ip.avrrtv oeuurdv (oavrdv) aeaurriv (ouurriv)

PLURAL

ilpttiv uirdv \pitv alrCv ilttlv alrdv ip}v airdv

i1p.tvalrots fip"iv arnais rjp"iv airois i'piv airuts
fipt&,suiroJs i1y.&sair,ls iy.&s airoJs rjp.&suirds

9B
 Turnn PrnsoN
xr (himself) r (hcrsef) N (itse[)

tavrol (uiroa) iorr"r'*"tiilar, lavrol

'iavrQ (avrol)
iavrQ (afwQ) iawfi (anrfi) (ai,rQ)
€uwdv ( ahdv ) tavtnv ( a[rr1v) iaw6 (air6 )

tarndv (avrav) ;orroltuoil*orl iavritv (a{nav)

tuwois (uirots ) iuurais ( awai,s ) iuv;o'i,s ( a:rzois)
iatnoJs ( a|roJs ) tavtds (airdrs) iuvni (d[ad)

4. The possessive adjectives are ly.6s, ods, fip.irepos, ip.trepos.

They are declined like dyu06s and dfros, and are put in the attributive
position. The possessiveadjective of the third person is usually sup-
plied by the possessive genitive of altds, i.e., yy;y_o!,a,i'rfis, alr6v.

5. The possessive genitive of the -reflexive pronoun has the at-

tributive posi tion,*but thgP,ossessivefienitive of the person al pronoun
has the predicatJ i6iitibn (if. Leion 16), €.8., d ip"uuroa ,rarrip, d
rar{p p.ou.

6. The rules for contrarv-to-fact conditions foilow:

Pnrsrwr
PROTASIS APODOSIS

ei + imperfect indicative imperfect indicative * dv

P.rsr
ei + aorist indicative aorist indicative * dv

7. The foilowing examplesillustrate the above rules:

If I had money, I should keep horses.ei ypfip"uruetyov,trpe$ov
&v i,nnous,
If Cyrus had not died, the Greekswould not have come home.
ei Kipos y.i1dnt1a"ev,ot)x dv fiA1ovoircs8eoi."EAAr.,ves.

READING
A. 6r,dydp rd Iaup&,(ewof,d.r|punot rcaiviv xai rd np,irov flpfrvro
$t\oo oSeiv.-ARISTOTLE.
'USt:6?!..ydp &v ?5i6afe xci
B. noAvpa?i4 v6ov iyew o,i 6r.6riorcer'
{ly|uydprlv o,iris re E.euo$ri.v1dre xai'Exar:i:y' . etvut yd.p Ev rd
oo$6v, in i.orao 0at yv ti ptTv.-HERACLITU S.
r. 3 lllivav\pe xui Fi.r, tdrepos d.p' Jy.itv rrdrepov d,nepup'rjoaro;
99
 z. pau;6pe0a ndtqcs 6rdruv' dpyt(rLpe0a.-PHlI-E,NION. 3 . d(qxovroJ'r1s
/ r c v r i o r c s i v 1 r i E e r c e t p a t f T a p o e J s , 1 . t i 1y f i p a s ' e i 6 l e 3 ? p r . ' 6 ' 6 n a r f i p .

4. roAAoi. rot nAouroiot rcaxo{, dyaAoL 6i n(vovrar,

ri),\' ripe is roiro6 oi Snpteuf'6y"e9a
rfis &perfis rdv nAoAror, tnei rd ptt, tpreSr, aiei,
ypfipu'ra 3' r).v?p,inuv &.AAor<ri)r\os iXee.-SoLoN.

5. Socrirtes Discusscs Dcnrocracv. " /1porcpartu, otpar, yi'yverat

6rav oi. r/v1res (thc poor) vtrcrjoavres roJs piv &noxrei.vt'.tot riv iriputv,
roJs 3i txp,iA-or, tois 3i Aomois t{ ioov (equaliy) pteru}tiot noAqe[as
r e r c c , id p y G t v . " " t o r t y d p ( s t r r e l y ) ) ' t{l 6'A\e[pavros,"aiirl ,i xorri'
oraoLs (cstablishnlent) }r1porcpari.as, tdv re xo,i Sccl 6nA<'tv y&nrut
idv te xai 6rd $6Brrr,." " rlva 3i o$u rp6nov," fiv 3' iyti (said I) , " oArot
oircoAot; rco,i n"o{u rrs i rowtjrq aA qoAgretu; otirco}v npitrov'ptz 3i
iAeJ7epot oi. &v0pr,tror, rco,i iAeu?eptas i z'dr\ts peoril rcai ,appryoi,as
( f r c c s l r c c c h ) y i , y r e r u t , r c o , ii"{ o u o [ , t ( o l r p o r t u l t i t l ' ) tv alrfi noteCv 6 'rt
rLs FoJAercrr;" " Alyeral y, 3i," tfn. " ijnou 6( ye t(ot'otu elr1, 3fi46v
i.srw 6tc ircr:rrros dy rdv Btov *araoxrud(ono (arrar-rgc) it, uJrfi [iorc
t*uoro, d p l o r c o c ( i t l c a s c ) . " " 8 f ) o r . " " t r r l , v r o S o . t r o i( o f a l l s o r t s ) 3 t )
fiv, ol7tc't, t, rc.,jrr1 rfi roAtreiq pciA,.ora yiyt,owro &v0polrot." "nC.ts ydp
" r c w \ u v e r i e r -( i s l i k c l y ) ) ' "
<rrj (n'hy not?) ;" fi, 3' i1,<i.1, xa,\Atorr1 atirl
rti,v roALretti,v etvctt."-1'y-n16 (abriclged).

N o t c s ; r . , i n o S t t p " l o p r c t ri l,n i t a t c I r r r i m i c ] . z . y . a [ v o p u t , b e n t a d ( c t a z y ) ;
,jnrirav : 6rri"e * &.v;dpyt(op"at,be :rngry (for strbjttttctive form see next
l c s s r . r r.r )3 . € { l x o v r o J r n s , s i x t y I ' c a r s o l < l; T a p o e i s ( a c l j c c t i v c ) , o f T a r s u s ;
y f i p a s , p a r t i c i p l e o f y a p t < r t ; < t ? e , o h t h a t . . . ( [ - e s s o n 2 3 ) . 4 . r A o v r ( . < o ,c f . .
t ) , o } r o s ; T o r , y o t l l < t t o r v; r & ' o p t a t , b c t l l o o r ; } t a p < l f l o F a r , t a k e i n e x c h a n g e
f o r ; t p n e 6 o r , , s e c u r e ; d , \ , \ o z e ,s o r n c t i t r t e s ( t a k c r v i t ] t d , t r A ods . v 9 p i , n a v , a s d ] A o s
d ) , \ o , I - c s s o l r l - l ) , , x i e t : d . e i . .- 5 . p r c r c D i E a p t , g i v e : r . s h n r c o l ; r o A t r e i c t ,
g ( ) v c r n r l r e r f t ; r ) . p y < i vo, l l i c c : s ; i c i v r e . . . i a v z e , ' t r ' h e t l t e r . or; rp6nov, irt
(u'lrat) way; peorrj, f ull of.

VOCABULARY
i A e u ? e p t u , - a e , i , f r e c d o m ( i A e t i ? e p o sa, d j e c t i v c , f r e e )

notog, -d, -ov, of tvhat sort ?

r6repos, -e, -ov, rvltich (of trvo) ?

6f)os eiy"taparticiple, be plainiy, ntanifestllr

6t6doxu, DrDd{-, ?3i3c{c, teach [didacticl
tntotap.ot, knorv, linow how to
otpu and oiopat, oiriooltct, (irnperfect ,,ut"rr) tliink

t00
 cir, on the other hand, again (postpositive)
iv0.l6e,here
dzou,rvhere(in relativeclausesand indirect questions;cf. rro0)
'
, int r oduc ea q u e s ti o n",i s i t n o t tru e th a t. . ?" ;thercfore
o i rc o} vt o

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. Which of the two would best arrangehis life in sucir a state?
z. Socrates (d Duxpd.rrls)said that a democracy is a government of
such a sort that ali the citizens know both how to rule and to be
ruled. 3. If the Athenians had not kiiled Socrates,Plato would not
have written the Ph.aedo.4. It would be a terrible thing if good men
were not happy. 5. It is better for us (accusative)to teach ourseives.
6. Is it not true that many evil men are poor?

REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Tra ns lat e:

t. rpiv p"d,yeo?at,of orparuitrat {oreuouv r\v roA orparlyoi innov

npds rd, norup"dv &r,iyew' ,ipa y&p fiv ii6<tpalrfi 6,.66vut.2. oJ poil,6-
p.<0a eiepyere?,valrois npiv &v Eflor. ,iow rjpt6.s$tAoivres.3. |p,l.yovro
r\v 6Aqvfiy"fua" tore ivi,rcrloavrois noAep.i.ous.4."d ypfiparo alroA r&,
i6rc xpunrd. e[.yev' oJ ydp np60uy.os fiv rdlras rois dra(,pousn'louolous
not,eiv. J. d.puprtivetsircetvov rdv Sr8ciora,trov vopt(u;v' oriDeis
y.arcd.ptov
yd.prtiv nai,Staviv rQ dydvt ivtrcqoev.

II. \tr/rite in Greek:

r. I do not think he r,r'illbring the hidden talents out of the temple
into the light as iong as many are near him. z. Now every man rvill
fight for the city until he falls. 3. Who is wholly h"ppy if he does not
have a friend ? 4. Every Athenian was a soldier before he became
truly a citizen. 5. When we had come to a great river, we fought.

t0l
 .\,
idi
^
L2
V
T \\il

B.F.:ir'ir'l:

''
f ;i'" ,"t:r

6 ARr rN THE ctry-sTATE: A BRoNZE FouNDRy

'ihe
o u t s i d e o f t h e f i f t h - c e n t u r y A t h e n i a n d r i n k i n g c u p a b o v e s h o u , s s c e n e sj n
the casling of bronze statues: the kiln, rvith a boy behind u'orking the bellou's; on
the wall, models, spare parls, and tools. To the right, a life-size statue is being
pounded together. In the center below, trvo rvorkmen smooth dorvn a bronze rvarrior.
The rrorkmen are made small to shorvthat ihe stalue is llice iife-size. The surfacc of
b r o n z e 's t a l u e s w a s n o t t u r n e d g r e e n a n d d u l l , b u t r v a s l e f t p o l i s h e d a n d g l e a m i n g ; a n d
marble statues were not left cold and white. bul rvere touched with bright colors.
 .':- .:

LEssoNTS
PRESENTMIDDLE AND PASSIVE
A N D A O R I S T M I D D L E SU B J U N C T I V E .
THE HORTATORY SUBJUNCTIVE
.'
,ti :
' i

r. Th e s t r bjunc t iv e ,b e i n g a s s o c i a te drv i th p ri m ary tenses (cf

Lessonzz), alrvayshas primary endings.l-earn the follorvingtenses:
P n e s e x' r I \ I r o u r . e a x o P a s s r v s S u s J u N c r r v E
rrat}e,japut rtpripat $A<ipat 84)d,pcrr rd,ipatl 3r8,.i'par
rut\eJn rqfi. 6r\n 81troi ,tIfi 6,6.i,
rut\eJqrat rtp&rat $Afirat 61Alf,rrrt rfifirat ErE<i'zar
nut\eudpe9a ,tytip<0u $tAripe1n 6qAripe?a rfi<i'pe?c' 366pe1ct
ra$erh1o9e rtp&o}e $tAfio?e 6qA6,o0e rt?fio?e 6r6,io0e
rat\erjuvrat rty.rivrat $tAdvrat SqAitvrat rt06.tvrat 6r6,iytcl

. 4 , o n r s rj \ l r p n l u S u n ; u r u c r r v t :
Frnsr Aonrsr S u c o x r >A o H l s r
rcttEeJoc',t7t u.t Ah<upat 06y"at 66pat - @ ",,i l

trarSerio,n. Ahp Ort 66 -rt LLCLL * ; l

natEeJo1rat Ai.nr1ra, |firat 8rirar -firat

rat6evotipe0a Arrritpe9u 9rl'p.<0u Stitpe)u -ape 0a
',rat6eJor1g0-e Atnlo9e 9fio?e 6Ao0e -flo0e
,rcttEtJoavrut Atnoyrat 9tivra, 66.tvta, -rlvrut

;-" ;"rlalory sttltjurtclit,e,lusually in thc first person plurati is

".
used to expres-sa requcst or a proposal (negative pr{). viv d.xoi@p€v
r o i & $ p 6 s ,n o w l e t u s l i s t e n t o t h e m a n . , i .,"
. . *--* i.a i i : l i : . _ 1 , . i ! . .
-_ -,:
, ,
READING
A. tsrt nou vi<,.tv {Jvcots ^ai yepdvr<av d(uveoi.t1' ypdvos ydp o,i
S r E c l o r e c$ p o v ' < t v d A A ' i ; p a l r 1 , p o S i x a i $ J o r s . - - D E t \ I o c I t I ' r U S .

,.8. oiut rtg av rd r\lior.o.v rfi1 tltipol ovvfi, r;oy3ltov d."ciyxry yev/o?at
r c c rai i r d v r o J s r p o n o u s . - A N I ' I P I I O N .
I Sirrrilar to rl)tiyut;rrc toripar f r o n r i o r r l l t - t a n d i c i , p c t { r < t n - ti r 1 1 L t .

t03
 t. p.{ya vop"i(o1-tev rclpEos id." ci,M{)ocs d$iAtpot ytyv<ipe?a.-
SocRATES. z. dpoi 6i fi,\raviorc ,rs
d,ei &norp{,net yivtTat,
{-rn
pr.e.-SOCRATIIS. 3. t"i y$,jyaptev;, di)' itro?<ircult<v paydp<ro, ',irep.- ris

nl:Eylps, pe'rd 3i ;{*Si;i;;v (rt,yov iv rrepmdrt, 6rrrs*n';6 ;luO

{.
orpuror(}ou If p6(e,os rco,i ,Eevo$,iv. rcai npooeA9dv- civ0pan6s rcs
ilp,irloe rois npo$JActrcos noi &.u't}ot Ilp6(evov. irei 3t llp6(evog ttne,
6rt" uJr6s eip"t 6v (1retg," e t r e v 6 & v ? p < o n o gz c i 8 e , " i n e p " r ! ( F . e ' A p m t o s
nrcrds
Qy!.y1q_"f"y.i y:!_:."_r:ys, xo,i rceAe,iet$uAthrco?aL p4 oot trt?<i'vrut
vuxrds oi. prippapot. tsrt 3t orpd.reupa noAi iv'rQ rAr1olov napaSei.oco.
xui nupd i1v y($upav
7,-g! Tt1,p\ros yorupoi n(ptftat rce,\erjer$vAarcfiv, tis
Trooa${pvz7s Eccrvoeirat alr\v iioot rfis vurcr6s, idv 8,jrr1rar, iva y"i1
Srcpijre (cross) rdv norapfv."-;pvoPHoN (adapted) . 5. 4, 3/ rcs iy
'A?1vutos,
rfi orpartQ Eevo$C,v 3s oiire orparlyde oiire Aoyayds (captain)
oijre orpa,rti'rr1s t)v ourtTxoAoJ?et. IIp6(evos 52 alrdv p"ercntp,ftaro
oixo?ev {ivos dv dpyutos. drrrcyv'eiro 3i ahQ ei. tA?ot $t\ov alrdv l{Jptp
nontloew,6v a'irds t$q rcpetrrova taur6, (to hirnself) vopl(eo,rfis nurpi.Sos.
_-XF NoI,IIoN (aclaPtcd).

N o t e s : r . x i p 6 o s ( r d ) , g a i n , a r d v a n t a g e ; d ' $ i A t p " o t ,h e l p f r r l . 4 . r e p [ n a r o s ,
rvalk fperipatetic]: rpo$il,a(, sentry (cf. $uAcGro); \rt is sometimes used
to introduce zt dircct qrrot;rtion (: qrrotation marl<s);nrcr6s,loyal friend
( c f . r w r e r j a ) ; e i j v o u s , f r i c n < l l 1 ' ( eJ + v o 0 s ); i n t r i 0 t l p t , a t t a c l < ( r n i d c l l c ) ;
n a p d . S e t o o s , p l r l i , r v < l o d s I p ; r r ; r c l i s c ] ; y l r l r u p c r , b r i c l g c ; $ u A o ' x f,l a g u a r d
( l t A , a r r < r ) ; 6 w v o l . o p t a r ,i n t c t r t l , I l a v e i n n t i n c l ( v o J g ) .5 . o u v u r c o \ o u ? & r ,f o l l o r v
along facolyte] i perar(y"troy.al, sulnmon otxo?ev, frorn home (crixos,
l r o u s e ); t A ? o t , c f . I . e s s o n 2 4 , $ 5 : x p e i . r r o v a .n r o r e i m p o r t a n t .

VOCABULARY
-Is, i,necessity,fate; (it is) necessary
d,v<i.yxr1,
beiiv6v,-ou, T6,Ineal, dinner
f,(voE,-ou, 6, friend in a foreign country, guest; stranger; merccnary
soldier lxenophobial
$-ri, it, i,voice [phonograph]
d.pyaios,-d, -ov, ancient, old (dpyf) farchaeology]
(1r(.a, -rjou,, t{fir1ou, seek
Atjco,AJo<'t,tAuoa, loose, destrol' [anal1'sis]
{rpe,la, turn [protrelttic] ', &norpin-, turn asicle
rptr<u, rpitf'<'.t,
itntoyv(opat, i.,nooyloo1tat, izreoXd p.t1v, itromise
$vAclrru, SuArl(a, d$JAa{a, guard, nriddle, be on guard against [pro-
phylacticl
dzd (preposition rvith ger-ritive),frorn
np6 (prepositionrvith genitive), before, in front of
-s (conjunction),because
t04
 ,.

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. I aslied in r,l'hat nranner tlley rvere helpful. z. The messenger
thinks that the enemy u'ill attack the city as quickly as possible.
3. Let us consult about (nepi.* genitive) the battle rvhich we shall
{ight. 4. If you prornise to seek the truth, rve rviil rvatch out for you.
5. Socrates says that he has a voice within himself rvhich often turns
him au,ay. 6. There was a certain Xcnophon in the arrnv lvho went
rvith Cyrus to conquer the king of the Persians.

REVIEW EXERCISES
L Translate:
t. ei of rroAt a, r]1" tAeu?eptavt$lA1adv, or',K&v otp"uca,irois ircetvov
rdv Bao),ta t),io?qr. 2. oircoOy8ei irtorao?at p,"u,9dvecv i&l ErDdorer.v
i9iAns; 3. i ttrlrrtp p6vous n(vre d}ovras iv rfi rce$o.Afietyev,roJrqv 6t
6 y"toos ypuoois fiv. 4. ndrepos ri,v veuvuiv yuprds eis riv d.yopdl
tneoev; J. <tnov ptv 8fi rues ijrc of orpartilrol iv0ri6< rots noAeploq
iltuyioavro' iyd 3' cJ ittrd ro0 ipuuroi narpds iircouou 6n of. noAtrat
oix tpu?ov 6irou i p"Xn iy&ero.

II. \\/rite in Grccli:

r. If tire oid man had tcctli, he rvould take more focld. z. Where
dirl 1rs11learn to take care of your own horse ? 3. If the stone had rrot
fallen, the soldier lvould not have knorvn that the enemy were
conring. 4. \\ihat sort of freedom did that ruler give his own city ?
i. IncleeclI do not think that he ruled just as his father did.

105
 LEssoN
29
PASSIVE OPTATIVE
.'..'. ':.
J , i

The optative, being usually associatedwith secondarytenses,has

secondaryendings even in the present. Learn the following tenses:
(a) Present Middle and Passive:
nat6eu-ot-p1v rry.-(t-p.t1v $t),-oi,-1,t4vr n0ei.-Sn1v fet-pt 7v torat-pt 7v
rrar6ei-ot-o rty.-Q-o $t),-oi-o rfiei-o i.ei-o i.orai,-o
tat\erj-orro rty,-ti-To $cA-oi-ro rt?et-ro tei-ro [orqt,-ro
trat\eu-ot-p.e0a rtp.-cit-p.e9a $A-oi-p.e0a rfiei,-p.e0a tei.-y.e|u Lorai-p.e)a
rc.t}eJ-ot -o|e rt lt -ti-o|e $),-oi-o?e rt|ei-o?e tei-o|e iorai-o?e
ratSei-ot -mo rt p,-Q-vro $r),-oi-vro rt0ei-wo i.ei-vro f.otat-vro

(b) I,Iiddte:
FrRsr Aonrsr Furunr Srcoxo AoRrsr
rat6eu-oa-t- prlv rat6eu-o-ot-p1v Anr-oi.-1t"t1v0e-i.-1,ttyvz6o-i-1.,"r1v
rs.tEeJ-oo-t-o (like (like (like (like
tra16ei-oa-rro zrat}euo{pwyv) ratieuolpr1v) rfieiptlv) $tAol,g1v)
rat6eu-sq,-t-y.e\u
\ zrat6eri-oa-ro0e
nat6eJ-oa-rvto

READING ( ,/J ..,,i,_, ,:

A. np,itrov, of.pat, rt-tv iv &v|pi.mo's iori ra_|6eroG.3ro, yd,p r::rs
npdyy.aros r\v d,pyilv dp?Ctsnonjcr-qrat, eirds xai r\v re\eur\v ip?its
yi.yveo9u,. rco,iyd.p yfi otov &v 16 rd onippa trap6or1, romAru xui
"fi
r&. tx$opa 6e? zrpooEorc&l. xaL tv v&p oclp.art iiruv rc rr\v t uileuow
yevvatuv ivup6o^y1, (ff ro}ro rcai?d))et 6td. navrds roA pi,ou.-ANTIPHON.
'HAetot
I. nerytiv $dyot dy dn6re po,jAo,.ro.-XENOPHoN. z. of
Znet1ov uirois1t\ norcto1at p"d.yr1vnpiv of @lpuCot rrapay/.vowao.-
XENOPITON.3. i9rjpeuev d.$' irrnou 6ndre yup'ud,oat,pofAono tuurdv.-
xENoPHoN. 4. dn'e)Ei Kipos d,r/?avev, o|re paot\et d.vrnrotoJp.e?urfis
| 6t6oi.p.r1v
(from 6i6c,rpn) and E1)oiprqr(from Er7)dco)
are like $rAoi.1tr1v.
2 eipqv (from irlpt) is llke ?ei.pt1v.

106
 opXis oiir' torw drov (.vercuBovAoi.y.e|a&v .r\v paotAic'ts ycipav rco,rcits
rorciv, oi6' alrdv d.norcretvutd.v i?il,oLpev' TTop€vo{pe1u
E' dy oirca}e, ei
rcs ipAt pi Aurroi,rT.-XENoPHoN.5. The Persians' View of the
Olympic Games. ttrei oi. ilIfi}ot iv'EA).r1.6,fioav, fixov ir'ariroJs &.v6pes
'Aprca8es
rwis <is alrop"oAfioovres (desert) . roJrav 62 iA06vr<,tv npd
roA BuotAias, oi"flipout inJ?ov-ro nepi niv'EMrjvav 6-:t-.vAvrorciev. o[
6t air6poAot etnov [irt'OAtipnta &yotev (holding the Olympic games),
xai ?eupoiev dyitvag rcaiyultvr.rcoJsrsi f.nnxolg. rcai"raAra drco$ouvres oi,
Ifipoa," iprirloav 6 rt rd &?Aov eir1 trepi 6rou &yut,i(ovrat (contest).
of 6i ei"rov 6rc orl$r:vos (u'reath) rcor{vou(rvild olive) tortv. trena ritv
Ifepo6-,vns t$rl,"trotovs ttr' d.v6posy.uyo,ipe1a,ot oJ nepi yprlStd.rusv
rdv
dyiva roroivrae , d,\,\ri zrepid.perfis;"-11pq6xroTus (adapted).

N o t e s : t . r e w d , o ,b c h u n g r y . z . t n e t ? o y c, o n a t i v e i m p c r f e c t , t r i e d t o p e r -
suade. 3. ?qpeJa (|rlpda), hunt (cf. ?qptov,?rip fwild beast)); y"pu,it-,
exercjse(yuy.v6s). 4. d,vrnrotop.ut,contend rvith', oJr' iorw 6rou iyercr, there
is no reagonryhy {cf. orix iorw 6orc. there is no one rvho, etc.) : Avtoiq, cf.
7;r'r', Pi'ain.

VOCABULARY
-ou, 16, prize fathletic]
d,0A.ov,
'.O),\ds,-d6os, Greece
{, [Ilelias]
Xr[po, -oe,i, coutrtry, land (cf. y<opi,ov)

fix<'t,ij(c't (imperfcct fxov), iravc comc, arrive, cor)lr)

9euplco,watch, view ftheory]
ropeJopar.,-oopaL,proceed, go fpore]
ruv?dvop"at,reJoopat, inu06p1v,inquire, lezrrn (often tal<esparticiple in
inclirect discourse)

d.wi,,preposition rvith genitive, instead of, for, in place of

(verca,on account of (preposition * genitive; follons its noun)
oixade, (to) horne, horneu'ard (otxia); suflix -5e denotes place to which
(cf.. -?ev)
nepi,,prepositionrvith genitive, for, corlcerning;rvith dative and accusa-
tive, around, about

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. Xenophon, \vho \\/as an old friend of Proxenus, rvent along rvitlt
him in order to fight the Persians. 2. They learned that they were in
G r e e c e . 3 . H e i n q u i r e d r v h y t h e y r v i s h e dt o v i e w t h e c o u n t r y . 4 .
Proxenus (6 flpo{evos) said that Xenophon would go home when he
'fhe
had seen the country of the Persians. 5. prize for lvhich they

t07
contested (fiyavl(ovro) rvas excelience rather than money. 6. The
guards asked the man 'uvhou,as secking (use participle) Proxenus
u'ho he was.

REVIEW EXERCISES
L T r ans l a te :
r. ritv orpurtarrTr rd orpar6re6ov $vAurr6vro.tv, eis r\v roi Buot\&t:g
oxryv\v i.A?oy.ev xr:,i rdv naiSa Atj<'ty.ev.2. rjrcoJoapev rilv ri)s prypds

$av\v i1p6.s <is \eenvov xuAoJols.3.

&vriyq ydp fi, xui rd. SnAa rco,ird

$dpy"arca np6 rfis p,ixTs \rcrfiivar oi ydp 64,\clz iort ndrepos wrcrjoet,
ndvos i ,JXf. 4. r<iAavrov r<it ro0 utoi l-pE inr|<[E, oJ* e0 irol.rloev.

J. Ai.uv $opo',jp.et,ot,roJ5 (&ous dnd rfis rarpl\os oix irpe,ftav.

II. Write in Greel<:

r. It is by bringing arnls and food and not by surrcndering the
city that you will conquer the foe. z. \'\/hen he diecl, the king promised
to leave thirty talcnts to his younger son. 3. It is not (the part) of
those who conquer to surrender tlreir arms. 4. Because of an old
jealousy, the r,l'onranwas seeking a poison for her husband. 5. From
his tcnt the general came at once to the house because he rvished to
seizethe lettcrs.

t0B
L E S S3OCN
THE AORIST PASSIVE
AND THE FUTURE PASSIVE.
DATIVE OF MEANS AND
GENITIVE OF PERSONAL AGENT

r. In the aorist and future tensesthere are separateforms for the

passivevoice as distinguishedfrom the middle. The sign of both;the
fi_r:-!*g9{-rjiand{he.first future passiyejisthe suffix 0r7(in the indica-
tive and infinitive) or 9e (in the subjunctive,optative, and participle)
added directly to the stem of th6VeffilThere is tlie usual augment in
the aorist indicative. In the subjunctive the e is contractedrvith the
regular subjunctive endingsof the active voice,as the accentshows.
In the optative, the e combineswith the -r1- optative forms to make
endings similar to the optative of,eip"t.The iniinitive ending is -var,
and the accent is on the penuit, as is regularly the case with in-
finitives rvhich have that ending. Before the 0 of the aorist passive
ruffix/e-hbt_qi mute is changed to {(diei.$?r1v),Apalatal mute to X
Grp{y?rlv);a dental mute or ( is changedto o (ii:tto0riz).Most verbs
have an aorist paisive of this typ., but,k-fewconsonant stems,ilike
pAdnro, have what is known as a secondaorist passivewithout the 0
of the regular suffix.
z. Learn the following forms:
Frnsr AoRrsrPasstve
Iuorcarlvp SusluNcrrvr OPrarrvr
ira$eti|t1v, f was tadeu1C, nat6eu0etqv
}r.c,ded?rls educated, rat6eu0fis rar"6eu0ei'r.,s
irc"$ed?4 etc. rra'6ev0fi rat\eu?ei.rT

har\eri?qpev rat}ev?,itpev rat6ev0eip.ey of zqe6ev?et 1p.ev

irra$e,jIt1re nat}eu?fire nat6eu0e?re Or natlev9etlre
irra$erjT1oav ro,r6ev0itoL zo,tll-v?eiev Or zrcr.Seu0elqoav
INrtrqrrlvr : natEev|fivat

l0g
 Srcoxo Aonrsr pessrvp
f Norcerrvr SunluNcrrvr Oprarrvn,
tBAdBlv, ps,op,ttu
{::' , 'BL"pns
Flola 'BlJfiiry
iBAdprlsharmed,
dpAdBrT etc. Bt"pl F;"F;i,
afld,fnwv pAap;p.ev
ePtapTre BAa1etuev
pAaBfirc
ipA<ipqoav pA.,Ba,o, ,piTBii,,,
BAclBrtT

INrrNnrvr: pAapfivar"
3' Learn the,decrension of the first aorist
passive participre:r
'rFN

rat6eu0eis r;at6ev0eioq, zrrcrSeuliv

T a$evletor1e
t1t6-ev0^t,wo: tr*-rarrg,ur",
zratoeuaivrL
7ut6ev0e ial zlclt6<u0ivrt,
zrat6ev0/yra rq.t6eu0etoav rat6eu0iv
rat6ev?(vres rql}eufletc'at Ta,t6eufl(vrq.
rcl\eu?(mutv rat6eu1e toCtv trq.t:6<u0{man
ratEeu?etoe r.o,t6eu0eioo,ts ratEev?etot
Ta,.6eu9t."z.us nacEeu0etoas
(i:' rq,t"6eu0iwa
4. I\{eansor instrument is expressedby the
dative casewithour a
preposition. dn€xrewerdv r,rrnov
AilE, rretltteo the horsewith a stone.
,i. 5' Personalagent with the passiv_e voice is generally expressedby
the genitive with ir6. ixoAt!,",r1
,:y; Kipou,i,. J". punishedby
cyrus.
6' The first future passiv. irt?o.*
e:d py the unaugmented first
aorist passivestem prus the -o-
of the fuiure, the thematic vowers,
and the middle personalendings.
Study the follorving:

rNorcarrvr "rTi,'Ji'u. panrrcrplri

radev,fioopat "ff;;:"'"*"
ru$eu,r1.ootp1v ratEeu,tfoeo'at
rat6ev0rtoe. or -? ru6eugqo6rtevos
rorirrlrjoo,o'
rat\ev?tjoerat. ',orierljoorro .
.; , ,,
-i
rar6ev0^r1.odpe0a r-./t *' ,,:1 , *:!- :' ., ..,
,
nat6eu0loeo0e ",at6eu0t.ooipr0o ',
71or6rr0riooto0e1_: i" -..t . : t.
r.
rat\eu?tjoomar" ,o'ieulrioorwo
SncoNo FurunB pesslvri
f Notcettvn Oprertve lNrtNrrrvr pentrcrprn
BAaBtjoop"an,etc. BAapqootpvlv, etc. BAuBrjoeo,at BAapqo,p.evos
participre
of pAdrr<o:BAaBeis,
-/wos,
a"g#ll,jl ;hr;'-',f"r1o't"
ff0
 '

READING , ,t :
: : ;
A. f.oropi.usydp tdv',&$On rrs zd "l-l*.t1" ,ccrl"'its" rco,i"rivos
yd.pw inprly1rl rd npay|€v" rco,l."rmorepa eiiAoyo, ioye rd r(Aos," rd
xaru)cri|pevov u}rfis dy<ivtopa ptv ptrL0r1y.a
6' ori yivera,"' rcainapaurixu
y"iv riptret, rpde 3i rd y.iMov ori8iv d$eAeeri nupdnav._-PoI-YBlUS.
;
B. -fci,oos rco,iXuo6, \tire p, ooi r6v6' &v/?r1xav,
26oos p.tv oa?ets, Zuoi) 6' [jrt X6oos tocifu.-SIIvIoNIDES.
dnet8r) Ei
L nepteptvoLL€v€xd.orore tuts'&.votylefu 16 6eoy.<rtrrjptov'
d.voq?e(,r1,
eiofipev.-I'LATo. z. yaAendv ypfiparu ouvayeipuo?at, yu),e-
ntirepov 6i /u)ar{v ro,Jros repfieCvat -ANAXARCHUS. 3. ri6J Ei rai
rd nu9lo1crc.-HESloD. 4. iv rotoJroc 6t np,l,ypuot 6vres, oup.pouAeu6-
pe?d.oot notrtv nepi"6v Aiyets. oi oiv npds 0e6-tv
ouy.BoJAeuoov
"i xpi ip&s '-Oi)dEr.
tjy"iv 6 TL ooL6oxeCrcd.A),torov*ui dprorov etvat'tiore iv nepl, oou
Aeylrjoerat 6r,, " rots "EAArloc oup.pouAeuopivotsourepotiAeuo€vTdAe."-
XENoPHoN. 5. Auxe\atpovlulv ydp ei fi n6Ats ipr1y"a?et1(abandoned
[hermit]), )e$0eh7 Ei zci re i.epd.xai'rfis rcuruoxeufisrd. i6ri$a (the
fotrndations of buildings) , notrA\v &v o'tput drrrcrtav (disbelief) rfis
Suvripetas,npoeA06vrosrroi)o0 ypdvou, ,rotg tretru npdg,rd r)dos alrCrv
ett,ar . .'A?r\rainrv 62 rd o,ird roAr2 ru06vratv, SnrAuolan,(double) dv
rilv \Jvupyv eircri(eo1atyyd rfis $uvep&.s6,fterrs(appearance) rfs rdAeus \
torv.-THUCYDIDITS
Notes'. t. ixcioror€,on each occasion (ixcrozos,r6're); \eoporfiprov,prison
(cf. 6eoprds, rst aorist
fetter) ; ei.oiy.ev,rve u'etrt in (eip.r).4. ouy"po,jA€uoov,
active irtrperativc,znd singular; Aey?/1oetar, from Atyco.5. roTEirena, cI.
of ,6re ; airci-tv, the Spartetns'; ra06vrav ( n d . o y r r - ',) e x p c r r e n c i n g .

VOCABULARY
} J v a p t s , - r - g , , i , p o w e r ; f o r c e ( o f t r o o p s ; c f . .E J v a y . a t )
xlios, -ous, rd, fante
-d., -6v, plain, obviorts
$avepds,
ciyeiput, aorist active iiyerpo, aorist passive \yip1ry, collect (dyopd)2
&.votyvu1t"tand d,voiyat, d.vot(u, irv&u(a, &verlty1ry, open
e i x d ( a , - , 1 , o < ,'ti ,i r c a o a ,i * d . o 0 1 v , I i k e n , c o n j e c t u r e ( e i x d s , i t i s l i k e l y ) [ i c o n ]
ouppouAeJa, give advice to; micldle, consult with (seeking advice for
oneself) (* dative)

ircdorore (advcrb), on each occasion (txaoros * r6re)

rpds 0e6'v, in the name of the gods ! (in an appeal)
2 The aorist passive rvill be added to the principal parts of important
verbs from this lessonon. Cornplete parts of such verbs already given will
be {ound in tire generai vocabulary.

ill
ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. They consultedrvith the Persiansin order that thcy might gcr
irome. z. \\/hen thc Greclts hacl becn collectecl,thev attackcd ars
strongly as 1;ossiblc. 3. He rvassent bv tlre king to acivisctlie gencrails
before opening the letters. 4. The Atheniansgot greater fattte,aftcr
t im e had g o n e o n , tl ta n th e Sp a rta n s.g. If you had vi ervedthc ci tl '
of the Spartans,you rvoulclnot have thotrghtthat it had great po\\'er.
6. Socrates'friends gathered to inquire when the prison u'ottlcibc
openedby the guard.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I . T r ans l a te :
\uixovres, ol p&pBapo,
t. rd &.?Aov truyot, els,i1,'E).ki3a nopeu6pevot.
z. papis tytve'ro\ptv d.eictuvt)v6 rcfipu(.3. npds|eCtv,rt (Au?ov,iy"&.s
ot',roAlptot rd. fip{repa rcpurrd ru9|pevot; 1. ctiv roes orpartcitrcns rots
rcpi rfiv ndAw tpet'a ivu ru?oi.ltqv rl,t'ostvercao[ pdpPupot eis riv ydpav
fl,<orcv. 5. .l oirca8e nupernipe?u rdv iry<ivu perd. roA ooA ci3e,\{oD
Suvai.pe9u&v 9ecopetv.

II. \\/rite iri Clrcek:

r. f'his prize is so nrucl-rgrcater that he rvould naturally choose it
i n s t c a d o f t h a t o n c . 2 . I h c a r t h : r t t h e h e r a l c li s c o r n i n g r v i t h t i r e o l d
men, the rvomen and the children. 3. You elucleclthe guarcls
"vhen
you took the general's shield. 4. If he should proceecihomeu'arcl, he
rvould learn the bitter truth about his rvife. 5. Those u'iro rvere pur-
suing the f<-rcfcll into the hands of the barbarians.

*4*

n2
 LESSON
3 I

THE FIRST AND SECOND

P E R F E C TA C T I V E
: i

r. The perfect of Greek verbs is a true perfect and never has tlie
nre;rning of a sinrple past tense as does the Latin perfect. fhe perfect
tense denotes an action completed so shortly before the present
monrent that the effect of that action may be called a present state,
e.8., ydypa$u intoroAilv, I have rvritten (finished) the letter; torrlxu,
I (liave taken my) stand. The pluperfect denotes an action just com-
pleted before a certain moment in the past; the future perfect, an
action completed before a certain moment in the future. The perfect
i s a l s o u s e d t o e m p h a . s i z et h e c o m p l e t e n e s so f a n a c t i o n o r s t a t e , e . g . ,
d n 6 A u A s . , Ia m u t t e r l y r u i n e d .

z. t\'iost vowel stems in Greek form the perfect tense by tlo

changes in the simple verb as found in the present stem. If the verb
begins with a consonant, e is prefixed to the consonant and then the t./

first consonant of the verb stem is prefixed to the e, e.g., nets.l-

Eeurccr.I'his is known as the reduplication of the verb. If the verb
begins with a vorvel, thg,-ulqai.- teqp..o-5,flbG-ent1 S€rves as re-
dtrplication, e.g., flpnaxa. Then the tense sign r is suffixed directly to
the stem, and to it are added the personal endings of the perfect.
compound verbs reduplicate after the prepositional eiement, e.g.,
nponetat6€uKu,,

3. A ferv verbs with consonantstems form their perfect without

the rc,often rvith a changein the stem vorvel: e.g., r{p.nu, second
perfect ilziop.{a. Theseare calledsecondperfects.

*i: -,1- il3

 4. Learn the first perfect of nut\eJu and second perfect of, nip.ntu
and &yu'.
rerq,ileuxa I have zrirrop$a, I haae fixo, I haae
rerattevxus educaled, t&rop$as senl, elc. fiyas led, elc.
rreno,i}euxe etc. ninop"$e ,JX,
' nen&l}erjxap.ev zrendp$ap.ev fiyap"ev
retrq,t\eixare rer6y"$are fiyare
nerar$e{rcaa" nerdy.{uot lyaot

Learn the so-calied second perfect of. iorqp',

SINGULAR PLURAL

tor1rca, I am slanding, toray.ev

Eo'rlxas etc. Eorate
Zon1xe tor6.ot

5. Learn the declensionof the perfect active participle:

MFN

SINGULAR

rer,atleuxris Trerat}euxutu rrerro,r.\eurc6s

retut}euxdrog rerat}euxutq.g nerql}evxdros
rerat}evxdrt nenat}evrcutq. aerrollevrc6rt
re' olleurcdro retro,t}evxuio,v netrctt\eurcis

PLURAL
retrat}euxdreg rerql}eurcutar. rerrat"}evxira
retac\evx6rcov lnetro'tEeuxvtriv rerat}evxdrc,Lv
zretrat}eux4ot rero,rleuxvlq;s nenat}evrcioc
rezra,.6evx6ros rerrqli<uxutqs zrenat\evrcira

6. The perfect subjunctive and optative are usually formed by

conjugating the present subjunctive and optative of the verb eipi
with the perfect active participle. For example:
Sun; uNcrrvn Opralrvn
netat6eux,)s 3 renatEeux6res ttpev nenat}euxits eiqv renar}evxdres etpev
zenat}euxris is rerratieuxdres fire reratleuxt]i,s ei?s rrerq.t}eux6res etre
,rezat}evxt)s 6 rerrar}euxdreg ttst renat}euxds eiq rrerat}eurc6res etev

7. The perfect active infinitive ends in -(vat; a.9., rerat\eux(var,

fiyivat, n erroy.$tvac(but, ^:".":y^74.

B. The pluperfect active, which like the imperfect tense has only
the indicative mood, is formed by augmentingthe already redupli-
cated form of the perfect, unlessit has tenrporaiaugnent, in which
casenothing can be added to it. The piuperfecthas its own personal
l14
endings. Learn the following pluperfect fornrs of tut\eJu, nl1ttrtt,
&yco, and iorr1pl:

bretrar}etixrl irretr6p.$r1 ixrt etorrjxrl

i.rczac6<r1xr1s hendp$r1s ixnt etortjxls
&rerat\eJrcet(v) itren6p.$e(v) Aye(v) eiortixe(v)

irerar.Eefxepev 2ner6y.$ep.ev ,iye pe, torap,"ev

ine:r.'r6<,i*ere iner6y.$ere ijyere Eorqre
itreratlerixeouv inerdp$eouv ijyeoav torsoav

g. The future perfect,rvhich is extremely rare, will not be usedin

this book.
ro. Reduplication. There are several exceptions to the general
rules for reduplication.
(a) Verbs beginning with an aspirated ntute, $,0, or X, sub-
stitute the smootlr.mute of the sameclass,i.e., r, r or r, in
reduplication,e.g., |tiu, ri9u*a.
(b) Verbs beginning with two or more consonants,a double
consonant,or f have simply the syllabic augment, e, in
place of reduplication. toro,A*u,from ori[Al-. Verbs in y'
double the p, e.g.,tppt$afrom ftrra.
(.) Horvever,verbs beginningwith a mute and a liquid usually
reduplicatein the regular way, e.g., nlrvevxu.

READING
iva pfi xpfifire.
A. pi rcptvere
B. zd Jrd ro)').i,v Aey6p.evov, cis 6oo,.'A?1vailuv ei.oiv dya?oi, Erc-

$epdv-rtts roloaroL, Sorei dArl|iotaru

eioi A(yeo7ar p.6vot ydp dveu
dvdyxr1s, uJro$utis, geiq poipq, dA1l,i,s *oiioi, rt rAaorits ei'ow &y"dii..
h\?r:'r's1:
-PLATO.

C. AJ' i1ltipu, yvvam|s r.iow fi}r.rat,,

Srav yap.fi ns rcd.x$ipp re)v1rcutav.-HIPPONAX.
r. dnei Ei d.nfiAlov of ro),(ptot, rpdnutov torqoaf 6s vevtxqxires.
z. i1 dra{ia roAAois 461 d.noA<lAexev.-XENoP}IoN. 3. rcui oJrc dviAm-
po, yiy;ir* yeyovds roaro, |rt pou xare,J'q$io,croge.-Pi-ATo
""J;' Td
(adapted). 4. The Nervsof {e_gg;pjojlmi ReachesAthens (4o5 n.c.).
'A7rjva$, r71gIIupdAou.g.$.c.,1o1tiurl\,"vurcrds
iAiyero i1 ouy'$op<i.,
iv 6t zais
6d. rdv y"arcpdvretytiv eis &.oru \tfixev, 6
xul i1 oilt-yi1 irc roA If etpcr.tri,g
trepog rQ triptp ',c,pc,yytM-r. ,io] i*lt"t1:,t rfis vvrcrdsori8eis ixoty.ti71,
oi
f_r:, TgJs t noA<uAltrosrev0o6vres, ci)i,i zrolJ ;r.*dlr\ov- *-ft9*-ui-oi
il5
tauroJs, vopi(ovres neloeo1qt ota lnotToa, MqAi.ovs re xo] dl)ous
'E)Afivav.
zrol)oJs ri,v 1! 6t $otepaiq it<rAr1olu,i:"rTyyy.-xENoPIIoN.
5. The Characterof M6i;ffif Ttiessaly,On.-oi Cyius' Generals.
Mivav 62 6 @erto,AdsEflos fiv tnfiup.C,v ptlv nAovretv, infiuy.6-,v 6t
itfiuy.tiv 6t rry"&o?ar"iu_a.
&,pXew|trcrg nAetova Ao,p'"pdloc, r),ei.ava rceplr:,h,o,
(gain). {i}os 're ipoiAero etvo,crols piytora iuvo,1tlvoca,'l,vad61rc,2,v y.i1
Dr8oizl \lrcqv. ini 6; rd xurepyd.(eo0a, (accomplish) 3v infiuy.ohy,
ouvropc,.,rdz4r,(shortest) qiero d8dv elvc.. Erd zo0 ,!eJ6eo0ac xo,i i{arar&.v
(deceive). zd 6d riAq0is rd o,l'd rQ ilAt?tE (folly) eLvat.$tA6,v 3i /cuepds
ptv fiv o,i6tva (no one, accusative), ,ltrwt 3t Aiyor 5r,. $lAos e'hy,roir-
6flos iytyvero intpouAed<'tv.-XENoPHoN (adapted).

Notes: r. v€vLKrx|res, from vtxd<o.z. d.ra(ta, disorder lcf..rcirru, arrallge

[taxidermy]). :. &vlArrcros, unexpected (iAr.i,{u, hope, expect) ; yeyov6s,
s e c o n d p e r f e c t p a r t i c i p l e o f . y i . y v o p " a t :x o r a { T 6 t ( o p a t ( * g e n i t i v e ) , v o t e L < r
condemn. 4. IIdpaAos, name of the oflicial trircme; oipaytj, rvailing (crying
" o i 1 . r o t " ) : I f c q a r c J s , P i r a e u s , p o r t o f A t h e n s ; 8 r f x e v : E c c i * t i t < < or; r d p d y -
yiMco, report; xotpdopat, sleep fcemetery] , nev9i.u.t,lament; MfiAtor,
people of the island of Melos (double accusative construction rvith ola).
5. 6flos rlv * participle (as /cvepds fu.and 6flos tytyvero), he was mani-
festly (eager); ri air6 * dative, the same thing as.

VOCABU LARY
&.atu, -eus, t6, city
rp|ratov, -ov, T6, trophy

paxpds,-d, -6v,long [macrocosm]

otos,-a, -ov, what sort of (relative); as
driiluy.t, dno\,it, dn<iA<oa(znd aorist dn<oA6y.1v), drroA<L,Aerc (znd per-
fect dzd)<^ricr), destroyi perish (in middle and znd perfect active)
d$,xvtop.at,&$t{opot, d$w6pryv,arrive, come
6iEc"pt}ircqv,pay penalty;be punished
irtpovAeda, plot against (+ dative;
irfivpt&r, be eager for, strive for (+ genitive)
r&,oy<o,tre{.oo
Itat, tna| ov, r inov?a, experience; suffer fpathetic]
riE4,already (of a past act); now (present);soon (future)

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. The report about the battle rvas carried up to the city by mes-
sengeru.z. The Athenians feared that they would themselvesPay
the penalty becausethey had done harm to the l{elians. 3. He had
educatedthe children who were sent to him from Athens. 4. Let us
inquire what sort of a city that of the Atheniansis. 5. Although their
ll6
general perished, the soldiers won a complete victory. 6. I\{enon,
although often doing wrorlg, never paid the penalty.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Trans lat e:
t. fi r,iv pappd.putv
6,jvapte,xatneppel(av $uuoplvry, ixd.ororeind
rv'EA)rivav ivtxl0n.z.idv Jttd rtiv toAeptr'tvp)1 wxr106ty"ev, ptya
iorat rcci rd 6vopa rcojrd .A/os ip6r. 3. &nus rcJav rilv fiptpuv lyet,
,is d*o,jop€v.4.$avcpoi floav of, noAirat dyecp|pevotcie y.evoivrest<os
dlory?eQ rd 6eop.,'nfiptov'oJ piv ydp tytyvcroxov e.l&ni?ave, d Xutxpdrls,
Tixa(ov 6i dz iyyis eirT6 0&vuros alroi.5. ,pds 0<<)v,rt ouppouAeJere
tjy"iv noteiv rrepi ritv npayp.d.rcuvrdvSe ;

II. \4lrite in Greek:

r. When we are ill, u,e do not go to the assembly. z. He was an-
noyed because no one had done him a kindness. 3. On each occasion
rvhen he is in the city, he calls his friends to his house. 4. Great will
be the fame of whoever shall defeat these barbarians. 5. We shall
gather enough money to open the prison.

n7
 FOUR PORTRAITS

A n c i e n t c r a f t s m e n n o t o n l y b u i l t c o l o s s a ls t a t u e s , t h e y a l s o c a r v e d m i n u l e g e m s ,
rvhich were worn on rings as seal stones. The photographs are from plaster impres-
sions of the gems; hence the reverse direction of the signature on the lirsl. The
uDper left portrait is fifth-century, and the face perhaps reflects that ability both
tc-rthink and to act which Pericles praised in his countrymen. Beside him is a Greek
freld marshal of the Hellenistic period, when Greeks conqueredthe East and formed
powerful warring monarchies. The lower left shorvs another Hellenistic personage,
ptrrhapsan Eastern nabob of more setiled and easier times. The lorver right shorvs
a vigorous face, possibly one of the Romans who despoiled Greece and the East
atike before bringing that universal peace rvhich proved to ,e sterile in the areas
l , ' h e r eo n c e t h e z r < i , \ , chr a
s d l i v e d t h e i r i n t e n s ec r e a t i v e e x i s t e n c e .
 LESSON
32
T H E P E R F E C TA N D P L U P E R F E C T
MIDDLE AND PASSIVE
OF VOWEL STEMS.
DATIVE OF PERSONAL AGENT

r. The perfect middle and passive is formed by adding the

primary middle endings directly, rn'ithout any thematic vowel, to
the reduplicatedperfect active stem rvithout the r. The pluperfect
is formed in an analogousfashion,with secondaryendings.
z. Learn the following forms:
Poonect PruppRpecr
'nenai\eupal dnenat\eiptlv
,re.rut}euool. ineral\euoo
zrenai\eural inenai.}evro

renut\eJpe1a drenat\eJlte1a
nerai\<vo9e irenai\euo]e
renq.l.\euvrut tretrai.Eevvro
INrINtrtvr'. nerat\eio9at

3. The subjunctive and optative of this tense and voice are

formed by the perfect middle-and-passive participle plus the sub-
junctive and optative of eipi. The perfect middle-and-passive par-
ticiple is formed by adding -y"tvosto the reduplicated perfect stem.
It js declined like other middle participles. But note the accent,
rvhich is peculiar to this participle, o.8., nerat\euptvos, renat\eup(vq,
nenat\eupivov. Note also that the pcrfect rniddle infinitive is ac-
cented on the penult. Cf. Appendix 5, p^ge r73.

4. \,\rith the perfect passive system the dative may be used rvith-
out a preposition to express personal agency. This construction,
rvhich probably arose from a clative of interest, is found chiefly u'ith
verbs which are impersonal or wliich have a thing and not a person
as their subject.
Tlre bridge has been destroyed by Cyms. fi yi$upcrAiAuro;-KJpq.

il9
 READING
A. zrac8dsoirc i,.r3p6srd &pirputs int?upeiv.-DEMocRITUS.
13. tippw yp)1 oBevvdvw p.&.lAovi7 nuprcatiTv.-LrERAcLITtiS.
C. ilyetro ydp ol)riv txuoros oJyi rQ-ra:gl."1yi ,T l"rllfi p6rov
yeyevfio?u, ci))<i xai rfi nurptil.*DENlosrHENES.
'.IvEoi
r. tjre 6t iArl$?qoav, iAiAuvro ai. onovSat. z. fiAAov of ix rC,v
,oAep.iav ois tren6p"$et KAposin.i rc.g.7uoxoq. v..-XENoPHos. J. Iforet-
.ot tprrd. 'Aprord-s 'iirAororvfiocot
Leti,r.,t 5i *oi rrpoo6<xdy"ero,rois
, An , t 'O,\,iv1ov
Ao\vaLous, (orparore\eJovro. npds tv rQ i o ? p " Q , -i a i ' d y o p d v
t(at rfis n6Aecs inenolqvro. orpctrrydv p.tv oAv',r,o0.f!:."- of
.yqyrds'
o,jpy.ayoc iplrro'Apwrta, zfs 6i innou (cavalry) flep\ixxav. KcrAlicts
'A?'r1va{co,
6' crf 6 rdv orparrTyds rco,i of. ouvdpyovres (fellorv-ofifrcers)
'OAJv?ou
rois ltiv MaxeS|ras f.nni.as rco,i rriv oultptd"yuv dliyoue tni
&.non(pnouow 6ras e[pyoot rois ixet?ev tntporl06iv', airoi 3] &.vaorrj-
oavr€s; rd orpar6ne6ov iy<ipouv t'ni r\v lforelSawu.
4. The ltevohition
of Cylon, an Athenian Noble. KJAan fir'A?rlvaCos d.vi1p'OAupnrtovi,rc"1s
rriv ,rdAc,t eJyevrjs re rco,l\uvards (cf..6rivct1;,o,t),iyeyulnjrcet Et ?uyuripa
@eay&ous M<yap&ls (the l\'Iegarian) ciuSpds 6s rccrz' (at) irceivov r6v
,iv lJ,$oi,s (Delphi)
Xp|vov irupdvvet Meyrlpav. Xpt't1tiv<'t 6i rQ K{),<'tvt
,j:veeAcv(replied) d 0ecls tv roA Ads rfi 1t<ytor71 toprfi (festival) xoro,Aa-
'AAqvutcuv
peiv r\v d.xpdroArv. 6 6t nap& re ro0 @eaylvous 6Jvup.w Ao,p,iv,
'OXjy"nrc
xc'i" rois Si.lous dt,anetous, dn'ecE| infiA?ev iv fleAonovvfiocp,
xa'rtAc,pe rilv drcp|noirv .,is inl ,upavvi8r (tyranny), voploas ioprfiv r<
ro0 ,Acds y.eytorqv etvat xai
tqurit (to himself) rL rpoorjxeu' (rvas
'A91vaiot
fitting) ,'OAripnrc v<vtx\rc|rt. oi Ei ato9uv|pevoc iport9tyodv re
nav}r1pei (in {ull force) ix r1tv dypCov ta-' airois xo'i npoorcu7e(|pevot
(taking up positions) inoAdprcouv. 6 p.2v of,v KJAoLv ,.o,i" ci ci6ei{ds
a,ir o 0 t x3 t6 pd.oxou o cv.-T HU CYDI DES (ad apt ed) .

N c , r t e s :t . t A f i $ | 1 o a v , f r o n t A o , y . p c i v u ;o r o v \ a i . , t r u c e . z . K d r c L q K o z ,' zi n
f vestiga-
tion, spying [skeptic] . 3. Iloret}et&rqt, people of Potidea ; orparon<Serjopat,
c f . . o r p a r 6 n e 6 o v , c a m p ; n p d s * g e n i t i v e , n e a r ; t o ? p " 6 s ,i s t h m u s ; ' A p w r t a ,
a c c u s a t i v e o f . ' A p r " o r e r j s i i r i * g e n i t i v e , i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f ; e [ p y c o ,p r e v e n t ;
d v t o r l y . t , b r e a k u p . 4 . O e a y / v o u s , o f T h e a g e n e s ; d . v u n e i o a s ,r v i n n i n g o v e r ;
'OAJpmw, the Olympic g a m e s ; i n o A d p x o u v , b e s i e g e; 2 x 6 $ p r L o K o u o L v ,
historical present, run out, escape.

VOCABULARY
d r c p 6 i r o A 6 ,- e c o s ,i , a c r o p o l i s
9uyrir'1p, -rpds, {, claughter
[trneris, trr/.rus, d, cavalrVman (cf. innos)

t20
 ne(6s, -oA, 6, footsoldiery
oJppayos, -ou, d, ally
i\Bp's, -r*s, it, insolence, arrogant pride, violence

afplu (in middle), choose, elect

oio0d.vop.at,aio?fiooStat, io96y.1y, perceive
po101u, help, rescue (+ dative); ,trrupoq9ia, go to help
6(yopctt,6i{oy.at, t}e(tly.r1v,3i6eyput, receive (cf . rpoo\iyopal, expect)
ypdopat, yprjoopot, iyprlo<i1tr1v, xiypr1ytut, use (+ dative); consult (an
oracle); contracts into 4, not a, in the indicative
ytttpiut, $O

d.vri, preposition with dative (rare) and accusative, up, through

ixei9ev, from there (cf. ixeivos)
ifo, outside (adverb)
n&Acqlong ago (adverb) ', cf,. ncx\q.ds fpaleontology]

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. Cylon had plotted against the Athenian citizensin order that
he might become their ruler. z, Although he and his allies fought
bravely, they perished.3. I receivedthe weaponsin order to help
our cavalry. 4.The Athenians \vere not conqueredby Cylon, who
rvith insoienceattacked the acropolis.5. Sincewe rescuedour allies,
rve receiveda noble prize. 6. Socratessaid that rvhat befell him was
not an evil.

REVIEW EXERCISES
L Translate:
t. dnoAtiAexa
rd d,oruiv [", iyivovro of. ipoi nur{pcs.z. eisrd yuptov
d$trc|pevot rp6nutov iorrjoapev rco,iotrov etAop,.eviva iogtotp,.€v.3. nA&o-
p.ev els r\v vfioov tt'a 6ixlv ittt06tp.e, (punish) rois dv}pd,ow ixe{vots
dv?' (in return for) ciu ind.1opev'in' al,iv.4. ltuxpds Eorat 6 ndAepos.
rAel- Vdp i nlvre irq payodpe?a. g. 6(.rc1vS,ioere r&.ow 6oo's tneBou-
)eriqart.

II. \\'rit e in G r eek :

r. Norv he is eager to learn what sort of women you captured
along with the men. z. Although he is an old man, he has all his
teeth. 3. lle sailed to Greecein order to seehis son take the prize.
4.Let us report to the soldiersrvherethey will find the grain.5. ilIay
the gods destroy all who have plotted against the city.

l2l
 t: *_t _ ,,r I

LEssoN
3 3
P E R F E C TM I D D L E A N D P A S S I V E
SYSTEMOF MUTE STEMS

In verbs with stems ending with a mute, the addition of the

personal endings directiy to the stem of the verb causes a number of
changes for the purpose of euphony. Rules for these changes follow,
with examples of the conjugation of verbs with labial, dental, and
palatal stems.
(") Before o: A labial combines to make ,!: AiAeul'ut.
A dental is dropped: fipruoat.
A palatal combines to rnake {: #nAe{ac.
(b) Before p: A labial becomes p.: A€AeqL.p"at.
A dentai becomes o: r(newpat.
A palatal becomes y'. n(nAeypat.
(") Before r: A labial becomes n: p(B\arrrut .
A dental becomes o: r/retqrst.
A palatal becomes x: rtrsxrqt.
(d) When o occurs between two consonants, it is dropped:
rdrptpo|e becomes rirpt$9e. (See Lesson 30 for consonaut
changes be{ore d.)
Larrar Dr,ur.u Pelar.u
(Aehr<'.,,
Ieaae) (apnti(u, seize) (r),ixt't, twist)
Ppnnricr
AiAety.pat iiprraop.a, rinAeyp.at
\/),euf'a,. iipnaoat #t),e(ut
l(Aenrru 'fipnaorut. rtrAe xrat
Ae\etp.p.e1a ',rerAtyp"e0a
fiprd,op.e1u
Ai)e$0e ijprao?e n€nAey?e
ei.oi, ilpnaop/vo,. eiot
Aetretp.ltivot nerAeypivot eioi,
INrtxtrrvns: )eAei$)at fipndo|ut rerA(yAat

t72
 Plupr,Rrrcr
iAe),e[ppt1v ilpttrioprlv irrer).iypr1v
iAiAeuJ.'o 'ilprraoo tnintrefo
iAiAe,nro ijpnaoro inln\eno

i\e\etppeie. fipndope|a ir<nAiype9a

d)iiergt0e fipnao9e irtr\ey?e
).e\eqrpivot fioav 'ilptaopivot rcnAeypivot fioav
fioav

In the third plural of all theseverbs a periphrasticform comPosed

of the perfect middle participle plus eioi in the perfect and foczuin
the pluperfectis used.

READING
A,. otory d rpdnos toriv eJraKTot, roJrou xui d ptos ouvriraKTdL.-
DEMOCRITUS.
B. 6 d.ve((raoros ptos dv|pinur.-PLATo.
",i Burrds
11, Solon and the Tyrant Pisistratus. X6Au,,v 6'E{qxeort\ou ydpuv
fl6ir73v inclnreue llewi,orparov rupawt\c tnfirioeo|at, ,irei. rapfitr9ev
'Agqvotuv
6 Tlercrtcrparos eis rfiv ixxlrqcrtav r6v xat: irel; $v|raxfiv
'A?rlvatous
6p,iv Ea roJs rC,tv ltiv u|roA Ady,'tv fa?,jpi;is' d.rcoJo'vraE,
npootyorrcs 6a rdv voiv rit flercrcrpdrqt,6 IdAav tAeyev6rc rCtv p'iv eh1
oo$6repos, rriv 6d du8percir€pos.6n6oot ltiv ydp pi1 yryvcito*ouory 5rr
'qJg,avvqstorat, ro,iru.rv iori oo$<Lr€Pos'
$u\axi1v Aapi.,v nepi rd_oC;pu
6r6oot Ea ytyvtiot<ovres 7.tc'tn,i1.t, torir-v d.v6pedrepos.-AELIAN
(adapted). ,2. Problems of tlre f{isto-qian. yui 6oa ptv l6y,p :"t:::
noAepfioev \ ir-_"g!"IQ 43rl 6v-;r!s, ya),endv r\v
i.xaorot., i*t"iA "r"es
d.rcpi,Percv(accuracy) alr)1v :Q:".A:X?iu"ruy \rcpvlpoveiou fiv ipeoi,re
tirl, a,l6s iircouoa xui rois dMolev fg!-ry !r9i dn"yy!\Aovow' tis E'gr '"
i86rcouv tp.oi trcuorot repi ia-y -,|si- r,y 6hv77 -yd..Ag.gr'e.i.netv',
"ap6ur<'.tr1
iyoltivc,t (preserving) 6rt iyyJrara rfis (vpr&.o'1s yviy'qs (idea) z,iu
irAr1lti,sAeyglvruv, oi)r.,,s"eiplratfi.J'Tt ipyo (facts) rti, npayllvruv
iv rQ noAtpu.,oJrci,< rol napar"yS"iii*i"v0av6pevos i1(iaoa (I thought
proper) ypd.$ew, oriE'ars ip"oL i66xer, ci)i'ols re o,}rds napfiv xrri nupd.
rC,y &Matv ijoov \uvardv drcptpelq rypi trcriorou lne(eA|citv. itrnrLvots
(with labor) 6t r1iptoxero, 3u61..9..oi, napdvres rois lpyots txtlyots oi
ruird. nepi r<iv a,irdv lAeyoi, riD' c,ls <{:::ip-l rys eJvgi'gt i l::l"Yt;t
dyor.. . . rcrfiy.d.re is- ciei 7t6,\),ovi *.y-gr-rgt"aj1 zd napaypfilta (for the
present moinbnt) r]rco,iew (Jyxenat.-THUCYDIDES, I, 22.

Note.s: t. irrni7epat, aim at (+ dative) : fq1Jputs, supinely, uncritically

$d.6rcs,easy,* 0up6s,spirit); .iu8peios(cf. dvr1fl,brave. z- A6yq, in their
t23
 speechesi }ny"v1yoveioat, carry in memory; ,iv, with the infinitive cheivi rd,
6 ( o v r a , t h e I i t t i n g r e m a r k s; e t p r 1 r o t(,m y ' a c c o u n t ) h a s b e e n r v r i t t e n i r a p a r v a 6 v r , o s ,
i . e . ,a c a s u a 'al c q u a i n t a n c ,e o i s , a n t e c e d e n ti s t h e e v e n t sw h i c h a r e o b j e c t o f v e r b ;
r 1 i , p ' t o x c r os,u b j e c t i s " n r y c o n c l u s i o n "; t x u r i p u , v , e a c h s i d e ( g o e s r v i t h er i y o i o . s ,
f a v o r a b l e f e e l i n g , i . e . , b i a s ) ; { d y x e L r o t ,( m y u : o r k ) h r s b e e n c o r n p o s e d .

VOCABULARY
6rdoos, -tlt -ov, how great; as great as; in plural, how rnany; relative
form of rr6oos
alr(.c't,ask (a favor) ; takes two accusatives
i( erd,(co,examine (dv- e( ir aoros)
he(fiyop"ar, go through, narrate
eJptorcu,eipriout,eipov, eipqxa, eiiprlpat. dsi?qv. find, discover
naparvyydl<"r,happen along
zro\ep"(a, fight
tdrrat, rci(at, tra{a, rtraya, r(rayp.ac, trdy|r1v, draw up, arrange; order
,irorretl<o, -o@, thritrrevoa, suspect (,ird : Latin subi on- : Latin
root spec-; cf..Srfiop"acfrom 6pda)
o,iei,(&et),always; successively,from time to time
d)Ao9ev,from elsewhere
6cdzr,because

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. As many as were present suspected that Pisistratus got a body
guard in order that he might become a tyrant. z. No one was so
brave as to wish to plot against him. 3. He had been harmed by the
stones that the boys threw at him. 4. When the soldiers were com-
pletely drawn up, the general ordered them to attack. 5. Although
you learned how many were present, you kept silent. 6. Thucydides
(ci @ourcu8ifus)wrote the events of the rvar after inquiring accurateiy
from many who had been present.

REVIEW EXERCISES
f. Translate:
t. iArlAap.(vos roes noAey"tos eis rfi, d.xp6roAw, d re(6s io9ero 6rc
Edot rdv otrov 6r.a8r8dvar.tore por1?otevof, ody.y.oyoc.z. i1 ro0 paotA&ts
0uy<1n7p
p"e?'JBpe<':srd,ro0 trnicus 6,1pa i6d(aro.3.",i riv $tAav nd?q
6pdvres, oix ilyvoeere 6rt ixct?ev oix d.vevn6vou iiri,re. 4. et66v rou
|rt oJ rcilci,s npdrrotev oi rds ritv novtlpdv |vyar(pas yaprjoawes.
g. yp<iy"e$a rols rCtv $tAcov innor' txetvot yd,p npds rdv zroray.dv t)u1-
traxires t(u rfis ndAc.ds el,ow.
124
IL Write in Greek:
r. He does not see horv the enemy wiii be able to come into his
country during the night, but he is most fearful that they are
planning sornethingterrible. z. Fear is a most terrible experiencefor
ih. yo,tng. 3. Long ago he proved to be our bitterest foe. 4. We are
afraid either to sit dorvn or to iie down while so many soldiersare in
the house. 5. He asked.horv the rulers were able to go outside the
walls while the guards were there.

t25
LEssoN
34

T H E I M P E R A T I V EO F A -
AND CONTRACT VERBS

r. The endings of the secondsingular imperative vary and must

be learned for each voice and tense,but the other forms are regular:

Acrrve MroorB
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

znd person _a€ -o0e

3rd person -70) -vTa)y -o?a -o0o,

z. Prohibition is expressedby prl and the present imperative or

by p',l and the aorist sltbjunctiue.

3. Imperatives by their nature always look to the future. The

present tense expressescontinuous or repeated action, the aorist a
singleact.

4. Severalimportant secondaorist imperatives are oxytone in the

second singular active'. eini., i)'?e, i6i-,eip(, Aup(. But the accent is
recessivewhen tireseverbs are compounded,e.g.,&,neA?e.

5. Study the follorving imperative forms:

PRrsnNt FrRsr Aonrsr
Acrrvr Mlootn-Pessrvp Acrrvn llfloora Passrvr
SINGULAR

rrc,t}eue nat6eio*u--- rat\evoov nat\euoa, rat6eJ04rt

rat6ev€ra nut6ev/o9at rat6euod,ru rat\euod,o1a rq,$eu9ira

PLURAL

nat\erjere rut6eJeo0e nar.Eeioare nat\eJouo1e rut6ei0qre

tat\eudwcov rqt6evlo0av lrclievod,wav nat\eusdqA uv zrat}eu?(.wav

t26
 SucoNnAonrst
Acrrve IUrnorr PassrvB
SINGULAR

Ai"re Anro0 p\dpnq.

lnr€ra Amto0o.r BAuplrut
PLURAL

),tner< Altreo)e BArlpr1re

Anr6vruv Atrr(o0uv pAapivro*

PneseNr (Contract \/erbs)

Acrrvri l\{-P Acrrve M-P Acrrvr M-P
SINGULAR

rtpra rtp6 $t),et $Aoa Erf,\ou 6ri)o0

rtp,t!.r<o rtp,l,o1ut $tA<tra $tAeto|u }qAowti'o }qAorio0c't
PLURAL

r4t&.re rry.&.o?e $tAetre $t),eio1e 6r7,tro0re E1.troOode

rtptivrav rLpd.o|av $tAoiwav $t).ei.oIuv 6qAoiwi"lv Er1),oio0an

READING
A. iv rQ Kpaveia fiAtovp&, uhQ'AA$aripos |nrords $qor,"ain1odv
pe 3 ?i\e's." rcr) 3s,"d,noorc6n7o6v
pou," d/4.-oloGENES LAERTIUS.
B. v&$e xo,iptpvao' d,trtoretv.-EpICHARIUUS.
C. ppa}tuts iyye|pet' ori 3' &v dp{y1, 6wpepato0.-BrAs.
D . v i , $ o vd v d p q p u p i 1p d v u v 6 $ w . - e P A L T N D R O I { E. .
ln,.,
t. i) AQe rL oLyfrs xpeirrov ff oryi1v i.ye. z. p.i1r&ot nloreue. THALES.
3. y),6rrr1. oou pi nporpeylru roA voA.-cHtLoN. 4. $tlt,v rrapivru.w
rcui dnivruv p"{pv1oo.-THALEs. J. v|pots r<i\ou. 6. pi ,lteJ6ou, dAA'
&,Afi7eue.-SOLoN.7."Q }uoruyoivrL tLi inrytAu.-cHrLoN. 8. dvtifrcv
yv6po- pi1 halvet ltd. nAo?roy.-BIAS . 8. rdv e}ruye?,v\oxoivra p.i1 {rjLou
rpiv d.v0av6vr' i6ns.-EURIIIDES.
to. &nop6tv rt, poJAeuout xard. oaurdv yevdp"evos.
rd ouy.$ipov yd.p oiy 6p&,rut rit poAv,
iv r Q n pd s aJr 6r, 3' dv u),oy to y.C-,$a|verar.-tr{E NAN DE R.

Notes: r. ii.. i,either. . or. 4. y.{y.vt1oo

(znd singular perfect middle
imperative), translate as present imperative. 6. dAqledco, cf. dl.r1?i1s.
7.\voruyiat, be ill-starred (Euo- prefix denoting diflicuity or neg;rtion f
ruy-i cf. rJyq, fate) fdyspepti"]. S. eJrvy(.u, be fortunate; (\A6., envy;
0av6w', znd aorist participle, cf . d.ro?vioror, clie. ro. rccrzdoantr6v, alone, by
yourself; rd oup$ipov, the advantageous course (ct. ovp$ipa; oup$opu);
p o d . a , s h o u t ; d v a A o y t ol t d s , r e a s o n i n g .

t27
VOCABULARY
yAitrra, -rs, i, tongue fpolyglot]
dnop/cu,be at a loss (cf..nopeJopar)
iratv(a, praise (napacv(a,exhort)
irrryeAd.a(yeA&co, laugh), laugh at
ptrpuniorc<t,-1wfio<'t,-i1,rnyoa,pilrr1pat, i1trno1ry, recall; remind; perfect
middle, remember * genitive fmnemonic, N{nemosyne]
nel?<o,in middle, obey (* dative)
rp{yco,6pupoApat,(6paSrov, -6e6prLpr1rca,run (rporp(X-, run ahead) [palin-
drome]
$atva, $av6, i$qva (aorist inlinitive $fivat), n{$1va, i$d.ryv,reveal; usu-
ally passive : appcar [fantasy, fancl', Epiphanyl
,tteJ\a, ,lter|oa,hfteuoa,trfteuopat,,i,ftu,jo0r1",
deceive; middle, lie

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. Do not tell everything which you know, z. Do not obev a tyrant,
but rather the gods. 3. Appear the best to your friends and do not
deceive those who trust you. 4. Do not praise a bad man. 5. Let them
praise (imperative) if they wish to receive honor tl'renrselves.6. Thosc
u'ho are perplexccl should consult (as to) what the advantageous
course is.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Translate:
r. rerayp.(.rot fioav of i.r.neCsrofd. rCt rorapQ. z. Ee8rEdypr,egurepi
rfis 4Aeu?eplasdnd ro0 X<oxpdrous rcui inrcrd.pe?a inlp alrijs y.riyeo1at
rois roAep.lots,6r6oot &v bot. 3. irotreti<t a}rois iv7itSe napuruyeiv rcai
rols roAepoioc po11fioat. d.ei yd.p dvEpei.oleiot *ai" rots qiro1ot rdvra
npdrrouoc. 4. rirepos o0 rdrv vtav oirc &v ra)ri,s inpa{ev ei ind ro0
BaotAtets i(er,!o?r1; g. oixoiv dp"ewov&.v inpdrroy"ev ei p\ rd.vru rQ
Dc8cor<dlqg iA(yopev;

IL Write in Greek:
r. I think that it rvas from elsewhere that the woman learned
where her liusband u'as, for I could not give her a complete account
of what sort of things he had been doing. z. I{orv many had been
educated by Socrates we could not say. 3. I did not ask him for this
because I thougirt that he would not be willing to do it. 4. We had
been completely arr:rnged by the general before the enemy suspected
that we were near. 5. How many happened along as he was ex-
amining the boys he did not say,
t28
 LESSON
3 5

THE IMPERATIVE OF MI-YERBS

Study the follou'ingimperative forms:

Pnrsewr SecoNo Aonrsr
PERSoN r\ctrvr I\'I-P Acrtvs Mroprr
'r., \.
torrly.t
i'
\ -"'-- .
STNGULAR SINGULAR

2nd Lorn LOTd,OO atifu L

f.or&.o0a orira A
3rd LOTg,TQ)
,c
PLURAL PLURAL K
21\d LqTdTE iorao0e orire j
trd LOTq,vT0)V tordo0a-tv otdw'<uv N
G
,. ,i7rlpc
'; .-.
. -
,n
i
SINGULAR ,.i.
SINGULAR

2nd r{1et rt?eoo 0{s 0o0

3rd rt?tra rfiio1u ?ira 0€o0at
PLURAL PLURAL

2nd rt?ere r[]eo9e ?ire 0io0<

a-A
Jru rt?tyr<'tv rfi/o?<ov ?tvtcav ?to1av
, 3i6orpr,
SINGULAR SINGULAR

zrrd 3i6ou 6i6ooo 8ds 3o0

crrl 8rDdrc,l 6t66o0ut 66ru 66o0at
PLURAL PLURAL

2nd 6i6oze DiSoode 36re 66o0e

3rd 6t66wo* 3t66o0av 66wuv 36o0ar
'i I

LtlpL : .-
,
SINGULAR SINGULAR

2nd LCL L€qO is o8

3rd (ETQ) lio0<'t Er<o €o|a

PLURAL PLURAL

znd LETE ieo0e tre Eo?e

3rd L€VTQ)V i.io0uv Evtuv to]uv
t29
 READING
A. E<jsy.ot nol or6,t xui rdl y&,vrywdou.t.-.ARCHINIEDES.
B. d.nd6orerd, I{o'touposKutoapt rcaird. ro0 0eo0rQ ?eQ.-_JItsus.
r.rQ 0<Q ri|et rd, nd,vra. z. yd,pv ltrcaiuv rai 6iEou xat Ad,y.pa"e.
J. rtp.ai 6$do0av dyutwoap€vory inip rfis narpi.}os
li ttiyro"at rois
rcai (,io,, rco,idro\avolscv. 4. tLi ir}y' iratpov tv rcuxoto, *el1"rvor.
5. lfiAos r,l\o,t, tts $aor, vfioos fiv n)arutttint' ro0 Et IIooetECt,oE
$fioavros, "orfi|t,, 3 vfioe," ,Lorrjnrt fi vfioos. 6. pn ),iye r(,s fiola npdre-
pov, d.AAd.vivri,s €t.7.&$ere rd, no,t6i.atpyeo1at np6s pe xui pi1rc<oAtjere
alrd.' r,Iv yd,p rorcJray ioriv fi paoAelu ritv oJpav,iy. B. Profitable
Learning. Tap' EixAei}p rLs d.p{d,y.evosyeay.erp<tv <is zd rpCtrov
?eclpr1pa ty.a9<v, fipero rdv EircAei"}qv, "rl 6( pot nAiov tora, ra}ru
puv0dvovr,.;" xrl,l <i .EJrc)ei6\s rdv rut6u xuAdoos, "6ds," E$1, "alrri
tpcdpoAov, irret6\ 6et uird i( ,$v y.av1d,vetxepSuivev." 9. The Lord's
Prayer. Ifd,rep ip6, 6 iv rois oJpavois' dymo?fircu d dvop,1.oou'
tA|iru i1 po,o.),ei,u
oou'yev49fira rd 9i\y.ri: oou,,is iv oipavCt xo,i trL
yis' rdv d,prov ip6, |nrctiorcv (daily) 6ds fip'.tv otjp.epov' xal &$es i1p?v
rd d$eArip.aru fip.6v, ais rcai ily.eis &$rjxapev ro?s ri{er.idzars (debtors)
ip6r' xa| pi1 eioeviyrcTlsi1y"6s eis retpaoy.6v (temptation), d))d fioat
(save) fip.8.sd,ndro0 nowlpoa.

Ionic for rarois. 5. AfiAos,Delos,island in Aegeani $aot,

Notes'.4. rcarcoior,
they say; rAuvap.iv4,wandering; $foorzos, participle of {npt. 0. fio?a and
el, from eipi (Lesson rz). 8. Erir,\<i6n(dative), Euclidi yeotperpeiy,learn
geonretry; \edpr1p.u,theorem : rrai6a,servant, g. d.ywo|firco,from 6.yd.(co,
reverence; d$<tAqp"a,debt (d$etAc't,orve); d,$flxap.ev: Attic d6e?p€v;
f.rom eto$ipu.
eioevtyx71s,

VOCABULARY
&.pros,-ou, 6, bread
paotAeta,-as, i, kingdom
0i\q1tu, -paros, zd, will, wish
rpuitpoAov,-ov, 16, three-obol piece; a half drachma

d.yuvi[op.ar, contest, fight

d.$tr1pt,allow ; forgive
ipdpIr, ask (present suppliedby ipt"r,i.u)
lipoy.at,) ipfiooptut.,
xep}utvat,make a profit, gain
prevent
rcci,hico,

rrp6repov,formerly, before
ofip.epov
(adverb), today, of this day
t30
ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. Give bread to all whoeverwish to eat. z. Let them stand in the
midst of their native land and fight for it. :. Let him appear to his
friends wlrenever it seems best. 4. When Poseidon (6 lfooetEdv)
ordered the island of Delos to cease from wandering, the island
obeyed the god. 5. Let them give in order that they may get back
something also. 6. Even if (ei rci) one should learn geometry, he
would not profit from what he learns.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I. T r ans lat e:
r. y.i1 d.pd.prave,id.v Boi,Xyleis rlv Bar)retav r6v oipaviv ilt?eiv.
z. arreJ\erep.dyen|at xo,l.dyuvt(ea1a,. intp ,fis rro.rpt8osra) y.axdpn,
taea9e xoi (6vres xo,id"no0av6vres.3. p(Xpt dv itri yis ire, eiepyeire
roJs ciEel,{.,oJs
ra) rorctre rb roA ro,rpds?A,qpa. 4. oit EriatoairQ rbv
d-provrpiv d-vrpt<itBoXov EE S. prr)Eore?repaxd"ptot!.oea|at id"v pi1rd
d.paprl Starati).).orsd.(ttfire.
II. W r it e in G r e e k :
r. Do not call the gueststo dinner beforethe food is ready (troty.os).
z. So long as I hear his voice, I shall remain. 3. They turned the
enemy from the city today before the allies could reach it. +.He is
making more profit than he formerly did; let us ask him how many
talents he took from that ship. 5. I promise that I will guard that
bridge so that I may hinder the enemy who wish to destroy it.

t3l
 i' J'

rF-

!.:;
lrr -l

T;:isr * ;-,
t-ge-r- " **

B ATHENS UNDER ROMAN RULE

L o o k i n g e a s t f r o n r t h e A c r o p o l i s t o u ' a r d l l o u n t H y ' m e t t u s .o n e s e e st h e u p p e r l i e u ' .

u'hich is out of sight in Figure 4. In the foregroundare the remainingcolumns of
the temple of Olympian Zeus. Ilegun b;'the t1'rantPisislralusin the sixth centurl'
s . c . . a n d c o n t i n u e d b 1 ' a n E a s t e r n k i n g i n l h e H e l l e n i , s t i cp e r i o d , i t * ' a s c o n r p l e t e db v
t h e R o n r a n E , m p e r o rH a d r i a n n c a r l . r7' o o ) ' e a r sa f t c r I ' i s i s t r a t u s .
B c 1 ' o n dl i e s L h e P a n a t h c n l i c s t a d i u m . ' l ' h i s t o o r v a s b c g u n i n G r c e l : t i m e s a n d
rvas finishcdin Pentelic rnarble in thc secondcenturl' after Christ. In thc trliddle
Ages ntost of the nrarblen'as burnc(l for lirne, but n'hcn in r 3q6 the Oh'miric Gamcs
u ' c r e l l r s t r c v i v c d . ( ] r e c k a r c h i t c c t s s l r r d . i c ctl h c r c r r r r i n s a n c l r c s t o r c d t h e w h o l e .
p r t r s c n ' i n gt l r c G r e e k r e h n e n r c n t o f c l c s i g r rb y ' u ' h i c h t h c . s i c l c s\ \ ' c r c c u r v c d t o g i v c
a b e t t c r v i e r r ' I o r s u c c t a t o r ss i t l i r r gn e : r rt h c c n d s . '
 LEssoN
3 6

SUMMARY OF VERBS

r. The student has norv studied neariy all the forms of the Greek
verb. It may aid him to organizetheir somewhat bewildering multi-
plicity if rve summarize the various tenses.A complete paradigm of
trutSetjuwill be found in Appendix 5, pp. r7o-r74.

z. The complete verb has six principal parts, from which can be
{ormed ail the tenses and voices and moods of the entire system.
These parts and the tenses and voices formed from them are now
iisted. The parts are always the first person singular of the tense in
question. The letters A, M, and P are used for Active, Middle, and
Passive.
fPresent AMP
(a) Present Indicative
llmperfect AMP
(b) Future Indicative Future AM
(c) Aorist Indicative Aorist AM
fPerfect A
(d) Perfect Indicative Active I PluperfectA
lr
l(Future Perfect A ) '
fPerfect MP
(.) Perfect Indicative Middle J Pluperfect MP
lFuture Perfect MP (rare)
P
(f) Aorist PassivelAorist
[Future P
3. Learn the principal parts of the following verbs as types of
vowei and consonantstems. It should be rememberedthat contract
1 Only tn'o verbs, iorqpl" and (dro)0v'rjoxat, have a future perfect active in
Attic Greek.

t33
verbs differ from regular verbs only in the present system, ;rr.-Verbs
in the present, secondaorist, and (rareiy) secondperfect systems.
zol\eJttt, rut}eJoco, &ro,t6euoa, rezo,t}euxq,, renai6euy,u, inat6eJ0qv
n(.y,trctt, r(y.rlt<'t, tzrcp,fta, rr/rrop$a, n/ne y.p.ut., irrip,$|'qv
&prd.{a, &ptd,aa-,, 'ijpraou, riprraxa, ilpr&.o?qv
flprao1tar,
rpdrra, npd,{u, tnpa(u, rlrpaya, r/trpayp.at, inpdy}ry
ot rr/rpaya,

4. I\{any verbs are defective in that they lack some of the prin-
cipal parts. Someare deponents.Still othershave two aoristsor two
perfects. The principal parts of all verbs should be memorized,
preferably orally, so as to be said as speedily and accurately as pos-
sible. Parts of the most important verbs are in the Vocabulary. See
also Appendix ro, page rgz.

5. Another effective means of review consistsin giving synopses

of verbs in different tenses.This means giving all the forms of a
verb in a certain person and number of an indicated tense. As an
example, a completb synopsis of irjc,rin the third singular follows.
lrjcuis chosenin place of nat6e,iufor the sake of brevity.
PRrspNr IlrpnRrpcr FurunB Aonrsr PpRpBcr Pr-upeRre.cr
Acrrvri
INDIc. \tie t dlue A$oer i\voe i/Iuxe ,
dtreArirce
suBJ. tr,jft AJolt le,\urds f
oPr. AJot A,ioot Arioe,"e )eluxcl,s eitT
rMP. Auiru Avod,'r- Ae)vxds iora
INF. )aiet"v \rioery Aioo,t A,eAuxi.vat
PART. \tiav Arjou-tv trtioas ,\elux<is

Mroolr
INDIC. A,ieru iAriero A,rioerat iAJoaro l/)urol itriAuzo
suBJ. trrjqro; AJorl'rat AeAupivos fi
oPT. Arioso ),ioono ),ioano AeAvy"ivor eiq
IMP. Aub?o Auod.o]u AeAio9at
INF. A,ieo]a, Arioeo|at \riouo]u Ae)ttio?at
PARr. Avdpevos Auo6p.evos Avodp.evos leiuprivos

P,lssrvn
INDIc. Aierat i).,iero Au?rloetat i\'i?q )liurar itrikno
suBJ. Arirlrat Au?fi AeLvy.lvosfi
oP1'. Ariono Au?rjootro Aufld,q AeAvp.tvos eh1
rMP. Auh?at Av?firw AeAtio9u
INF. AJeofo.t Au|fioeo1at Av?fivat Ae)tJolar.
PART. ),v6pevos Av0qo6y.evosAu0eis AeAup,lvos

t34
 6. Synopses follow of the second aorist of. Aetn<,and of the second
aorist passive of. pAdtrr<'tin the third person singular.
INorcetrvr Sunyuucttvri Oprnttve InrpBnnrlvp IrunlNtrrvn Pa,nttcrptE
Ac'rIVE tAnre Ain J ),trot Anrira Anreiv Anrciv
MIDDLE iAinero A(,rrr1re, Atnoso Anrio?u Asrio?qt Amdpevos
PASSIvE ipLdp\ FA"F1 pAupelq pAapfira pActpfivat p,\crpefs

READING
A. dltr', tl, $itrr1 nai., Afiye ptv xaxCtv $pevdv,lAfi{ov 6' ippl(ovo"
o,i ydp dMo zr)^iv iipptsfrd.8' iori, rcpeiooto 6a4t"6vuv etvat ?ilew.*
EURTPTDE S, Hippolyttrs.
B. rtrcret'rot x6pos iippw 6ruv xaxti d)pos tnryat
dvLpJrrua,rcui |ru pilv6os dprrcs f .-rsnocNIS.
Tlie Athenians Refuse Humiliating Spartan Terms of Peace in
4o4 B.C.'Eret6\ o'i.vfies at Jphepat 6te$0&pr1ouvxai. rd npdypara rd.
iv rfi n6Ae,"&.o0er(.orepatyeyivrlro, ot) zro,\,\QXpdvL,uJorepov ai rc vfies
Aaxe\atpovi,tov ini rdv fletpar"&.d.$txvoAvruc xo,i &p.a A6yot npds Aarce'
iatpovi.ous re pi rfis eiprirns iyi,yvovro. iv 6i rQ xp6vq roJru oi pou),6pevot
ve<,lrepanpdyp,ar' (revolution) iv rfi ndAet ytyveo?at. tnepoJ\euor'',xoi.
rjyoivro oriStv dAA"o$iou iy"noEdv etva, i) zoJs ro0 }rjpov npoeorrlrc|rus
xai roJs orparrlyoivrag. rotitovE otv ipoJAovro ixroldv rotriouo|ut, ivu
fcEioe &. poriAow'ro\wnpdrroLvro. npitrov y.tv o{,v KAeo$bvrt in/9evro irc
rp|trou rorcirou. Sre ydp i1 trpcitrrl ixrcArlota repi rfis eiprjwls iyi.yvero rcri i I
of .r.opd tTuxeiolpot,t<ovtixovres iAeyov i$' ots (oIr what terms) irotltot
etev r\v eiprjwlv r.ocei,o|at Aaxe\atp|vrcr, el xaraoxa$efu rd' rei.yr1 rd
rrepi
paxpci,,160' Jpets re, 3 d.v6pes'A|qvaior.,oJrcli1vfoyeo|'&.rcoJoavres
TCtv retytiv rfis xuraoxu$fis, KAeo$Ctv0', iglp iptiv rdlrtuv-llor.rds
dvrei.nev <Ls oriEevi (no) rp6rru, ot6v r' eirl roteiv ruOro .-LYSIAs
( a d a p te d ) . . r..'lir
;

N o t e s : r . v f e s , f r o r n v c t 0 s 2 . d . o A e v ( o r ep a , m o r e u n c e r t a i n . 3 . I l c t p u 6 , ,
a c c u s a t i v e o f . f T e t p a t e r i s t, h e P i r a e u s , p o r t o f A t h e n s . 6 . o $ t o w , f o r t h e m
(reflexive) ; ipno6<Lv (indeclinable), in the way: npoeorrlKdras, those in
charge (from rpolorrlpt, I put in charge) . 7. ixno6dv, out of the way.
8. 6nrpd.rrayuL, accornplislr; KAeo$,iv, Cleophon, an r\therrian democratic
l c a < l e r i i ^ , l t " t " : i n . t r . K o . r o ; o K c r . $ e zi .nqd, a o r i s t p a s s i v e o f x a r a o x d n r o ,
d e m o l i s h . r 4 . d . v r e i r e v ,s a i c l i n r e p l y ( i n o p p o s i t i o n ) .

VOCABULARY
:l,pd'ypa,-cxros,16, thing (rrp<i.not);in plural, matters, situation,
trouble ; vetirepa npdyparo, revolution (cf. I-atin nouae /es)

135
 doAevns,-is, week fneurasthenia]
troty"ol, -\ t -ov, ready, PrePared
i

d.v(yopol.,put up rvith; stand for (iX<,r),second a o f l s t n v e o y o u n v : n o t e

double augment in aorist
irc$gei.pa,-$?epCt,6ft$0etpa(aorist passive -e$?dp1v) , clestroy, corrupt
€roy.at, i,lopat, iotr|Snlv (imperfect eh6y.t7v),follorv( * dative)
suppose,think, * accusative and
r1yr1pat,
ilyhpar, fiyrioop.at,iTyrlodp',1r,
infinitive; also lead, guide (',iyepdu,leader fhegemony])
ot6v rl iort, it is possible

ENGLISH SENTENCES

r. When you arrive at (into) the city, you rvill learn rvho will
lead us. z. Thc Athenians were annoyecl because the Lacedaemonian
messengers ordered them to make Peace. 3. The city lvas destroyed
by the weerk and wicked generals who had taken her. 4. Those rvho
ivished revolution considered that they lvould be able to destroy
their enemies. 5. We shail not put up with (it) if lve hear that the
city is rveak. 6. Tliose in charge of tire People plotted horv they might
put them out of the rvay.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Translate:
l. ptjre tnau,etre roJs i{ ixetwTs rfis ydpas eis r}1v'EMciEcr nop€t)o-
ltivous 1tr1re Si.Eoreu|rois rd &.0Aor' irreyiAaoav y'dp i1y"'tvdei tire rois
&y6vas roJs fip.er(povs 0eutpotev.z. eis rilv n,|Ar.vfircovres,nu'|uvtitpe|a
lrcpi rijs d6o0' ti"'q 6i fi rdv noAn<iv yAt)rru,'A?1vatous 3d rtvcrs ircei
eiprjoopev.3. trittrtp.at drcctvouseis rd &oru Spo,peivrai zoiid tleAoat
nepi rfis pdXTs. oi Et zror\izat rcai.nep&,nopoivres,oJrc airois inei.|ovro.
4. rfis eiprjw1s {verca oirccr8e nAi.-pev ivu ndrra & np|repov eiyoy"ev
o<i(upev. 5. lli net|<LpeAa'roist)v narpi,Sa dnoAatAexiou'.

II. Write in Greek:

r. Set up your father's trophy near the house. z. Do not obey
those rvho have come in order to destroy the fatherland. 3. We
thougl-rt that if thcy had not reported false tidings you would have
helped the cavalry.4. While the Greeks were in that country, they
observecl rnany nrarvelous things. 5. Stand there until the general
arrives.

t36
 L E S S3O
7N

NUMERALS

r. Learn the following cardinal numerals and their meanings:

r els, pi.u, Ev (a') 2T els xai eircoot(v),elxoot

z 6,jo ( p') rcri els, eixoow ets ( xa')
3 rpets, rpta (y') 3o rpuixovra (A')
4 rtrrapes, r{rrapa (6') 4o rerrapd.xowo ( p')
5 rdvre ( e' ) 5o revri1rcovru (v')
fi t€ (s') 6o t({xovra ((')
/ itrrri, (i') 7o ip\opilxovro (o')
8 drcr<i ({ ) Bo dy\orjxovra (n')
g iwiu (0') 9o tvcvzjrcovra (g')
ro 6 1 r c o( i ) roo ixar6v (p')
rr tv}erca ( La') 200 6rc,x6o,ri., at, a (o')
12 6<i6exa( $' ) 300 rprcrciorct (r')
13 rpets xo,i 8(xa (,.y') 400 rerpaxiorot (r')
14 rlrrapes rcai3("a ( t6') 500 nevrax6oro, ( 4' )
r5 ,revrexo'l6exa (rc' ) 6oo €(ax6orct (y')
r6 trcxo,i.Sexa ( s' ) 700 dnrarciorct" ($')
aZ inro,xaiSerco(r(' ) 8oo | r c r a r c \ o r c t( u t ')
r3 dxr<'txo.i.}ex"(rn') 900 ivax6ont, ar.,a (\')
r9 ivvea.rco,i,}erca ( fi' ) rooo ytArct, ar, a (,a)
zo eixoot(v) (rc') ro,ooo p.Jprct, at, a (,c)

For a complete list of cardinals, ordinals, and adverbs, see Ap-

pendix 4, page 168.Tire symbolsin parentheseswere used after the
fourth century B.c. in numerical notation.

z. Learn the declensionof the following cardirralnumerals:

ONa Trvo Tunsn Foun
MJTN }{,F,N M,F N M,F N

Nelsplotv 6rjo rpets rp{a r(rrapes r(rrupu

c tv6s pfis tv6s 6uoCv rptitv rerrd,putv
D €vt pLQ tvt Euoiv rpw[(v) rirrapo(v)
x tva S,.tav Ev 6rjo rpeis rpta r/.rrapas ri'rrapa

r37
 3. Note that the tens from 30 on end in -Kovrd and are indeclin-
able, whereas the hundreds from 2oo on encl in -rciotot and are
declined like the plural of ri{r.os (Lesson 4, paragraph +).

4. An important word, ori6eis,no one, nothing, is declined like e[s,

similarly declined, repiaces ori6eisin places rvhere g.{
pi.a, tr. pr76e1s,
would replace ori.
MFN

ori6eis oi6epta oi6,iv

ori6evds oJ8epr.rds ori6evds
oJievt oi}eptQ ot)6evi,
oi6&a oi6ey.-,i,av ori6/v
,
.^.. ji",.',
READING
A. (fiv oirc d.(,rcs'6rqtpr16t ets iort yprlords /i)os.-oEIvloCRIrus.
B. ets leds,,Zvre leoiot ,xui d.vTpt:rrowtp.{ytoros,
o|r, 6ipae \vtF otow! dpo | rcs oi62 v6rlF.u.-x ENo PII A NEs.
"1,,"
r. tv"dvEpi.tv,tv \eriv ylvos' irc pcrde3t rvlopev prlrpds d.p$drepot.
-PINDAR. z. ),iawa dve$$oy.ivt1ind d,Adnercositrl rQ dei tva rl,rcretv,
"tva," i$1,"dA),&.),/ovra."-AESoP. 3. $puoerrDi rcci ri nAfi?osircar(p<'tv,
'H)'etc'tv
ouveAlyqoav yd.p 6t Aerat Auxe\atpovi.t'tv ptv eis €.{o,rcroytiious.
(of the Eleans) rcairCtv oult y.d,yuv alriv tyyis rproytArot ro,i Ercuuvtov
(Sicyonians) nevrarciorct xo,i ytAto,,,'Enr\auptulz (Epidaurians) 6i orirc
tAtirrous rpwytAl,cov iyivovro.-XENOPHON. 4. "ipt.trQ o€ Arcv,iotos
Senrvfiouc6is zgJs yd,p.ousrCtv r/xvt'tv duuroA iv rff'Ioyvpi,<'tvos ulptov
. t I r ' \ / t t | t ^ 6 t
iirts ioriu A'-d.rd <ipas B'."-p4pYRUS. g. tvrui1a 6i1d.pfiy.dstyivero ritv
- s \

'E).Arji-v
ptv .d.o',ris.ltvplu xo,i r<rpax6ota, neAro,oro,i 6t 6roXir\r.ot xai"
nevrax6otot, rri.tv 6t perri KJpou Buppd.patv }irco puptciEesrai &pp.ara
6penavrl$6pa dp$i rd etxoot' ritv 6i roAelti.<uviAlyovro etvat lrcutdv rcai
elxoot 1tupt,76esxui &p1ta7.a6peraun$6paEnrc6on. d.l\ot Et fiouv i(urcrc'
yiAtot tnreis, ttv'Apray/potts fipXrr oirot 6' aJ npd airoi paod,ius
rerayy.&o,, fioav. zo0 Et paotA(us orpareJparos fiouv d.pyovresrtrrapes,
rpul.rcovra y,uptd.Eutv txaoros,'Apporc|y.as, Tnou$ipvt7s, fuppJus,
'ApBdxtls.
roJrov 3t nupqivovro iv rfi pdXn ivevrixorra puptd}es rcai
&,pp.ura 6p enuw1$6pa Ercurdv rcai n evrfircovra.--XE,NoPHoN.

Notes'. t. tvtut, breathe $rveiy"e,, breath fpneumonia]). 2. A€awq,, lioness,

feminine of Ai<'tvlleonine]: dA<inA{,f.ox; rtxru, give birth to (rtrcvov). 4.rll
'Ioyvpt<ovos, at the houseof Ischyrion;,i,pos0', qbgyti P,.r1^. 5. d.orts(shield),
an.inclividual(shietd-bearing) soldier;6pe;q:vr{ripa,scythe-bearingi 'Apra-
y(po1s, Artagerses;'Appoxdy.as rrtr, Abrocomas, f issaphernes,Gobryas,
A r b a c e s ;p d x n , i . e . , t h e B a t t l e o f C u n a x a ,S e p t e r n b e3r , 4 o r B . c .
138
VOCABULARY
y&.pos,-ou, 6, marriage [monogamy]
\&"v, A.(.owos,d, lion fchameleon]
, -dEos,{, ten t}rousand (collective noun)
p.vprd,e
6:rrAtqs,-ov,6, hoplite (heavy-armedinfantry soldier)
-ct, -ov, singular, each; plural, both
d.p.$6repos,
ipotos,-d,,-ov (Ionic, 6poicos),likefhomeopathy, homogeneous]

dlay*d{<'t, compel
dvet6i,(cu, express Scorn, reproaCh
oul),iya (aorist passive ovveAtyt1v), gather
$ p d ( , ( f u t u r e g p o o . ) , p o i n t o u t , d e c l a r e( + 6 ' , ) ; m i d d l e , c o n s i d e r
&pSi, prelnsition with accusative, about
eir (with numerals),about, almost

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. The god said, "If you fight the king, you will destroy a mighty
empire." 2. At that battle there were about one hundred thousand
rnercenaries, of whom Cyrus was the ieader. 3. There were about
four irundred hoplites and one hundred cavalrymen of the enemy
who attacked us. 4. He declared that a lion could express scorn for
all other rvild animals. 5. There were gathered one thousand six
hundred and seven hoplites, who were led to Athens.

REVIEW EXERCISES
L Translate:
r. rdv d.pyovra rovr1pdv tiyorjpevos etvat, ouptpouAeJu)ooL riv ?uyaripa
uJrQ eis yrl.pov y.i1 6t66vat.2. rpets Aiovras dtrorcrelvus,ltiya iPn*,
rcAioc 6 irrAttrls. 3. orlSeis &veu \uvdpe<us dvuyxd'oet" d'p'$o#pus rds
ndAetsrd.s7tipus &votyvtivut.4. oircojv, rpdg |etiv, dvet}l{ew roJs rooqjra
yptjp"ura 6r.' dDrriav ouvetAoydrus; 5. .ls net/raKLoxttrious 6t.),hus, tis
eixd.(op.ev,i,<dorore y.er' airoO eis n\v rdA';l iAa,jvouot, d'))' o$rote
$pd(ec ri, pouAeJc'tvuirois &yet.

IL Write in Greek:
r. You have all destroyed those who were gathered in the city.
z. Having just arrived from the battle, they were eager to set uP a
trophy. 3. Already he is plotting against the rulers, so that he may
not pay the penalty for what the army has suffered through him.
long
4. IJow many and rvhat sort of men have perished on the
139
jotrrney the city rvill learn when she comes to the hour of trial.
5. Having been driven from the city by the young men, the philo-
sophermust go back to his own home.

t40
 LESSON
3 B

IRREGULAR SECOND AORISTS

r. A num ber of v e rb s , th e m o s t i m p o rta n t b e ing B atvu, to go,

have irregular secondaoristsactive conjugatedlike the secondaorist
iorrlv. Learn the aorist tpqv (comparewith iorr1pt):

ti,?';"- SunruNc t"Ii:^ ti;:'-

?i# r,aRrrc,prn
tFtt" pA pcttrtv Bfivat F,1t p&.oa F,i,
tlns Fns pai.qs Fn?, pdv'os F,i"n, p'ilnos
t\n Bn F"in Fir- prl.vrr" F,i"tt pdwt
pcivta p&.oav F,1,
tply.ev pC,pev patyev pdvres p6.oat pd,vra
tBrlre Firc patre Ffir, privr<'tv pao,iv p,l,vtt'tv
tploav p,ito, paiev p&vrav p&ot p,l.oo,rs p&,ot
prl.vras pcioas Bdvra

z. Learn the irregular second aorist of ytyvcitoxat, to know (com-

pare rvith 6i6a.,pr):

INurca- SunyuNc- Opra- InprRa- INrrNr-

TIVE TIVI' TIVE TIVE TIVE PRnrlcrprn
iyvatv yvA yvo{r1v yvitvat yvoJs
^/
yvouod yvov
, f
tyvuts yvQs yvoi.r1s yv6t9t yv|wos yyouols yvowos
t t
iyvc'., yvQ yvo{r1 yv<[rat yvdwt yvouqn yvomL
yvc3vra yvouqav yvoy

eyvuyev yvtiy"ev yvotpev yvovres yvouqd.L yvovrd

I

t ^ t
eyv@T€ yvar€ yvoLTe yv@Te yvow@v yvouo@y yvow@v
(yv@oav yy<toL
^ t
yvoL€v yvovr@v
^,
yvouoL yvouocr.Ls yvousl
l t t
yvovrd,g yvouods yvovrd,

3. The verb 6rjc,r,to sink, has an irregular second aorist iEur,

conjugated as follows (compare rvith 6eixvup.t):

l4l
INorce- SunluNc- Opra- Iupcn,r- IrurrNt-
TIVIi TIVE TIVE TIVE TIVE PaRrrclpru
dduv Eri<.r Not 6ovq,t Erjs 6Doa Sriv
dEus 6qit found 6a0t Srjyros Er-ior7s Drjrros
dEu Ei! 6tirat 6Jvrt SJol 6Jwt
6Jwa 60oq,v 6riv

tluy"ev 6Japev 6fwes 30oar 6,iwa

t6ure 6Jqre EAre Siwuv }uotiv 6{wuv
t\uoav 6iaor. Eiwutv 60or Erioars 60or
8rjvrcs Erjoas 6Jrru

READING
A. yv60t oaurdv n&otv tort ypfiou.rov.-MENANDER.
"d
B. xard nd)A' &p' lonv oJ xo,Ais eipr1p.&ov
rd yv60t suvrdv' yprlotltt-lrepov yd.pfv
rd yv,i?c roJs dLlous.-MENAI!qER.
'Agtjvas
t. fi\7ov ydp ds ori ,ts y.e ',lyv<,,rc€v.-DEMoCRITUS.
""i I
2. Eis is rdv u}rdv rorapdv oJ* &v patrls._-uinecrtrus. J. nd.wa fei.
-HERACLITUS. 4. Kpoioos "AAuv 6capt)5 p.eyd,)r1vdpXi, xara)rtioet.-
DELPHICORACLE.5. Persian Royal Post. Alyouor ydp tis 6oav &v zjp.e-
p6, i r)..T\ga ,i6ds, roooirot" irzrot re rcoi dvEpes }rcord,or, xard ilpe-
ptloi,av 66iv txd.on1v hrnos re xai dvlp rerayy"ivos. roJs (them) otte
vt$erds (snow), oJx |pppos (rain), oJ xuay.a (heat) , oJ vJ( eipyet s'"i1
oJ xaravJoar (accomplish) rdv rpoxelptevov uJrQ 6p6pov (course) rz)v
ruytonlv.-HERoDoTUS. 6. Socrates Discourses on Friendship.
'Avrt$6v,
dy<i 5' oiv rco,iuirds, 3 Sonep dl,los inrqt dya?Q fi
"rs 4
xvvi \ 6pvt0c (bird) fiP-ero,,,ot'r<'t xo,l dzr.pdltrov fllopa, {itrote dya9ots,
xc,i id,v rt tyu d.ya06v,8r8dorrrr xci dL\or.s ouvtorqy"t (I introduce),
nap' ttv &v fiyipu o,irois <i$e\rjoeo0atrt eis d.perfiv.rai zoJs 9loaupois
rdv rd,Ac't oo$,iv dl}pitv ots ixeivor xariAtnov iv p$),tots ypdtluvres,
oiv rois $iAo's 6dpyoy"a,", xo,i d.v rt 6pC'pev dyu06v, ir.)rydpe9a xai
p€yo vop.t(opev r/p6os, iciu <iMri,\ots d$ihy"ot ytyvtilte1a.-i1,,.d piv E|
ralra dxoriovtt d8drcer.a}rds re y"axd.ptos etvo,t xai rois dxoJovras ini
xa),orcdya0|av dy ew .-XENOPHON.

Notes: r. ds : eisi I.irif.rom f/at, flow. 4. Kpoioos,Croesus,King of Lydia,

conquered by Cyrus the Great, 546 n.c. The Halys river formed the
boundary between Lydia and Persia. 5. riv raytorlv (sc.dSdv)adverbial
accusative, as swiftly as possible. 6. 'Awt$6v, Antiphon the Sophist;
t"iycr,xr.tr,see Lesson r8; xcr,\oxdya|tov, gentlemanliness,rvord applied in
fifth century B.c. to the nobles (cf. Latin oplimates,French prudhomntes).
142
 VOCABULARY
0r1oaup6s , -o6, 6, tre.tsure; treasure house
6Ja,\rjout, iEuocrand i8uv,6/6ura,6/6upcac, i6J0rv, causeto enter, enter;
sink; put on
Edpyoltut,go through, explore
ixli,yopat, select [eclectic]
,,3rlspqt, take pleasure in (+ dative)
<i$e\tot, help (o{ilrgros)
6is (adverb), twice
xard,,preposition + genitive and accusative, dorvn, along; according to

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. Croesus went to Delphi (eis AeA$ois) to ask whether he should
attack Cyrus. 2. "I shall teach you," said Socrates, "to do good to
your friends." 3. You get pleasure in those horses rather than in your
noble friends. 4. I\{en kept (held) their books in treasure houses from
which no one could steal them. 5. He would not go into the same
house in rvhich his father ll'as. 6. There were as manv horses as there
were men.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Translate:
t. d tnrei,s fip1ro rf't paotAei ivu per&.dxxaiEerca 6n).nitv riy ixei'vov
?ryuripu eis rdv ydpov &yot. z. of oJppayot rdAa,.'ilvuyxti,o|rlouv perd
roA re(o0 ouA)ey?ivres eis ,i, d.rcpino\w yt'tpei,v, c'is ro?s dpyovot
porl?fioovr(r. 3. oJrcodvio?eo?e rdv A/ovra d.y"$orlpousroJs rcJvastAdv-ra;
4.6ey<ipe0a ro)s (ivous xai yptist<0o.a}rots ,is oultltciyots npis r\v roi
BuotAias i)ppw. 5. 6p,1(, p.oe oirtvcs ixet?ev t{a rijs n6}ecos &vd, r)p,
dEdy*ai dp$i rd i.epdvreraypivot ei,oi.v.

II. Write in Greek:

r. He had always been thoroughly questioned by his father after
each battle, and if he was unable to tell anything, he was reproached.
z. About eleven lions were slain in the camp, but how many were
found in the rvood (ill\, -ns,4) *e did not learn. 3. They had been
drawn up so as to fight whoever might happen along. 4. I shall ask
him to tell why he suspects that the soldier is not giving a complete
account of all the troubles of the army. 5. We shall choose hoplites
from elsewhere because those who were sent to us are not brave.

t43
LEssoN
39

IMPERATIVEOF eiy.t.
CONJUGATION OF et1',

t. I-earn the presentimperative of eipi:

SINGULAR PLURAL

znd person io?t e07€

3rd persolt tor<'., €oT<DV

z. Learn tire follow'ing active forms of. etyt, to go; theme i- (cf.
Latin i.re):
PRnsENt
PnrsrNr Ilrprinr.rct Sunl uNc- PnnsnNr PRusIiNr PnBsrNr
INnlcnrlvti Irurtcrttlvri rIVE C)ptrrrrvri IupEn,r.rtt'p INrrNl.ttve

etpt fiu or fierv i,t, [oqn or iohlv i&uc

eI liers or fiew|a int iors i?t
etot(v) rjet or fiew in iot ir<'t
pnrsrNr
ls,.ev i<'tp.ev ioty.ev Penttclpr-r
rtpu,
ire fir, ilre ione ire idtv, ioioa,
iao(v) fioav or ieoav iuot iorcv t|vrav i6v

READING
A. dye<'tp"/rplros pt48eiseioho.-BUCLID.
B. fiOos d.v0pinqt laty"<'tv.-HERACLITUS.
'io1t,
r. eJruyilv ptv pirptos d.ruyC,v 3i $povtltos. 2. yu\erdv ro
taurdv yvtivat.-TIIALES. 3. yfis tntpqv yu1.rv6s,yupv|s 0' ind yaiuv
d.netp"t.4. $Adnovos lo?t rcui ptov rcrfion rco,Adt,.!. lr<o rd npdyy.aru
\np rQ |eQ $iAov. tc. tyaye perit, $i.Aou trai.pou rdv Srti nupds i,o91t,t;
'Avrrcglvrls
7. oL*,itv t, Ilerp.,;"ei xu?' txd,orrlv ,lpipav dvfiet eisid-oru
ouveo6pevosrQ Zutrcpdret. 8.'HparcAfis rcc,i@rToeisreptfiouv
")1v"ffi,i
xalapoivres grlpt-v p\o,pepC.tvrco'id.v|pcinuv dvool<av.g. Kippepos 6 iv

t4
 "AtEou xJov fip"eposptv fiv,6rdre rts etotot, i(dvat 6'ori6/vcr eia. ro. A
Definition of Education. rr)r ,rp6s d.perilv 2x nai\utv nolEe{sv, noto0oav
int?upqn1v re rcui ipaorlv ro0 noAtn1v yev€olat ril,eov, d.pyew re rcal
perd. 8{rct1sinrcrdp.evov . . . rainlu r}1v rpo$}1v 6 Adyos poiAon'
&,pyeo7u,,
&v p.du'r1v
nutEelav rrpooa]lopetjew.-PLATI, Laus. rr. Accommodating
'A),i(auEpos
The Great Man. ,is ivtrcr\oe ro}s ll$oae, ixileuoe zoJs
"EA)qvus ?edv airdv tlq$ioao?ar. d),lor plv o$v d)),a i,ltq$lowro, Aarce-
\utpdvrct. 3' 2xetva' "inel.'AAt(avEpos deds etvac BoiAerat, torru |eds."

Notes: r. eiruyCtz,having good luck; druyC,v,having bad luck. J. yatav :

yfir. +. $r),6novos,fond of toil; xnjov, you wiil get. 5. $iAov, adjective,
pleasing. 6. tyc'tye, I, at leasti xdv : rcaidv (crasis). 7.'Aww9ivls, An-
'Ilpcr)fs,
tisthenes,the Cynic philosopher d,anu,i.e., Athens. B. Heracles;
@r1oeJs, Theseus; xugapoiwes,to cleanse.g. "At6ov, (house) of Death.
ro. irc rq.ilary, from childhood; A6yos,our account.

VOCABULARY
6t''7, -t1s,ri, justice, righteousness
infivpqnjs, -o0, 6, one rvho is eager for
ipaonjs, -o0, 6, lover (ip,l,u, " Epus)
dv6orcs,-oz, unholy, irreligious, impious
pAapepds, -d, -6v, harmful
il"rPot, -ov, $entle, tame
d.tard.o, deceive
&,trety"t,go away
id<,r(imperfect ei<,ry),allow, permit
eloetp,t,come to, enter
t{etpt, go out or away
rcrd.op,a.r,, xnj ooy.ar, i xrq o,i1t 1v, x t rcrr1
y,a,t, acquire ; poSseSS
nepi.etp.t, go about
Trpoaayoperia,call
orjvetp.t,owtoop.ut, be with (+ dative;
t!q$t{op.at, vote
6q7 (adverb), where, in rvhatever way

ENGLISH SENTENCES
r. We knorv that our friends wili go into the city to hear the
tragedies. z. If. a man goes about doing good, he will possessvirtue.
3. Whoever is an eager (follower) of Socrates will learn what justice
i.. 4. The Athenians voted to punish the philosopher because he
seemed to be harmful to the young men. 5. The dog Cerberus did
not allow anyone to go into the place where he was.

t45
 ACROCORINTH

W e h e r e s e e t o t h e l e f t , i n t h e m i d d l e d i s t a n c e ,t h e f i e l d s o f t h e y 6 p o -o f C o r i n t h ;
beyond the fields, the Gulf of Corjnth. Mount Helicon, the legendary home of the
Muses, is dim in the distance.
S e a t e d a s t r i d e t h e I s l h m u s , w h i c h c o n n e c t s t h e P e l o p o n n e s u sw i t h t h e r e s t o f
t h e G r e e k m a i n l a n d , C o r i n t h p o s s e s s e da n a c r o p o l i s e n o r m o u s l y l a r g e r a n d s t r o n g e r
than most. It rvas called the Acrocorinth. To hold it \\'as to hold one of the "Felters
o f G r e e c e " ; f r o m e a r l y t i m e s d o w n t h r o u g h I V l a c e d o n i a na n d R o m a n d o m i n a t i o n , a n c l
on through the earlier Middle Ages and the period of Venetian control, the Acrocorinth
and the city beneath were important. Thus rvell-squared Greek blocks form much
of the basis for the later walls in this picture
The Romans considered Corinth important enough to destroy it (146 n.c.);
a c e n t u r y l a t e r C a e s a rr e b u i l t i t a s t h e c a p i t a l o f a l l G r e e c e ( 4 6 n . c . ) . A b o u l a c e n L u r y
Iater still, Saint Paul lived here for some time among the early Christians, and
when absent addressed Epistles lo them. Medieval, i.e., Byzantine, Corinth rvas
small and quaint; the glories of Christian Byzantine civilization mostly passed it by.
But the Venetians built on the ruined walls of Acrocorinth a grand triple-gated fort.
The gun emplacements which shorv in the photograph remind us that rve have now
followed the story of Greece dorvn to the age of gunporvder, rvhich 'was also the age
of printing, and moreover the age n'hen western Europe rediscoveredHellas and
learr,ed once again to read Greek. This was one stimulus that rousecl Europe and
ied ,o the Renaissance, the beginning of our own age.
REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Translate:
T. rp€yovres i$atvorro o[, zrc?6esxui lp1oav ei.srd tepdv rpiv rdv
d.pyowa yvCtvat cliroJs. z. rfi yAcLrrg inaryojqry, d))& rfi dhT?eiq
intyeAiow illt"iv. 3. &nopei oi y"epv1p(vos6nov rdv ?loavpdv t\me.
4. npdrepovy.tv rroDd ttyov rccride) irc(p}uwov'ofipepov6t oriEt dprov
eipelv \Jvavrqr. g. &yavtoJy.e?a intp rfis norpt}os ciM' oriy Jntp rfis
paotAe ios rfis rriv If epo,}v.
II. Write in Greek:
r. We take pleasurein helping the weak, who cannot endure the
sufierings of the war. z, Are you ready to forgive the sins of those
who causedsuch troubles to the city by corrupting the young men
u'ho follorvedthem ? 3. They believe that by putting on that cloak
he can go unseen through the enemy and choosewhat treasureshe
wishes.4. Twice they went down the road but none of two hundred
soldiers recognized them. 5. You always err when you deceive a
friend.

147
 LESSON
40
C O N J U G A T I O N O F g , t p iA, N D o 1 3 " .
VERBAL ADJECTIVES.
CLAUSES OF EFFORT

r. Learn the following forms of {npt, to say (cf. Latin fari):

PnBsrNr rrvrpriRr.Ecr
JJ.JT'JJJP n r s n n t PnnsBNt
Iwprcrrrtvr Inotcartva rIvE OpretrvB IxprNrtrvr Iturprn.q.trvr
{npi' t6n, 6,i $ai.r1v $,l.rac
{it t$1sor t$1o0u dns 6ornt $a0(. or $d,0t
{n"t tfn 6n {"i.n $,ira
($ay"ev
$ay"& $6p"ev $alpev
$ari E$are $irc $aire 6,1r,
(Saoav
$aot $6oc $aiev $d.vrr'tv

z. Learn the following forms oI oI6a, to l<nolv:

IrnrseNt
PnBsBur Iltrprinrrict SunJuNc- PnrisnNr PRpsr'Nr
INorcartvp INnlcnrrvr rIvE Oprerrve Ilrl'rNrrtvn IrrpBnerrvB
ol6a fi31 or ij6<w €;66 ei}etlv ei.Sbat
oto0a i16qo0a or JiSers eiD3ls ei6eirTs P,rnrtctpr-ri to?t"
o l6e ijSet(v) ei6i ei6eQ eiDc,js,-u|g iorco
_6s

i.op.ev fiop"ev or iSey.ev ei6,iy"ev ei}eip.ev or ei6e[1p.ev

aoTe fiore ot i6ere ei}fire eiSeire ot eiletlre iore
LOAqL fioq, or fi\eoav <16<i,or eiEciey or ei}<i4oav iat<ov

This verb is really a perfect with a present sense. Do not confuse

it rvith elEoz, the second aorist of. 6p<1a.

-r1os added
3. Many verbs form adjectives with the termination
to the verb stem of the first aorist passive. lhese adjectives, like the
Latin gcrundive, have a passive significance and are similarly used
, 6 \ p i i s c n c l i t i c i n t h e p r e s e n ti n d i c a t i v e ,e x c e p ti n t h e s e c o n ds i n g u l a r .

t48
rvitlr the verb lo be to denotenecessity.In other lvords -rtos : must
be, e.g., }wporios,lnust be crossed.The doer of the action is repre-
sented by u noun or pronoun in the dative case.This is called the
dative of agent. Such adjectives may be used personally or imper-
sonally. Holever, the impersonal verbs Eei and ypfi are more com-
monly used than this construction.
We must crossthe river (literally, The river must be crossedby
us). ci trorap.dsilpev Stapariosiorl.
We must obey. rjy.tvrrercr€oviori.

4. Verbs denoting effort, care, or striving may be followed,by SncDs

(rarely c'is)and the future indicative, even after a secondarytense.
The negative is y.ri. But these verbs also admit the usual purpose
construction rvith iva, ciE,and 6nus, and the subjunctive or optative:
He brought it about that they should send the horsesto Cyrus.
\rcnpd.{uro6nox rois i.nnousKdp- rriy.tlouow.

READING
A. zd ofiy.epovy"i),ecplot
rd 6' aijprcv ris oIDIz;-A*N.-4,CREONTEA.
B. $yrcfiv eJyfiot no,pd, ?e}v alrtovrut &v?po.tnot, r)1v E; roljrr1s
tv tauroes (yovres oirc iouow.-DFl{oCRITUS.
6,h.,u1tw
C. lSpev r!ei\ea zro,tr,\dA,!ye,.virrJy.otow 6poia,
t|y.ev E', eJr' iAiA,':pev, d\?tu yr1ptjoao0ac.-HESioD.
D. repi o$updv royeea pLoTd yuvfi.-TxAGMENTA IAI,IBICA ADES-
POTA.
r. ori rd (fi, nepi rro&oi rocr1rlov ri,\,\,i rd e0 (4r. .f*!41g...2.6 p.2v
rd 6AoveiDds ei}efi d,v rco,ird y"tpos' oi, 62 y"6vovrd p.ipos ei8dres oirctrt
xc,ird 6Aov'[oaotz.3. ori8eis ripdv oJ8iv olEey oJ6' a,ird ro}ro,
Til:pyr.
oiSay"ev(ioptev) i) oirc ol6uy"ev, ori8' arizd pi eiQ&uv o\Suy.ev li rt
"d
torw, oriS'6i<r.rs
ndrepo, tort rt fi oJrctorry.-MFTRODORUS. 4.'Apiorur-
nos 6 $A6oo$os lputrrlleis icd, r(, ot.y.2v $Adoo$ot ini rds ritv rAouotcov
|tipas lpyovrut, oi 3i r\oiotot iri rd6 ritv $tAoo6$uv oJrc(rt,, "611,"
(lrr7,"oi, y.tv iouow tv \iovrur., oi 3i oirc ioaow.-DIocENES.
5. nptitrov
y.tv oix d,Tupr1riov,6 dy6pes'Alqvutot, rots nupoio, ip,iySrooc,ori6'ei
nri,vu $uiA.s ixuw Dore0.-pEnro"s.Tll l{ES. 6. The Fear of Death.
,d yr{p,i:ori.Idroror De8r/uar, A &fiprs, oriEty d,AAo ioriv fi iorcetv oo$dv
etvat, y.i16vra'Eorceiy yd.pei6&,atioriv & oirc of8ey.olEeg.iz ydp oriEeisrdy
?civarov orlE'el ,vyy&vet rQ dv?p<iru.t ndvro.,v y.ttytorov 6v rcitv dyu1ritv,

149
8eEiaor E' cis erJelEdzes 6rt, piywrov rCov xaxitv lorw. dyd, Et xul ei 6fi
rE oo$&repds rou $atqv etvryit,, roirut &v'eir1v,6n oi,x ei8cls txquCosnepi
r 6v" iv "A tEou,ot t i aI' :otoyar.oJrc et6iv a t .--lltt_o-l A p ol ?gy (ad apt ed)
"i
Notes: r. Understand iortv alter ronyi,ov.3. d,\c,rs, on the whole, generalty.
Eyew,be in bad shape;6oxei,neuter plural subject takes singular
5. $a,j\lcl,s
verb. 6.'rot,,you know (colloquial);6eEr/yat,to fear (infinitive).

VOCABULARY
?ipa, -o,s,zi, door
p(pos, -oug,16, patt

$c,iAos,-\r -ov, mean, miserable

Sp6vry.os, -ilt -ov, prudent

d.0u
p.€u, be disheartened
6$pat,lerioopat(f genitive), want, ask, need.Impersonal,6ei,it is nec.
essary (S accusativeand infinitive)
p.d\et,p,eAfioet,lp.iAqoe,
it is a care (impersonal). Cf.,tnqL.eAtopaL,
care f.or
(see paragraph 4), it concerns
repi roAAo0noteio\at, consider important (more important, most import.
ant, if a'o).1o0is compared)
oix/tt, (oJx * izr), no more, no longer, not yet
rclvv (adverb), very; entirely (zrds)

ENG LISH SENTENCES

r. The rich men did not ask philosophers to come to their doors.
2. It is not necessary that a man be rich in order that he may become
prudent. 3. Socrates said (ile7e) that many men feared death be-
cause they considered living (infinitive) of greater importance. 4. A
certain wise philosopher declared that no one of us knows anything.
5. Whether this is true or not we do not know,

REVIEW EXERCISES
I. Translate:
r. oiy Zroty.o[,eiow of no\trat vetirepa npd.yy.aru povAerje,,v'
d.o|eve?,s
yd,p eiow, oJ62 ilyoimat ot6v re etyo,t rois dpyovras d.nur&v. z. rttv
orpart<tritv rewrjrcowu aJrQ tonowo ds 6w$0epoAwes rois no\iros
rpiv yvritvarrotirous r)1v dAfi?erav.3.fiEerat ciei d Er8dors)os ixAeydp.evos
xui d{eACw rois d,piorous rdv nq.i6ra,v'y.er' alr6v ydp rcii.s riv $tAo-
o6$av ),6yous ldpyerat. !. now1pds$atverat xai ipaor\s int|uy,qrtjs re
r6v dvoo[av xai pAo,pep0vrd.wuv. oi y&p €6tl,xevoinore iy 6ixqv riv
t50
t.6ixax npay?&ruv. J. reptiet roJs noAi,rosrcaielodvras xui i{dvrus
TrpoocLyop€Juvxo,i \wnpurr|peos Sntts ,lLq$toAvrutxui id.oouot"roig
uirQ ouvtdv'ras
rds cipyrie),apetv.
II. W r it e in G r eek :
r. You must cross the river wheneverour prudent generalshall
command. e. Being miserableabout the small part they had re-
ceived, they besoughtthe ruler to give them a better. But he said
that it did not concernhim, that he did not considerit important,
and that he drrl not know where he could find another. 3. They
have not yet openedthe doors,for they are not ready to allow us to
go in. 4. Did you not know that they have gatheredall their friends
into that house? It seemsbetter to them to remain there until the
peaceis established.5. He could not endure hearing that the long
walls r.verebeing torn down.

tsl
 * ti, *,'fn* & -
i'#ilJ4' "*14tl-..*;.t " V
ul fe-o*Jr.'s . rof y-,i*p*crt<^rc-rti-{ l*'

fl.-r.+ ]i q/'7;..i,^p -f*; n-dl;d?""oiJ'o*r"e".

--)
!J-"t *l'-- --^" iA, n)a.' pJ.'i'-L. r.]eo. n'| {'
V"- -; d.S i-* --^ol'-, --f, J^'^''r-vJ i,v*$..I v61
"', '
f *ij- IrS'o^,'.,'"i7J4",g"v,t't-')*N*-* t-i
l ii'/-*.r i^r;l ".a'tr,r-of'''Lx v;:7'i'x.'r*r&G
' t.i or;e.-,!r*af. "r ittt ,l}-rc}'{' ,J--">li
re.{i^-i
i a'. r t'*A*, rs ri n a"''J r-tg rr^e),,a-'-6'
"i .-','."rv
+--1" tt -or xrL s pJ" *-TZN' Fo'r^o'N'l%t ip
-'' *) ri Fo^,'--'M. -'o>.el^,'-.?}rv {C. JN
"h,
,,'>al---* e'f4vitr ,>+'rv' x#*v )-'L eJ:"c'
--Jr t*.J -r-"^-'
i*."n, a^ ift^-.,\Iii)'4l *; .}yfr
J;, F v':)r-J 6 *-,.t' d^^i"d,'l' "l['X
t^' >-.-cr
o'ag . --oe"}.S{o^-if);-.)'
-p-if*p g-J"is,l' Y(e-o)*
--"p *. or p| v" tllx"^-7*'r'tr4 .,-..-nl"
"'To+'l'
c, -iil'' L' F,
; } J,';'^ ; > 6 ^-'J''"-* et Q."'e'-l'
d' :rl.i {i
;i,-'i r.^lr7...r* -+J*r'Jv" (,,"'r -7'3t
-,--u"i7.lr, ;ii ":11'r6J' -)'1; "'{'^',u'' f
,J,*^"e.Li/." , J;{i' -'"}';'"i' "ri'-) i*.tp o4
--' --o J ai'''- o-o'''r'd.,'i'
t--";-" i f L:'*'I o'xh'-ri "
ff#-ffigl;!;n
'n
^,L'in;:rJ'*'.+;-'-"f i' t vl^u'f;
'
' -*1>^n' ':L '!;fe'v"';'4r
y ..-,y-,|, t'l-o'J*'sl*

I0 A cREEK BooK ABouT A cENTURy BEFoREpRrNTrNG,

A. D. 137 1

From the copies on papyrus rolls (Figure r), medieval monks made other
copies, and so transmitted Greek literature to us. In the monkish scribal tradition,
nrost of the features seen in our own printed books were developed: bound volumes
viith separate sheets for pages in place of the long one-piecepapyrus rolis; small
letlers, few capitals; puncluation, brea[hings, accenls. As it says, the page above
i s t h e b e g i n n i n g " O f X e n o p h o n , C y r u s ' A n a b a s i s ,t h i r d ( b o o k ) . "
 A P P E N D I IX

NAMES MENTIONED IN THE TEXT

AELIAN. Claudius Aelianus (secondcentury a.n.) was a Roman author

and teacher who rvrote in Greek a Variae Historiae and de Natura Ani-
malium.
AESCHvLUs.Athenian tragic poet (.525-456B.c.), who wrote over sev-
enty plays, of u'hich seven survive.
AESop. A lvriter of fables rvho lived about 57o B.c. He had been a slave
on Samos. Socrates rvas said to have turned some of Aesop's fabies into
verse during his imprisonment.
ALcTBTADES.Athenian general and statesman (ca. 4so-4o4 B.c.).
ANAcREoN.A lyric poet, born aborit 57o B.c.; invited to athens by
Pisistratus; honored by a statue on the Acropolis.
ANAXAGoRas.Greek philosopher born in Ionia in 5oo r.c. He lived in
Athens, where he was an intimate friend of Pericles and Euripides. He
,laught that voOs(Intelligence) was the cause of all things.
: auexancnus. A philosopher of Abdera (Thrace), who accompanied
Alexander into Asia (::+ s.c.). He was of the school of Democritus, the
atomist.
ANTIrHoN. A Sophist and tragic poet; an opponent of Socrates.
ANTISTHENES.One of Socrates' m.--o$I*.d.eyo!gd
followers; founder of the
Cynic sect, which influenced the lailr Stoics.
Apor.t.oDonus.An Athenian historian and mythographer of the second
century n.c. (Others date him in the first century n.o.)
ARcHIT{EDes,The most famous Greek mathematician and physicist,
born in Syracusein zB7 B.c. Invented enginesof war for the tyrant Hiero;
killed by'Roman soldiers in zrz n.c.
ARIAEUS.A friend of the younger Cyrus; commanded the left wing in
the battle of Cunaxa, 4or B.c.
ARISTIDES.Athenian soldier and statesman, known as "The Just";
born about Szo n.c. General at Marathon; ostracised, 4Bo s.c. Died a
Poor man.
ARISrIppus. Founder of the.Cyrenaic school.of philosophy (Hedonism),
flourished about 37o B.c. Came to Athens to be a disciple of Socrates.

I53
 ARISToTLE.Born rn Stagira (Macedonia) in 384 n.c. Was a pupil of
Plato in Athens; later became the tutor of Alexander $42). Returned to
Athens in S35 and conducted a school (the Lyceum). Fled in 3zz, to
Euboea where he died. His works treat of almost all the subjects of
human knowledge cultivatdd in his time.
ARRIAN.A Greek historian and philosopher born in Nicomedia about
90 A.D.; he wrote a history of the expedition of Alexander.
uas. One of the Seven Sagesof Greece;of Priene (Ionia); fl.55o n.c.
cALLIMACHUS.A librarian at Alexandria, who lived from about 3o5
until about z4o n.c.; teacherof Apollonius of Rhodes.He was a poet, and
author of eight hundred volumei.'.'
crIILoN. A Spartan ephor (556 n.c.), knorvn as one of the Seven Sages
of Greece.
cRrrrAS. A pupil of Socrates; one of the Thirty Tyrants in Athens.
cRoESUS.I(ing of Lydia; proverbial for rvealth. Conquered by Cyrus
the Great in 546 n.c.
DARIUSl. King of Persia 52r-486 B.c.
DEI{ocRITus. Greek philosopher born in Abdera (Thrace) about 46o n.c.
Founder of the atomic theory. He was widely traveled and had an ex-
tensive knowledge of scienceand philosophy as well as of human nature.
DEI{osrIIENES.An Athenian statesmanand orator $B43zz n,c.), who
tried to warn his countrymen against Philip of Macedon.
DIocENES. The Cynic philosopher, born at Sinope, in Pontus, in about
4rz B.c. He lived in Athens and later in Corinth, where he died at the age
of nearly go in 3e3 n.c.
DIocENESLAERTIUS.Born in Laerte in Cilicia, lived in the second cen-
tury e.o. He wrote a work called Liues of the Philosophers.
DRAco. The author of the first written code of larvsin Athens (about 6er
n.c.). In his code death rvasthe penalty for most crimes.Solon'slaws super-
seded most of Draco's.
EpIcHARrfus. Comic poet who lived most of his life in Sicily. Born about
53o 8.c., died about 44o.
EUcLID. The famous mathematician lived at Alexandria during the
reign of Ptolemy I $o4-z83 n.c.). He remarked to the l(ing that there
was no "royal road" to the learning of geometrv.
EURIrIDES.One of the three great Athenian tragic poets (485-4o6n.c.).
He was an intimate of Socrates.He is said to have representedpeople in
his plays "not as they ought to be, but as they are."
cREEK ANTHoLocv. A large collection of short poems of all sorts, espe-
cially epigrams,ranging in date from the seventh century B.c to the trvelfth
A.D. It is known also as the Palatine Anthology, from the fact that the
manuscript on which it was *rilt"n-*". p..r.r,r.d in the Palatine library
at Heidelberg. The poems are mostly in the elegiac nteter.
t54
 HERAcLIT'us.A philosopherof the Ionian school,rvho lived at Ephesus;
fl. ca. 513 B.c. According to him everything is perpetually in a state of flux.
HERoDorus. The "Father of History" was born in Halicarnassusin
Caria (Asia lvlinor) in 484 s.c. Lived later in Samos and in Athens, but
traveled extensively in Asia, Africa, and Europe. The subject of his work
(in nine books) is mainly the wars betrveenGreeceand Periia, it is notable
for its many digressions,some of them in the nature of "short stories." It
is rvritten in the Ionic dialect.
HESIoD.One of the earliestGreek poets, rvho lived some time later than
Homer, perhaps in the eighth century. He wrote the lVorhs and Days and
the Theogony.
HIrrIAS. A tyrant at Athens, 5"7-Sro B.c.; son of Pisistratus. He fled
to Persia and triecl to regain power in Athens with the help of the Persians
in 49o n.c.
HlppocRAlps. A contemporar)/ of Socrates; fouuder of a school of
medicine on the island of Cos.
' IIIppoNAX. A poet of Ephesus (fl.5+o B.c.), writer of satiric verse.

, LysIAS. One of the Attic "orators" or legal speechwriters. Born in 458

$.c. Became a professionalrvriter after his family's wealth was seized
:during the Tyrannv of the Thirty.
rlIARcusAURELIUS:Roman Emperor, rzr-r8o a.u. Famous also as the
autlror of.M editatiort.s.
I{ENANDER.Born in Athens in 342 B.c., where he produced over a hun-
dred comedies, of u'hich only one, the Dyscolos, survives entire. It was
discoveredjn r958. There are extant mtrny short'fragmentsexcerptedfrom
liG^plays by assiduous collectors of epigranrmatic material. He drowned
rvhile srvinrmingin the harbor of Piraeus in z9r.
r{ETltoDonusoF cHIoS. An atomistic p}rilosopher,a pupil, perhaps, of
D e m o c r i t u s ,a n d a c o m p l e t es k e p t i c .
lIIruNERMUs.An elegiacpoet, a native of Smyrna; fl. in the latter part
of the seventh centurl, s.c. lle wrote plaintive and mournful poems.
rERIANDEn.Tyrant of Corinth, who succeededhis father Cypselus,also
tyrant of that place. He reigned until 585 n.c. A patron of letters, lte is
commonly called one of the Seven Sagesof Greece.
pERIcr.ES.The most famous of the Athenian statesmen.He was of a
ii noble family and began to take part in politics in 46r B.c. as the head of
f
f the democratic party. He led armies in the field, and for the eighteen years
1:
t before the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War l're beautified Athens by
erectingmany public buildings,among them the Parthenon and Propylaea.
i He guided the city during only the first two years of the great war, falling
i

victim to the plague in 429.

pr{ILEtr{oN.A rvriter of Nerv Comedy (lived ca. 36r-z6z n.c.). Wrote
ninety-sevenpiays.
t55
 pINDAR.The greatesti,yricpoet of Greece(5zz-442n.c.),born in Thebes.
The poems which ltave survived rverecomposedin commemoration of vic-
tories by various celebrated Greeks in the Oly'mpic and other ganres.
Alexander spared Pindar's housein l'hebesrvhenhe destroyedthe rest of
the city.
PISISTRATUs. A tyrant of Athens rvho came to porver in 56o B.c. as a
result of the unrest rvhich aroseafter Solon had ieft the city. .,\lthougirhe
rvas expelled tlvice and forced his rvay back into power, hc rvas a miid and
beneficentruler, a patron of literature. He cliedin 527.
pr-Aro. The Athenian philosopherlived flont 427 until 347 B.c. He early
became a disciple of Socratesand is the main sourceof our knou'ledgeof
the beliefs of his teacher. IIc founded the Acadernl', a scliool on the out-
skirts of Athens. His extant writings are in the form of clialogues. Socrates
is usually the chief interlocutor.
rLUTARcH.Lived in Grecccand Rome in the first century .{.D., having
been born in Greece. I-Ie ll'as the author of the Parallel Liues of Greeks
and Romans, and a coilection of ethical rvorks cailed X'[oralia.
roLYBIUS. Born in Arcadia in zo4 s.c., he tu^r.o.ii"cl as prisoner to
Ilome after the l\{acedonianwars in 168. T}rere he u'rote a history of the
Ronran conquest of Greece.The rvork began with zzo n.c. and described
e','entsthrough the destruction of Corinth in 146, and into r44.
pRAXrrELEs.One of the great Greek sculptors, who flourished in 364
s.c. I-Ie was a citizen of Athens. I{is rnost famous n'ork is the Hermes at
Olynrpia, the only statue extant n'hich rnal; bs an original example of
Greek sculpture by one of the six masters;tlie others are ltoman copies.
PRoN(ErHEus.In mythology Prometheus is the son of the Titan
Iapetus, brother of Atlas and Ilpimetheus. He stole fire from heaven and
taught its use to men, for r,vhiclicrime he rvaspunishedby Zeus.The story
is told in Aeschyl,us' Pronrctheus lSouttcl.
pRorAGoRAS.ProfessionalSophist,born in Abdera, Thrace,ca. 485 r.c.
t pnoxBxUS.
A Boeotian, friend of Cyrus ancl Xenophon; a pupil of the
famous teacher Gorgias of Leontini.
SIIvtoNIDes. I3orn on Ceosin 556 n.c., lived in Athens and Syracuse.He
4'rote many poems, employing many dif{erent fonns. He is said to havc
peen the first to make literature a profession. Died in 467 in Siciiy.
,f socRArES.The Athenian philosopher(469-399B c.). In iris voutir Socra-
j'tes
made statues, as did his father. Later he rvent about the city teacliing
tlrrough conversation; he irad no school. He conceivedhis task as that of
awakening in the minds of his disciplesmoral consciousness and the irn-
pulse to gain knowledge of the meaning of life. He was accused on a
political charge of "impiety" and of "corrupting the youth," and was put
to death by being forced to drink poison hemlock. I{e establishedthe art
of dialectic and laid the foundati<;n of formal logic. Plato recorcledmuch
of his teaching; Xenophon reported many anecdotesabout him.
ts6
 soloN. The Athenian larvgiver (639-559 B.c.). One of the Seven Sages
of Greece.He prompted the Athenians to go to war to recover Salamis,and
recited a poem urging this course. He rvas chosen archon in 594 and pro-
rnoted harmony betrveenthe rvarring factions of his city. His constitution
enabled debtors to be relieved from their burdens without at the same time
infringing too much on the wealthy. He extended citizenship for the
Thetes, the lowest class of citizens; enlarged the usefulness of the As-
sembly; instituted the council of 4oo. After getting the people to accede
to his reforms, he r,ventaway from Athens to travel for ten years.
sopr{oct-Es.The tragic poet (499-4o6 n.c.). Only seven of his r3o plays
are extant. He is said to have made the charactersof his plays "not as men
are but as they ought to be." He was also one of the generals in the war
betrveen Athens and Samos.
surrontus. A biographer of the Roman Emperors (6g-t4o A.D.).
Author, lawyer, secretary to the Emperor Hadrian.
THALES.one of the Seven sages. He was born at Miletus (Asia Minor)
in about 636 e.c., and died about 546. He was one of the founders of thi
study of philosophy and mathematics. He believed that water is the origin
of all things. He once predicted an eclipseof the sun on May zB,5B5 a.c.
THEMIsrocms. An Atlienian statesman (born ca. 5zB B.c.). He saved
his country by his foresight in building up the Athenian fleet which won
the Battle of Salamis. Later, being charged with the theft of public funds,
he fled, and further chargesof treason being preferred against him, he went
to Persia. Tirere he gained great influence over the king, who presented
him with valuable property. He died in Persia.
rHEocNIS. An elegiac and gnomic poet, born in Megara (near Athens) ;
fl. ca. 54o B.c. He has left a large collection of maxims written in dactylic
i hexameter and pentameter, a combination known as elegiac verse.
rHUCyDIDrs. The historian (ca. 46o-ca. 4oo u.c.); born in Athens.
Author of the great History oJ the PeloponnesianWar.
xENoPHANrs. A philosopher of
Qglo-nho:r(Asia Minor) who flourished
betrveen54o and 5oo B.c. He rvas also a poet. He lived much of his life in
Italy, in Elea, whence he is known as an Eleatic philosopher. He is said to
have been a monist.
xENoPHoN. An Athenian who flourished in the end of the fifth and the.
beginning of the fourth centuries. He went on cyrus' campaign against
Artaxerxes (the Anabasis) as an observer, a kind of "war correspondent."
LIe rvas also a pupil of Socrates. He lived much of his later life in a little
town in Elis, in Spartan territory, writing and living the life of a country
gentleman. His principal works are the Anabasis and the Cyropaedia (life
of the elder Cyrus). He wrote the Hellenica, a continuation of Thucydides'
History, the Llemarabilia (recollectionsof Socrates),and numerous minor
rvorks.

J57
APPENDIX
2

DECLENSIONS

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE

lrFli
SINGULAR

N64:ad
c ro0 rfis roA
DrQ"frrQ
A r6v rrlv 16
DUALl

. N, A rd r(i T(i
G, D roev roiv roiv
PLURAL
N oi af, rd,
c rtiv rriv rCtv
D roig adec rois
A Toic ris ri

FIRST DECLENSION
FFFFMM
SINGULAR

N yvtitrtl 0,!),arta retpa |e,i orpertrbrrls v€avto.s

c yv<i1.cqs fla)drn1s netpas ?ed,s orparuirou vcs'vtou
D yv<ipn flc/.<hrp rei,pq |rQ otparuinl veavta
A yvtil-c1v 1d,Aanav reipav |e<iv orparuirqv veavtav
v yvripn ?d)arra treipa |ed, otparuina veavla
1 Note the dual forms here and throughout the Appendix. In the first
declension the dual endings a,re-a for the nominative and accusative and
vocative, znd -cry for the genitive and dative: xtiy,a, x,iptarv. In the
second declension the endings are -@ and -ory: ).6yu, A6yow; in the third,
-e and -ow: d.ort\e , d.ort6ow.
The dual occurs in verb forms, in the active voice the second and third
persons dual being both -zov in primary tenses, and -zov and -n1v respec-
tively in secondary tenses. The third person dual of imperatives has -zcuv.
In the passive voice -o|ov is the ending for second and third persons in
primary tenses, while -q|ov and -o04v are second and third person second-
ary tense endings. The imperative third Person dual here, again, tras'o9av.
158
 FtRST D ECLENSIO N (Continued)
I]UAL

N, A, v yv<ipa 9uAti:ru rreipa 9ed. orparuira veavta

G,D yvtitpatv |aAdrraw 'netpaw 9eaiv orparuiraw veav{q,w
PLURAL
N yvtipat O<lAo,rrat retpat 0<ai. orparrittar veavlat.
c yv<ttpCtv 9a\arrdv re tpriv |e,iv orpartatritv veavtCtv
D yvtiy.ac |aAdrtas zreipa.s 9eo.es otparuitratg veavlac
A yv,ipas la\d,,rtas netpus |etis arpctrL(bTaE v€avias
v yvril,tut 1dAarrat tetpat ?eal orparuitrat, veav{q.t

SECOND DECLENSION
MFN

SINGULAR

N Adyos dv?paros ti6ds 66pov

c ),6you dv|p<irou <i6o0 36pou
D Adyq dl|pcit,p ,i3,i, 6ripe
A A6yov dv?purov 666v 66tpov
v Adye dv?pcore d6i 66pov
DUAL

N, A Ady<'t ,Jv9pdna d6d 6ripa

G, D ),6yow &v|p,inor.v <i6oiv Edpo,l
PLURAL

N, \' A6yot dv|p<'trot rj6oi 6ld.pa

c A6y<'tv d.v|p<irutv 666v \ritpatv
I) Adyoc d.v?p<iros <j6ois 66poc
t A6yovs c)v|ptLrous .i6orjs 6ci,pa

THIRD DECLENSION
Ii II I\l M I\t F

SINGULAR

N d.oni,s rcA6$ $JAa( 6ai.p<'tv ytpov yd:pc

G doni}os *)uo6s $JAuxos laipovoe y(povros yrlpnos
D &oniil xAort $JAaxt iatpovt yipowr' ydpnt
A d.otri6a xAdra $JAaxa latpovu ytpovta yl.pw
v ,lori. rcA<Lt! $il,a( laipov yipov X,Lp,
DUAI-

N, A, v doni}e xA,ine $rj\axe Eoi,lrore y(povre ydpt e

c, I) &otrilotv xAr,,roev $u\tixotv 6atp6vorv yepdvTotv yapirorv
PLURAI.

N, v riozi8es xA6zes $JAarces lai.poves yipovtes ydpnes

c d.oil.6<uv x\usnitv $uArircav 6ol.p6vuv yep6vtcov yaplratv
D dori,ot xA,,,,Jtt $riAaf,. 6ai,poot. y(pouot' yciptot
A c).o'i6os rcAttras $JAuxos Saipovas y/powas ydpnas

t59
 T H I R D D E C L EN S I O N ( C o n t i n u e d )
M ]!T II

N rarfip drip paor),eis zd,\ts orPar€uPa y€vos

G narp6s &vlpds paot)tuts rdAeax
,,
oTpd.T€ulldros y€vovs
D narpt dv6pi, paorAei rdAet
,,
oTPd,T€ulLq.TL yevel
, t
nar/pu &l}pa r,).ry qTPd,T€ulLa y€vos
BuotA&
t ,
rdrep d.vep paotAei ndAt oTP&Tevpq. y€vos

DUAL

N,A ra'r(pe &v6pe paorAfi r6Aet ,,

oTpd,Teupd.re y€v€L
t ^
G,D rarlpow dllpotv Baolliorv sTPAT€UpeTOLv y€VoLv
"oA(ow
PLURAL

N rar(pes dvEpes n6\ers oTPar<vpara

,, yevq
Fc,otAets
nar/pcov dl6pitv fl.rotAto.tv z6),euv oTPATeUp.CtTt]tv yevav
D narp&,ot d.v}p,Lot paotAeiot rdAeot
//
orpctreupd,oL y€veoL
A ran(pos dvdpas paotAias niAets
f ,

oTPar€v[Ldrq. y€vIl
rartpes dr8pes paoAeis zd)ers
,,
qrpdreuryd,Td yenl

ADJECTIVES
FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION
M FNI\IITN

SINGULAR

N ayaAos &y"Qi &ya06v dfros d{ta d{,.ov

c dya?oA d.ya|fis &ya0o0 d,{lov d.{i,as d.(tou
D dya|Q d,ya9fi dya9Q d(i4 &tlq &(i.,'t
A dya06v d.ya?rjv &ya06v d.(rcv d.({av &{rcv
v dya9t dya9l ,iya06v ,i.(rc d.(ta d.{rcv

N,A,V dya1<i &ya0,1, d.ya?ti dti<'t d(ta d(ic't

G,D dya9oiv dya|aiv dya|o?l &{iow d.{taw d.(i.ow

N,V dyagoi d.ya\at or';:"""t &.(rct d{wt &{,.a

U dyci06v &ya?,iv &rya06v d(tuv &.(tuv &{tov
D d,ya9ois dya9o.is dya1ots &(to's d.{i,o'ts c}.(to.s
A d,ya1o6s d,ya?&s dyu?d d.(tovs d{l.a.s d.(m

CONTRACT ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND

DECLENSION
t:

SINGULAR

N, V ypvvoAs (ypJoeos) Xpl)oi (ypuoh) XpvooAv (ypJoeov)

c ypuooA (ypuoiov) ypvofis ( Tpvo&s) ypvooA (ypuoiov)
D XpuoQ (ypuoi-) Xpuofr (ypuo€q) XpuoQ (ypuoiat)
A ypuooiv ( yprioeov) ypuofiv (ypuoiav) ypuooAv (XpJo<ov)

t60
A D J ECTI V ES (Continued)

N, A, v ypvoti (puoia) ypuo&. ( ypuoia) ypuoti ( ypuodc't)

G, D ypuooiv (ypuotorv) ,r":::^r(vpvoia,v) YPvooiv (YPuoht'v)

N, v ypuooi (yptioeot) ypuoai ( yprjoea,') ypvo6. (ypJoea)

c ypuodv (ypvoiuv) ypuotitv ( ypvo{uv ) ypvodv (ypuotwv )
D ypuoois (ypuoioc) ypuoats ( ypuo&c ) ypuoots (ypvoioc)
A ypuooas (ypuohus ) ypuo&s (ypuoias) ypuo&, (ypioea)

FIRST AND THIRD DECLENSION

MFN

SINGULAR

N {6ris {3eia i6,i

c {8ios riSeicrs {6ios
D i16et(;16i-t) iSeiq ;16e't,
(fi}i-'t)
A fi6iv il6etav
a S ^
46n
v i6ri nOeLq, i6,i
DUAL

i.i, A, v i16ei(ri6i-e) fi6eta fi6et,('i16&e)

G, D fi}iow fi6e[acv fiEhw
PLURAL

N, V 'i16ets(i16€-es)
fi}eio,t f6ia
c i16&ov fi6<6tv i16tuv
D i16{ot {6eicrs fi6iot.
A ri8eis riEeias 'fi6&
THIRD DECLENSION
M,F N

SINGULAR

N dA10,js d\\0is
dA10o0s (a\|ios) dMl?oAs
D d)o10ei, (&Ar10i't) d,Ar10ee
A &\0fi (d\|ia) d\0ts
&)ll0is &Aq9&
DUAL
N,A &)o10ei (d\0&) &Aq9et
G,D &Aq9otv (&\r11iow) dArAoLv

PLURAL

N dAq?eis (dA\O&s) dA1'fi (d\qq&)

tr dAq?,i,v (d\|tuv) d)r10,itv
D &)10io,. dAr70[ot"
A q./ol'eLs dA'r19q (&\?ia)

t6l
 A D J E C T T V E S( C o n t i n u e d )
THIRD DECLENSION COMPARATIVE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
M,F
M,F
N filic,tv iiErcv N, v
c fi}toves,riEious fi\tova,fi}it',
illiovos r|6iovos c ri\dvov
t)
a s /
'uoLoVL fi6r.dv<v
!6i,ovt. D fi\ioot
A "ii6rcv fi6ioot
f6iova, fiDi.<o A fi}i,ovas,ilbtovs fi6tovu,
v ii}rcv \6t<u
fllrcv
DUAL
M,F
N, A, v i16i,ove il6tove
G, D rjtdvow r)6dvow

I R R E G U L A RA D J E C T I V E S
M

SINGULAR
N p"(yas y.eyd.Ar1 t"iyo
G p.eydAou p.eydlrls pey&,Aou
D pr/,^? p.eydAp p.eydAE
A peyav y,ey,i,Aqv piye
V y.eyci,Ae y.ey&A1 ptyo
DUAL
NrArv p"eyd)u p.eydAu peydAa-t
G,D peyd)ow p.eydAaw 1,r.ey<iAow
PLURAL
N,V p.eycl,Aot p"eyeiAut peyd.Au
G p.eyd)uv y.ey,l,Auv p"eytlAav
D p,eyd,Ao$ F.eydAuq SteytiAor.s
A
y.eyclAovs y"eyrl,Aas peyrlAa
Mlr NM
IrN
SINGULAR
N r&s r6,oq. Tfay r,okis ,ro[rj roAi
c Trd,mds rd,orls 'Trg,wos
z'oi.tro0 zrol)fs z.oMo0
D nqvtt nrjon TIgIlTL zroM{' roMfi zroA,tre
A rrivrct n&,ouv ,f av roAiv ,roMriv rokj
v T&s r&,oq, tq,v

PLURAL
N, v ndlres rr6.oqt rd.ma roAAot roilai, roMti
c tti,w<rtv naotiv rd,w<ttv ro).)rirv ro))itv ro&6.,v
D n&.oc nd,oa6 r&,qt a.o.trlois zror\)ois zroiioCs
A rdvrag rd.os.s mivrs z'oMds rro.,\,lci
"toMorjs
t62
 PARTICIPLES

Pnrspxr Acrrr,le Aonlst Acrrvn

FN F

SINGULAR

N,V Aricovz Ariovoa AAov Aioass AJoaoa Aiog;v

G uovros AuoJols Aiovros Arioawos Auodo1s Adoawos
D Atiowt lvotion Xiowt Atioqwt Auod.o71 Atioal-:,t
A
\iowq. Ariouoav )Oov AJoavro Arioaoav ),Aoav

DUAL
N, A, v liowe Auorioe. AJovre Atioawe Auodoa Arioawe
G, D Audwow luoriooll Audwocv Auud.wocv Auod.oacv Avodtryow

PLURAL

N,V ),rjowes Atiouoat Aiowa Atioavres Aioc,ocl \doawo.

Audway Auouo,iv Avdm<ov Auodt rav Auoaoitv Avod,wav
D Aiouot AuoJouc AJovot Arioao, Avod.oo,q Arioaoc
A Itiorr-ras luoioqs Atiovrq, Arioavros Auod,oas A6oqwc.

Ppnrrcr AcrrvB AoRrsr Pesstvr

MlN MF

SINGULAR

N,V ie,\uxr,is Ae.truxuia Aelurcds Au?eisa Au9eioa Au|iv

b ieiuxdros ,letrurcuios AeAurdros Av?/wos Au9ei,orls Av?tv'ros
D AeAvx6rt ,\e)urcuic AeLuxdrc Au9ivrt Au0eio71 Au|twc
A )eAvx6rq, AeAuxviuv trelurds Au?ivta lv9eioqv \u|iv

DUAL

N, A, v lelurdre leluxuia le,\uxdre Au|tvre Auletoa Aufliwe

G, D AeAuxdrow AeAvrcui,ucv
Aelut<drorl Au|iv.rory Au9eioary Aultv-row

PLURAL

N,V ie.luxdres )eiuruiac Ae\uxdta Av?ivtes Au|etoat Av?iwu

A<trux6ruv ),<Auxuttiv AeAvx6rall, Au|imary Au|ewCov Au|€waw
D leiur<ior, )elurcuiars AeAuxioe Aufleiot. Au9ei,oars Aufetot
le,\uxdzas )e)uxuics Ae\vrcira Au|ivtas Auletoas Au?(wa

2 ).nrcitvis declined llke AJcovbut with oxytone accent (see page

4). 6t6orjs
a n d D o r j sh a v e t h e s a n r e e n d i n g s a s A t j u v e x c e p t i n t h e n o m i n a t i v e m a s c u -
line singular, but have oxytone accent.
3 L i k e . t r r j o a si n e n d i n g s , b u t w i t h o x y t o n e a c c e n t ( s e e p a g e
4), are the
present participle of. io-n1pt: [,a'rds,tor&.ou, totdl, and the aorist p a r t i c i p l e ,
o'rds, o'r&.oa, otd.v.

f63
 PA RTI C I PL ES (Contlnued)
PARTICIPLES OF CONTRACT VERBS
PnrsrNr Acrrve Pnr,srrurAcrIvr
MFN}TFN

SINGULAR

N, V rtpitv rtp.6toa rt"p,riv rouilvs rotoiqa rorcAv

c rt,y.6tnos rry,<iot1s rty.Ctwos rrotoAvros noroJols 'notoAwos

If rqt"itvrc rtp6o71 rtp.Ctvrt norc}vtt torcJon rorcivtt

A rtlt"tiwa rty.itoav rty.6tv rorcivra rorcOoav rorciv

DUAL
N, A, v rtp.tivte rt,y,ltoa rtp,6tv-re not"oivte rorcJoq, rorcAvre
G, D ttpttiwow rtptioaw rtptriwow norcJmorv norcrJqary not"oirrrotv

PLURAL
N, V rty.tivres r4t6loac rqtCtwa rorcAvreg norcAoer rrotoAvra
c rtplirtav rt.stuoitv rtp.<ivrwv rotoJvtuv norcvoitv norcrjwutv
D rtpGtot, r4trioats t'tp,Ctot rroroiot TroLotjodls rroloiol
A rtp.Ctvtas rt"p.rioag rtlttivta norciwas rorcdqqs notoAvra

PRONOUNS
PERSONAL AND INTENSIVE PRONOUNS
rst znd 3rd 3rd
SINGULAR
t f l r l ,
N iyr!, oti duTog duTTl avro
t ^ t ^
c ip.oA, y.ov ooA oris airoi duTl, AVTOU
t ^ t ^
D ip"ot, y,oc oot of airQ dvrn &uTu)
a l t t f l t
A ip.(, pe o( € dvTov q.ttnlv auTo

DUAL

N, A vri
,,
AUTQ)
, f l t
d,uTa auTuJ
"{ri t ^ t ^ t ^
G, D vQv odQ, avToLv avraLy q,uToLv

PLURAL
N fip"ets iy.eis o$eis
t t r t t ,
&vToL ctwal avTd
G ip6, i1t"ti,v o$civ
t ^ t ^
d,lJTuv qvT<Uv dvT(tv
D it"iu iy.tv o$tot"
t ^ t ^ t ^
duToLs qvTq,Lg d,vToLg
,trrrl
A ipat ipr&s o$&s dvroug d.vTds d,uTa

RECIPROCAL PRONOUN
DUAL PLURAL
M,N F MFN

G d))l),ou cAAfiAuv dAAfiA<tv

G, D d.MfiAotv &MfiAo,w D cil)riiors ril)rilacs <iD{iors
A ri,\,\{,lar ri,LtrrjAc e, riMriious dM{las dLllla
I Like Au?<tsin endings are r0ets and deis.
6 Like rouiv in endings is 6q,tr6u, 61Ao0oa,6qlo0u.
6 ori etc. are used as indirect reflexive pronouns in Attic Greek.

tu
 PRONOUNS (Continued)

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

lirnsr Prnsonr SrcoNp PrnsoN

tlt a M F

SINGULAR

€pauTou epa,tnns oeawoi (oawoi) oeavrfis (oavrfis)

t ^ t ^
D ePqtnq) epa,vTn oeavrrit (oavtr|) oeevrfi (oawfi)
.4. ePd,vroy epawlv oeqtn|v (oawdv) oearn{v ( oavrrlv )

PLURAL
( ^ t ^ a ^ t ^
(t
7ll1@v euT@v Tp@v avrQ)v ipGtv alritv iy"6v eirGtv
t ^ a ^ t ^
D
I\LLV duroLg TILLV duaq,Ls ip"iv airois iy.iv o,irots
a ^ r t a ^ l a
qurous
A
TPc's nPd.s durds ip.6,s alrois ip&s airds

TnrRn PeHsoN
}T NM

SINGULAR
a ^ a ^ f ^ ( ^ a -

ed.vTov ec,vTTs €.q,vTou autou dvTns auTov

l ^ a ^
D €dvT@ ed.vTn iawQ or a$rfi aJrQ
a t a , . r a t . r a f "tnQ
A €.dvTov €awTny es,vTo auTov d.vnlv dvTo

PLURAL
a ^ a ^ a 4
G €.d,vT@v edvTu)y eavT@v qvT(xv q.ut@y auT@v
D €fjvTols €dvTq.Lg tolnots or atrots uirais airois
f f a t a f a l f t , ,
A c.s,vTovs €avTd.s eavTa d,vTous d,uTas dvTd,

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
T{

SINGULAR
Q ^
N oriros q.wrn TovTo ,66e 48. r66e
a ,
c roJrov Td,UTNC TOVTOV ro06< rfioie roJ6e
D roJrclt TdvTn
,, TovTo) z<pDe rQ6e
"f6.
A rottott TCIUTT\V TOVTO rdv6e ztiv\e rdte
DUAL
t ,
N, A rorJrut TOVTU) TOVTQ) r<i}e r<i6e r<i6e
f ,
G, D rodrow TOVTOLV 'TOUToLV roiv}e roiv8e roiv}e

PLURAL
? ^
N o[rtot q.wq,L Taurq. oi6e cri6e rdSq
, f
c roJrav aouTu)v Tot To)v r6v6e rdv6e ritv}e
, t
D roJtoc rqwqts TavToas roto}e rato}c roio}e
t ^
A rorlrovs Ts.vTq,s TcruTd roJo\e zcioDe rd,6e

I65
 PRONOUNS (Continued)
MFN
SINGULAR

N irceivos ixetry ixeivo

c ixctvou ircei,vns |xelvou
D ixeivE ixei,vtl ircetvrp
A irceivov ixetv1v dxetvo
DUAL
N, A ixei,va ircei.va ircetvi';u
G, D ixetvor,v ircetvor,v ixetvow
PLURAL

N ixeivor, ixetvu trceivs

c ixeivow ixei.vtov ixetva,
D d.rcelvor.g irceivq,ts ircei.vots
A ixetvous irceivas ixetva

INTERROGATIVE AND INDEFiNITE PRONOUNS

M,F N M,F N
SINGULAR
N rts "r[ 7cs rL
c rtvos, ro0 rtvos, ro0 rwds, rou rry6g, rou
D rtvt, rQ rtvt, rQt rwf,, rco rwl, ra
A rtva, ri, rw& TL
DUAL
N, A ri.ve ti.ve rwt rryl
G, D rlvow rlvow rr.vaev rtvotv
PLURAL
N rtves rtva rw(s rwd.
c rtvav r{v<rlv rrytitv rwCtv
D rtot, r{or rtol rwl
A rtvas rtva rwds rwd

RELATIVE PRONOUNS
IVIFNMFN
SINGULAR

N ds ;i 6 \a'rq iirts 6 rt
G o8 rls oi ofrrwos, 6rov $arwog o{rwos, 6rou
D A f, A 3rwt,6rot f i Tw t {,rwc,6ra
A
o

oy
u t

o
F?F-+'

owlvd 'nwlvd, o TL
,v
DUAL
N, A & tt ,i Srwe Srwe ,lsrwe
G, D otv otv otv otwtvow otwr"votv otwwow
PLURAL
'
N oi ti & ohwes airu,es &rwa, &rra
c tiv ti,v <iv ttrtnwuv, Srav dlwwuv ,Itv"rw-v, 6ruv
D ols als ols otorr"sr,, 3ro$ a|.ortot otorwt, 6rors
A oris ds &, eiorwas d,ortvas &rwa, &rta

t66
 APPENDIX
3

PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS

PRONOUNS INDEFINITE RELA-

I'IVII OR INDIITECT
]NTERROGATIVE INDEFINITE DE}TONSTRATIVE RELATIVE INTERROGATIVE

ris, who ? Trs, solneone 36e, this 3s, who 6o19, uhoeuer
oJros, this
ixeivos, lhat
ndrepos, which ndtepos or Zrepog, the 6rr6'repos, 6r6repos,
of lwo? norep6s, one other whicheuer of whicheuer of
oJ two lwo lwo
rdoog,howmuch, troods,of some r6oos or 6oo9, as rnuch 616oo9, o/ whal-
how many? quantily roooGros,so Qnany) as ever size or
tttttc-h,so nutnber
,nany
rotos, of what not6s, of zoios or otos, of uhal 6rotos, of what-
sorl? sonte sorl rorcArog, sn.ch solt euer sorl

ADVEI1BS OF PLACE
roA, uthere? rov, somewhere tv9a, iv0ci6e, or oJ or tv9u, 6rrov, whcyeucr
iwat'9a, lhere where
ixet, Yonder
n60ev, uhence? rro9(.v,front iv?iv\e or 30ev, u,hence 6n60ev, uhence-
sone place iwei?ev or soeuer
ixei?ev, thence
rot, whither? noc, lo sonte iv0&.6eor ot,6rot,or tv1a, 6roc, whilher-
place thither
|.rcei,oe, whither soeuer

ADVERBS OF TIME
rr&re, when? nor/., somelitne r6re, then. 6re , when 6r6re, whenever
rjvtrca, when.

ADVERBS OF WAY
rff, which way, 7rn, sotnehow rf6e or ratirl , fi, in which 3tr1 , in which
hou? lhis way, lhus way, as u)ay, qs

ADVERBS OF ]\{ANNEIT
nits, how? rr@g, sornehow .i'"s,cl6e, or tis, as, how 6rag, hotu
ovrug, lhus
'"',Ti,',',i
t67
APPENDIX
4

CARDINAL AND ORDINAL NUMERALS.

NUMERAL ADVERBS

CAITDINAL NUMIJI'RS ORDINAL NUMBERS NUIvIERAL ADVERBS

r <ls, y.ta, iv, one rp6t-rog, rl , ov, f.rst. &tra(, on,ce

z 6Jo, lzao Setj-re pog,a, ov, SeCofld,6i.s,twicc
J rpeis, rpt-a rpt-ro9, r..,ov rpts
Q r(rrap-eg, r(rrap-a r(.rap-rog, t1, ov rer pri- xts
J rivre n ( . p r r - r o s , 1 . ,o, v nevrd.-rcs
64 trc-tog,1, ov i{d-xc
J irr&. t p l o p L o s ,1 7 ,o v intri-xts
B d,<rd 6y6oos, r7,ov drcrd,-xts
Q dvv&
(va-rog, t.', ov ivd.-xtE
ro 6/<cr 3 ( . x a - r o s , t 7 ,o v 6 ex d - x r s
Ir iv-Eerccr i.v-6(xa-ros, \t ov dy-6erd-rts
tz 6<i-3exa 6c't-6(xa-ros, \, ov 3<rr-6e ,<d-rccs
rJ rpets xo,i 31xa rpt-ros xoi 61rca-ros r p t,r- xctt,-6exd.- xts
Il r(rrapes rai 6ircr r(.rap-ros xai 6/rca-ros ,erpa- xu,.-}ercd-xry
rJ revr<-xai-}exo. n€pr-ros rai E/xcr-ros newe- rcrorEercd.- xt s
t6 dx-xa.t-6<xa ix-ros xs,i 8/.xa-ros tx-xol-6e xd-,<ts
I/ dtrra-xa{-6e xa tp6op.os rcri 6/rca-ros irra-xql"-6exd-xq
18 dxra-xo,t-6<rca d76oos xui 6(rco'roE dxrco-xat-6ercd,-xts
rQ ivvea-xci-8erca Eva-rog xoi 61rccr-ros ivyecr-xor,-Ee xd-xrs
zo ei-xoo(v) ei-,<oo-r6s, fi, 6, ei-xood.-xts
2r ets xo,i e[-xoot(v), rp<7-rog xai ei-xoo-r6s &na{ xc'i <i-xood-xc
eixoot xai ets,
ei-rcoow ets
JO rptd.-xovta rpra-xoords, fi,6v rpta-xovrd,- xts
lO rerrapd-Kottrct Terrd.pq-Koor6s, t1, 6v Terrd,pd- Kovrd.-xts
Jo revrfi-xovra 7r€vril- Koor6s , ,j , 6v rewrl-xowd,-xt9
6o d{rj-xov'a d(r1-xoor6s, 4, 6, i(q- xovrc{.-xts
70 ;BEopi-Koyrd. iBloprl-*oords, f,6v iBEoprrl-xorrd.-xts
8o dy\ofi-xovra dy6or1-rcoor6s, rj, 6v dy}oq- xovrd.- xts
{3O ivevn-xovra ivevtl-xoor6sr rj, 6, iv<vr1-xovrrl:-xts
Ioo ircar6v dxaroor$s, rj, 6v ixaromd,-xts

t68
 zoo E n - x 6 o L o L , o , L ,d 6ta-xootosrds, l, 6v Eta-rcoord-rls
t r t
3OO rpld-K6otot, ar, a TpLd.-KOOLOSTO9, 1, ov rpta-xootd,-xts
t t t

4OO r€rpq,-K$orot, at, a TerPA-KOSLOOTOS, OV rerpa- xootd,-xts

'EevTd,- Koo LooTos, , , ,I,
JOO revra-x|otoc, at, a T, ov nevra- xootd.- xts
boo t(a-xioLoh aL, & i.{a- xootoords, ',j, 6v d(u-xoor,cl,-xts
trrt
/Oo ttrra-x6otor, at, a eTrTa- KooLoof o9 , 71, ov t rra-xoqtd.-xts
l l t t
8oo drtc-x6otor, ,rL, o oKad.-KoolooTo,, n, ov dxtq,- xootd.- xts
t l t ,
goo iva-x6oLoL, d.L, d. cvq.-KooLooTo9 '\, oy iva-xootd.-xts
r
q. y),toor6s, {, 6v yrAui-xrs
Iooo liAroL, dL,
2ooo }rc-ytAtot, at, a 3to-ycA,,oor6s,ri,6v Eco-Xrird-rue
\,,, rpw-yt)u!,:-xts
Jooo rpco-yi.)tot, at, a aPLO-XLALooToS,n, Ov
, f ,
I O O O O S , . J p r c t ,a t , a l w P L o o T o S\,, o v puptd.-xts
Irooo lt"riptot ,<ai y[),rct lt"uptoords xai yt\rcar6s p.upd.- xts tco,i XcAd,- xte
2OOOO 6rc-piptoc, at, a. 6t"o-1t"uptoor6s,\, 6v 6w-pupr,d.-xts
f OOOOO 6e xu-xco-1tJprct, at, 6exa- xw- ltvproor6s, ,1, Eexa-xw-1t"uptd,-xts
d 6v

t69
APPENDIX
5

O-VERBS

COMPLETE PARADIGM OF THE VERB 'lo,6ajco

THE PRESENT SYSTEM OF rrorEeti<,.,
Acrrvp l\{ronrr oR PAssrvE
PRESENT IMPERFECT PRESENT IMPERFECT

INDTcATIVE rat\erju irui,leuov rat\eJoy.u iro,tSeudpt lv

tatlerJec irai,Eeues nat}ede r iro't}eiou
rro,t}etiet ilrat\eue(v ) rat}eJerat irrat}erjero
rrat\eierov irq,t}e{erov nar6eJeo0ov irat\eriesilov
rrq,t\e6erov inat\evirr1v nqr\eJeo1ov tra$euioIqv
rolleilopev iratleJoy.ev ratEeu6p.e0a inat\evdpe1u
rat}e{ere irat}etiere nat6eJeo0e tru$erieo1e
ratBeJouor,(v) incti}evav. nar}erjowo't. inat\eJovro
sUBJUNcTIvn rat}erjat rat}eilci.p,at
rat6et11s rat}erin
r'at6ei7l rat}eit1rut
rat\etqrov ru,"EeJ1o|ov
rat\efirov rra,.Eefio1ov
rra.tletiup.ey nur.6eudpe0a
tut}c.jtye r,a$ei1o?e
rat\eiaot (v ) na.r$eJ<ovrat
oPTATIvE r'o,tleriotp; r,ut}evolprrlv
rol}eios nat\eriorc
rql}eriot rat\eJono
rq,Eeiowftov
",orEriJro,
,rar\evoirryy Trat\evolo9q,
nar\eJory.ey nat6ruotpt<0a
r.at}eiol,,rg rat6eiorc0e
rq.tle$ocev- rlt}eiotwo
IMPERATIVE rai\eve tqt\eJou
nqriev€zu rat6euio0at
rat}etjerov na,.6eJeo0o,
rat\eu(ruv rat6euto0uv
rql}eiere rrut\eJeo9e
tat\eu6wav nat6ev/o0atv
TNFINITTVE zrat\elew nat6eJeo0at
PARTICIPLE rat.6ei11v nut\ep6y,evos

t70
J ? - V E R B S( C o n t i n u e d )

THE FUTURE SYSTEM OF rutleriur

Acrrvr MlnnrB
FUTURE
INDIcATIvE rro,tberio<t rat6erioopac
zrot6eJoe,s ro.16erioet.
rlt}etioe t rat6erioerat

natDelserov rat6eJoeo0ov
rat6e$qerov rrat6edoeo0ov

ratBeJooy"ev nat6evo6p,eAu
nq.t6eloere nqtEetioeo0e
rrut6eJoovo(v ) rat6eJoovrat

oPTATIVD rrat\eJoor.lt t rat6euootplv

ratEeloo's 'a16eiooto
ra16eJoot rut6eioor,ro

rrql\erJootrov rratEerioorc0ov
'o,16evoolrrl, nat6euooto0qv

nat6e',jootpev rat6euooip.e?a
na,tDerioonc rut\eJoow0<
zratBeJoorcv rat"Eeriootwo

INFINITIVE rrut6eJoery rat6eioeo0ut

p.{RTIcIpLE rat6erlocttv nat6euo6pevos

'I-he
future passive u'ill be found, with the aorist passive, on pafie r74.

t7l
 FIRST AORIST SYSTEI\I FIRST PERFECT SYSTEN,I
Acrrvri ilLoprp .Acrrvr,
FIRST AORIST PERF-ECT PLUPERFECT

INDICATIVE

inat\evoa iratSeuodpryv ',rerrrrl6ru*a trero,rEei*r1

dnc,t}evocs i'c.r}<Joot ,renq.LSeuxos irerol}e{xqs
iral6euo<(v) irutSeJouro nerut\euxe(v) irretrat\erjrcet(v)

inat\edoarov inql\eJoao1ov nerat\eJxarov inenut\eJxerov

tnat\euod,rr1v irudeuodo?lv nerat\eJxctrov inerat\eux/rt1v

irat\eJoay.ev inuLSeuocipe?a nenut\eJxuy.ev itrenat\eJxepev

irq.L\eJoare ino"t\eJoq,o]e nerat\eJrcare inetrqt}edxerr-
irat\euosl dnat\erjoqlro nenat\eJxao(v) tnenat}eJxeoq.v

S U B JU N C T I V E
rat\eriou rat\edoatpat rerat\eJxu or nczratSeur<r)s d, etc.
'ocrt6<Jo77s ',rar\edon zrerarSeJxns
ratSeion rat\eJoqraL nenat}efxn

ratSeJolroy ralSeriolo9ov retrat}eJrcqrov

rat\eJoqrov 7rdL6eJo1o0ov renat}eJxryov
,ratEetioropev nat\evociy"e1a renut}eirculprcv
rat\eJolre rat\eJolo?€ Tenat\eJxqre
no'$eJoao(v) rat\eJo<tv'raL ner,ati<Jrcuor(v)

OPTATIVI]
nat\eJoatpl ndL\euoatpttlv nens,tle{xoLp.or fi€rrq.Eeurc<r.,s
eh1v,etc.
,rat}eJoats, frdrEerjocrro
", enatieJxo$
-oe Lds
rat\erJout, raL\eJoano Trerat}euxor.
-o<rc(v
)
rat\eJocrtrov nat\eioaw]ov rero,t|,eJxo.:,ov
rat\euoalrlv ro,t}euoo,i.o?qv ,renol6eur<ol,tq,
ra.t\eioaty.ev ratSevoai.pe?u nerut}eixotpev
rat\erioane rrdL\etioalo9< renatleixone
ratEerjoarcv, nat\eJsaryto rrenutleixorcv
-o€Ldv

IITTPERA;IVE
rut\evoov ral,6evoa, renat}evrc,)s io?t etc.
ratSevodrat rat6euod.o0<rt
'rc.t}<Joarov atal6eioo.o0ov
nar6euod.rcov
"o,t}euod.o9uv
rat\erioare nolSeicq.o|e
rat\euo&vrcov rat6euod,q0uv

INFINITIVE
nut}eiosl rctt6<Jqao0at neno't}eux(vat

PAITTICIPLE
ncll<ioas rat\euodp.evos rerratieuxcL,g

172
 THE PERtrECT]\,TIDDLESYSTEMaF nor,6edu
l{rporr on Passrvn
PERFECT PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT
INDICATIVE rena(,3euy.at inerat\e$pn7v nerat6edoo1.,.o.t
lreral6<us,tt itenoi\euoo zetat}edqe,,
rero.l}eurat ireno,t}etno renatteioera.
qenq.t6evo0ov in<rqt6evo0ov rrerq.t6edq<s0ov
neral,6euo1ov in<rat\eJo?i1v terq,tBerjseo0ov
renat6e$p.e1a. iretrat\eip<0a renq,"Eeuodpe1a
nerrai6evo0e iTrerq.t6evo0e nerrq,t\eloeo0e
renat\euwar" ir<nq,{6evwo reracSeJsowa,
SUBJUNCTIVE rerrat\eup,"ivos ,|.,
nenat6evp,(.vosfis
rrenar}evp.tvos fi
nenat}euy"(vett firov
.renat}<uy"(vu firov
n etra t6 eup/.v o r, <ltp"ev
relrat}evy.(vot fire
'n e.rcl6evp.(vot,iot ( v
)
OPTATIVE rreratlevp.(vos eiqv nenat6euoolpqv
zelrat}euy"ivos ehTs Terq.tEetiqorc
neratSevp,(vos eiq rrenq.t6etioor,ro
r errur"}ev
p.(.vateiqrov, etrov renat6e$oaw0ov
r en atSeuy.(.vw eirir1v, eirlv netrat6euooi,o?lv
n en cl} euy.ivo t, <ir1ptev,etp"<v reno,t6evootp.ela
r erat} evp,tvot eirpe, elre tenql6<rioos0e
tenet\evptvot eiqoav, etev rerrutEetioocwo
INlPERATIVE nenat6evoo
rerat6etio0<o
renal.6euo0ov
nenat6eJo|ary
reratSeuo?e
netrat6eio0<ov
INFINITIVE retrat6eAo?ar, nenar,6erioeo0at,
PARTICIPLE .era16eup,/vos nelro,tEevo6pevos

r73
 THE AORIST AND FUTURE PASSIVE SYSTEM OF zrocEsua,
PassIvB

INDICATIVI' :;xiilj"
inuc6e,jAqs
FIRST FUTURE
rurDeu?tjoolt"ur.
t
ro,16eu?rjoe
&tar.Eei0t1 ratBeu?fioerar,
&rat6eJ0r7rov rat\ev1fioeoAov
ilru$ev?{rnv rattev|rjoeo0ov
&ratEei?qTtev rur6eu?rlodpeflu
&ro,t}erj0lre radev?rjoeo0e
tnat6eJ0qouv natEeu?rjoovrat
SUBJUNCTIVE na$eu06 (zrat6eu0iw)
rrat6eu?fis
rat6ev9fi
nac6eu?firov
nar.6evIfirov
r'ar6ev0Cty"ev
rarEev?fite
nol6eu0,ior,(v )
OPTATIVE rat6ev1ei.qv ratBeu0qooty,tlv
tratEev0ehls rat6ev?rjoorc
raAeu?ehT nacEeu0rjoor,ro
r ar6eu?ehyr ov, - 0eirov rat6eu?rjoow0ov
r a tBev?enjrqv, - 0etrrlv rat6eu0r1ooi.o01v
,r a,$ eu1<h7pev, - 0 ety.ev rer6ev}qootpt e0a
zat6eu0etqre, -0eire ru$eu?rjooto0e
nattevAehloav, -0eiev rat6ev?rjoowro
IMPERATIVE ,ratteJ1qrt
ro,tEeu?rjrut
nat6eJ9qrov
ra$ev?rjrutv
rut6ei?qre
rro,t6ev9(wav
INFINITIVD ra16ev?fivat natDevArjoeo0at
PARTICIPLE Trat}eu9els Truc}eu0rlo6p€vos

t74
 APPENDIX
6

CONTRACT VERBS

PRESENT SYSTEI\,f OF rtpda, $tl(a, AND 61,Liar

PRpsBNr AcrrvB

rtp.6 (rtp"d,a ) $tAatt""t;;; 61Ari (6rtt6u)

rqL.Qs (r4td.e cs) {ile ?s ( $Aiets ) E1,\ois (6nA6els)
aLpQ (rry.ri.er.) $tAei ($),ier.) 6qlo? (31t6e,.)

rtp&,rov (rtpr!.erov ) $tAeirov ( $Aierov ) 614o0'rov ( 6qA6erov)

rr"p&lov ( rry.tierov ) $t\etrov ($t),ierov ) 6lAo?rov (8fi,6ercv)
'rtpCty.ev (rtpti.opev) ($Alopev) 6qAoAy.<v (6lA6optev)
SAaApev
rt.y.&le (npciere ) $Aeire ($Alere ) 6qAo0re (6r1\6ere )
rtptiot (ny.eLouoc) $tAoiot ($tAiovot) 6qAoiot (61A6ovot)

SUBJ UNCTIVE

rrp6 (npd.a) $tA6.t ({L\tco) blActt (6q\6c.,)

rtpQs ("ry.u71s ) {ilfs ($Ains) dlAo r9 (Eqt6xs)
rLpQ (rry.rin) 6,4fi (6LAtn) dt1Ao t (6146r)
rtp&.rov ( rrp<i.rpov
) $t)firov ($Airyov) 6rlAGrov (lq\furov)
'rqt&.rov (np.dryov) ($AQrov) 6qA,irov (6rl,6rpov
$),firov )
rr.p.iry"ev (rtprl"wy.ev) $),6ty.ev ( $tAi<oy.ev
) SqA,ipev (6q),6ap"ev)
rtpd.re (rtpcilre ) $tlfire ($Ailre ) 6r/,i,re (}qAdrtre )
rtptCtot (rtpri<uot) $A,iot ($tA&oot) 6qA6ot (6qA6l'ot.)

OPTATIVE

rty.ri.,t1v (rtpaofuv ) $rAofiv ($'Ae"ir7r) 6r),oi'1v (6r,Aooi7v)

'rtp.rltr1s ( np"aotrls ) $tAoi,1s ($tAeofis) EqloirTs (6g,ooQs)
rlp{"q (npuoQ) $tAolq ( $rAeot l ) 6q\oh1 (ErlAoo\)

lrcp('4rov (rryaohyov) f$tAofir ov ( $tAeotr1rov) lSqAoQrov (}qAooQrov)

rty"t1.tfin1v (rry.aon1qv) $tlonjrqv ( $tAeorrjqv) 6qAonirrlv (EqAoonjrlv)

rry.titr1y.ev (np.aofip.ev) $tAoQptev( $t\eofuy"ev ) 6 q ) , o f i y . e v (6qAooi.r1y.ev)

rqtrinlre (np.aohye) $tAoQre ($t),eofure) 6r),ofire (6r1Aooi4re)
r tp"(loavlL ( r 4"ao lloav ) tAo
$ fi o av) ( $,.Aeo
fuo uv) 61Aot"1oavf (8$,oofuouv)
t75
 ftry.Qp"t ('rry.rio4u) f$Aoipl ($tAtotp"t) [61]oipr (61A6ot.pt)
rtpQs (ny.rL,ow) /ilois ($tAiots ) 64)ois (6qA6o,s
)
rlpQl (npdot) {rloil ($t4r.o,.) 61,\oa] (61A6ot)
rqtQrov (rtprior"rov ) $rAoirov ($tAlrc'lov) 61)o?zou (6qA6onov)
rqtdnlv (ny"aotrqv) $Aotrqv ($Aeotrlv) 31Ao'iqv (61Aootn7v)
rt1.tri1t <v ( rry.dotp.ev ) $tAotp.ev ( $tAiotpev ) 61troipev (6$doty.ev)
rqtrire ( rrp.tione ) $tAoere ($t),ione ) 6lloire (61\don<)
rqttiev ( rtpd.orcv) $tAotev ($).htev) ErT,loiev (6146o,.ev
)
IMPERATIVE

rtpa (rty"ae ) $i.Aet ($Aee) 6zj,\ou (6i/,oe)

rqtdrc't (rry"a,hco ) $Aelra ($),e&c't) 6qAohot (61Aoiru )
rtp"&rov (r,"pd.erov) $tAetrov ( $,"Aie"ov) 611\oArov (Er1\6erov)
rtpd.rav (npairolv) $tAe[rc'tv ($r.Ae&a*) 6r1trothuv (Stl\otruv)
r4t &,re ( rry.,1lre) $tAetre ($tArr're) 017lo0ze (61146<re
)
rty.c|vrav (tryadrncov ) $tAoJvraw ($Aedwuv) SqAofv-rcov (6r1\o6wuv)

INFINITIVE

rqt&l (nprLew ) SrAeiv ($tA€ew) E1lo0v (6$6etv)

rty"6tv (npriov) gAG,v'"""i[,i!-,16q)ri,u (6n46@v)

IrrprRnrcr Acrrvr
trtpa* ( t"tpuov ) iStAovv ( i$iAeov) i6lAouv ( i}fiAoov)
irtpas ( iripaes ) i$tAe,.s ( i{lAees ) iSrjlous ( i}fiAoes)
iri.y"a ( irtpae ) i$Aet (i$iAee) d6{iou ( i}flAoe)
irty.&rov ( ircpticrov ) if rAe?rov ( il'tA&rov ) iElAo0ror ( €6q\6erov)
trryd.'rr1v ( irry.airqv ) i$t\etnTv (i.$tAeiqv) iErTAotnlv (t}qAo#1v)
irtpdy.ev ( irqL.,l,op.ev) i$tAoiy.ev ( i$Aiop"ev ) i}rlAo0pev ( i6r1\6op.ev)
drtp.&re ( irq'.&.ere) i$tAeCre ( i$r\&rc ) dDrTAo0re (i6rA6eft)
iripatv ( irtpaov ) i$tAouv ( iSiAeov) dE{)ouv ( i}rjAoov)

PnrsBNr Nlroolu er'ro Passrvn

INDICATIVE

rtp.tlpa.c (rryd,op.at) $tAoap.at ($rAiopar) 61\oAp.ut (6nA6opo,t)

rLpQ (npu1.71,-<iet) $tAfi, $Aei ( StAtg,-&t,) 617,\oi (6rlA6'n,-6e..)
rtp.6.rut, (rrpd.erat) $tAetrar" ($t),ierat.) 84Ao&rar (6qAderat)
rtp&o9ov (rtp"r!.eo9ov) $tAeio?ov ($tAieo9ov) 6qAo0o0ov (6rAdeo0ov
)
rqt6.o0ov (rt.p.d.eo?ov
) $Aeto?ov ($tAieo9ov) 61Ao0o0ov (6r1A6eo0ov
)
r ry.tiy.e?a ( rty"u6pe|a ) {Aody.e9a ({tAedy"e|a) SlAoip,eAa (\Ao6y.e9a)
rtpr&o9e (rry"dlo?e ) $Aeto?e ($Aieo|e) SqAoAo?e (6$6eo?e)
rtpt"rirnu, (rr.p.rl.owat) St\oiwat ($Aiovrat) ElAoinat (6r1Adovrar.)
I Bracketed forrns of the optative are not in good usage.

176
 SUBJUNCTIVE
r4t(ipdL (r4'.,itopat) $Adpat. ($t),tap,at) 6r),6'pa, (E1\6ary.at)
rLpQ (rry.dx) $'Afi ($rAix) drTioi (\Adx)
rtp&rat (rrp.,i.qrat) $t\firat ($AQro,r) 61A6rat (6qAhtut)

rtp&o?ov (rtpd4o|ov) $Afio1ov ($tAiry?ov) 6qA6o0ov (61A6r1o0ov)

rtp6.o0ov (rty.c!.qo?ov) $tAfio1ov ($tAQo?ov) 6'r1A6o0ov (6$,61o0ov)

,tltcipe1a (rryacipe1a) $Atiy"e?a ({tAetip"e?a) 61\cipe?a (6qAo<ipe0a)

rry"ao|e (rry,lqo|e) $tAfio|e ($LAtqo|e ) 6q\6o0e (6il.6ro0e )
rtlrtlvrut (r,.p,iowu,.) $tAitvro,t. ($),fuwar.) }qAdnar (6q\6awat)

rtpri,strlv (rtpaoty4v) $tAotpqv ($tAeoty4v) ErlAoipt',1v (}il,oolprlv)

rtyl)o (rt.y.,l.orc ) $tAoio ($t\torc) 61loio (6ql6orc)
rt"p6rro (rry.dono) $t\oiro ($tAio.ro) 8rTloizo (6qA6owo)
rt.p,ito9ov ( rtp.d.oto9ov ) $tAoto0ov ( $tAiorc|ov 61Aoto0ov (6r1A6ow0ov
)
rtltrito?ry ( rty"aoto?ry ) $tAolo?qv ( $ t A e o i . o 9 r y ) 61Aoto0qv (61Aooto0r1v)

r tprity"e9a ( rtpaoi p"e?a ) $tAotpe9a ($tleoIp.<0a) 31Aoiy.e0a( 64Aooty.e?o.

)
rty.Qo|e (np.dorc|e) $tAoio9e ($Abrc9e ) Er7,\oio0e (6q\6ow0e)
rtpitvro (rry.dovro) $tAoiwo ($tAio,;":.o) }q\otno (6q).6omo)

ITTPE

rtpi (np.dou) $Aoa ($rAiov) 327)o0 (61A6ov)

rtpclo1a (npab?a) SAei.oBa ($),<io?<o) 6lAorjo0at (61\oto0<u)

rtp.&.o1ov ( rqt d.eo?ov) $Ltreto?ov ( {tA&o?ov ) 6qAoio0ov ( 6r1Adeo0ov

)
rqtd.o1uv (rty.ah?av) $Aeto1aw ($tAc&1av) 61Aoio0av (61Aoio0<ov)

rtp&.o?e (ny.deo?e) $tAeto?e ($rAteo?e) 6qAoio0e (|r,\6eo0e)

rtptd.o?ov (rty.uio?uv) $tAeio|uv ($t)ch?uv) 61AoJo0av (61Aoh0ov)

r4t"a.oiac (rty.deoiat) gAetot:"t[;: eoiar) i1Aoaoiat (6r1Adeo0ar)

PARTICIPLE

rtp,ip.evos (rtp.a6pevos) $rAoJp.evos ($cAe6y.evos) }lAoJpevos (ElAodp.evos)

Irrpnnrpcr I\'Iroor-B AND PAssrvE

tnp<i1tryv ( irrya6p.qv) i$tAoipqv ( i$Ae6p1v) i6lAori1tt7v ( i6r7Ao6pqv)
irtp"<i ( irry.<Lou) i$tAoi ( i$t),hu ) i61lo0 ( i61A6ou)
irt.pt&ro ( irtp.dero ) iStAeiro ( i$Aiero ) dE4Ao0zo ( ih1Adero)
irtp&.o?ov (inptLeo0ov) i$Aeio?ov (iSrAieo1ov) i6t1\oio0ov (i6$6eo0ov)
irry.rio?7v (irtyr,b?,1v) iStAeto?qv (tgtAeio?ry) i61Aoio0ry (i6r1Aolo0ry)
irtp,ip.e?a (hryady"e?a) i$tAo'i1'.e0a (i$Aedpe9a) 26qAoJpe0a (i6r1Ao6pc0a)
irtp&o9e (irry.&eo?e) i$tAeto9e (i$tA&o?e) i6r7,\o0o0e (i}qAdeo?e)
irt1Ltitwo (irry.dowo) i$tAoino (i$),hno) d61lo0rzo (i6qA6owo)

tn
 ^PPENDr^T

MI-VERBS

PRESENT SYSTEM OF ri91p.t"

AcrrvB Mrnore ANDPASsrvE
PRESENT IMPERFECT PRESENT IMPER!-ECT

INDICATIVE d017tc iri?lv ri,Oey.at. irt?ipqv

rt9r1s iri,|els ri?eoat iri.|eoo
rii1ot tri1ec rt9erat irt]ero
rt?erov irt9erov ri.9eo9ov irt9eo9ov
ri|etov hfikqv ri|eo|ov irfiio?qv
rt|epev iri,Oep.<v rt9iy.e|a irr?{te1a
ri|ere iri|ere 'ri?eo|e irt?e o|e
r$iaor irt|eoqv rl?evtql. irt1emo
PRESENT PRESENT

SUBJUNCTIVE rfi6t rt06y.at

. rfifis TLAn
A ^

rfifi rfifirat
rfifirov rfifio0ov
rt?firov rfifio|ov
rfiCtp"ev rfi<iy.e?a,
rt?fire rt?fio0e
rr,0Crot rt0irwac
oPTATIVE rfieh1v rfielpqv
rfieh1s tfieto
r$eh1 r$eero
rt|etrov or rt9ehyrov rfieio1ov
rt?etrlv rfieuirlv rfiei.o01v
rr0eey.ev rfieiqy.ev r$etp"e9a
rt9etre rfietrye rfieeoAe
rr|eiev rfiei.qoav rfietwo
IMPERATIVE ri0et ti,Aeoo
rr.0iru rfido1u
rt0erov rt0eo|ov
r$ircttv r$toiluv
ri0ere rt0eo1e
rt0iwuv rfi/o0av
INFINITIVE r$tvat rl0eo0ar.
PARTICIPLE rt9etg, -etoa, -tv tt9(p"evos, -rlt -ov

t78
 PRESENT SYSTEM OF Et6a4',t
Acrrvr Mrporr aNt PassrvB
PRESENT IMPERFECT PRESENT IMPERFECT
INDICATIVE 6i6arg,r dSiSouy 6i6opar t6$6pqv
Ei6c.rs dDi6ous 8iEooar d8i8ooo
6iEaror i6iEou 6i6ozar. d6i6oro
6iEozov ?Ei6ozoy 6i6oo0ov i6i6oo0ov
6i6ozov 1666n7v 6iJoo0ov i6t66o0r1v
Ei6optev dEi6og,ev 6tldpelu i6rEtipe0c
Ei6ore dEiEoze 6i6oo0e i6iEoo0e
6t6daor iEt6ooo;v 6i6orrcr d6i6orr"
PRESENT PRESENT

SUBJUNCTIVE 616dr 6c66g,ar.

EcDrps 6de
SrDri' 616ci'rcl
ErDciroy E166o0ov
6r6drzoy 6t66to0ov
6r6,i'peu E$tiy.e|u
6rEri,ze 6rEri,ode
6r6<i,or 6r6<iyrar

OPTATIVE 6c6oi1v 6t6oipr1v

6c6oi4s 616oio
6r6oiq 6r.6oizo
6c6oirov ar 6t6oi.qrov E$oio9ov
6t6oln1v Et}onjn1v 6t6olo?qv
616oipev 6t6o[qy"ev 6$otp.e0a
6r6oire Er8oilze 616o?ode
Er8oiev 6t6oh1oav 616oivro
IMPERATIVE Di6ou Ei6oao
Er.6<iro 6166o0<'t
Ei6ozov 6i6oo0ov
EcEdzary 6$6o0uv
Ei6oze Ei6oo0e
6t66vrav 66do0r.lv

INFINITIVE 6r6dyar 6t6oo0o,t

PARTICIPLE 6rEorjs,-oAoa, -6v 8r8cipevos,-\t -ov

t79
 SECOND AORIST SYSTEI\I OF rt|r1p, AND 8iE<.rpu
Actlvn Mlnprr AcrrvB iV1lonlr,

TNDICATIVE, i0iptryv [dEorccr i66P1v

li91xa
t?rlxos (0ov iE<r.,ras d6ou
t0lxel (0<ro i8oxel i6oro
t0eo0ov t}orov (6oo0ov
i0ero,
i0lqv i0io0ry i66r1v i36o01v

l0e Y"<v i0ty.e9a i.6op,"ev i66p"e0a

t0eo?e i6oze (6oo0e
t0 ere
t0eoav (0ewo t}oouv t\ovro

suBJUNCTIvg 06t 0,iy.ut 5<i S,iytat

ans an DQt 3.."
0n 9ffat EA, Dcirar

0firov ?fio0ov 66rov 36o0ov

0firov 0fio0ov 6,i,rov 36to0ov

0C'Y'<v 06p.e?a 66.,pcv 66pe0u

9iire 0fio0e 6ri,r< 6foo0e
06ot 0Ctrnet 66ot 66vtql

OPTATIVE 0etr1v 0etp.1v 6otq, \otpqv

0efis 0<Co 3oi4s Eoio
0e ir1 0eiro Eoll Eo?ro

Betrov ?ettlrov 0eio?ov Eoirov \ohyrov 6oio0ov

?ctrt1v 0ei1rryv 0e[.o0ry Soi.rqv 6onir',7v 6o{o0r1v

?ety"<v ?eh1p"cv 0eipe?a 6oip"ev 6oirlpev \oi'y'e9a

?eire 0eiqre 0eIo9e 6oire lotrye 6oio0e
0<iev |etloav 0eivto 6oiev \otqoav Eoivro

II\1P]]RATIVI' 0& 0oA 6<is Eo0

0b<u 0b0a 66ra 66o0<'t

0bov 0b0ov 66rov 66o0ov

0lr<'tv 0h0uv 66ratv 66o0av

0&e 01o0e 6dze 6oo0e

0(w<'tv 0b0av 66w<'tv 66o0uv

INFINITIV,E 0eivqr. ?io?at \oAvctl 66o0at

PARTICIPLE 0<i.s,0etoa,0fu 0(ptevos, 6oris,6oAou,66v EdPrevos,

-1 t -ov -1 t -ov

t80
 PRESENT SYSTEM O F ior',1stt"
Acrlve Mroplr, AND PASsIvE
PRESENT IMPERFECT PRESENT IMPERFECT
e a ,

INDICATIVI' io'tt11t t iorrlv LaraPqL LoTaplv

'tqrooqt
d a

LOTNC LOTNg ioraqo

l -
'torqtqt
d ,

LqrrJL LOnl ioraro

t l
LOTATOV LCTTSTOV iorao1ov ianao?ov
t a t
LOTATOV LOrqTTlV iorqo1ov f.atdo1ry
f d

LoTd lt€.v LOTAp€v twd1,"ela i.ord.y'e?a

A a

LgTdTE LC'TtT€ ioroo|e iorao?e

a ^ A
LOT&UL LOTu,qAV ianqv-rat ioravro

PRESENT PRESENT
a ^
S U T I JU N C T I V E LOTU) tordp.at'
a ^
Lorls torfr
. A

LCTTN iqtiro.t'
L'

l ^

Lo*r'\Tov i.otio0ov
a ^

LATITOV torfio0ov
a ^

Lcr<Dpev tortipte9a
a ^
LOrTlT€ torfio0e
a ^

LOTA)OL toritvrqt
? ,
OPTATIVE LoTdL\v toratpq,
a t
LOTdL\9 torsio
a ,

LCTdLrl [oraito
[orairov or f.otat Trov iaro,Co0ov
a t a l
LATCrLrnv Lofalqnlv i"orato1qv
a ^ a t
LoTq,Lpev LoraLlll€v i.oratpte0a
a ^ a t

LqTsLTe LaTd.LTlTe i.o'tc.io|e

a ^ a l
LqTd.L€V LOTALTIOAV toratwo
'l.oraqo
II{PERATIVE ient
a t
Lqf d'ra) tord.o9<o
LOTd,70V io'rao0ov
a t
LOTeTU)V totd,o$uv
LCTETE iorao|e
a ,

LqrdvTa)v f.or&.o0av

INFINITIVE
a t

LOT&Vd.L ianao0a,'
-I ' -ov
, Iotdy.evog,
a l ^ f

PARTICIPLE LOTd,S, -gqd, -ay

t8l
 SECOND AORIST SYSTEM SECOND PERFECT SYSTEM
LoTlpL

Actrvs Acrrve
SECOND SECOND

AORIST PERFECT PLUPERFECT

SECOND

INDICATIVE tonlv lEon1xcr letonjxrl

Iorrls tonlxas etorlxtls
io'tnl Eonlxe) etotnxetf

torrrov Zstarov Eotarov

ianjnTv tararov iortirtlv

torqy"ev €orapev Zorapev

Eorye Eqrane torare
tor4ouv iorSot" Eoraoav

SECONT)
PERFECT

tord
SUBJUNCTIVE or6.t (^
€aT"lls
rrfs (^
€.srn
""fr a ^
€oTrlrov
orfirov a ^

orfirov €oTllrov
l ^

orttpev eor@lt€v
arire iorire
l ^

€o"T@oL
atdtqr,
a t

anatlv €ordLnv
OPTATIVE c t

orat Ts esTd.L7l9
a l
€crqLl)
araLll
iorairov or ioratqrov
orq.'i,Tovot srailTov a t < r

orahr1v orunirrlv iorairnv €oraLnrllv

ataip"ev otairlpt'ev ioraty"<v iorahlY'ev

qadtTe oratqre io'raire iotutlre
oraiqouv ioraeev tora'ctyouv
otatev

orfi9t' Eqro0t
IMPERATTVE ,,
€oTaTu)
orrjru

orfirov tqrarov
. l

eqTar@v
oTlT@v

orfire Eo-'rare
a ,

srdwcov €oTctwu)v

a ,
eaTavdL
INFINITIVE orfivut

PARTICIPLE ord,s, ot6,ga, otd.v iords, torCtou,

< t
€oTos

182
 PRESEN'I SYSTEN{ OF Eein,ulrr
AcTIvE Mtpore AND PAssIvE
PRESENT IT{PERFECT PRESENT IMPERFECT

INDICATIVE 6e i.,<vu1tt i\etrcvuv 6ei.xvvpat i6e wvtilttlv

}eixvvs l6e ircvus 6etxvvoa,, iEetxvuoo

Sei.xvvot i6ei,xvu 6etxvura," i}elrcvuro
6el*vrrov i6ei,xvu'rov 6etxvuo1ov i\elrcvvo9ov
Eel*vu"ov t6etxvrjtl, 6etrcvuo|ov 26euvrio9lv
6eixvupev i6etrvupev 6etxvtipe?a t}ewvJp"e|a
Eeixvrne i6e(.xvrne 6etxvuo0e iSeixvvo?e
3erc.rio.or i6etxvuoav 6ei.xvvtnot i}etxvuvto

PRESENT PRESENT
SUBJUNCTIVIi 6eu<vJut 6etxvJuy.at
6etxnlps 6etxvnyl
6e,xvt yl 6etxvJlruc
6errcvriqrov 6euvthlo?ov
6e,xvr|t1rov 6euvriqoAov
6eu<v6up.ev 6etxvu,iy"e9a
6ewvdlre 6etxvJlo0e
6er.xvJuot 6etxvJuvrut

OPTATIVE 3etxvtlotp, 6ewvuoi,1,tt1v

SetxvJocs Eetxvrio,o
6ewvJot 6etxvJoco
6etxvlorcov 6etxvJow0ov
6ewvuoirqv Eewvuoio?lv
6etxvriotp.ev 6etxvvotpe9a
6etxvtione 6ewvrioro0e
6etrcvJotev 6etrcvriotwo

IMPERATIVE 6<txvu Eetxvvso

6etxvrir<tt 6ewvJo0a
6etrcvvtov 6etrcvuo9ov
6etxvrirav 6etrcvJo0av
6eIxvvre 6ei.xvvo?e
6etxvJvtuv 6e,.rcvJo0av

INFTNITIVE 6et*vrivat 6etxvvgf^al*

PARTICIPLE 6etrvrjs, -Aou, -Jv }etrcvJ;tevog,-n, 'ov

t83
 IJIIESEN'I' SYSTEill Of; ir11tt

AcrlvB l\Itnpr-n A ^ N DP A S S I v E Acrtvr IUlnnrB

PRESENTIIVIPERFECTPRESENTIMPERFEC.TSEcoNDAonISTT
rNorcnrrve irTpcr iry tep,'at i!n' A*" <i1tt1v
irls, kis ie.s i..oo' ieoo t*"! etoo
itlot iet le'a' ieto 4"t] etro

i<rov ierov ieo\ov i<o|ov etrov eto9ov

i<rov thtlv teo|ov tio7lv ettryv <io0'1v

ieptev iepev tey'e7a t-(pe^ga etlev eiy"e1a

irrc i|rc ieoTe ko7e et're eto?e
t&.ot ieoav ievrat tev'o etsav dvro

PRESENT PRESENT

tr; f''iPat 6 ,)1rct

suBJ uNcrIVE
a ^

cIs Ln 2is rt
rt firol
a ^ a ^

Ln LITd'L

i"firo, iio?ov firov fio|ov

tfirov tfio9ov flrov fio9ov
t,ity.ev i'ritY"e9a t,p"ev ti,p'e?a
i.fi"e i'io9< rtru fio9e
i,io, t,ivra, fiot. ,tvrat

t<ir7v i'etY.r1v ei.r1v ei,ptrlv

oP'rAr I v It
ielrls tei'o eils eto
telr1 teiro eirl etro

tetrov ot ieirltov i'eio1ov etrov or ehlrov eto?ov

trtrqv i"evirqv telo?r1v eirlv etjrlv eio?1v

tei1-tev i.rt TPev i'eiYe?a et|"ev eh1pev <iy'e9a

f"eilre trt 1"e i'eto?e etre eb1re eto?e
i"eiev te['t1oav tei'vro <t'ev €LTOu,V <Lmo

TMpERATTvE icr leoo Zs o$

t&<r.t i'h7ut Erco Zo?co

ierov ieo1ov trov tq?ov

t(r<uv [h|<''tv trary to?aY

iere ieo|e tre 2o0e

ilvrcov tio|aY twaY to?atv

INFINITIVE t/vc:, ieo7at etvut to?ut'

pARTIcIpLE tei.s, teeoa, tb fipevos et's,etoa, {v Ep'evos

L i r 1 1 t ti n t h e s e c < _ r nat lo r i s t i s r a r e i y f o u n d e x c e p t i n c o m p o u n d s .

t84
 PRESENT S Y S T E N I O F olSo AND /1pci
Acrrvp AcrrvB
SECOND SECOND
PERFECT PLUPERFECT PRESENT IMPERFECT

INDICATIVE ol6e ffEq ot fi6ew hpt t$n,

oto7q fi31o0u or 2i6ecs iit or t$r1s
E$"ryo9a
oi6< 3i6er.or f6er.v 6n"t tdn
torov fiorov $ardv t$arov
torov iorrl, $urdv i$tiqv
iop"ev fiopu or -fi6ep.ev $ay.iv t$ayev
Lor€ fiore or f6eze $ari i$are
i.saot fioav or Tj\eouv $a.ot t$aoav
SECOND PERtrECT
";;'.'
SUBJUNCTIVE eiSci'
<j6fs ffis
to ^ ,^
€Lon 9n
ei}firov $firov
ei}firov $firov
eil6ty"ev $6ty.ev
t6 ^
€LolTe #fi"'
eiE,i'or $clot
OPTATIVI' ei6ei.qv gaQv
e16ei'7s gahs
ei6et 7 6"tn
eiSetrov $airov or $uhTrov
ei6etrr7v 6"i"rl, $anjqv
ei}etpev or ei6e[r1p.ev $a?y.ev $aQp.ev
ei6e?re <i6eir1re $aire $a|rTre
eideiev ei6e[1oav $uiev $a,tloav
IMPERATIVE io?r. $a?i, or $d:0c
ioreo $,iru
iorov $,!rov
ior<ov $&raw
iore $dre
lancov $d,watv
INFINITIVE et6tvat. $dvat
PARTICIPLE eiEc,is,ei6uic, ei6ds,
gen. ei6dros, etc.

t85
 PRESENT SYSTEM OF eipi AND elpc
Acrrvn Acrrvn
PRESENT IMPERFECT PRESENT IMPERFECT

INDICATIVE eiy"t fiorfiv ety.c fia or fietv

€t fio9a et ,ie$ ,iero|a
EATL fiv etot irt fiew
€aTov fiorov or firov irov
t r t
firov
ECTOV iom, ir"t, LToy nTrlv
t j
equev 4p,, LP"ev
' J
np€v
€aTe l*, rtr, LT€ Tr€
eiot fioav iq.ot fioav or fieoav
PRESENT PRESENT

SUBJUNCTIVE (t)
t ,
LCO

fs inc
t *Ln
n
t
nrov hyov
*L'\Tov
{rov
t
@pcv it,tp.ev
1",
t
iqre
@oL iuot

OPTATIVE ei"Iv iotltt or ioitlv

I

e LflE tolsi
t
eitl LOL

etrov or eilrov io'rov

I I t l ,

e LT\v €LrlTlv LoLT\v

I

etpev eilp.ev LOLIL€V

etre eiryre
*LOLTE
etev ei4aav iotev

IMPERATIVE io0t i0t

to'tttt
/LTU)
totov irov
t
Eoruv . LTO)V

date ire
,t
iotutv LOI'TOJV

, l

IN}'INITIVE etvat L€Vq,L

,fr | | I ^ rl
PARTICIPLE . u)v, oug&, oy, LO)V, LOUSA, LOV,

gen. duros, etc. gen. idrro5, etc.

t86
A P P E N DBI X

A SUMMARY OF GREEK SYNTAX

T F IE N O U N

r. Norninative Case
Subject of a finite verb, p. 6
Predicate nominatrve, p. 7

:1. Cenitive Case

Possession, p. 6, 7, 42, 58, gg
Absolute, p. 74
Partitive, p. .12
P e r s o n a l a g e n t , r v i t h r j z r r j ,p . 3 2 , r r o
Source, p. 5on
Place fronr rvhich (usually rvith prepositions), p. r9o-r9r
'l-ime
*'ithin rvhich, p. ':z
Comparison (when ri is omitted), p. :,r
S e p a r a t i o n , p , f - , ,6 t n

3. I)ative Case
Indirect oirject, p. 6
Place where (usually rvith prepositions), p. 6, r9o
Tinre rvhen, p. zz
Possession,p. zz
Interest, p. rr9
Tlnorce - {^ -d t.$.p.r - . e n c e , P . 3 0
a

;\gent {with perfect passive systenr and'rvith verbals), p. rt9, r49

tr{eans or irrstrument, p. 6, r ro
Specification, p. 39

4. Accusative Case
Direct object, p. 6
Subject of infinitive or participle in indirect discourse, p. r5,75
Subject of the infinitive in other constructions, p. 95
Duration of tirne or extent of space, p. zr
Specilic:ition, p. 39
Place to rvhich (rvith prepositions), p. r90

5. Vocative Case
Direct address, p. 6

187
 THE VI'RB
r. Purpose is expressed l:y: ivc, <,rs,or iTt,,,s rvith the subjunctive in prirnary se-
quence, rvith the optative in secondary sequence, p. 83
os.rvitlrthe{utureparticip1e(.,ismaybeomitted),p.74

A relative clause rvith the future indicative

6ros and the future indicative :r{ter verbs of striving or

effort, p.r49

The genitive of thc articular infinitive, p. 54n

The infinitive (rarely)

The negative for all I)urpose constructions is pri.

z. Result is exprcssed by: 6ore plus the indicative for actual result, negative oJ, p. r9
ciore plus the infinitive for natural result, negative pfi,
p' 19

3. Indirect l)iscourse
I\{ost verbs of mental action and some of saying are follorved by the infinitive with
s u l r j c c t : r c c r r s a t i v c ,p . 1 . 5
i\{ost verbs of saying are follorved by ri;'r or ars rvith the mood of the verb un-
clranged in primary sequence, whereas itnay be changed to the corresponding tense
of the optative in secondary sequence, p. 87
Verbs of sense perception usually t:rke the participle with subject accusative,
though rrrany :rlso take the 6r( construction, p. 75

Indircct questions follorv the rule lor the d7! construction, p.88

Sulrr-rrdinateclauses in all types of indirect discourse remain unchanged in mood

in prirlary sequence. In secondary sequence, primary tenses of the indicative and
arry verbs in thc subjtrnctivc nrcy be charrged to the optative, with dv dropping out,
brrt second;rry tenses of the indicative remain unchanged, p. 87

4. Conditions
PRoresrs (Negative p.{) Apooosrs (Negative
usually oJ)

sTMPLE ej + Indicative Indicative

FUTURE MoRE vrvrD e ' < i v{ Subjunctive Future Indicative or equiv-

alent, p. 78
FUTURE LEss VIVID ei a Optative Optative + dr, p.86,88

pREsENr GENIIRAL idu 1 Subjunctive Present Indicative, p.78

pASr cENERAL ei { Optative Imperfect Indicative, p. 86

PRESENTCQNTRARYro FAcr ei 1 Imperfect Indicative Imperfect Indicative a dv,

P'9e
nAST coNrRARrr ro FAcr ei - 1 -A o r i s t I n d i c a t i v e Aorist Indicative * dv,p.gg

FUTURE r\rosr vrvrD ei 1 Future Indicative Future Indicative

(nruaronv, MoNrroRY)

5. A relative pronoun or arlverb (rvhencver, rviroever) may introduce a condition

p. 78, 86

t88
 6. Temporal clauses, p. 95
npiv {ollowing an a{hrmative clause means beJore and, takes the infinitive r*'ith
subject accusative.

rpiv meaning until, after a negative clause, and i<,rs, ior<, and p,l1pr, rvhich al-
ways rneans unlil or while, take the lollowing construction:

r. To denote a definite past act tlrey take the indicative, usually aorist. The
same is true o{ dzei and ine$fi, when or afler or since.

z. When thcy denote an anticipated, a future, or a repeated act, they take the
subjunctive rvith dv in primary selluence, the optative without dv in sec-
ondary sequence.

7. Verbs of fearing are followed by clauses beginning with p:i for an affirmative,
p)1 oi for a negative fear, rvith the subjunctive in primary, the optative in sec-
ondary sequence, p. 92

8. Commands are expressed by the imperative, negative p{. Negative command

may also be expressed by pi plus the aorist subjunctive, p. tz6

9. The subjunctive nray be used independently to express exhortation, in the first

person plural. The negative is prf, p. r03

ro. \Vishes
Future wishes may be expressed by the optative, rvith or without ei|e ot ci
v,!p, P. 83
Impossibie u'ishes are expressed by riBe or ei yd.p with the imperlect indicative
{or present time, the aorist indicative for past time. They may also be expressed
by tho various persons oI ci$eAov rvith the present or aorist infinitive, p. 83

Tho negative in all wishes is pcri.

tB9
 APPENDIX
9

T H E P R E P O S I T I O N S ,W I T H T H E I R
COMMONEST MEANINGS

dy.{f + acc., about

dvti + acc., up along, up
d,wl * gen., instead of, for
d,nd * gen., from
Erci* gen., through
+ acc., through, on account of
eis * acc., into, up to, until, for, against
t, * dat., in, among
tx, i{ * gen., out of, from
izri, upon, * gen., on (superposition)
* dat., on, near, next to (proximity)
+ acc., on, against
xard, downi * gen., down from, against
* acc., down, during, by (distributive), according to
I
perd,, + gen., with
+ acc., after
rapd., beside, * gen., from the side of, {rom
* dat., at the side of, at
+ acc., to the side of, throughout (of time), compared with
repi,l about, * gen., about, concerning
* acc., about, near
,rpdL * gen., before
rp6s, at, b)'; + gen., toward, from (the side or point of view of)
a dat., at, near, in addition to
* acc., to, towards, rvith referenceto, according to, against
oJv * dat., with, by aid of
itrip, over, * gen., above, in behalf of
+ acc., over, exceeding
rjzrrj,under, by; * gen., under, by (personal agent), through (cause)
* dat., under (of rest)
+ acc., under (of motion), toward (of time), during
I re pt and rpd never elide.

t90
 ADVERBS USED AS PREPOSITIONS

&.vev* gen', without t(u * gen., outside, beYond

d.ypt* gen., until eiTtj * gen., straight to
iyyus * gen,, near pera(rj * gen., between
eioco* gen., within ptXpt * gen., as far as
ixrds * gen., outside dtrc|ev * gen', behind
t4"npoo7ev* gen., in front of nAlv * gen., excePt
i:vawtov * gen., against, opposite, before rAqoi.ov+ gen., near
Everca * gen', for the sake of
or Zvercev yurpi.s* gen., seParate from
iwds * gen., within r,is * acc., to (with Persons)

t9l
 APPENDIX
TO

S E V E N T Y - F I V EO F T H E C O M M O N E S T
IRREGULAR VERBS, WITH THEIR
PRINCIPAL PARTS

A hyphen (-) before a form indicates that it is found only in corn-

pounds. Forms arc given as in H. W. Smyth's GreekGramtrar, as revisecl
by G. I\{. Messing,I'larvard University Press,Cambriclge,r956.
&.yydAA-, dyy J'ir, ilyy e tAa,iiyy eAx a, ilyy <Apa r, I yy iA011
v, an no u n ce
d.yu, d.(<o,'ijyayov,fiyu, fiypat, i1y?qv,lead
aip&t, ai.pfioa, etAov,f,pT*o, frprll"or,fip,\?ry,take; mid., choose
atp<'t,dp,i, fipa,4pnu, fippat, iip0r1v,raise
aio?d.voy"aL, aio?rjoopaL,fio?6y:1l,,iogrlpcxt,perceive
d.,<or|u, d.xorjoopat, lixouoa, drctjrcoa, -, r)xorio|1u, hc:!r
,LAtoxo1tut, &.Acitoop"at,t&.Ao.' or .ijLuxo
fiAuv, iti,,Aotx., or ,lle captured
,].no9w'to xut, dno$avo0put, d.n(?avov, r10v1 rca, die
,}.tro rcr eLv-, dn o rcr ev 6,t, d n ( xr ew a, d.n I x.r ov a, kill
d.ritrAuur, dnoA<i, d.rciAeoa and &na,)dy.r1v, dnoAcit)era and. &n6A<,,,Aa, destrov;
rnid. and znd perf., perish
&.prd.fut, &.pr tioopa t,,1pnooo, .iiptra rca, .iipnaop.at, 1pr do?qv, seize
&pX-, &p€-,fipt", fipxo, rtpypor,ipxgnr, rule, begin
d.$rrcvhpar,d$i(op,at, d.,!rx6pqv,d.Siypat,arrive
Batvu.,,prjoopat, tBIv, pipqKcr,go
pciAAa,po,\dl,(pd,ov, plpArTxrl, piBAr1pat,ipArjgrTv, throw; peit
pA<i.nra,pklrl'<u,ipAa$a, B$Aa$a, p(pAupp..,t,iBAci$?r1v and ipArip,Tz,
harnr
poiAopat,pouArjoopaL, -, -, peporllrlSrut, ipovAi1?r1u,wish
yay.lat, ydpA, iynpo, yeyciltqrca,tt,cd
yi.yvopat,yewjooy"at,iyev6p1v,yiyova, yeydvrlpat,become, br:
y tyvti o xa, yvttt o o pa t, (yvutv, tyvu x a, t yv coo pa L, tyr.<l o 7qv, knorv
yg16-, ypri*-, iiypa.,ltu,yiypa$a, yiypapy"o,t,iypri$r1v,u,rite
}ei.,<vu1tr,
6el(u, iEerfcr,6lEerXa,3(6eryp.c,t,iEei.X7ry,
shorv
6i6a.,pLr,
6tiou, i6u.rrca,6d6c.ura,6d6opac,i6<i01v,give
6ox(ro,6ri{<o, {6o(a,-, E(6oypan, -, seem,think; inrpersonal,seembest
6Ju, -l,ior't, -i6uocr xnd t6ur,, -616urcr,-6/Dupac,-i6rigry,,enter, go down,
sink, cause to enter
t92
 ytyvoS''a'')
eip.t,(oopcl, be (missing tenses supplied from
<[pt, so
liorjrl, iA,i, ifi,aoa, -il{}crrcr, i\riAaptat, }1Ac10qv'drive' march
inoprat, trfropat, iordPrlv, -, follow
lpyoy"at, i),eJoopat, fiA?ov, iAfiAu?a, come, go
-, -, eat
ioli.a, i6opcr, t$a.yor, iEti8oxa,
eXprlpat' eipl?r1v' find
, ,18po, or e0pov,7i'pl,xu ot elplxc ,
eiptox.a, e'iprjorrt'
(oXov, tog'1xa, -t--t have' hold
iyot, t(a or oyrlow,
i.lr11rr,'iio-,fixa, etxo., etptat,ei0"1v,send, throw
to:rr1:11rr, or{1'ott, Zortloa and' torrlv, (o'qxo , torep'at' iord?Tv' stand
*oi- or *i-, *orio., {xc,uou, xlxauxa, x(rcauy'at' ixai?qv'butn
call
x..A/u, rcaA6, ixdAeoa, x/x\r1xa, xircAqp"at, ixL'i?qv'
xdnrco, x6,!<o,lxorfrc-, -xlxo$a, x(xoppat, ixdnqv, cul
Aappdva, At1,!op"c.t, t).apov', eiAl$a, eitrly'y'at, iAfi$.Ory' take
-,'escape notice ; mid'' forget
A c r , r ' \ & . r -A, r 1 , o - 't,A o l o v ' ,\ t A , 1 g a ' ,
A/y<,t, A1(ut, ile{c, elpqxrr, AiAeypo,t, iA(y?ry, sa:.y
-u'iArypcrc'and -A/Aeyy.at, -il;y1r1v and -iA(yr1v,
A!y-', -A2g-, -ai.4o,'-ull oyo,
collect
Aei.n<,;, Aelrfrro, i,Anrov,A(troma, AiAetpp'at, iAei'$|'1v' leave
ot', pe p"'10'7 xo, learn
'1ravTd vc,.t,y.a}ri o oy.at, t pai
pdyo c, y"ayo A pa t, i sraye o'1 p1v, pe p'a r, fi ght
p'ciyr1
' sta
concern (impersonal)
1 r l i r r , l r . r i r i o u r , ' i y " i A l o e ,p r p ( A ' 1 * ' ,
-, intend, be about to
,.;f,l-, y"eAAlo<u,iptl).Ar1orr,
p.!r,<rt, yevri,, tpterva, pep(.v1xa, remaln
'1t't1L.v,jox<,t,
-F4o-, ltr"lo'.,, -' Y(f,vrltat' i1''njo0'1v'remind; mid" remember
'ro,pri.(-,
voPt6.t,'€v61rroc , rr,6plKd'' vev6'PLopa',dvop"lo0r1v' believe' think
oiopta, or oty'ut, oirioopat, ,i40n', think
,ipi-, 6$op.,t, el6ov, top.,xa an6 i<'3pcrx a, t'ipopat and ;y'pto," <it$01v' see
,rdoya, relooStat, tra7ov, tttov?a, suf{er
nut(jur, ,nelo,', !.',reroa'n/ner*u and nlnot1a, t/rewp'at' iT eto7tTv'persuade;
2lrd perfect, trust; m i d . , b e l i e v e , o b e y
n /.pn <t, n2 Sr,lt-, tn <pr! a, r lr op$ a, t &r ep p"ar', in Qt$0.1v.,^send
-r(rop'at, it60r1v' drink
ntr-, rl.oy.a, or r:rctl1tc,t,tzrto'v,rCnc''txa,
rtnrcu, teooipat, tn<oov, r(,ttutxa, f'all
irrAcio?rlv,
nA/co, nle|ooy.at Or r[eluooil.rot, i.nAevoa, r(rrAeuxa, tir).evoy.a,',
sail
trpd'701v' do
rpdrra, rpd(<t, inpu{a, n&rp.ya and t(npaya, n&rpayya"
(.,
,: r,r0 o 1ror,n erJo o pro, t, in u 0 6 pr1v, n / n u o pat, learn, inquire
u ltt, o rce66r, io rclE ao a, io rc(6ao lL'u',io xl.6'io0?P' scatter
o x eEi,.r,t'
orpt$a-,,'orpl$u, lorpe,la, -, torpay'p'at, torpi$17v and iorpd'$1v' tutn
(of troops)
,riirr'-, rd(<rt, tra(a,'riroTo, rhoyp'o', i^iy7,v, arrange, draw up
ri1,,"v<rt,repit, (tep.ov, -rtrp,1*a, r(tp't1p'ar", irpri?ry, cut
put
ri.'01p.,,,Trjou,tgrlxa, r(01xa, r(?eqtar', ir10'7v, place,
,i*l-, r({oy.ar, trexov, rlro*o, beget, bring forth
rp(nu.t, ,i!qr-, hpe'lra, rirpo$a, tirpap'p"at', trpi$?r1v and irpdnqv' turn;
mid., flee
193
 rp($co, 0pi$to, i0perla, rtrpo$a, rt|puy'p"at, iApi$|qv and itpd'$7,v,suPPort,
nourish
r piyu, Epa1to0p.at, tEpap.ov,-Ee8pdprlrct, run
rvyydvut, reJ(op.ut,Eruyov,reriyqrcu, hit, happen, obtain
itrtoyv€opat, irooyrioop'at, tlneox|Prlr, itnio4r1ptat,promise
i$'iv?t\v and i$dw1v,
$olr:-, $av6, t$r1va, ,ri$ayxa and ni$1va, ri$aoput,
show; mid. and znd perf. and znd aor. pass., appear
, fiveyxa and flveyxov, ivtivoya, inivey y.ar', ilviyqqv, bear, carry
,ip- , o''o<rt
$et3yu,$etl(op.at.or $eu(oiy'at, t{vyov, ri$evya,flee
-, say
$rtpi,44o-, i$qoa,

t94
 GREEK.ENGLISH VOCABULARY

A 6 . 0 ) , o v -, o u , 1 6 , P r i z e , r e w a r d
d 0 p o i . ( t o ,- o t - r , ' i i ?P o t o a , g a t h e r
<i, Doric Ior Attic ti dArpia, be disPirited
'Appdxopas, -ou, ci, Abrocomas
d|Jyrrylos, -d' -ov (r'erbal adj-), 1o!
& y i o . 0 6 t ,- 4 , - 6 r , g o o d , n o b l e , b r a v e to desPair, not to be desPaired of
dyav, too much, in excess Atyoonorap,.ol, -,iv, oi, Aegospotam i
d.yyiAAu, dyyeLi, iiyyetAa,'iyyeLxa, (river)
'iiyy d.par, "i1yy{A|qv, an nou nce
Aiyutrros , -ou, i, EgYPt
d . y y r A o s ,- o u , 6 , r n e s s e n g e r "A$1s, -ou, 6, Hades; the under-
&yetpu, collect world or its god
t.yettp"irpt1ros, -ov, ignorant of geotn- uiltjp, -lpos, d, etlrer, uPPer air
etry
a i v t y l t u , - c r r o E 'z d , r i d d l e , e n i g m a
d"yrci(u, reverence
atpi<u, aiprlo<r, el,\ov, iP\*o, fiPq1to"
ciyxupa, -a9, fi, anchor choose
dyvoi.r't, not to know fipl?ry, take; middle,
dyvdp.ov, -ov (-ovos), senseless' c'io0d vo ptat, aio 0',jo o ptat,i1o 06pqv, per'
thou ghtless ceive
, 1 . y o p d -. &
, t, i, market Place atoypds, -&.,-riv, clisgraceftrl
dyopd.(<u,buY crh(-,lsl< (rr flrvor)
d y p i r i . 1 t 1 t o t " s-,o v , u n l e t t e r e c l , i l l i t e r - uiyptiL\uros, -ou, ti, cirlltivc
ate d.*'oi-, dxorjoopu,, rixouoa, d'xrlxou'
, i . y p o t x o s-, o u , 6 , r u s t i c i l x o t i o | r 1 v , l r c r t r ;l i s t c n t o ( * g e t r t -
dypds, -oJ, d, lielci tive)
dy:-, d.{ur, fiyayov , fiYu, flYPat, 4X0n' , , ) . x p i p e r a-,a s , t i , l l c c t l r a c Y
drive, lead, manage & x 4 B O E ,a c c u r a t c l Y
tiytiv, -tivos,d, contest, struggle d . * l o J n o A . r s- ,e o t s ,i , a c r o P o l i s
& y a v i . f o y . a n ,v , c o n t e s t , s t r u g g l e dA.e*rpuriv, -6vos, <i, cock
'AAifav}pos, -ou, d, Alexander
&ycilvtopa, -aog,To, Prlze essaY
'AEei.pavtos, -ou, 6, Adeintantus d \ t 1 0 e n , - c t s ,i , t r u t h
(Plato's brother) , i A r 1 0 e i u - st ,P e a k t r u t h , b e t r u e
d.\q?qs, -1e (o0s), true
ri6el/,is, -oA, 6, brother
d 8 r T l o s ,- o v , u n k n o w n , u n s e e l r & ) ' n 0 6 ' s ,t r u l Y , a c t u a l l Y
"4i*rBr,lEt1s, -ou, d, Alcibiades
d . 6 m i a t ,b e u n j u s t , d o w r o n g
d E r x i c r ,- o s , i , i r t j u s t i c e dlld,'but, well (Iinglish colloquial)
&))d,:rru, d\Ad'(<, iiA).a(a' altcr'
d6rros, -ov, unjust
chirnge
r i E i r c c o su, n j u s t l Y
&ei (aiei), alrval's, ever; from tinre to <iAlti,\ov, each other
tirne; successive, successivelY; d . M o ? e v ,{ r o n r e l s e r v h e r e
eternity d A . t r o s ,- r l, - o , a l l o t h e r , e l s e ' o t h e r
c i . A A o r ea, t a l t t - r t h e r t i n t e
& . \ c i : v a r o s-,o v , d e a t h l e s s , i m m o r t a l
' A | f i v a t , - < i r v ,A t h e n s ciM<itp,os,'ct, -ov, another's
' T l Q n v a i o s ,- c r ' - o v , A t h e n i a t r " A A u s ,- u o s , d , t h e I I a l Y s l l i v e r

t9s
 dAti,m1(, -(r(os, ri, {ox dvteinov (\Qu), said i1 reply
dpo, at oncc; togcthcr rvith (+ dvr[, in place of, for (* genitive)
dative); at the same time with , A v r w | & n s , - o u s ; ,d , A n t i s t h e n e s
dpaprd.va, err, go wrong; miss 'Avrt$tiv, 'Avtt$dvros, d, Antiphon
mark; sin &r,rnroioltat, lay claim to; contend
d . y . < t v a v ,- o v ( - o v o s ) , b e t t e r w'ith someone (dat.) for some-
d . y . ( r p c r , sw,i t h o u t r e s t r a i n t , r v i t h o u t thing (gcn.)
nleasure &€rcs, -a, -ov, rvorthy
dp{i, around, concertting (+ accusa- d(du, d.(uioat, i1({uou, demand,
tive) ask; think proper, expect
irp$6repos, -a, -ov, sing. each; pl. d.(tox, rvorthily
both &(uveot1, -nc, i (Ionic), stupidity
dy, untranslatable particle d . n a 1 . y ( M a t ,r e p o r t b a c k
dv : id.v, if. &nriyut,lead back
& v d . ,u p ( * a c c u s a t i v e ) dTus, &.raoa, &nav (n&5), alI
dvaBatva, go up drerd.ut, deceive
&vay xri(u, - oa, rjvciyxaoa, compel &nerpt, be absent (rlpi)
d v d . y x t 1 ,- r 1 9 ,i , n e c c s s i t y ; f a t e ; ( i t dnetp.t, go arvay (elpr,r)
is) necessary d . r c t p o s ,- o v , i n e x p e r i c n c e d
dvutp&o, reply (of an oracle) d,r(pyopat, go away
clvaAoywp6s, -oA, 6, calculation, d.ntorta, disbelieve, distrust; dis-
reasoning obey
dvap(va, wait for drrcr{a, -os, ri, distrust, disbeliel
dvrl(tos, -ov, unworthy d.n6from (* genitive)
,ivqnet1at, persuade &.tropd.Ak't,throw away
&r,art01pt, set up, dedicatc (dvt^ dro6t6ayr, give back; pay back
'
?qxcr : dv/?eoav) dno9njoxat, dtro1evo|put, dtr(.?avov,
&r6pe[a, - o t , i, manlitrcss, bravery r(?t1xu, dic, be killed
d . v 6 p < ? . o-gd,, - o v , r n a n l y , b r a v e d.ro xre(.vat, d.ro xrevit, d.n/ xrcwa (d.n-
dveiAov (aorist of. &vatpht), gave a l. xtavov), dn ( xrova, ktll
response (of an oracle) &t6AAupt, &noA6t, dntiAeoa (d,na-
dvetpr.t,g0 l.lp Adp^r1v), d,ro\ti\exa (dndAuAo),
d.veAnwr6s, -6r, unhoped for, un- destroy; lose, perish
looked for d ro p.,. ph pca, intitate
d . v e p o s ,- o u , d , w i n d d.non ( ynu, scnd ar'r'ay
d.ve{(raoros, -oe, rvithout inquiry, dnopi-, be at a loss
unexamined ,i:r,op i,nra, cast away
c Z v e uw, i t h o u t ( * g e n i t i v e ) d,nooxori{co, aorist d,reoxdrrloa, get
dv(yopc, (iX-), dvi{oy.ar, i1veoy6p.r7v, out oI one's light
put up with, endure drrorp/n<o (rp(nr't, rpi,lta, Erpe,ltu,
d.vr1p,dv\pds, d, man, male, husband rtrpo$a, r(tpap.p.at, trp($0r1v or lr-
d . v ? p c u n o s- o, v , 6 , h u n r a n b e i n g ; m a n ptirlv), turn away, divert
dvtorqy.t (iorqpt), stand up, raise dpa, thercfore, after all
up, break carnp 'ApBd.rcq;, -ov,
d, Arbaces
&l6qros, -ov, foolish, senseless dpyvpo1s,'&., -oav, silver (adjective)
d.votyvup.t.and d,votyu, dloi{u, d.v&'t(a, , i p ( o x < r t ,b e p l e a s i n g t o ( { d a t i v e ) ,
d.v&4tya, &v&uy y.at, &ve,! y01v, open please ( * accusativc)
dvdplpa, -dros, zd, sin dpetrj, -fis,,i, virtue, goodness,
d , v 6 o r c s ,- d , - o v , u n h o l y , i r r e l i g i o u s , excellcncc
impious 'Aptatog, -ou,
6, Ariaeus

196
 irpfipis, -o0, 6, nulnber, cnuntcrit- d{pwv, -ou (-oro9), senseiess
ttotr ' A y t ) . A e t i s ,- t - s , 6 , A c h i l l e s
'tlpwre i}qs, -ot)s ci, Aristides
t
'AptoreJs, -ius, 6, Aristeus
B
'AyL[ornrnos -on, ci, Aristipprrs
,
patvco, p'ioopat, (pqv, p(p1xa, go
,iptorov, -ou, ,6, breakfast, lunch
pciAA<", patra, tpaAor, piBAr1xa, pi-
d . p w r o 9 , - i l, - o v , n o b l e s t , b e s t
pAqpat, iBArj9qv,throw, hurl, pelt
"Apxa}es, -av, ot, r\rcadi;rns
p,l.ppapos, -ov, foreign; Fdp\apot, ot
&pya, -aros, rd, chariot
( s ub s t a n t i v e ) , P e r s i a n s , f o r e i g n e r s
6"pr t{.(u, d pn aoopat, ij pn ao a,'ij pn arca, p a p , j s ,- < i a , - J , h c a v y ; g r i e v o u s ; a n -
'iiptruo pa,., i1pn i,,o9qv, sei ze, sn atch
'Aprayiporls -ou, <i, Artagerses noying
, p a o t ) . e t a ,- o t , i , k i n g d o m
'Apra((p$1s, -ou,
d, Artaxerxcs paotAefs, -<<rrs,<i, king
t i p r t o E ,- a , - o r , , c o m p l e t e , f i t t e d p a o t A e J < ' t ,b e k i n g , r u l e
r i p t o s , - o u , t 5 ,b r e a d pards, -i, -6r, passable
&pycios,-ct, -ov, ancient, old -d, -ov, {irm, secure
BiBatos,
dpXi, -it, ri, bcginning; province; peArtav, -ov (-ovos), better
enrnire' rrrlp' ofllce p(A'rrcros, -T, -oP, best
dpX-, &pt-, ipt", ipxo, flpypor, p$Atov, -ou, rd, book
i p X ? n r , c o t n m a r t c l, r r - r l e ; n r i d d l e , Btos,
-ou, d, life, iivelihood
bcgin puor6s, -i, -6r, worth Iiving
dpyulr,, -ovro|, 6, rttlcr, archot.t; p A a B e p d s-, d . , - 6 v , h a r m f u l
commander p\,inru, p\ti,lt<'t, (p\a,l'a, pipAo.$a,
tAota, -cs, ri, Asia
ptpAap"p"at, 2nd aorist passive
ci.o?<vis,-ds (oOs), 'rveak ipAripqv, harm
donte, -i8os, z), shield po,lat, pofiooprat, dp61oa, shout
,i.oru, -eutg, r(, gily po$&'t (ir$or10&.'-,), go to help
do$a[i1s, -ds (o0s), safe Bop(as, -ou, 6, Boreas, the North
d o $ a A < } s ,a c i v . s a f e l y Wind
,i.ru{[a, -crs, i,clisorcler, Iack of povAeria, plan, advise; middle, get
discipline advice, take counsel with
,}repntoraroE, -\, -ov, nrost un- p o v A f i ,- i t , i , p l a n ; c o u n s e l ; C o u n c i l
p l e a s a nt of 5oo
d r v y ( < . ' t ,b e u n l u c k y be as hungry as an ox,
BovAtp.tti<',,,
crJ, on the othcr hand; again; in have "boulimy"
trrrn po{AoSlcr, Boulrjooptat, peporlk1p"ar,
aitptov, tonrorrou' (adr.'erb) ipouArj?ry, rvill,'r.r'ish
a$rts, again
Bpct}Js, -eicr, -rj, slow
a i r o y . o A l < o ,d e s e r t
Bpa}futs, slorvly
air6poAog, -ou, 6, deserter -eta, -d, short
PPaYds,
aJrds, -i, -6, self; sanre; he, she, it, Bprcqis, -i6os, ri, Briseis
they (pronotrn)
Bpor6s, -oA, 6, mortal man
alrofr, -is, -oA,of hinrself (reflexive) ppurJs, -4, -6r,edible
airoi, there (adverb)
a J r o $ u i , t s , n a t r r r a l l y , s p o n t a n e o u s ly
d,l,atplo, take arvay r
d $ i . r 1 y t ,a l i o w ; f o r g i v c yd, Doric |or yfi
d$txvhpat, d$[{oy.ar, d$rx6p4v, d.$- yata,: yfi, eartb
typrtt, come, arrivc yaP€cD, TaPa, eTllPa, y(ycrlllKa,
&,f'torrlpt (iornpt), stand off ; revolt marry

,97
yd.pos, -ou, 6, marriage E e i l < j s ,- i , - 6 t ' , c o w a r d l Y , u ' r e t c h e d ;
y d . . p ,f . o r , i n d e e d ( P o s t P o s i t i v e ) idle
yc,ot 7p, - r t p o s , r i , b e l l Y 6 e r Y d s ,- i , - 6 ' , t e r r i b l e ' f e a r f u l
ye, at least; of .course ( e n c l i t i c ) S e mvla, eat dinner
yiyova, {rom YiYvoY"at ieirvov, -ou, T6, dinner, tneal
yevvatos,-a' -ov, noble Eircr, ten
y t v o i , - o u g ,r 6 , r a c e , k i n d A e A $ o t ,- 6 v , o i . , D e l P h i
yipas, y/ptos, t6, Prize, reward E / p r . o sz, d , f o r m ; b o d l '
iiorrol (6ico), want, ask ; need
y/purv, . ovros' ri, old man
( * g e n i t i v e )
y i $ u p a , - o , t ,i , b r i d g e
y e u p t e r P i < o ,l e a r n g e o m e t r Y Eeopc,is,-o0, d, bond
yecopy|s, - o A , 6 , f a r m e r }eop"aniprov, -ov' zri, Prison
e a r t h ' land } e r i r e P o s ,- d , , ' o Y , s e c o n d
Yi, Yis, {,
yrlprjop-at, utter 3 /yo 1-,"at, 6 !( o pat, i6 e('1pr1t', receive
tyevdp1u, 6!u,' 6erjo<'t, i6it1oa, need, lack
yiyro 1".,r, yer\oop"at-, *&t^"
o)yg,r-yeyivtlStut, become, be; be 6rf, surelY, indeed
EA", arise, develoP 8fiios, -n' -ov, evidcnt
ytyvlto xto, yv,ioo ptau, tyv<'tv, iyv<o xa' A 6 ) ' o s ,i o r , i , D e l o s ( t h e i s l a n d )
- € ' r i l t j < r r ,m a k e ' c l e a r , r e v e a l
tyvuroyat, iyv6o01Y, knorv
ytvoprut,late form of YtYv.oP"at' Erlpoxparia,'as, fi , democracY; rttle
yAuxrls, - e t a , - 1 j , sweet, Pleasant of the demos
yA,irra, -\s, al, tongue 6i)pros,'olt, 6, the PeoPIe
yviFI , -rlE, i, judgment, oPlnron' 6,.i, through (+ genitive), on ac-
idea count of (* acctlsative)
y o v e r i s ,y o v / . u r s ,d , P a r e n t 8rapaivco, cross
y6vos, -ov,6 or ri, offsPring iroi.porhs, -q' -ov' must be crossed
y6vv, ydvaros, zd, l<nee 6wPePadoP,.at,be Positive, carrY
lopyri, -6vos, {, Gorgon thru
yp,16-, yPd{?, 6 r c r 6 i E < r r pgr irv, e i n t u r n , d i s t r i b u t e
.tYPo*o, . YiYPa$u'
yiypappat, ty Pti.S1v,write 6ra*6orot, -rr.L'-c.' trvo hundred
vuuvd(a, exercise 6 wp.ei'Po pur, exchange
yuil'rriit, -4, -6r, gymnastic \wpvrlpoveJut, call to mind
yupvis, -4, -6r,naked irorolopar, think, have in mind
yuirn, yuror*os, i, woman ; wif e Ewrprlrroltc{r, accomplislr, bring a-
lutBpJas, d, GobrYas bout
yuvta, -ot, i, angle; corner 3 tail.O1pt,',arran ge' disPose
6 , a $ ep d w u e , e x c e P t i o n a l l Y
6ta$ipu, bear about, difler
A
LJ

Ew$1etpu, destroY
6 c , i . p u . , v- o, v o s ' d , d i v i n i t Y , f a t e
D a r i u s ( P e r s i a n 8r8ciorcttros , -ou, 6, teacher
/o,pei'os, -ou,6,
king) 6rEdor<..,, 6r.6cifco, d6lEctfcr, teach'
h a n d instruct
E1, and, but on the ottrer
(postPositive) 6t6pdoxo, -, t6Pav,rLln away
-Ee, suffix indicating place to rvhich ElEcopcr,6tiou, i6arra, Ei6c'rrca,E/Eo-
6 / 6 o r x a , s e e 6 e i 6 < o ,f e a r y"at, i660r1v, give
i t i s n e c e s s a r Y Ei8crprc 6i'x7v, PaY the PenaltY
6e?,
6ei6o, t6ewo , 6d6ocrcr, z n d Perfect i r i p y o p . at, go through, relate
6 / E r c r ,f e a r E t r j r c u ,P a s s t h r o u g h
6etxvu1.t, 6ei'{a, i6e rfa, 6/EetXa' 6rtorr11r,$or11tt\, stand aPart or at
intervals
6 i6 ery put, i6 elY?qv, sh<-irv

t98
 6ixatos, -cr,-ov, just, deserving iyyery(a (Xrip), take in hand, under-
} t x a t o o , j v r l, - \ s , i , j u s t i c c , r i g h t e o u s - take
ness iy<i, I (pronoun)
6rxcrf<.,rs, j ustly iyuye, I at least
}trcaortjs, -oa, 6, j uryman i6cr/os, -oug,16, ground, floor
6 i x q , - r 1 s ,r i , j u s t i c e , r i g h t e o u s n e s s , i9iAa, i0eAlou, t10iAt1ou, ilgiAt1xa,
penalty; 6i.rcqvinnl|qy.t, inflict be willing, wish
punishment
€t,, ll
ArcvJorcs, -ov, 6, Dionysius ei6tvo.r.,from olEa
Ads, see Zeris
el6ov, from 6pdu
6d'rt, because
e i l u L A o v ,- o u , 1 6 , i m a g e , I i k e n e s s
}nr\dorcs, -a, -ov, double
ei0e, Oh that (1 optative)
6izou9, -our,, t'rvo-footed
eixd(a, el*d.o<o,,jxuoa, liken; con-
Eis, trvice (adverb)
jecture, imagine
6rcyi"Arc,,,-q.1, -d, two thousancl
e l r c 6 E(, i t i s ) l i k e l y
Etd,,xtt, 6ui(u, i6tra,(a, 6eDia.,ycr,iEr-
eixuor,, twerrty
<iy04v, pursue
e i x c o ,e i ( u t , e t ( a , y i e l d , g i v e i n t o
6 o x / a . r ,s e e m , t h i n k ; a s i m p e r s o n a l ,
etAov, see ai.pia
seem, seem best
66{a, -1s, ri, opinion, reputation etpt, go (with future sense)
-6ouft1t;;;] etp.t, iooltut, be
i, Ua"";r; <tvat, see eip.i,
Eouicricrr,be a slave
et(at, see eix<.,.r
6o0)os, -ou, 6, slave
-ovros, d, serpent, dragon ettrov (),(y<'t), I saitl
6pd.rc<'tv, *;firA;'7tp{ai,
A p<l.xav, -oyros, <i, I)raco etp(a, s}rut in or out,
prevent from
6p e n a v l $ 6 p o s , - o v , s c y t h e - b e a r i n g
3 p 6 p o s ,- o u , 6 , r a c e c o l r r s e , r r r n n i n g eiplyat, perfect itI^P of )iyc,t
EJvap.at, 6vv-rioopat, }e}Jvr1piut, i6u- e t p y ' 1 v, r-1r c , i , p c a c e
eie,into, about (with numerals); at
40rlu, be able, be powerful (of tinre) ; to, against ( * accrrsa-
6 r j v a p . 6 , - € u 9t i , power; f orce
(troops) tlve)
luvards, 4, -6r, able, porverf ul uts, lrio, Zv, one
6rio, trvo eioetpt, go in, enter
}uoruyd<r, be ill-starrecl eionAi.a, sail into
}uorvyrjs, -/s, u nfortunate eio$(pu, bring in, leacl
6J<'t, 6tjou, tEuoa and i6uv, 6/6urc, e t y o v , f r o n r i X c , . r( i m p e r f e c t )
(itlr, out of (* genitive)
6 1 6 u y . a t , i 6 r i 0 r 1 v ,e n t e r , c a u s e t o :*
enter, sinl<,set e K u o T o g -, 4 , - o v , e a c h
66pov, -ou, -16, gift ixd.orore, at each time, on each
occasion
'Exaratog, -ou,
E 6, Hecataeus
l , t
i r c c i r e p o s ,- d . , - o v , e a c h o f t w o , p l .
I
eq.v l€L + cy), ll both
eauro}, -fs, -oi, of himself (re-
a ^

ixqr6v, one hundred

flexive) dx!,lMi.o, cast out, exile
icia, i&.oat, e'l.aoa,allow, permit t x 6 t } p & o x < ' t ,r u n o u t , e s c a p e
ilrypd$c't, write in or on ix}Jc't, cause to put ofi, put off
tyyrjs, near, nearly (adverb; preposi- ixet|ev, from therc
alor * genitive) i r c e t v o E ,- \ , - o , t h a t , t h a t o n e , t t r e
(,y e i p u , a r o u s e , r v a k e n ( t r a n s i t i v e o r fornrer
intransitive) irxcr/6erccr,sixteen

t99
 i x x A r l o i a , - o 9 , i , a s s e n r b l Y; m e e t i n g t{etpt, go front, go out
ixA(yop.at, select i((ppput, come ottt, go <;rtt
i*roiriv, out of the rvitY (adverb) t(eort(v), it is possible
i*ropeJopac, go 0ut i ( e r d ( a ( c f . .r i l e ( G a o r o s ) , e x a m i n e
i x $ ( p < l " t c, a r r Y o u t ( f o r b u r i a l ) i(fiyov, imperfect of. i{riyut
( x $ o p a , - < r ; v ,r d . , P r o d u c e , c r o P 'E(qxeori}ils, -ou, ci (sorr of Execes-

i),d.rrt'tv,-ov (-ouos), lcss, fewer tes), Solon

iAalv<u, iA6,,, ijAaoa, iAriAaxa, i[f- i(r7*owoJr1S, -€s, sixty years of age
A a y r o l ,i 1 A d 0 r 1 vr ,i d e ; d r i v e , c h a r g e , i{ouota, -crgr i, power, means ;
nlarch ability, opportunity
i A e u ? e p t u ,- r ' s , r i , f r e e d < l r n ifar, outside (* genitive)
i A e J ? < p o s -, c r , - o v , f r e e i(a?ev, from outside, outside
it,j$0,1v, see AapPdvut ioprrj, -it, i, festival ; holidaY
'E\.trde, -d6os, irq.wlc't, aPProve, Praise
{, Grcece
" EAArlv," EAAlvos, <i, a Greek inei., rvhen, since, after (conjunc-
'
EAAlvtx6s, -i, -6v, Greek tion)
i)nis, -iEos, r), hoPe inet6dv (izecSrj + &v), u'hen, since
i),?<'t, see tpyopa, i',ret6fi, rviren, since
iAar, see atp&'t tnena, thereupon, then, future
ipavroA, -i]s, of mYself (reflexive) inipyoy"at, come tou'ard, come on
i p 6 s , - i , - c i v ,m y , m i n e (of events)
i p r z r < 6 o s-, o v , f i x e d f i r m , s e c t t r e i n e { i p y o S t a n ,g o t h r o u g h , n a r r a t e
ip.no}tiv, in the way, under foot i z r i , o n , n e a r , a g a i n s t ( A p p e n c l i x9 )
tpnpoo9ev, before, in front (f geni- inrBatvu, go toward, or against
tive) in$ory?(-, go to irelP
dv, in, amonfJ (proclitic; 1 dative) irrpovAeiu, piot :rgainst (* dative)
ir, one (neuter) inryeA,lu, laugh at
' E r t S d p v t o r ,o i , p e o p l e o f E P i d a m n u s
ivopd-, plough in
' Entbarjprcr,oi, EPidaurians
i v 6 e t * v v 1 t r ,s h o w , r e v e a l
Z v 6 o 0 e v ,w i t h i n in16etxvvltt,point out
ivet;.ct, be in i n f i u y . i . t ' t ,d e s i r e e a g e r l y
tvexs, on account of (PostPositive; int?upqri1s, -oA, 6, eager follower,
* genitive) one desirous of something
ivevrjxovra, ninetY h,flvpi.a, -os, i, desire
dv0a, there, where ittoJorog, -a, 'orr, datly
d v | d . 6 < ,t h i t h e r , t h e r e , h e r e irtn6vus, laboriously
iv1ouonoytdg, -oA, ci, enthr.rsiasm irtorapar, knotv, knorv horv to
ivi (iv), in (poetic) inwroArj, -fis, i, letter
ivv(a, nine intre pn(.ordros, 'r, -ou, nrost delight-
ivraA9a, here, there ful
inei?ev, from here, fronr there hni.01y", (r(.0qpt), add, Place on;
ivrt?qy,,. (rt01ptl, place in middle, attack, make an attempt
ivr6s, within (* genitive) on or for (* dative)
t v r o o ? e ( v ) ,f r o m w i t h i n , w i t h i n tzoSLut, trftopat, ton6pqv (imperfect
if, six ein<ip1v), follow
df, out of (+ genitive) fnrc[, seven
i{ayy€Mu, announce ipaorls, 'oA,6, lover
i(dy<'t, lead out ( . p y o v ,- o u , 1 6 , w o r k , d e e d , a c t , f a c t
l(axwyiArcL, -dL, -ct, six thousand iplp6at, Inake desert, desolate
i(anar,lot, deceive thorou ghlY ipt(<o, contest, dispute

200
 ipyoltat, iA<tjoopat., fiAflov, iAriAu?a, ei$vfs, -!s, of good disposition,
come, go rvell born
ipop.at, ask (for.rnd usually only in eipj, -fis,.f1, prayer; elyfiot, Ionic
imperfect eip|pqv and second dative plural
aorist TpdpTr) ($ayov, aorist of. io\tu, eat
,
epurci:<tt, ipctrt1oat, ilpdqou and t$aoav, from $t1y,t
ip6pTr,ask (a question), (rarely) t$r1, Irom hpi
invite , E$r,dArr1s, -o,u,
6, Ephialtes
is, like eis, into i$fip"q command
io?' : ?ori lbefore rough breathing) i$io:rr]pt, stop; middle, halt, stand
io9iat, !6op"at, t$uyov, i6{Eorca, eat over
d o ? A , 5 s-,4 , - 6 r , n o b i e , g o o d i y ? p a , - o . s ,i , e n m i t y
ioB,\cts, nobly ty<'t, i(at (oyfiow) , doyov, ioytlxu (im-
ior[(v), from eipi perfect etyov), have, hold, keep
Eort, it exists; it is possible icrrs, until
iore, until
iorlxa (participle torcis), see iorqpt Z
ior<'t, from qi/-r.i
(ciu, (fiou (irnperfect i(uv), live
loyov, from tyat (znd aorist)
ZeJs, /ds, d, Zeus
iratpos, -ov, 6, comrade
(T€pos, -d., -ot/, other, atrother, tr7A6cu, envy
(npto, -ot, i,penalty, fine
opponent (,rf t*'rl pcrs()lls or (r1r(a, seek
groups)
(Qor, -ou, 16, animal
trepos . . trepos, the one . the
other
iru, still, 1,sf H
iroty,os, -rl, -ov, ready
i, or, than; n . . . i, either . or
dros, -ous, 16, year
fiyioy.at, lead, guide ; consider, think
lrvpog, -T, -ov, trlue i16/as, happily, gladly
erJ, rvell (adverb) ri31, aiready; nowi presently
eiyevrls, -1s, of good ridcoros, -7..
birth , -ov, sweetest, pleasant-
eJDarpovi(u, congratuiate; think est
rlappy i 1 3 i c u v-,o v ( - o v o s ) ,s w e e t e r , p l e a s a n t e r
eiepyeriat, do good; do good to , j 6 o p . a t ,b e p l e a s e d , e n j o y o n e s e l f
e t ) ? J Ea, t o r r c e , i m m e d i a t e l y
n6o4, -ir, i,pleasure, happiness
EixA<i}1s, -ou, 6, Euciid (the geo-
fi}Js, -eta, -J, sweet, pleasant
metrician)
fi?os, -ovs, zd, character
< J A o y o g ,- o y , r e a s o n a b l e
fixco, ii$r, have come, be present,
e r i v o t a ,- d . s , 4 , f a v o r a b l e f c e l i n g come
e J v o v s ,- o u r , r v e l l - d i s p o s e d 'HAeiot, -t.rv,
ol, Eleans (of Elis)
E,i p urt}1s,,-ou, d, I'auripides
fiA?ov, aorist of. ipyopat, came
eiptorcut, ciptlcttt, <Jpov, eJprlxa, eJ-
fiAl?rcs, -a., -ov, foolish
p\laal, eip(9qv, finc\
riiros, -ou, d, sun
E,ip7nrl, -rlc, i., Iiurope
rjAdopat, sun oneself
€ u o € p € L c r-,c t i , n , r e v e f e l t c e
eJraxros, -ov, well-disciplined f-pr,es,nominative plural of. iy<i
e r J r e ,w h e n T,ttip1, -us, fi, day
erlvyi;'t, )rave good fortune rll.L€p\oLoi,-d, -ov, of a day
€ r , T u x r l i ,- € s , l o r t u n a t e Ipepog, -ov, tame, gentle
e i $ p a t v < ' t ,d e l i e h t fipbepos, -&., -ov, olrr
EJ$p,irqs, -"", 6, Euphrates tlv, from eiy.i

201
 fv, I said, from
' H p a x L f i s , - / o u s , ly"t
I
d, Heracles
lrom eip.t iciop,at, heal, cure
'fiouv,
Hoiolos, -ov, iarp6s, -oA, 6, physiciarr
6, Hesiod
, j o u y l u , - d , s ,i , q u i e t , calmness iElog, -cr, -ov, private, one's own
tiovytav &ya, be quiet i}y"ev : iop.ev
ljovyos, -ov, calrr,, quiet i6tiv, see 6pti.t't
ijrot, truly; you know f , e p 6 s ,- r 1 . ,- 6 v , s a c r e d , h o l y ; r d , i e p c i ,
rirot.. . zi,either . . . or temples
rjrrdo y.ar, be defeated h1y.t,ijou, fi xu (-etpev), -etxa, -etpat,
-ei01v, send, hurl; middle, rush

@ f . x a v 6 s ,- i , - 6 r , s u f f i c i e n t , c a p a b l e
txavits, sufficiently (adverb)
d', symbol for 9 -tpitiriov, -ort,
z'6, cloak
?d,Aunu, -r7s, ri, sea iva, in order that (conjunction)
?riAAu, flourish 'Iv6oi, -itv,
ot, Indians
9d.vurog, -ou, 6, death irneris, -/l..,g, 6, horseman; pl.
0avtitv, see dr o0rrgoxa cavalry
?apoitt, take courage ttrrt,x6s, -i, -6r,, cavalry (adjective)
?d.rraw, -ov (-ovos), srvifter irros, -ou,6, horse; d, mare;
9auy"d{<'t, ?aupd.ooy.at, i1aly.uoa, cavalry
marvel, marvel at i " o 0p . 6 s , - o 0 , 6 , i s t h . m u s
'0a,vy"aor6g,-i, -6v,
marvelous .qag, -71, -oy, equal
9ed,,-&s, {, goddess iort1yl, orrjou, iorr1oa, (torrlv), ior-
@euy/vt1s,d, Theagenes toray.at, iorri?lv, place;
IKa,
0 e d , o p u t ,w a t c h , o b s e r v e stand (znd aorist and perfect
? e t o s ,- d , , - o v , d i v i n e are intransitive)
0 1 t r q p , a ,- d , T o s ,z d , w i l l , w i s h t o r a p i , a ,- & s , i , i n v e s t i g a t i o n , h i s t o r l '
0iAu, see i0li<,r 'Ioyvpit'.tv, -oyos,
d, Ischyrion
@ep.wrox\fis, -(ous, d, Themistocles ioyup6s, -d,, -6v, strong
-0ev, suf6x denoting place from
iaytlat, avail, be powerful
which ioXco, hold, control
geds, -oA, <i, god; ri, goddess; Trds
io<rrs,perhaps
?edv, in the name of the gods
9epureJu, heal
@ e p p o n i A a L ,- 6 v , c r i , T h e r m o p y l a e
K
0 e p p t 6 s ,- 4 , - 6 r , w a r m ra, Doric for Attic dv
@erratris, -i, -6r, Thessalian xa?utpa, xu0ap6, ixd.}4pa, -, xe rcd.-
|eapiu, Iook at; consider ?uppat, ircu1d.p?qv,cleanse, purify
0edp1pa, -q,ros,zd, theorem xri9r1p,at,,sit down
@ q B c , t o s-, q , - o v , T h e b a n xal,, and, also, even, merely; xai . . .
0r1pe,ja (0qpcicr.,),hunt xai, both and; xci 6\ rcai,
0qptov, -ou, -16, wild animal furthermore
0 r 1 o a u p 6 g-, o 0 , 6 , t r e a s u r e ; t r e a s u r y r c u l n e p ,a l t h o u g h , a n d y e t
@ r | o e t j s ,- ( u s , 6 , T h e s u s r c a t p 6 g ,- o A , 6 , c r i t i c a l t i m e , o p p o r -
0v1t6s, -i, -dr, mortal . tunity
@ p | t , @ p q x d s ,d , T h r a c i a n Katoap, Kui,oapos, d, Caesar
0pt{, rpty6s, r), hair xd.x$1p71: xal ix$ip,
|vydrlp, 0uyarp6s, ri, daughter r c a x 6 s ,- i , - 6 r , b a d , c o r v a r d l y
9tipu, -os, ri, door xo,xits,badly, ill
drio, sacrifice xo'xri,s iX<.,r,be badly off

202
 K d x i t s -n o L ( @ , h a r m x/pus, xlpus, zd, horn, wing of army
x a L ( u , x a A i t , i x c i . t r e o o ,x l x A q x a ' x ( r c - Kippepos, -ou,-6, Ccrberus
A q p . a r , t x A r 7 0 r 1 vs,u m m o n , c a l l x e p 8 , o ; t v u tx, e p ' c t v i j , i r c ( p } a v u , g a i n ,
I{aAAlas, -ou, 6, Callias profit
x d . A A t o r o s ,- n , ' o v , f a i r e s t x / p 6 o s , . - o v s1, 6 . g a i , n , a - dvantage
-tri$o,trfi,
-fs, {, head
x a ) , A t c t , v-,o v ( - o v o s ) , m o r e b e a u t i f u l
rci))os, -ous, 16, beautl' *fiprt, -vKol,rj, herald
r c u Axod y a ? L u , - u s , 1 , g e n t l e m a n l i n e s s Ki"-, -oOs,ri, Ceto
x a i , i s , - i , - 6 r ' ,g o o d , b e a u t i f u l , n o b l e xry\uvcJct;, run a risk, s e e m l i k e l y
,<o\Jnra, ratrrjrl<r.r,hide xw(.u, future xr.riyou, m o v e ; D o r i c
xcldrs, well future xwdo<u
xdpv-, rco'poipol, ixapov, xixprlxo, rl/os, -oug,16, report; fame
toii, sul1er KAeo$,iv, -Ctvros, <i, CleoPhon
x&.v for xai ir: xdv, fot xo,i dv x\cirlt, x),con6s,<j, tnief
x c , p } i u , - a s , i 1, h e a r t Kvt}os, -ou, i, Cnidus
rcuprr6g,-o0, ci, fruit xotpdcu,put to sleeP; middle, sleeP
xripra, very rcow6g,'i, -6r,colnmon
xard, dou'n, dou'n fronr, against, xoAri.(a, punish
during, bv (with nunrerals atrcl xopt{<'t, bring, accomPany
K o p i . v ? r c s ,- d , , - o v , C o r i n t h i a n
times), according to (APPendix 9)
K6pw0os, -ou, 6, Corinth
xaraBui(u, bark at
x 6 p o s, - o u , 6 , s a t i e t y
xaraxuits (-xc!:a),burn uP
x6opos, -ou, 6, order, adornment;
xardxerpru, (rceip.at),lie dou'n
universe, world
xaraAay.pdvu, ov ertake, seize
x a r a A e l , r c ' 1l ,e a t ' e b e h i n d , a b a n d o n rc|rwos, -ov, 6, wild olive
xo'ruArjco,destroy Kpuvetov, -ov, 16, Craneion
xatavJto, accornPlish xpa'rta, be powerful, conquer
rcararArjrrcr,r,aston i sh x p a r f i p , - t p o s , < i ,m i x i n g b o w l
xurd. oavr6v, by yourself xpdrtoros, -rlr -ov, strongest, best
x an ao x dn r u, xo.rao xrlrltu,t,xar i.o x arfta, x p e t r r a v , - o l , ( - o v o s ) ,s t r o n g e r , b e t t e r
xarioxa$u, xur(.oxappdt, Ka'T(- xpepdvvultr,hang
oxtl$1v, tear clorvn, denrolish I { p f i s , K p r 7 r 6 s ,d , a C r e t a n
xoraoxal,rj, -it, i, demolition xpiu-, xptvti, Exprva, xixptxa, xtxpr
x a r a o x e u d . { a , , ,p r e p a r e , i r r r a l l g e paL, ixpi.9ry,, jurlge
xarooxevrj, -f s, i, prepariltion, r c p i o t s ,- r i a s , i , j u d g m e n t , d e c i s i o n ,
equiprnent tri al
xaraoxoniT, -it, il , sPf ing xprtis, -oi,6, juclge
xqrdorq'o$, -(@9, r), establishmcrrt Kpotoos, -ou, 6, Croesus
xarurtAqpt (rtfuy,t), Put down, de- xpvnr|s, -i, -6r, hidden
posit xrd.opat, xrtioop.ar, x(rcn1y"ut, get
rcu"u$uyrj, -it, i, ref uge possession of, possess
xurcr,l.,r1$l{opat, vote against, fincl xrfipa, -dros, zd, possession
guilty, condemn xvpeprnrrls, -ou, d, pilot
xar' ipdv t,dov, accotding to mY mintl KlAt'-tv, -os, d, Cylon
x u r ep y t i { o p a r , a c c o m P l i s h KJnp6, -r6os, i,APhrodite (the
x a i p a , - c t r o g ,r d , h e a t , b u r n i n g Cyprian goddess becartseshe was
xetpat, lie born on Cyprus)
rcetvog : ixeivog Kipos, -ou,6, Cyrus
xeAerj-, xetrerjou, ixlleuoa, xex(Aeu- xrJ<uv,xuv6E, 6, fi, dog
x a , x ex / A e u o p u t , i x e \ e i o 9 r y , o r d e r xoAriu, prer.'ent

203
 A trftyapa., -av, rd, It{egara
A', symbol for 3o Il'[eyapeJs, -tats, 6, a I\Iegarian
Aaxe\arpdvlog, -a, -ov, Spartan p € 7 a s , p e y d A r 1p, ( y a , l a r g e , g r e a t
Aap"privcu, Afi$opat, iAupov, eiAq$a, peylorog, --\, -ov, targest, greatest
pe?torlpt, change
. eiAr1p1tut,iAfi$|ry, take, seize
A a p " r p 6 s ,- d , - 6 v , b r i g h t pe{{rttv, -ov (-ovos), larger
Aav?dva, Arjo<u, iAo6or,, escape no- plAet, it is a care, it concerns /im-
tice, deceive personal)
A(awa, -\s, i, lioness p e A ( r 1, - r l s , i , p r a c t i c e
Aiy,'t, A$ot (tpi) lAe(a (ehrov), piA)o', peA)rjoo, tpiA)vtoa, to be
,,:P:t\", A(Aeypat and eiprTpat, about to (+ infinitive), to delay;
iAQ11v, say, call, tell, talk r d p " ( A A o v t, i r e f u t u r e
Achrco,Ael,la, (trtzrov,A(Aoma, i/)erp- p(pvao' : ltiprnoo, remernber (irn_
1tut., iA<(.$01v, leave perative)
Aczr6s, -i, -6r, fine, light pQt"ulpat, perfect rnicldle from pty,_
Aey1rjoerat, Irom A€yut njoxr't, to remember; cI. I-atin
A/u;v, -ovros, d, ljon tnenzini
AcavtSag, -ou, 6, I-eoniclas p(r,on the one hancl (often nor
Aiy-, Afl{at, cease transla te<_l)
A{uv, too, over (aclverb) M ( v o ' v } p o s, - o u , 6 , N l e n a n c l e r
A l ? o s ,- o v , 6 , s t o n e M e v ( A u o s ,- o u , 6 , l l e n c l a u s
A o y r c p . 6 s ,- o 0 , 6 , r e a s o l r i n g p(.v<tt,.p,et,6t, (pewa, pepivtlxa, re_
A 6 y o s , - r > u ,6 , s a y ' i n g , s P e c c h ; r v o r d , main, rvait for
a c c o u n t , c o r n m e n t , c li p l o m a t i c M(vu.tv, -u)L,os,d, Irlenorr
cortversation p(pos, -ous, Td, part
Aom6s, -i, -6r, relr-raining p(oog, -Ir -or', middle
Aoyayds, -o0, 6, captain 1 . t e o r d s-, 4 , - 6 r , f u l l ( o f )
Avtr&tt, &flnoy, be painccl p r , e r c ri .v i t h * g e n . ; a f t e r * a c c .
A r i n 7 , - r t s ,i , p a i n , g r i e f p"era6t6<op (6i6<og,r),give a share
,/lioav6pos, -ou, 6, Lysantler p.eravo/a, think after; repent
AJco, Arioot, tAuoa, ,\/,\urc, A(Auy.at, lte,ran /.p"rrolrdr, Su nl nt On
e A J 9 r 1 vl,o o s e , c l e s t r o y , b r e a k perplos, -e., -ov, meaSured; acCord_
irrg to the "mean" (rd p"&prcv),
M moderate
pirpov, -ou, 16, meirsure; ,,mean,,
p.d.077ta,-Tos, T6, knorvledge pdxpt, until (* genitive)
pai.vopat, be mad, rave
tti, not, that not, lcst (negative
paxriprcs, -q, -ov, blessed, h"ppy adverb and coniunction)
-
Mc,xe},iv, -6vos, d, Nlacedoniin
ir,151, not e.,/en, troi . . . either
y " r r x p d s ,- d , - 6 v , l o n g p'r76e[,s,p.r16ey.[n, pr13&, no one,
p t d . A t o r am, ost, most of all, especiallv nothing
p . & . A A o vm, o r e , r a t h e r M16tx6s, -i, -6r, j\Ieclian
y.av?d.vc,t,y.a|foop.at, (pa7ov, Iearn, Mtr\os, -ov,6, Nlede
understand, know pfinos, -ovs, 16, length
Mapa9ci.tv, -rjvos, ci, IUarathon MfiAros, -a,, -ov, I\Ieiian
prirrlv, in virin (advcrb)
1tt7vx{u,,be alrgry
Mayd.av, -ovos, ri, Nlachaon p\re...prre, neither. . nor
pdXI, -\r, i,battle
ttfr\p, -tpds, f, nrother
lrciyopa t, payoA pa t, i payeo,1. p.r1v,f i g h t pwp6s, -ri, -rjv, small
( * dative) tr[ttr1tos, -ov, i, Nliletus
704
 l.LFnioR@, p4o-, t pvloa, p"(p.vt1put, { & o s , - o u , 6 , s t r a n g e r , f r i e n d , g u e s t ,
ipv1o?ry, remind; middle, re- mercenary (soldier)
member
{ivos, -ilt -ot,1 foreign (adjective)
Mivus, Mi,vt't, d, IIinos E e v o { < i v t l s t- € ( o 9 rd , X e n o p h a n e s
-4, -6r, hateful
Stto'r76s, Eevo$6tv, -6tv.ros, ri, Xenophon
ttwilt ), -Ts, i, recollection, remem- E+hs, -ov, 6, Xerxes
brance (Jyrcenat, has been composed, lies
1 . t o i p a ,- a 9 , l J , f a t e , d e s t i n y before you
p6vav, Doric for y"6vt7v
{iptrus Qr6.s),entirely all, rvhole
y,6vov, only (arlverb) (Jveor,s, -61-trsr
i, understanding
1r.6vos,-71 , -oy, sole, oniy (Ionic)
I t ^ . r '
t| I ot)od., -\5,
\ r ]\1uSe
puptd.e, -d3o5, ,i, group of ten
thousarrd, myriad o
p,rjprot,-d., -(t, ten thousand 6, ti, rd, the (definite article)
putp[a, -crs, i, folly
d 6i, and he, but he; the other
(rvith 6 p"&)
t/ i|i, ,iE., rd6e, this, the following
d6ds, -o0, r), roacl, way, journey
vuig, veri9,f, ship dEo0s, d8drzos, d, tooth
varjrqs, -ou, d, a saiior o16o, know
vd$o, see vti$<'.' oircr6e, homervard
veavtas, -ov, 6, young rnan olxdu, dwell, live
Neilos, -ou, d, Nile oixtu, -as,i,house
vevtxtTxt,Ls, - x6ros, f.tom vtrcd,<rt
oixo?ev, from home
v(og, -a, -op, ne\\', young o l x o s , - o v , , 1 ,h o u s e
ve6rr1s, -r1Tos, ri, yorrtir ot y.at (oio pt ar"),,ohi o o1t o,c,<itti0 q v, thi n k
vfioos, -ov, i, island o t . 1 - t c o,y -1i s , r l , l a m e n t i n g
46-, be sober (Doric vd$<o) otog, oia, olov, what sort of, such
vt(u, vlrlop"aL,€vtfia, rvash ot6s r€ eiy"r.,I am able i at6v r! iqrt,
vtxd,ot, vcxfo<u, tvtxqoa, rvin victory, ' it is possible
conquer 6xrci, eight
vi.trrat, rvash 6 A p o s ,- o u , 6 , h a p p i n e s s , w e a l t h
vr.$erds, -4, -6r, snowy dAi.yos,-i)t -ov, little, few
voto, (-vooAy.al, think 6Ao9,-q, -ov, whole
v6r1pta,-o.ros, rci, thought 'OAip.nr.a,
zd, Olympic games
vop,t{at, vop.tdt, iv6y.t oa, think 'OAup.trtovtxqs, -eu,
6, Olympic
voy.o?irr1s,-ou, 6, lar.l'giver vrctor
v6pos, -ou, 6, custom; lau' 'OAtjprrcs, -a,, -oy,
Olympic, Olym-
rrcios,fonic for yo0s pian
vooiat, be ill 'OAuvflos,
ot), 6, Olynthus
v6oos, -ov, i, sickness, disease 6l<r,,s,entirely, altogether
v o i s ( v 6 o s ) ,v o A , 6 , m i n d , i n t e l l i g e n c e
<i piu (with d 6i) the one
ufu, norv
|pBpos, -ov, 6, thunderstorm
vd{, vvrc6s, r), night "Ol"rlpot, -ov, 6, Homer
6ppo, -qros, 16, eye
6p.otos,-a,, -ov (epic, 6poi,tos), like
6y"oAoyi<'t,admit ; agree
(av06s, -i, -dr, yellow dp.ovo&'t,think with, agree
feivos : {/vos 6vap, 16, dream

205
 dvedt{u, scorn, reproach ois, drds, 16, ear
6vopa, -ctros, zd, name oJota, -qs, ?i, property; substance
dvop.d(a, call by name, name orire, neither
6nn, wherever, where, in whatever o$ros, aJr1, To}ro, this
way o6ra(s), thus (adverb)
6 r r w 0 e v ,f r o m b e h i n d , b e h i n d ( + g e n - oiyt : oi
itive) d$e).b1s, -ou, 6, debtor
6nAtr1s, -ou, 6, hoplite d$ei.A1y"a,-q,ros, zd, clebt
6 r A . o v ,- o u , 1 6 , w e a p o n ; p l u r a l , a r m s ,i$AaAy.ds,-o0, d, eye
6n6oos, -rlt -ov, as large as; as many \ r l t t s, - e u g , \ , s i g h t , s e e i n g , f a c e ,
AS appearance
6r6rq.v, when, whenever
6 n 6 r e, w h e n , w h e n e v e r
6 r r 6 r < p o s ,- a , - o v , w h i c h o f t r v o
n
dzrou, u'here rt!.|os, 'oug, Td, experience; suf{er-
6rcos, in order that (conjunction) ing, rnatter, trouble
dp,1.<'.,, 6,!oy"at, <t6ov, t,ipaxa, tdpa- , r a t " E e l a ,- o g , i , e d u c a t i o n
Fa(, 6$0r1v (iniperfect t<ipt'tv), lnal6evo6,-r.s, ,1, education
see rrat\eJu, ratEeJoa, iral6euoa, r erai.-
dpyi, -fit, i,anger, temperament 6euxcr, rrenat\evp.at, trat6ei0ry,
dpyt(op.ar.,be angry educate
d p 9 C t s ,c o u e c t l y ( a d v e r b ) rut6i.ov, -ou, rd, child
i p r c o s ,- o u , d , o a t h r a i 3 , t r u t } d s ,6 , i , c h i l d , b o y , s l a v e
6 p v s , 6 p v t " 9 o s ,f , b i r d rdAat, long ago, formerly
'Op6wag, -ou, 6, Orontas zraLatig, -d., -6v, ancient
6 s, i i , i i , w h o , w h i c h , w h a t ( r e l a t i v e ) ; [Idv, flav6s, d, Pan
he ro,v6z1S,.et, rvith all the force (n,i-
6oos, -\, -ov, horv large, horv great, verb)
what; plural, how many; as ravruyoi, everyrvhere
much as, as many as ravro\atrds, -i7, -6v, of every kin<l
6onep, inrp, 6rep, tlte very one rvho rdvrcts, 'rvholll'
"Oooa, -4s, ?i, Ossa zrd,vu,very, entirely
6o16, iirts, 3 zr, whoever, whatever rap&, + gen., from the side of ;
6orpaxov, -ou, z6, sherd * dat., at the side of, with, at
6 r a v ( 6 r e * d . v ) ,w h e n , w h e n e v e r the court of; + acc., to the side
,dre,rvhen, whenever of
6rt, that, because; with super- napayytM@, Pass the rvord along,
lative, as as possible order
oi (oix, oriX), not (negative adverb) raptl,yyeAp.d, -Tos, r<1,precept, order
ori8/, not even; not . . . either rapaytyvoltac, be present, arrive
ori6eie, oi6epta, oi6iv, no one, no- raprl.6ewos, -ou, <i, park
thing. ro,pali,}utp.r, give over
oix(rt, no longer, not yet, never r a p d . 6 o ( o g ,- o v , c o n t r a r y t o e x p e c t a -
oJxoiv, therefore (particle expect- tion
ing alfirmative replyi cf. Latin IfripaAos, -or, fi, Paralus (the state
nonne) despatch boat of Athens)
o$v, therefore; now (English col- rd raptl.nuv, at all, entirely
loquial) ruparuyydt ar, happen along
o|nore, never rupauri.xu (alri.rca), at once, f or the
oJpov6s,-o0,6, heaven nroment

206
 napd.Xpfittd, immediately, the pre- added to relative pronouns, ad-
sent moment jectives, or adverbs
rd:petp"t (etpi.), to be at hand, be IIep}ixxas, d, Perdiccas
present repi,, about, concerning, near (Ap-
tapipyopan, go forward, go past pendix 9)
raptorlp"t, middle, stand by, help repi roMoi noiolt"ut, consicler im-
n c i p o } o g ,- o u , i , p a s s a g e , e n t r a n c e portant; make much of
nap6vra, -ov, rd, present circum- rcpi.etpt, go around
stances IleptxAfs, -€ous,d, Pericles
napptlo{a, -os, i, freedom of speech
r e p r p ( . v u t ,w a i t a r o u n d f o r
flapuodrc, -drr6os, f, Parysatis
n ep t r a r o E , - o v , d , a w a l k i n g a r o u n d ,
r|g, rA.oa, r&.v, alI, every
stroll
zrd.oyttt, reioop,at, tra1ov, zrtnov|a,
nepwretpot, wreathe around
experience, suffer; ei rr<|oyu, be
repnt?qy fti.fup.t), place around
well treated, rcr<is rd,oyco, be ill
ITipoat, -,7v, ot, Persians
treated
r€rpa, -as, fi, rock
norrjp, ,orpds , d, iather
[frjAtov, -ou, 16, Pelion
rarpls, -i3os, native land.
i, n i p a , - o " s ,i , b a g , s a c k
country rwp6E, 'ri,.,-6v, bitter, sharp
trayJs, -eta, -J, thick nlvu , triop"a," or rrcAy"at, itrrcv,
n e 6 l . o v ,- o u , , 6 , p l a r n rinotxa, drink
Te(6s, -o0, 6, footsoldier; infantry nlnr<o, reooAy.at, lneoov, rCrruxa,
net?u, rctou, i.netoa, n(netxa $rh- fall
ofia) rtretoy.ut, itreloAqv, per- ntoreJu, trust (* dative)
suade; rret1opat (passive), obey rtor6s, -4, -6r, trusted
( + dative); second perfect, trust nAavd.a, wander
tewri.a, be hungry nAa,ortis, falsely, artificially
neipa, -or, i, trial, attempt Iftrd.rav, -u)vo;, <i, Plato
retpaopds, -oA, 6, trial, temptation n A c t o r o E ,- ? , - o l , m o s t
fIetparcJs, -(.r,ts, 6, the Piraeus, rAetoy or rA(av, -ov (-ovos), more
port of Athens n A t x < t t ,w e a v e , c o n t r i v e
rerydo, try; generally passive, at- r A e u p c i , -, & s , i , s i d e , r i b
tempt r),iut, rAeiooy,at, intrevoa, lgr,l
netoeo9at, see rrioya rAfi?os, -oug, 16, number, crowd,
flewiorparos, -ou, d, Peisistratus quantity
fle\onivvrlaoet -eut r), the Pelopon- n A r 1 v ,e x c e p t ( + g e n i t i v e )
nesus, neAorowrjo.os, -c!, -ov, adj. rtrqo[ov, ne.rr (* genitive)
tre\raortjs, -oA, 6, a peltast (a light- .l'Ar1olos,-a, -oy, near
armed soldier) r\oiov, -ou, 16, boat
zr(yna, r/p,/'a, ineptla, ninap.$a, nAois, -o0, 6, sailing, voyage
rirep"put, irip$01v, send rAo{ocog,,-.<r,-ov,- rich
n/u1s, -nrog, d, poor man i{o,iii-, be rich
nev9(.a, lament, rnourn for r)oAros, -ou, 6, wealth
,r/vop.at, be poor, t<;il nveApa, -Tos, 16, breath, inspira-
t e w a x w y t A L o L , - c x L -, n , f i v e t h o u s a n d tion
r e w a r c 6 o c o L ,- d L , - c r , f i v e h u n d r e d rv/ut, breathe; blorv
n(.vre, flve no9{v, from somewhere (adverb)
ret,rti*ovra, lifty rotla, itrotloa, rrerrot . xu,
-n€p, a sulhx rvliich adds the ,notlyo<rt,
neroir1p.ar., irouj|qv, do, make,
emphatic rrotion of "the very"; holcl (a meeting)

207
TroLrr/os, -a' -ov (verbai adjective) npoiorrTyl (frour tor1pl), stand be-
to be done, to be considered fore, be in charge o{
(rvith repi roAAoA) npdxetpar, lie beiore
norrlrils, -o0, <i, Poet ,popaylu, {rght for
rotos, 'a, -ov, of what sort ? l I p o p . 1 0 e J s -, { - s , c i , I ' r o m c t h e r r s
noAep.la', fight (+ dative) n p o r o / . , t t ,t h i n k a h e a d
IIp6{evos, -ov, 6, Proxenus
,roA(Strct,-an, ot, enemy
np6s,* genitive, near bY; * dative,
r d A e p t o s ,' o u , 6 , . r a t
near; + accus., torvarcl, against
roArcprc(at, besiege
r p d s 0 e f o v ,b Y t h e g o d s , i n t h e n a m e
zrdA,g, -a,-s, fi, ciLY
of the gods
r o A r r e L a ,- o s , i , g o v e r n m e n t
rpooayopeJar, address
n o A i . r r l s ,- o u , 6 , c i t i z e n n pooS{yopcrr,receive, atl'ait
,o)lrl*6s, -i, -6r, Political, of a rdA.s ,poo6oxdcu, exPcct
ro)Ad.xrs,often npioetpt, belong to
r.oAupo;fi.q, -r7s, i (Ionic) much
n poot pyo1rar, aPProach
knowledge npoo(yu (rdv voAv * dative), attend
''-
,roAds, roAAfi, noAri, nltlch, many to, heed
nowlpds, -d, -6v, rvretchetl, evil npooixco, c o n l e t < - i r v a r d ,b e f i t t i n g
tr|vos, -ov, 6, toil, suf{ering trpooxa|/(opat, take uP Position
nopetloy,a,",go, advance a €af inst
fI oort6,i.,v,-6tvos, d, l'oseidon np6repov, before
, r o r a 1 t " 6 s-, o 0 , d , r i v e r nporptyut, run forward
zdz<, lvhen ? tpo${pu, carry ahead, bring forth
nor(, once, at sonre ttme r p o $ J A a ( , - c r K o s ,d , o u t e r g u a r d
floret}ora, -ot, i, Potideia nprirov, adv., first, in thc first PIace
ilorer}etdrrls, -ou, 6' citizen of
rpriros, -\, -ov, ftrst
l'otideia ,rripu(, -uyos, ri, rving
r6repov (n6rePa), r'vhether? [Iv0uy6pr1s, -au, <i (Ionic), Pytha'-
n,Srepov 4, whether . or
goras
n6'repos, -(x' -ov, r'r'hiclt of two ? nuv7dvopat,'tr<riooptat, inv06 pqv, in-
aoO, where ? quire
z r o r j ,s o m e w h e r e , a n y u ' h e r e ; o f c o u r s e ^ r t c _ ^
lrup, TtuPos, To, ttre
rp&.ypta, -oroE, 16, thing, aff'air; [f ,Jpp-r, -u)vos, d, Pyrriro
trouble (plural) ; rP&YPara Ye- nvpxatrj, -fit, 4 (Ionic), fire, PYrc
,irepa, revolrrtion z.<is, hclr'l'?
r p 6 . ( t s , - e < D si ,, a d o i n g , a f f a i r , w o r k ? r @ s : ,s o m e h o r v ( e n c l i t i c )
I I p a { ' : i A r 1 s ' - o u' d , P r a x i t e l e s
rpd.rrut, npd(at, (nPa{u, nlrPaXy, P
r/n paya, zr/trpaypar., itrpcly?qv, do -cr, -ov, eas)'
zrpd.rr<oxaxri's, fare ill fci6ros,
ttodrrat xo,Alf'g,fare weil, be well of{ t'o,6i.as,easilY
n:p(oPus, -r-s, 6, olql man, ambas- t ' q | , i F " @ s ,l i g h t h e a r t e d l . v , e a s i l Y
sador fi<r.', florv
rrpeopritepos, -G, -oY, older i t "d"E, 'rroosg, , 1 6 , w o r d , c o m m a n d
i' P
- @ ,- o v , R h o d i a n , o f R h o c i e s
rpiv, bef,ore; until (aclverb or con- -\s, 'i, strength
ju nction) irlpr,
rp6, bef.ore, in {ront of (* genitive) x
Itt (3i5t.'prr.),betraY
n: pol l6<rt
rrpolpyopat, advance, I)ass (of time) o c , A ' n r y , < r t i -so, 0 , 6 , t r u m P e t e r
np60uy.os, -ov, eager o,i.\rry{, odAntyyos, {, trunrPet

208
 qdapdrr"\s,-ov, 6, provincial governor
/ l

ouvdrra, ouv&.$u, ouvfi,la, fasten to-

op(,vvu1,,.r, opioa, ZoB<oa, extinguish gether, attach; middle, lend a hand
oecLuroi, -fis, -oA, of yourself (re- ovvd,pT<.,tv,-ovrog, 6, fellorv-magis-
flexive) trate
oe,\rivr1 , -t1s, ti, moon odvery"t (eiy.t), be with; (el1.tl) go rvith
ni pepov, today (adverb) ovvtorqpt, introduce
oryrj, -fis, f, silencc ouvtdTra, put in order
Dtxu<ivtos,-q, -ov, Sicyonian orjvrop.os, -oy, concise, brie(
otrog, -ov, 6, grain, food ovorrerJ\u, eagerly help
outnd,<rt,be silent o$ei,s, indirect reflexive, third person
on lrrj, -is, i, tent; stage building, plural
stage X6|yt, XSryyds, zi, Sphinx
orcrd.,-&s, ri, shadow o$up6v, -oA, 16, ankle
ox6rog, -ov, 6, darkness oci(u, save.
X6Aan, -e)vos, d, Solon Z<ttxpdrqs, -ovs, 6, Socrates
ods, -4, -6v, your (singular) otitp.a, -d.Tos,16, body, person
Zo$oxAfis, -tous, ci, Sophocles Zitoos, -ou, 6, Sosus
oo$6s, -i, -dr,wise, prudent Z<tto:i, -ri'ros, r|, Soso
Inapr,l|rqs, -ou, d, Spartan o-rrjp, -flpos, d, savior
on(pp.u, -ros, zd, seed oaSpooJv1t -19, f, moderation, dis-
ored\o, hasten, be eager cretion
onor\rj, -is, .,j, drink offering o < 6 $ p o v ,- o v ( - o v o s ) ,d i s c r e e t , p r u d e n t
onov\a(., -,i-tv,et, truce
or(AAu, send, aorist (oret\a T
or($avosr -ou, d, crown
r d . A a v r o v ,- o v , 1 6 , a t a l e n t ( $ r l o o )
nroptvvult.t, oroprit, tor6pe oa, levcl,
lay lorv rd,v, Doric |or Attic rriv
rdv6o0ev, crasis for zd iv6o0ev
o'rpdrevy.a, -o.rol, 16, army
T a p o e d s ,- & t s , 6 ( a m a n ) o f T a r s u s
orpareJu, make war, be in an arrny
rd,rrto, rei(a, ira{a, rtraya, r(ray-
orpuretioltct, g0 on a Campaign
pat, &d.y?qv, draw up, arrange,
orparrTy(u, be general (+ genitive
assign, appoint
of persons)
raipog, -ou, d, bull
orparrly6s, -o0, 6, general
r d . $ p o s ,- o u , i , d i t c h
orpartd., -&t, i, arrny
rayJg, -<ic, -r.i, srvift
orpuruirqs, -ov, 6, soldier
re, and (postpositive)
or p ar orre6eJo ptat, enca nl p
re?vd.vq.t, see d,no?v7jorca
orpur6re6ov, -on, 16, cantp
r(0w1xa, see d.ro?vioxa
oti, you (singular pronoun)
retvco, revit, (rewa, stretch
ouMapprivq.,, arrest
rciyog, -ous, zd, rvall
ouA\lya, ouAAi{co, ovv/\e{a, ouv-
r(xvov, -ou, rd, child
etA.oya,owe iA<ypat, ouveA(y1y, col-
r1)eos, -ct,-ov, complcte
l e ct
reAeurda, bring to an end, die
o v p . B o u A e d aa t ,d v i s e , c o u n s e l
,eAeurtj, -fs, ri, end
oupflouAeJolr.cc,seek advice
zilos, -ou9, 16, end, purpose; accu-
cdppayos, -ou, d, ally
sative used adverbiaily, finally
o u 1 t f i { p o v ,- o v r o g , r r i , e x p e d i e n t
r(pnu, ,(prft-, irep,fta, amuse, enjoy
oup$opd, -&s, i,chance, calanrity ,ip,ltl6, -euet i, enjoyment
orjy, rvith (+ dativc; rerpax6orcL, -crl, -cr, four hundred
oul'cty<[pap, ouviy erpa, collect rerpd.zrovs,<i, {, four-footed
ouvaxoAou1&o, follorv rerrapd,rcorna, forty

209
 r(.rrapes, -cr, four v
rf6e, here, in this direction
Ttypqs, -rlros, d, Tigris ippi{a, be insolent, act proudly
ri,$qp.r, ?fioa, t01xa (t|e p"ev), #,?qxa, Jpp,s, -r-s, i, insolence, overbear-
ri|ety,at (xetpat), iri|qv, put, ing pride
place; give (laws) irytew, -ae, i, health (Ionic, i.yteil)
'Y6d.pvt1s,-ov,
rtxrro, r({op.ut, trexov, bring forth 6, Hydarnes
r4td,u, rtyrjoat, iriprloa, honor JEup, -qrog, 16, water
rt,prj, -fis, ri, holror, respect; office J\t1, -1s, ri, wood \
Try.oxp/<ttv,-ovros, d, Timocreon utds,-oA, d, son
ris, rl (rivos), who, what ? ipets, nominative plural of ori
Trst TL (rw6s), anyone, anything; d y , ( r e p o s ,- a , - o v , y o u r ( p l u r a l )
someone, somethingi rl (accusa- insxoJco, attend to, heed, obey
tive used adverbially), at all (+ dative)
Trcoa$ipvt1s, -ou, d, Tissaphernes irn(p, over; in behalf of ( + genitive);
ToL,you know (enclitic) exceeding (* accusative)
ro@Arog, roturlrq, zoro0zor, such threpB,1Mco,exceed
7Zoohros,'rooarjr'r1, rooo0ro, so great intoyvlop.at, irooyrjoop,.at, &ncoy6-
rdre, then; oi, r6re , the men of that Itrlv, vn€ oxTlroc, promlSe
time Jrvos, -ou, d, sleep
rpaip"a, -d,Tos,r<i, wound rjnci, under, by, during, toward (of
rpayis, -eia, -J, harsh, rough time) (Appendix 9)
rpeil, rpta, three irotrreJa, suspect
rpinu, rpirlu, Zrpe,lta, tlrpo$a, r/r- iroretvctt, ittrorevti, ir/rewa, ttro-
po"ltpaL,irpi$?r1v or irpdnrlv, turn r(raxa, Jnor/ray.ar., ttrerd,?qv,
rpi$<o, 0pi,ltco, i0per/a, rirpo$o,, 40- stretch under; subtend
pdtLI.LaL,irpd$ry GApi$?qv), nour- iorepatos, -a, -ov, of the next da.y,
ish fi iorcpai,a. next day
rpdy<o, 6papo0p.at, i6pay.ov, 6e6pd- iotepos, -a, -ov, later
ItnKct",run
tptdxowa, thirty
rptpu, rub a
rptywvov, -ou, 16, triangle
' rptrovs, -ouv, three-footed $&yot, $aydu, see io|i.u
$aivu, $av6, i$r1va, ,r1$4ra,
rpr.oyiL,,ot,-aL, -a,, three thousand r/$oopat, i$dvr1v, make appear,
rplros, -tl , -oy, third show; middle, appear, seem
rpuiBoAov, -ov, 16, three-obol piece
$avep6s,-d., -6v, open, visible
rp6rarcv, -ov, rd, trophy, victory
$rlpp,axov, -ov, i6, drug, medicine
rp6ros, -ov, 6, charact'er, manner {aO,los,
-\t -ov1 mean, miserable
rpo$fi, -fit, i, upbringing $oLiAus,miserably
^ ^ a 6 >'.+_"- '-
t P@€g , o{, I ro] ans $ip., otoa, fiveyxu (flveyxov), iwj-
nryXdvu, re6(o y"at, irvyov, r erfyq xa, voxrl., ivnveyy.at, iv(y?qv, bear,
hit; happen; happen to (+ par- carry
ticiple); happen upon, obtain /e0, alas
(+ genitive) 4r4., $e,j(oy"ut, Z$tryov, ri$evya,
rvpawtu, be a tyrant, rule flee
rvpawts, -iEos, ri, tyranny dtpl, {io-, d$ryoa., say
rJpavvos, -ov, 6, ruler, tyrant $?eivu, $|r1ooy"at,, i$?qv, anticipate
ru$46s, -i, -dr,blind ' (* participle)
,JXtl, -rlc, i, fate, luck $ 9 o v { < o ,b e e n v i o u s , e n v y
210
 $ 0 6 v o s ,- o v , 6 , e n v y , g r u d g e xPdolld.L, xPnoopd.L, cxPrlqq.Pnv, K€-
$Aic't, love; greet, rvelcome XpnpaL, use, consult an oracle
$tAiz, -os, i, love, friendship (* dative)
-c., -ov, friendly
/[Aros, Xp4, it is necessary
$ t \ 6 z r o v o s ,- o y , f o n d o f t o i l Xprpd,
-crros, 16, thingi plural,
{i}os, -ou, 6, friend money
-\, -ov, dear, pleasing y p f i o r y . o s ,- \ t - o v , u s e f u l
{i)os,
$ t ) , o o o $ t c o ,l o v e w i s d o m , s e e h k n o w - ypqords, -4, -6r, useful, good
lcdge ypivos, -ou, d, time
-ou, 6, philosopher ypvo6s, -o0, d, gold
$ttrioo$os,
$optop"ar., $oplooptat, tre$6pr1y"a,., ypvoois, -i, -oir, of gold, golden
t$opr10,7v, f.eu y p u o o $ 6 p o s , - o v , w e a r i n' g g o l d
-
$opepds, -&.,-dv, fearful 1c,i,crasis for xaiT
$6Bos,-ov,6, lear Xdpo,,
-as,
i, c o u n t r y
$opqr6s, -i, -6r, bearable X@p€cD,go
Q*pxus, .uos, 6, Phorcys ycipl(a, separate, divide
6p,i(., $pcioa, E$paou, show, de- y c ' t p t o v ,- o u , 1 6 , p l a c e i n t h e c o u n t r y ,
clare; midclle, ponder, consider sPor
6 p 4 r , $ p e v 6 s , r i ,m i n d , u n d e r s t a n d i n g XuplE, separately, apart from (ad-
rvise verb, * genitive)
- ' $pou,!g, .be - o v ,
$ p d v t p o st discreet, prudent,
sensiblc Y
$ p o v tp < , . t ss, e n s i b l y , p r u d e n t l y -/s, false
,tteu}fis,
-i6os,
$povrts, {, thought r y ' e f D o s -, o v s , 1 6 , t h e f a l s e
-fis,
$vAo,xr1, i,guard, garrison ,fiel6<'t, t!eJoo, i$euou, itleuopat,
$JAa{, -cKos, d, also {, guarcl
i,lterjo|t1v, deceive ; middle, lie
$uArirra, $uAti(u, i$JAa{a, ne$,j- tlrl$i.{opar", vcjte-
Auyn, re$JAeypat, i$vL&y?r1v,
guard *uxri, -{'s, 'i, soul
$Joc, -€@s,4, nature
$."1 ,
-is,
i, sound, voice
0
$,is, $ur6s, rd, Iight d, O (used with vocative)
tiv, oJoa, dv, participle of eig,i
A t t p a , - a E ,{ , s e a s o n , h o u r , t i m e
t i p a i , o s ,- T t - o v ( I o n i c ) , t i m e l y
yaAer6s, -4, -t,v, difhcult, hard, c,is, as
h a r s h , y a A e n 6 ' s6 i p - , b e a n r r o y c d ais (adverb), how
yaAxis, -o8, 6, metal, bronze r r r s ,a s as possible (superlativc) ;
Xairo0g, fi, -oAv, of copper, bronze that (in indirect discourse); how
Xdprs, -LTot, tj, Iavor, grace, thanl<s; (conjunction) ; on the ground
ydpw ( * genitive) (: tvexa), for that (* participle); because; in
the sake of order that;when, since
y e t p , y e t p d s ,i , h a n d tiorep, just as
yeipaw, -ov (-ovos), worse riore, and so; so that
ytArct, -crl, -u., thousand nQrog,-ov,
6, Otus, a giant
X i . A a v , - u ) v o s ,d , C h i l o n <.r,/elic,,,,help
yrcitv, -6vog, ti, snow, rvinter storm d $ { A t " p . o s ,- o v , h e l p f u l

2tl
 ENGLISH_GREEK VOCABULARY

Students should check the principal parts of verbs irt the

G reek-English Vocabulary

arm (weapon), dzrlov, -ou, T6

army, orpartd, -6s, ,]; orpdreuy.a,
able, be, \lvaptat
orpareJp,aros, T6
about, nepi. a gen.; eie + acc. (rvith arrange, rdlrco ; xaraoxeud,(c,t
numbers) arrive, d.$wvioprar.(eis)
about to be, y"lAAat as, <.,.,5; just as, aonep
account: give -_ of., }rc((pXopa; ask, 2p<'trcil't, }io p"a,
on .- of, 8rd + acc. as many a,s, roooAror . . . 616oor"
accnrately, lr€rt dxptpei.as assembly, ixxAqoia, -os, i
a c r o p o l i s , & . r c p d n o ) , t s- e
, o , s ,r i at, iv * dat.; of time, dat. alone
tct, &yat, no(co A t l r e n i a n , n . , ' A 9 r 1 v a t o s ,6
ariclition: in _- to, rp6s * dat. Athens, at 'A9fivac; from Athens,
aclr,antageous course, oup$tpov, '40{vq0ev
-clv'rog, t6
attack, innt9eptat * dative
:rdvisc, ovpBouAer\a attend, npoodyetv rdv voiv
afraicl, be, (rophy.at attend to, rpoo/.ye,.v rdv voAv * dat.
after, perd + acc.
alterrvards , tr<na B
against, npds * acc.; <is + acc. bad, r<axds, -4, -6r; ,rovqp6s, -ti, -6v
a g o r a , & y o p d . ,- d t , , barbarian, pdppapos, -ov, 6
all, z'ds, n&.oa,r6.v ; cira9, unaoa, cltnav battle, prixn,-ns,i: fight a -,p,iXrl,
ailorv, t,1c'-,,&.$i.71t"t roteio0at
ally, oJStpaxos, -ou, 6 be, eLp.t,ytyvop.at
almost, eis + acc. be badly off, xaxits EX-; xarci,s
also, rcri rpdrra
although, xatnep * participle be near, rciperpt
alrvays, ciei be with, oivetptt
arnong, iv * dative bear, ${pco
a l r c i e n t , r o , A o 1 6 9-, c i , - 6 v beast, w|Id, ?1pl,ov,-ov, 16
anrJ,,xui., re beautiful, xqtris, -4, -6,
and so, toore * indicative because of, 6rri + acc.
anger, 6pyi, -it, i beconre, ytyvopat.
anirnal, wild, ?1ptov, -ou, 16 befall, rvyycivut
annoyed, be, XaAemis ${pa b e f o r e , z r p t v ,a d v . ; l r p d + g e n . , p r e p .
a n o t h e r , d A A o s ,- I , - o b e g , 8 l o p c a e+ g e n .
anyone, ernything, TLST , L (rw6s) belralf of, itt, itrip * gen.
appear, l>atvopat believe, rwrqja a dat., vopt(a (sup-
ap1:ly, rpoort1ly"t pose)
. A r i s t i d c s , ' A p r c r e i . 6 r 1 s-,o u , 6 beneath, h6 + gen. or acc.

2t3
beseech, air(u clroose, alpico in mid.
beside, napti + dat. c i t i z e n , z o A t r r 1 s ,- o v , 6
best, d.pto. og, -'t), 'ov c i t y , z d l r s , e < o s f, i
betray, rpo|tEaty,t Clearchus, KA&pyos, -ov, 6
better, dp"etvatr, -ov; get the - of, c l e v e r , 6 e r v d s ,- 4 , - 6 ,
xpar/.at * gen. cloak, tpd"rcv, -ov, rd
bitter, rr"*p6s, -<i, -dv collect, ovMiya
blow, v,, rvtat come, ipyopu; fixu
body, orip,a, -aros, 16 come back, dtr(.pyoy"at
bodyguard,$uAaxfl,-is, i conrmand (order), v., xeAerjas
book,p$Atov,-ou,16 c o m m a n d e r , d . p y t o v ,- o t r o s , 6
b o t h . . . a n d , * o t . . . x a i , ;T e . . . T € : c o m m o n , x o w d s ,- i , - 6 ,
re. . . xqt companion, itatpos, -ou, 6
boy, nuts, rat66s, 6 c o n c e r r t , v . , y . t A et , i m p e r s o n a l , + d a t .
brave, d,yu06s, -i, -6r; d,v}peios, -u, conquer, ytrcd.u.t
-oy consider, vo1Li,{u; ilyhy"at
bravely, d,v6peiuts consider important, zepi zoMo0
b r e a d , d . p r o s ,- o v , 6 rorcto0q,r
bridge, yi$upa, -as, i c o n s u l t w i t h , o u p p o u A e , j ai n m i d .
briefly, ppayiar contest, n., dytiv, &yAvos,6
bring, $ipa contest, v., d,ya-,vt(opat
brother, ci6e)/ds, -oA, 6 control, v., ioyco
but, ritr)ci, 6d corrupt, v., Ew$|etput
by, in6 + gen. (personal agent); counsei, v ., pouAetju; n. pouArl,fis, fi
d a t . a l o r - r e( m e a n s ) country, Xdpo, -as, i; native land,
narpts, -i6os, ri
c cowardly, xaxds, -i, -6,
Croesus, Kpotoos, -ou, d
call, xc,\iar cross, v., 6.r:,Bo'ta.t
calm, to be, ilovyi,av ,iyetv crown, n., ori.$avos, -ou, 6
c a l m n e s s , i l o u y i a , - o ' s ,4 Cylon, Kril,av, -ayos,6
camp, orpar6tre6ov, -ou, 16 Cyrus, Kipos, -ou, 6
campaign, rnake a, orpareJoptat
can, v., \rjvapac D
capture, ),uy.pdvu; atpiot; be cap-
tured, d.Atoxoy.at D a r i u s , . A a p e i o s ,- o u , 6
care for, take care of, rp($u day, ilpipa, -aS,i
carry, $(pat deatlr, |dlaros, -ou, 6
carry up, dva$ipu deathless, d?dvaros, -o,
cavalry, tr.zreig, -/tttv, oi. deceive, tleilut
Cease, narjop"at declare, 6p,i'(-
Cerberus, KipBepos,-ou, 6 clefeat, v., vtrcdl"
certain, a, TLST , L Delos, lfi),os, -ov, i
character, rp6ros, -ov,6 (often used D e l p l r i , A e A $ o [ ,o l , a c c u s a t i v e , l e A -
in plural with singular meaning) 6o,is
characteristic, n., rpdnos, -ov, 6 deinocracy , 6r1pto*p.,rta,,j
clrarge (military), v., iAalvo deposit, v., xarart?qy.c
charge, be in - of, i$i.orqpt in destroy, \tj<o, 6to,$0eipat
middle + dat. die, d.no9viorc<o
chiid, rais, rut36s, d (gen. Pl. dinner, 6ei,nvov,-ou, rd
,rcri6uv)I ro,t}i.ov, -ou, 16 dilhcult, Xo,tren6s,-4, -6,

214
d i s a s t e r , o v p . $ o p d , ,- d s , d e x c e l l e n c e ,d p u d , - f i s , \
disgraceful, aioypis, -ri, -6v excePt, ntrlv * gen'
divide, Era8iEc,lpr. exist, eiy.i (tort\
divinity, 6ei.p.uv, -ovog, 6 expect, d.{da
,Jo, rpdrrut experience, rei,pa,-ot, i
doctor, iarpds, -oA,6
dog, xitttv, xw6s, d F
door, |rlpa, -as, fi fair, xalds, -rj, -6,
down, xard, + acc. f.all, ritrru
Draco, Aprlrcuv, -orro9, 6 fall out, ixtrtnta
d.raw up, rdrrcu; qvvrdr-rot -is
Ialse, rfteu6',is,
drive, v., iAqJvu fame, xA/og, -ovg,a6
d r u g , n . , $ d , p y " a r c o v- o
,
u, 16
fare badly, xaxits ,tpd.rr-
dlvell, otx&r, fare well, xc)cirs rpdrrut
fast, ruyis, -€Ca,-J, faster, ild'rruv,
E
06rrov
each, i.xa.orog, -7lt -ov f ather, norrjp, ,rorp6s , 6
each other, &Mri)'av fatlrerland , narpts, -i6os, ti
eager, be, orreJ\u f a v o r , n . , y d p c , - r , r o s ,i
eager follower, ht?vprlrns, oA,6 fear, n., $6pos, -ov,6
earth, yi,yflt,i fear, v., $opioy.ut; 3ei6ar
easy, fd6rc9 -a, -ov fearful, $opep6s, -d:, -6v
eat, io?tut few, i\tyot, -q,1, -&
educate, nat\eJu fight, v., ,toAep(.ro,' fight a battle,
education, rat}ela, 'oc, i priXnv noteto9ot
eitlrer...or, i...n lrnally, r(Aos
elder, ,rpeoprlrepos, -u' -ov find, eipi,ox<'t
elservhere, from, d.Mo?ev fine, xa)ds, -i, -6,
elude, Aav?dvu., fire, rip, trrp6s, -rd
empire, &pxi, -it, i first, trp6roE, -I, -ov
end, n., ritros, -ovs, T6 lirst, adv., rprirov
end, v., re).ewd,ut flee, $e'jy't; dno$erryu
endure, d.viyop"at. Ioe, .roAip.tos, -ov, d
enemy lcivit; , roX/ptos, -eu, d; follow, trop.ut.
(personal) iy0p6s,'oA, d f.olly, p.<tpta, -us, rj
enouSh, ciits food, oiros , -ov, 6
e q u a l , i o o s , - r 1 ,- o , for, conj ., y,ip
err, dy.aprrTva for, prep., Jrip * gen.
escape, v., $evyc ; &to$erryut foreigner, (/vos, -ov, 6
escape notice, Aav9dlat forgive, d$fupt
establish, ri?rTptr; - Peace, eiPriryv formerly, rp6repov
rroteio0at fortune, ,ixrl , -rls, i
even, adv., rat; adj . ioos, -ilr -ov f o u r h u n d r e d , r e r p a x 6 o r c t , - d ' L '- d '
events, rpdyyatu, -av, rd. fourteen, r/trapes xo,i 6/xe
every, r&.g, rftoa, 16l four times, rerpd.rctg
everything , rrdtna, -<ov, rd' freedom, ilev?epi.a, 'ot, i
evident, $avep6s, -d, -6v; Ef)os, -1, friend, t'iAos, -ov, 6
-ov friendship, $r\ta, -ot, i
evil, raxds , -4, -6r; do evil, d}trcit't f r o m , d n 6 + g e n . ; d r * g e n . ; lrgPd
examine, i(erd.(u * gen.

215
G Itear, d.xoJa
heaven, oipav|s, -o0,6
gather, ovAA(yur help, Bo$ic,-, * dat.; d$e\ic't
gcneral, otpa"rlyds,'oA, 6 lrclp{ul, <i$(A4ros,-ov
geonretry, learn, yeu pterp(co lrerald, *fipr€, -uxos, d
get, Ac,ptlo,vlo;atplut here,2vraA9a
get back, d.roAappd.vc,., hidden, xpvnr6s, -i, -6,
g i f t , E < i r p o z-,o u , 1 6 lrinrseif, intensive, air6c; reflexive,
give, Ei8<.rpt tatroA
g i v e b a c k , d r , o 6 t 6 i "p , lrinder, xut\,i*
give laws, v|ptousrr|(.uut l{ippias,' Innias, -ov, 6
give over, rrrpo,Et6-p, his, cxrizo0
go, (pyopar ; e'tpu hold, iX<,.'
go about, reptety., home, otxos,-ov, 6
go alorrg, otv/pyopat home'ward, oixcEe
go away, dnlpyop"at h o r r o r , n . , , t 1 " t 1, - i t , i
go back, &.nipyop.a, Ironor, v., rrp,d.a
go by (of time), npo(pyopat h o p l i t e , 6 r A t r r 1 s ,- o u , 6
gcrin, go into, eiourlt, lrorse, intos, -ou, d, rj
gc) on, rpo/pyoy.at hour, <ipa, -ag, i1
god, ?eds, -oA, 6 house, efnog,-ou, 6; olnta, -os, i
good, &ya06s, -i, -d,
lrorv, z'<irs,'6nas i rtvt rp6ta
good, tlo, eJepyer(.<'t
lrorv nrany, 16oor, -aL, -a; 6r6oot,
Gcrrgon, Topyri.,, -6vos, ri -(l.1, -4,
g o v e r n l r r e nt , r o A t r et a , - d 9, i
h o r v r r ru c l r , v 6 o o g, - n , - o v ; 6 n 6 o o g,
grain, oirog, -ou,6 -\t -ov
great, p(yas, pey&.,\t1 , plya
( ] r e c c c , ' E A l c i s , - d . 6 o s ,i hundrcd, ixar6v
hurrl', onerj6-
G r c c k , n . , " E A A q v ,- \ v o s , 6
lrtrsband, d:np, d:,6p6s, 6
G r e e k , a d j . , ' - E ) ) r T v t x r i s ,- 4 , - 6 ,
guard, n., $,j\a(, -aKos,6
I
guard, v., $uArirra; I

guest, (lvos, -ou,6

I, ty<L, ip.oO
if, ei; i,iv; d.v; iiv
H ill, be, r,ootru; *o*,i.,s (X-
i m m o r t a l , d . ? d v a r o s ,- o v
balt, iorlpr
h a n d , y e t p , - 6 s, i 7 inrportant, consider, nepi a'oMo0
lrand over, napuSt6<'ty"t notei,o0qt
happen, rvyyriv<o in, iy + dat; of manner, p"erd *
happen along, napar,..yydva gen.
happily, r)Eic.rs in order that, in order to, iva, tis,
l r a p p y , 6 A p r c s ,- d , - o v ; p a x d p r c s , - a , Srus
-ov indeed, 3{
hard, ya),er6s, -4, -6, infcrior, xaxl.utv, xd.xtov; ii"r-v, fir-
TOV
lrarnr, do harnr to, pAd.nrot; xaxits
i n r l u i r e , n u v 1r i v op a r ,
nofta
h a r r n f u l , p A a p ep 6 s , - c i , - 6 v inscribe, iyypd$- * acc. and dat.
l r a r s l r , y a A e n 6 s ,- 4 , - 6 , i n s c r l e n c e ,J p p s , - e o s , i
have, iX<r., rnto, eis + acc.
h e a l t h , d y t e t a , - r o s ,i island, vfioos, -ou, i

716
 manner, rpinos,'our d
J
many, troilot,'ai,'d
jealousy, $06vos, -ou, 6 many, so, rooo}rolt -aLt'd
, ds-,o0, 4
Ju u rn "y dE Marithon, Mupa|<iv, -,ivos, 6
iuclce, v., xp{vat march, v., i.Aatjvco
juryman, dt.xaortlgt -ov, o
t ^

marry, yap.ta
just, 6/xalos, -ct' -ov *"rrr"loot, 0auptuor6s,'rt,'6v
j ustice, \rrcatootjvl , -Is , i matters, these, raita
justiy, 8rxci<rrs measure, p(rpov,'ou, t6
justly, clo, Eixcro trod.ut Melian, n'., Mfi).rcs,'ou, 6
Menon, Mtv<rtv, -@vos' 6
K mercenary, n., {(vos, 'ov,6
messenger , dlryeAog,-ou, 6
1<eepin mind, iv vQ tYew
middle, p"/oos, -rlt 'ov
Ireep silent, ot<ordu
midst of, p.(oos in Predicate Post-
klll, &toxre{vu
tion
kindness, do, eiepyertw
king, paor)e',Js,-tas, 6 ltlyo.s, y.eydlq, -P(Ya
mighty, 'MiAqros,
Miletus, -ou, i
k i n g d o n r , B a o t ) . e t a ,- o s , i
mind, voig, voA;6
knJw, ytyvboxa; oL6a; Y.av1d'vu
misfortune , ovp"$opd',-&t, i
lrnow how to, tntorapt'uc
money, yp"riy'ara, -dr<ov, rti
more, ntr<tuv, rrA/ov
L most, n),etoros, -Tt -ov
Lacedemonian, n'' Aaxe}atY'6vrcs, mother, pfrrlp, 1"1rpds, ri
'ou, 6 much, roAris, nc,)Afi, roAJ
land, yfi, yfis,i much, so, roooirog, tooarJrq, To'
large, p"lyos, peydArT,ItiYa ooAro
iatter, thc, oriros, ai,r1 , toOro must, 6ee; ypri
l a w , v 6 y , o s ,- o u , 6
Iead, &y<'t N
leacler, &pywv, -ortol, 6 name, 6vopa, -p,aros, rd
lcarn, y"av|riva native land, rarplt, -iEos, 4
leave, Aei.zra neat, iyyJs + gen. ; nPds + da't'
leave behind, xaraAetna near, be, rapayiyvolt'at'; r&petpt'', ,
Leonidas, .Aeovt}os, -ov, 6 necessary, it is, Dei,' XPq; avaY-
lettcr, irrotoArj, -fit, i x1 Qort\
lie dorvn, xetp,at need, v., 6ioy.at * gen.
lif.e, Btos, -ou, 6 neither, ori6C
light, n., {<i's, $urds,td neither. . . nor, oire, . . ofrre
lion, l/ov, Atovros,6 never, oitrore; Y.rinore' (when Prt
live, (d,at would rePlace ori)
l o n g , p . a x p 6 s ,- d , , ' 6 v rew, v(og, -a, -ov
long ago, rrdAat nisht, ,rjt , vu*rds, i
lon[, ai long as, l-s; tore ; PixP' no"one, not", ori6eis, oriDepic, oi6iv
love, v., $tAtco n o b l e , i o ? A d s ,- 4 , - 6 ,
nor, see neither . . nor
M not, or), oix, oiy; Pri
Machaon, Mayd<rv, 'oro9, d not even, ori6i
make, rot(u not only. . . but also, or) Y'6vov' ' '
man, &,0 po,,.os,-ov, 6 ; d-tP, &vlPds, 6 <iMd rci
717
 o pleasure, i6o"tt, -is, i
pleasure, get tlr take, ri8oi.tcrr
obey, tetAa in middle
plot, v., povAeJa
observe, 0<upi<o
plot against, dzrpou)erjc,r* ciat.
occasion, on each, ircdorore poet, roqtns, -oA,6
often, zolicixrs
point out, Eeixluplr.
old, zraAads, -d, -6v
poison, Sclpp.uxov,-ov, 16
old friend, {ivos, -ov,6
poor man, rr/v\s, -t1ros, 6
old man, ytpuv, -owol, d
Poseidon, flooe,,66tv, -titvos, d
older, rpeoBJrepos, -a, -ov
poisess, xr&,op.ol,
otr, dzi + gen.; (in hostile sense),
possession,xrfipu, -parog, 16
eis * acc. possible, it is, ifeorr
once, tror/
power, 66vap.c, -eus,fi
once, at, ei|Js
praise, v., itratvtco
only, y"6vos, -n, -ov
present, see gif.t
open, v., &.voiyvv1tt.
present, be. nd,pery.t; rapay i,yvopqL
opinion, yv<iptl, -ns, i
pride,i,Bps,-r.s, i
or, \
prison, }eop"utnptov, -ou, rd
order, v., give orders, rce),eJu
prize, &A).ov,-ov, rd
order, in order that or to, iva; <'3s; proceed, ropeJop,ac
iirus profit, v., xep}o,iza
o r n a m e n t , x 6 o y . o S ,- o u , d
promise, v., imwyv(op.at
other (of several), d.,\)os, -r7, -o; (of.
property, use neuter plural of.
two), tre pos, -d, -ov
article, e.g. td. fl)dravos
ought,6ei prove to be, ytyvoltut
o u r , r t p . / r e p o g ,- & , - o v province, dpx4, -it, i
out of, dx * gen. Proxenus, Ilp|{evos, -ov, 6
outside, ifar + gen. prudent, $p6vryot, -Tt -ov
punish, xo\,l(<o
P pursue, Et,ixu
put up with, d.viyoy.ae
paradox, rupd.6o(ov, -ou, rd
parent, yoveJs, -tcos, 6
part, n., pipos, -ovs, rd a
pay down, xurart|qy.t question thoroughly, i{erd,(c"
pay the penalty, 6ixr7r,ErEdvcc quickly, ray/otg; as quickly as
peace, ,ipirn, -r)s, i possible, <is rd,ywra
peace, make, eipfivlv norcCo?at
pelt, v., B&Mu R
perish, dn6)dtuyl in middle
perplexed, be, &noptu race, n., y(vos, -ovg,16
Persian, n., Ilipo-1s, -ov, 6 rather, p.&.Mov
persuade, ret0ut rather than, p.&,Movfi
Phaedo, Qut6<'-tv,--ros, 6 ready, Erotpos,-rlt -ov
philosopher, $A6oo$os, -ou, d rear, v., rp($<'t
Pisistratus , flenlorparos, -ov, 6 receive, 6(yoy.at
place, n., r6rrog, -ou, 6 remain, piv<tt
p l a i n , n . , r e 6 l . o v ,- o u , t d remarkable, 0uup.aor6s, -i7, -6v
plan, v., pouAeri- reply, v.,{np[
Plato, Il)drwv, -utvoe,6 report, n., &,1,yd,ia, -de, i
pleasant, fi6Js, -eta, -ti report, v., d^7yiilu

2t8
reproach, v., 6vetEi.(co srnall, pr*p6s, -d, -ov
rescrre, v., pol10ia so, orircrrs
reveai, $atvu, so as to, c;o7€
r e v o l t , v . , d . $ i . o r t \ 1 ui n m i d d l e so that, utore
rich, rrtrorjoLoE, -cr, -ov Socrates, ))axpdrqs, -ou9, d
rich, be, rAowht soldier, orpanulrqs, -ou, 6
river, roray"6s, -oA, 6 Solon, f,|Autv, -utvos, 6
r o a d , d 6 6 s ,- o A , i s o m e o n e , s O m e t h i n g, T L ST, L
rock, t(.rpcr, -d9, i sonretime, zrori
rule, v., dpyt't son, ,ids, -oA,6
ruler, d.py<ttt,,-owos, 6 sort, of such t, Torc?rog, -alr1,
run, rpiya -oAro
r n s t i c , \ . , d y p o L K o s ,- o v , d sort, of u'hat, relative, otog,-a, -ov;
interrogative, roioE, -d, -ov
s soul, ry'uXrj , -is, i
Spartan, Zraprtdrtls, -ou, 6
sacrifice, v ., ?J<o
speak, iiTc'r
sa.fe,do$a)'js, -is
stand, iorqpt
sail, v., zA&rr
state, n., ro),neto, -os, rj
same, airds, -4, -6
state, v., Atycu
say, Aiy<o; $t1prt
steal, xAlr.rut
scatter, o xe}ci:wu1.tt
s t o n e , A i . | o s ,- o u , , 3
scorn, v., dvetEi{<'t
strong, ioyupds, -/t, -6r,
sea, |d),orra, -\9 , i as Possible, tls
strongly: as
s e c o n d , 6 e r i z e p o s -, d , - o v
rcpclrtora
secure, piparcs, -cr,-ov
struggle, n., &yttv, tivos, 6
see, 6pd.u-t
s r t c l r , t l c n r t i r t s t r a t i v e , T o t o O r o s ,r o t -
seek, {r1ri<'t
a l r r l , r o r c A r o , ' r t : l a t i v c, o f o E , - c t ' - o v
seeln, |oxlut
sufler, r<ioya
seems best, Eorei
s u f f e r i n g , , r c i 1 o s ,- o u r , 1 6
seize, atpia
sun, rilrog, -ou, 6
self, intensive, alr6s, -4, -6; re-
surely, Eri
flexive, use reflexive Pronouns
surrender, nio,po.lilupt
send, rip.rt't; inpL
suspect, v., ironreJut
set up, iortlltt; &varl?lPt
swift, rayris, -eia, -i
seven, trrd.
slramefully, aioyyis
T
sherd, 6orpaxov, -ov, rd
shield, n., d.orts,-i6os,4 take, )app,l.vu; atpda
ship, vaOs, vrtis, i take arvay , d.noAupPrivu; d$a,'P(a
show, v., }eixvultt talent, rd).av'rov, -ou, 16
silent, kcep, orron,iu teach, Er8doxc,
sin. v., dst"aprd.va; rt., ,}.p.aprla, -us, fi t e a c h e r , E r E d o x c r ) o,s - o u , 6
since, irei, ; t',ret6tj tear dorvn, v., KctruaK&rru
sit, rcd.01y"at tell, Aiyw
s i x h u r r d r e d , t ( a x 6 o t o L ,- d L ' - d - temple, tep6v,-oi, 16
sky, oJpavds,-o0, d ten, 6/ra
s l a v e , E o 0 t r o s-, o u , 6 t e n t h o u s a n t l , y . t j p t o t ,- d l , - a , ; g r o u p
slay, d.rroxrel.vut,'for passive, use o f t e n t h o u s a n < l , p . v p r d s ,- , i E o s , {
dno]vioxu, die tent, oxqrnj, -it, i
sleep, n., irt,os, -ov, 6 t e r r i b l e , E e r v d s -, i , - 6 ,

219
tirlrr, { U
tlrat, conjunctitrrl, drc u n f o r t u n ; i t e . 6 u r r r t ' y 4 s ,- / s
t l r r r t , c l e m o t r s t r a t i v e , i x e i v o s , - 1 ,1 - o u r rj u s l , d S r r o s , - o v
that, so, cioze unj ust, be, .i8ur<jc,.,
Ihe, 6, i1, r,5 unobser\ferl or unseen, be, ,\uv|av,,,t
tlreir, airrtrv, dqvrtiv until, tus ; i,ure: pdxp,
t h e r t r s e l v e s , i n t c n s i v e , a l r o i , - a t , - t i :; u n w i l l i n g , b e , o r i r <i ? i A c o
rellexive, iarnriv, elc. upon, ini. + gen., dat., or acc.
thcn, z<ire rrs, i!cc. ,,:i fipteis
there, tvrai|a; ixel used to: use the imPerfect of the
therefore, orJv verb ittvolverl
'1
hernropylte, OepponiAat, -ti-tv,ai
V
thiei, xA<i,ft, xA<on6s,6
thing, Xpillcr, -lLoros, 16; ot treuter very, the, -r€p, sullix
plural of adj. v i c t o r l ' , r v i n a . ,v t x d p :
tlrink, vopi{u vierv, v., |eotp(ut
tlrirty, rptri.xovrcr virtuc, &1t<nj,.'At,
"i
t l r i s , o r i r o s, a i , r r 1 , r o A r c v r . r i c c ,$ a r y , - i t , i l
t l r o r t s : r n c l , y i ) , t o t , - c r L ,- c ( vote, v. , rlLl$i.(op.at
'flrraciirn,
6)p6.(, Opax6s, ,)
tltrrce, rpls r v a l l , z e i ; o g , - o u s ,r d
thr,rugh, 6cci + gen. or acc. rvanrler, nAavitat
tlrrorv, pd.AA<u r v : r r , z ' d ) < 1 r o s ,- o u , 6
'l
h u c y r l i t l e s , @ o u x u 8 i 6 t 7 s-,. r . ' , d rvatclr '-rut for, (uA<Lrt<'t
t i m e , v p 6 v o s ,- o v , 6 w ; r t e r , J 6 c u p ,i } o r o s , 1 6
tirne, at sornr:,rrorl rvay (manner), rp6ro9, -ov,6
t.<r,eis + rrcc. ; rprSs + acc. rvay, put out of, i*ro6iv toteenpat
tod;ry', otllres>ov rve, r)pe?s
tr.irngrrcrl, aipnv w c A k , & o ? e v f i s ,- &
t.tlr:, xq.t r v e a l t l r , n A o i , r o s ,- o v , 6
t o o t t r , d 6 o , j s ,d 3 6 w o E , d \veal)(.,I1,6rAoy, -or,
7*
tragecly, rpay<'t}i.a, -c-s,;l wcil, eri
t r e i r s r r r e , 0 4 o v . t , p 6 s-,o A , 6 r v e l l - b o r n , e , i y e v q s ,- 1 s
t r e a s u r e l t c l t t s e ,0 q o u t , p 6 g ,- o 0 , 6 rvhat, ri
rvlrat sort of, relirtive, oIo5, -d, -ov;
Lridl, retpa, -as, i
inLerrogative, rroiog,-cr, -orl
troplry, rpdnurcv, -ov, 16
rvlren, corrjunctit.rn, iacr8rj; inet\riv;
trorrble, rp&ypura, 'ror, r,7
in<[
trotrble, ca usc, rpdtT'yara rrapi.X<Lv
u , l r e r r ,r e l a t i v e , J r < , 6 n 6 r e : i n t e r r c r g a -
r r o y , I p c L a ,- G g ,? J
nl | '

tive, n<ire
trut:, &),r1Ai1r,-/s; trulv, ,ilr7Oci's rvlrenevcr, 6ndre ; |nirav; itre$r1;
trttrnpctcr, oc.l"rtyxrfis, -o0, 6 itrerSrlr'
trust, v., nrorerJa a dat. where, relative, 6rov ; intcrrogative,
t r t t s t , n . , n t o r 6 , - e t t t s ,i rro0
t r u t h , t . A r j ? e . r r ,- a E , i rvlrethcr, rdrepov; ei
t r " r r r ra r v a y , , i r o r p i n u t rvlrich, relative, .ls, i, [ ; 6orts ,
trvice, Eis firrs, 6 ,t
t r v t r l r t r r r rrl e d , 6 n x 6 o t o L , - c t L ,- c r rvlriclr (of two), relnti"'c,,indrepos,
t y r a t t r r y , r v p c t v v t s ,- i 5 n s , { -(1, -ot,; interrogat"ive, r6repos,
t y r a n t , r r J p u v t , o g-,o u , 6 -ct, -ov

220
wlro, relativt:; ds, i;6orr.s, irrt; worse, xaxtanv, xd.xrcv
i irtcrrogative, rii iYorst, xd.xtorog, -1 t -ov
' , v i r o c v e r ,r v ) r a t e v e r , 6 o 1 6 , ' f i r 6 , 5 r t w o r t l r y , d , { r c s ,- c r , - o v
u ' h o l c , 5 r \ o s ,- r 7 , - o r write, ypd4,a
u'hol ly, 6,lcos; reiefa.,s write on, iyyp<iSw
rvht', r/ wrong, do, d6rx/rrr
r v i c l < e d ,n o v r 1 p 6 s ,- r i , , - 6 v
vi{c, yutfi, yrtor,rds, fi X
v1ld, dyptos, -ct, -oL'
r'.'illirrg, be, d0i)\c'.' Xcnophon, EevoSitv, -6tnos, 6
rvinci, &lepos, -ou, 6 Xerxes, Eip{1s, -ov,6
u ' i s e . o o d d s , - i 1, 6 v
r,.,,ish,i?lAa ; florjAolwt Y
rtith, lrezei * gen. ; odv * dat.
r v i t h i n , o f t i m e : L r s eg e n i t i v e young, vtos, -a, -ov
(
\1-oInan, yuvrj, yuvat*6s, i y o u n g r ^ a n , v e c ( v L & s- ,o v , o
r v o r r d c r fu l , 0 o uy . a o r d s , - r j , - 6 t ' ) ' o u r , o f s i n g u l a r P o s s e s s o r ,o d s , , i ,
w o o d , { A r . - ,- q s , r ' 1 o6v; of. piural Possessor, iP.irePos,
rvord, )dyos, -ou,6 -q.t -OY

271