International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number 23 (2018) pp.

16409-164717
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

Design and Simulation of a Wind Turbine for Electricity Generation

1
Daniyan, I. A., 2Daniyan, O. L., 3Adeodu, A. O., 3Azeez, T. M. and 3Ibekwe, K. S.
1
Department of Industrial Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa.
2
Centre for Basic Space Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
3
Department of Mechanical & Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria.

Abstract per square meter of swept area of a turbine. The wind power
density, measured in watts per square meter, shows how much
This study is focuses on the design of a cost effective wind
energy is accessible at the site for transformation by a wind
turbine for electricity generation using locally sourced
turbine Wind turbine can be vertical, horizontal upward or
materials. The design of the turbine takes into the reduction in
downward (; Gordan et al., 2001; Gasch et al., 2002; Horikiri,
the weight and size of the turbine thereby lowering production
2011). Aerodynamic lift is the force that overcomes gravity and
and installation costs. This increases the efficiency by
is in a right angled direction to the wind flow. It occurs due to
increasing the resistance from dynamic loads and reduction of
the uneven at pressure on the upper and lower aerofoil surfaces
acoustic noise discharge. The locally sourced materials
(Gosh, 2002) while aerodynamic drag force is parallel to the
employed include the; blades, hub, a permanent magnet motor
direction of oncoming wind motion (Dabiri, 2011). Drag occurs
as generator, tower, electric starter and fan as well as a
due to uneven pressure on the upper and lower aerofoil surfaces
controller. The wind turbine designed as a power controlled,
(Yurdusev, 2006; Dominy, 2007; Holdsworth, 2009; Navin et
variable speed, 3-bladed horizontal axis upwind turbine. Its
al., 2014). According to Heier (1998), the use of wind power
airfoil characteristics include maximum thickness 10.02% at
reduces the chances of environmental pollution. Also, in
32.1% chord, maximum camber 5.5% at 49.7% chord. The
remote areas lacking purchased electricity, wind energy is the
blade design of the airfoil SG 6043 was performed in Q-blade
best alternative because it is a renewable resources (Okoro et
software to generate the aerodynamic properties of SG 6043
al., 2010). In addition, the use of wind energy will be suitable
while the control was simulated in the Matlab Simscape and
and cost effective for rural farming due to its location. (Amuna
Simulink 2017a environment. The aerodynamic properties
and Okoro, 2006). Many works have been reported on the
include the angle of attack which is 2.2° and the maximum twist
modeling and simulation of wind turbine system for optimum
angle which is 25.66°. Aluminum was employed as the material
generation of energy. For instance, Roshen and Mahdi (2017)
for the blade for cost effectiveness and weight reduction. In
used Matlab-Simulink for the modeling and simulation of
addition, the choice of aluminum as the material for the blade
turbine generator while Devbratta and Jin (2017) developed a
results in considerable reduction in weight as opposed to carbon
wind turbine simulator for integration to a microgrid and
or other materials in existing design. This work also provides
Erchiqui et al. (2014), performed umerical investigation of
design data for the development of wind turbine system as well
vibration and dynamic pressure of a vertical axis wind turbine
as a suitable template for scaling the future development of
421. These works provided modeling and simulation analysis
wind turbine system.
for the developmental frame work of wind turbine system. This
Keywords: Controller, Dynamic Loads, Electricity, Wind aim of this work is to design a cost effective wind turbine for
Turbine, Motor energy generation using locally sourced materials. The design
of the turbine takes into the reduction in the size of the turbine
thereby lowering production and installation costs. This
1. INTRODUCTION increases the efficiency by increasing the resistance from
dynamic loads and reduction of acoustic noise discharge. The
Wind energy or wind power involves the generation of design, control and dynamic simulation of the wind turbine
mechanical power from wind (Amdi et al., 2012; Devbratta and system using the combination of two versatile software namely
Jin, 2017). A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic Q-blade software and MATLAB Simulink has not been
energy from the wind into electrical power (Wood, 2011; sufficiently reported in the existing literature.
Kunduru et al., 2015). Today, an ever increasing number of
individuals are utilizing wind turbines to wring power from the
breeze. Over the previous decade, wind turbine utilization has 2. METHODOLOGY
expanded at more than 25 percent a year (Sambo, 2008; Burton,
2011). Wind turbines work on a basic standard. The energy in The Q blade software was employed for the model design of
the wind turns the blades fixed around a rotor, the rotor the blade and rotor as well as its simulation (Figure 1). This is
connected to the primary shaft also turns the generator to because the software is very versatile as it shows the
produce mechanical power (Kersten, 1998; Adrid, 2007). A relationships of the design concepts and turbine performance.
quantitative measure of the wind energy accessible at any area In addition, it can sufficiently carry out complex calculations
is known as the Wind Power Density (WPD) (Gipe et al., as well as turbine blade design and optimization. Many
2009). It is a calculation of the mean yearly power accessible calculations, design variables and relationship relating to the

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blade twist, blade chord, section airfoil performance, turbine

control, power and load curves as well as the rotor simulation
were obtained with the use of the software.

Figure 1: Modelling the wind turbine system with the Q blade software

2.1.1 Blade
2.1 Design and Assembly of Turbine Components The wind turbine is a power controlled, variable speed, 3-
bladed horizontal axis upwind turbine (HAWT). Since this is a
For the wind turbine system, all the components which include
small turbine, a pitch direction framework would be too
the blades, the hub, the generator and the tower, the controller
expensive and complex, yet a variable speed rotor is important
are individually designed and though in these parts selection,
to track ideal TSR for most extreme vitality catch of IEC Class
alternatives were available but after considering the cost,
III wind speeds. A 3-bladed rotor (shown in Figure 2) was
machinability and reliability. The following design
chosen to reduce tower top wavering oscillation and blade
specifications were realized.
length for easy movement. An upwind HAWT setup was
chosen to provide the blades clean air and in light of the fact
that it generally has more noteworthy efficiency over Vertical
Axis Turbines which is basic for low wind speeds.

Figure 2: Blade rotor design

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2.1.2 Materials
To assemble a solid blade material, for example, Pre-Preg
carbon combines the merit of strength with stiffness more than
the fiber glass but it is relatively costly. Therefore, aluminum
is preferred for this small-scale wind turbine blade material
because of its low weight and cost effectiveness in assembling
contrasted with carbon
Design of the blades is aimed at achieving the best result when
it comes to electricity generation at the most economic cost
without compromising the standard. The blade is curved to
allow lift forces at the tip of the blades causing them to move
faster hence generating more power and higher efficiencies.

2.1.2 Hub design

The wind turbine system is designed to consist of three blades
attached to the hub, the hub is also attached to the motor. The Figure 3: DC motor with 12 V output
hub is also designed to have grooves to accommodate blade
connection.
2.1.4 Nacelle and tower
The nacelle and tail are injection formed from a plastic from
2.1.3 Generator the rotor to keep up high generation runs and drivetrain
Ideally, a generator is meant for this designed but on the basis security. The turbine is 5 long, 3 0.5 m in diameter with
of economic concerns a motor is used. A generator produces partially threaded 316 stainless steel rods and tie downs (Figure
either by using induction, excitation or permanent magnets, it 4). The wind turbine will fuse a variable stature tower by
is for this reason a permanent magnet motor is used. Inside a utilizing commercial long, width, partially threaded stainless
permanent magnet motor is a coil of wound copper steel rods and tie downs. The wind turbine will incorporate a
encompassed by permanent magnets. These motors rotate detached tail vane for tower top yawing to track the wind. This
utilizing electromagnetic induction, which implies electricity is is regularly the best yawing system for little wind turbines
provided to wound copper wire which makes a magnetic field. because of the low torque required.
The magnetic field made by the electricity flowing through the
copper wire restricts the permanent magnets in the motor
housing. Thus, the copper wire that is joined to the pole of the
motor tries "to propel" itself far from the permanent magnets
thus rotation is achieved. Turning the copper wire by utilizing
the energy from the breeze within the sight of the magnets
makes a voltage distinction between the two closures of the
copper wire. The distinction in voltage causes the electric
charges (electrons) to stream in the copper wire, producing
electric current.
Therefore, for this design, a tread mill motor is used as the
generator because of its robustness and effective nature. They
are durable, readily available and they meet the economic
requirements of the wind turbine design. Also, they are
permanent magnet motors thus, from the explanation
previously stated, they can be used in place of generators when
Figure 4: The model of the tower
put in use and the output current can be used to charge batteries.
The volts to rpm ratio is also considered in the design. The
motor is to be of high voltage, low speed and high current so
that the motor can produce a reasonable output after the shaft 2.1.5 Electric starter
has undergone a considerable rotation. The blades are attached An electric starter is a device that controls the use of
to the motor via the hub and then blades on the mounting that electrical power to an equipment, usually a motor (see
keeps it turned in the wind turbine. The generator is shown in Figure 5). As the name implies, starters “start” motors. The
the Figure 3. starter is used to control fluctuating current from the
electric motor to the load. The starter sends current to the
load gradually to prevent breakdown either due to unstable
power from the wind or overloading.

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Light Emitting Diode (LED) is integrated into the design to

facilitate indicating the charging mode and dumping mode.
The circuit of the control system connected to a 12 V battery,
relay and turbine is shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7: The Control circuit

2.2 Design calculations

2.2.1 Power
Figure 5: Electric starter The kinetic energy E (Joule) of a mass of body in motion is
obtained is expressed as Equation 1.
1
2.1.6 Electric fan 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 (1)
2
The fan consists of an arrangement of blades which rotates 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒; m is mass (kg); v is velocity ( m/s)
thereby acting on the fluid. The fan takes some of the output
from the battery to provide power for itself. The fan shown in But the power is defined as the rate of change of energy, thus
Figure 6 is used to check no-wind situation which can reduce 𝑑𝐸
𝑃= (2)
the efficiency of the turbine. 𝑑𝑇

Where;
𝑑𝐸
is the energy flow rate, (J/s)
𝑑𝑡

If the kinetic energy of the wind is assumed to be of constant

velocity, then the wind power can be calculated from Equation
3
1 𝑑𝑚
𝑃 = 𝑣2 (3)
2 𝑑𝑡

Where;
𝑑𝑚
𝑣 =is wind speed, (m/s); is the mass flow rate, (kg/s).
𝑑𝑡

Also the mass flow rate is expressed by Equation 4

𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑥
= 𝜌𝐴 (4)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Figure 6: Electric fan
𝑑𝑥
𝜌 is the density, (kg/m3);𝐴 is the swept area, (m2); is the
𝑑𝑡
rate of change of distance expressed by Equation 5.
2.1.7 Electronic control system
𝑑𝑥
The controller is used to control the rotation along the =𝑣 (5)
𝑑𝑡
longitudinal axis and to control the charge of the battery by
displaying the voltage of the battery constantly. When the
battery is below the discharge value, the turbine enters charging Therefore, substituting Equation 5 into 4;
mode and when it reaches the discharge value, but still below 𝑑𝑚
terminal voltage battery, the turbine power with an automotive = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 (6)
𝑑𝑡
relay can be switched between charging mode or dumping
Hence, from the Equation 3 and 6, the power is expressed as
mode (dumping the turbine power into a dummy load). When
Equation 7.
the battery reaches the full terminal voltage, the charging is cut
off and current from the turbine is sent to the dummy load. A

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1 Where T is the torque (Nm) and ω is the angular velocity

𝑃 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 3 (7)
2
(rad/sec). Torque T is expressed by Equation 13.
The equation of the area of circle is expressed by Equation 8
𝑇 = 𝐹𝑟 (13)
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 (8)
Where F is the force (N) and r is the radius (m) from the center
where; the radius r (m) is equal to the blade length position.
Considering the Betz limit, the theoretical maximum power Therefore, the efficiency of the wind turbine is as expressed by
efficiency for wind turbine system is 0.59 (In other words, close Equation 14.
to 59% of the energy conveyed by the wind can be separated 𝑃𝑅
by a wind turbine). This is known as the "power coefficient" 𝐶𝑝 = (14)
𝑃
and is characterized as Equation 9.
Where;
𝐶𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.59 (9)
𝑃𝑅 is the power extracted (Watt) and P is the power available
The Cp value being a function of wind speed is exceptional to (Watt)
every types of wind turbine types. Consequently, the power The efficiency of the wind turbine system gives a smart thought
coefficient is obtained from Equation 9, while the amount of the correct positioning of the turbine system. The correct
power that can be generated from the wind is expressed by positioning of the system increases the efficiency of its
Equation 10. operation and vice versa. The wind turbine additionally winds
1 up with some loss in efficiency to beat the frictional effects and
𝑃 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 3 𝐶𝑝 (10)
2 some energy is lost in the process in the form of noise and heat.
Also, the torque obtained from the rotor is expressed by
2.2.2 Wind speed Equation 15.
The wind speed is the average incident speed on the swept area 𝜌𝜋𝑟 3 𝑉 2 𝐶𝑝
by the blade and it is important in determining the value of the 𝑇𝑟 = (15)
2
Reynold’s number and is expressed by Equation 11.
The torque and the power coefficient 𝐶𝑝 can be represented
𝜌𝑢𝑐
𝑅𝑒 = (11) analytically as a function of the tip step ratio (𝜆) and pitch angle
𝜇
(𝛽) as expressed by Equation 16.
Where; 𝜌 is the density (1.225 kg/m3), u is the rated output wind
𝑘2
𝑘2
velocity (18 m/s), c is the chord length of the blade (0.1 m) and 𝐶𝑝 = 𝑘1 ( − 𝑘3 𝛽 − 𝑘4 𝛽 𝑘3 − 𝑘6 )(𝑒 𝜆 ) (16)
𝜆1
µ is the dynamic viscosity of the air fluid (1.983 ×
10−5 NS/m2). where; 𝜆1 =
1
(17)
𝜆+𝑘8
Reynolds number of the fluid flowing over the airfoil shape is
calculated as follow;
𝜌𝑢𝑐 1.225×18×0.1 2.2.5 The swept area
𝑅𝑒 = = = 111195.15
𝜇 1.983×10−5 Rotor radius is the total sum of the hub radius and blade span
calculated as 0.6 m
Since the value of the Reynolds number is greater than 4,000,
the flow is said to be turbulent. Using rotor radius 0.60 m, the value of the swept area A, is
calculated as follow;
2.2.3 Angle of attack Thus we have;
The blade pitch is adjusted to control the angle of attack in 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋 ∗ 0.62 = 1.1311 𝑚2
amplifying the lift; however, a similar element can be utilized
for safety purposes. Amid unfavorable climate condition, the The plan form area is given by: 𝑆 = 𝑐 × 𝑏 = 0.1 × 0.3 =
blades' angle of attack can be lessened to zero with the goal that 0.03 𝑚2
it creates no lift. A maximum angle of attack of 2o was obtained 𝑏2 0.32
Therefore, the Aspect Ratio is: 𝐴𝑅 = = =3
from the simulation. An increase in the angle of attack beyond 𝑆 0.03
2.2o decreases the lift-drag ratio. The lift L is calculated as
1 1
𝐿 = 𝜌𝑣 2 𝐶𝑙 𝑠 = × 1.225 × 182 × 1.2 × 0.5 = 119.07 𝑁
2.2.4 Power extracted 2 2

It is imperative to ascertain how much accessible power is The 𝐶𝑑 is calculated using airfoil lift value, hence
removed by the turbine blade configuration in order to 𝐿 𝐶𝑙
= (18)
determine the efficiency of its operation. This is expressed by 𝐷 𝐶𝑑
Equation 12. 23.52 1.2
=
1.2 𝐶𝑑
𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔 (12)
𝐶𝑑 = 0.061

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2.2.6 Wind turbine power 2.2.7 The rated revolution

At a wind speed V of 18 ms , air density 𝜌 of 1.225 kg/m and
-1 3 Now at tip speed ratio TSR of 6, fitting the revolution to the
rotor radius R of 0.60 m, the wind power is calculated using wind speed and radius of rotor, the revolution per minute is
Equation 10. calculated from Equation 22.
1 1 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑟𝑝𝑚) =
𝑉 𝑇𝑆𝑅60
=
18×6×60
= 1719.74 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉 3 = × 1.225 × 1.311 × 83 6.28𝑅 6.28×0.6
2 2
= 4.683 𝑘𝑊
The power generated by the turbine is calculated as 1.108 𝑘𝑊
But taking into account Betz limit and machine efficiencies,
at 1719.74 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑚𝑖𝑛 respectively.
power to be generated can be derived from the Equation 19.
The speed of the blade tip is expressed by Equation 22.
𝑃 = 0.6𝐶𝑝𝑁𝐴𝑉 3 (20)
𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑇𝑆𝑅 ∗ 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 (22)
Where,
𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 6 ∗ 18 = 108 𝑚/𝑠
Cp is the power coefficient which is usually used as 0.4; N is
the efficiency of driven machinery given as 0.7 and A is the
swept rotor area which is 1.1311 𝑚2
2.3 Design of control system for the wind turbine using
Therefore, the power generated by the turbine is MATLAB Simscape and Simulink
𝑃 = 0.6𝐶𝑝𝑁𝐴𝑉 3 = 0.6 × 0.4 × 0.7 × 1.1311 × 183 = 1.108 𝑘𝑊 There is need for control so as to keep critical parameters that
determines the efficiency of aerodynamics as well as the
The dynamic pressure of the fluid is expressed by Equation 21. power extracted such as wind speed, yawing angle, blade
pitch, pitch angle, angle of attack, torque etc. within the
𝜌𝑢2 designed limits. Using the Matlab Simscape and simulink, the
𝑃𝑑 = (21)
2 electrical connection and control are shown in Figures 8 and 9
Where; 𝑃𝑑 is the dynamic pressure (Pa) and 𝑢 is the fluid respectively. Using the Proportional and Integral control (PI),
velocity (m/s). the set point reference value of each measured parameter is
compared with the actual value measured and the error is
1.225×182
𝑃𝑑 = = 198.45 𝑃𝑎 corrected by the actuator which changes the system to curb the
2
effect of external disturbances. The proportional term (P)
corrects the gross error while the integral term (I) eliminates
the residual error by integrating it over a period of time (T).

Figure 8: The electrical connection

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Figure 9: The Control system

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Airfoil selection

The main reason for the model design and simulation of the The wind turbine is intended to be capable of producing
turbine blade and SG 6043 airfoil is to obtain maximum considerable power even at low wind speed. For this purpose,
aerodynamics and power efficiency. From the simulation, the airfoil section chosen was the SG 6043 (see Figure 10) which
aerodynamics and power efficiencies increases by 3% as the was designed especially for small wind turbines. Its airfoil
number of blades increases from 2 to 3. Further increase in the characteristics include maximum thickness 10.02% at 32.1%
numbers of blade from 3 to 4, results in marginal increase in chord, maximum camber 5.5% at 49.7% chord. The blade
the aerodynamics and power efficiencies by 0.5%. Hence, the design of the airfoil SG 6043 was performed in Q-blade
optimum number of blades selected was 3, this is because software; it was used to generate the aerodynamic properties of
increase in the numbers of blade beyond 3 results in marginal SG 6043. The aerodynamic properties include the angle of
increase in the aerodynamics and power efficiencies coupled attack at which the wind strikes the blade which is 2.2° and the
with the fact that the cost of the wind turbine system increases maximum twist angle which is 25.66°.
with increase in the number of blades. Also, the optimum blade
length obtained was found to be 0.5 m. Further increase beyond
this length will results in deflection of the blades and collision
of the blades during operation with attendant decrease in the
aerodynamics and power efficiencies. Since the fluid flows in
different direction and with different velocity, a thin blade with
thick root in shape and orientation was found to be sufficient to
withstand axial wind load due to bending stresses. The design
specifications obtained for design of the turbine blade and SG
6043 airfoil is presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Design of the turbine blade and SG 6043 airfoil

S/N Parameter Value
1. Tip speed ratio 6
2. Length of each blade 0.5 m Figure 10: Airfoil SG 6043
3. Number of blade 3
3. Hub radius 0.1 m 3.2 Simulation of the SG 6043 airfoil
4. Cut-in speed 3 m/s The simulation of the SG 6043 airfoil is shown in Figure 11.
5. Rated output speed 18 m/s The dynamic pressure which is the kinetic energy per unit
6. Cut-out speed 25 m/s volume of the fluid is a function of the static and stagnation
7. Chord length 0.1 m pressure as well velocity of the moving fluid. From Figure 11,
the speed of the turbine reduces as the dynamic pressure
7. Tower height 60.96 m increases thereby reducing the power extracted from the wind.
This agrees with the Bernoulli’s theorem and the law of
conservation of energy. However, from simulation, a cut in

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speed of 3 m/s and a cut out speed of 25 m/s is sufficient for the speed up to the cut off speed (25 m/s) can damage the rotor
required operation. At a cut in speed of 3 m/s, the torque hence the operation of the rotor can be halted via the use of a
produced by the wind is relatively insufficient for to make the braking system. From simulation, the maximum and dynamic
blade rotate. An increase in speed beyond 3 m/s increases the pressure was observed as 678.79 Pa and 239.00 Pa respectively
blade rotation hence more electrical power is generated in the while the minimum dynamic pressure from manual calculation
process. The power output reaches the limit the generator is gives 198.45 Pa.
capable of producing at an optimum speed 18 m/s, this is known
as the rated output wind speed. Further increase beyond this

Figure 11: Simulation of the SG 6043 airfoil

Figure 12: Plot of time varying voltage and current

Figure 12 shows the time varying sinusoidal voltages and

currents. Increase in voltages leads to increase in the current in
agreement with the Ohm’s law.

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4. CONCLUSION Gosh, S. (2002). Electricity Consumption and Economic

Growth in India. Energy policy 30(2), pp. 125-129.
The model design, control and simulation of the wind turbine
system was carried out using the Q blade software and Matlab- Gipe, P. (2009). Wind Energy Basics. Chelsea Green
Simscape and Simulink. The successful completion of this Publishing Company.
design provides design data for the development of a wind
Heier, S. (1998). Grid integration of wind energy conversion
turbine system using locally sourced materials. The fact that
systems, John Wiley and Sons, USA.
most of the materials employed are locally sourced makes it
cost effective. In addition, the choice of aluminum as the Holdsworth, B. (2009). Green Light for Unique NOVA
material for the blade results in considerable reduction in Offshore Wind Turbine,. Available online:
weight as opposed to carbon or other materials in existing http://www.reinforcedplastics.com (accessed on 8
design. The limitation of this work however lies in the fact that May 2012).
the work is under development but it has provided a suitable
Horikiri, K. (2011). Aerodynamics of wind turbines. A thesis
template for scaling the future development of wind turbine
submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy to
system.
the University of London.
Kersten, I. (1998). “Urban and Rural Fire wood situation in the
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