Smartkeeda presents

Full-Length Current Affairs MockDrill Series

April 2025
Weekly CA PDF 3
(PDF in English)
 INDEX
National & States Affairs ...................................................................................................... 5
International Affairs ……..................................................................................................... 12
Banking, Finance, Insurance & Economic Affairs ….......................................................... 14
Defence Affairs ………………………………………...................................................................... 24
Sports & Games ………………………………………..................................................................... 26
Persons in News …..…………………………………..................................................................... 30
Science & Technology …….................................................................................................. 30
Appointments & Resignations …........................................................................................ 35
Awards, Rewards, Recognitions & Prizes …….................................................................... 39
Schemes & Initiatives ……................................................................................................... 41
Ranks, Reports & Surveys ……………………………….............................................................. 43
Amount & Agreements ………………………………................................................................... 51
MoUs, Collaborations & Partnerships …............................................................................ 53

_________
 National & States Affairs
1. Gurgaon is set to welcome its 2nd Trump-branded residential project, making it the only city besides New
York with two such developments. The US President’s India real estate partners - Smartworld Developers
and Tribeca Developers - announced the launch of Trump Residences Gurgaon in sector 69. The 12-lakh
square feet project targets Rs 3,500 crore in sales with an investment of Rs 1,200 crore. While Smartworld
will develop and construct the project, Tribeca will lead the design, marketing and sales. Trump Residences Gurgaon will
include two 51-story towers with 298 residences. This new project follows the debut of Trump Towers Delhi NCR in 2018. India
is home to 6 Trump projects across 4 cities- Pune, Mumbai, Kolkata and Gurugram. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Gurgaon – to welcome its 2nd Trump-branded residential project
- becoming the only city besides New York with two such developments
• The 12-lakh square feet project targets Rs 3,500 Cr in sales with an investment of Rs 1,200 Cr
• US President’s India real estate partners – Smartworld Developers and Tribeca Developers
• India is home to 6 Trump projects across 4 cities – Pune, Mumbai, Kolkata, & Gurugram
• Haryana: Capital – Chandigarh | CM – Nayab Singh Saini | Governor – Bandaru Dattatraya

2. Chief Minister of Jammu & Kashmir Omar Abdullah has launched the “E-SeHAT (Electronic Services e-
Health Assistance and Tele-consultation)” App. It is a comprehensive, one-stop digital solution designed to
cater to the healthcare needs of the people of Jammu & Kashmir, including citizens, doctors and medical
professionals. The E-SeHAT initiative aligns with the ‘Digital India’ initiative aimed at promoting digital
inclusivity and efficiency in public services. This pioneering effort will transform healthcare delivery for
veterans, ensuring timely and quality medical attention from the comfort of their homes. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Omar Abdullah (CM of J&K) – launched “E-SeHAT (Electronic Services e-Health Assistance and Tele-consultation)” App
• J & K: Capital – Srinagar | CM – Omar Abdullah | Lt. Governor – Manoj Sinha

3. Union Minister Dr Mansukh Mandaviya has inaugurated the world’s 17th Athlete Passport Management Unit (APMU) at
the National Dope Testing Laboratory (NDTL) in New Delhi. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)-accredited Athlete
Passport Management Unit is a specialized unit dedicated to monitoring and managing athletes biological passports,
ensuring fair play and upholding the integrity of clean sport. APMU a key milestone in the country’s fight against doping,
enabling the longitudinal tracking of Athletes Biological profiles through the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) system. {Read
more}
Smart Points:
• Dr Mansukh Mandaviya – inaugurated world’s 17th Athlete Passport Management Unit (APMU)
- At National Dope Testing Laboratory (NDTL) in New Delhi
• Minister of Youth Affairs & Sports: Mansukh L. Mandaviya | Constituency – Porbandar, Gujarat
MoS in Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports: Raksha Nikhil Khadse

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4. Prime Minister Narendra Modi awarded Geographical Indication (GI) certificates to 21 traditional
products from Uttar Pradesh. With a total of 77 GI-certified products, Uttar Pradesh currently holds
the top position in India, surpassing Tamil Nadu (69 GI-certified products). The Kashi region of Uttar
Pradesh alone accounts for 32 GI tags, involving nearly 20 lakh people and generating an annual
business of Rs 25,500 crore. Among the newly certified items were the iconic ‘Banarasi Tabla’ and the ‘Banarasi Bharwan
Mirch’. Several other traditional products from Varanasi, such as the Shehnai, metal casting craft, mural painting, Lal Peda,
Thandai, Tirangi Barfi, and Karonda from Chiraigaon, have now received GI tag certificates. The new list of GI-certified
products also includes Bareilly’s furniture, zari-zardozi and terracotta work, Mathura’s Sanjhi craft, Bundelkhand’s Kathiya
wheat, and Pilibhit’s bamboo flute. Additionally, Chitrakoot’s woodcraft, Agra’s stone inlay work, and Jaunpur’s Imarti have
also been granted GI tags. The Geographical Indication Registry (GIR) in Chennai, under the DPIIT, issues GI tags in India. A
registered GI is valid for 10 years. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• PM Modi awarded GI certificates to 21 traditional products from Uttar Pradesh
- The new list includes: Banarasi Tabla, Banarasi Bharwan Mirch, Shehnai, Metal casting craft, Mural painting, Lal
Peda, Thandai, Tirangi Barfi, Karonda, Bareilly’s furniture, zari-zardozi and terracotta work, Mathura’s Sanjhi craft,
Bundelkhand’s Kathiya wheat, Pilibhit’s bamboo flute, Chitrakoot’s woodcraft, Agra’s stone inlay work, Jaunpur’s
Imarti
• Highest number of GI tags in India – UP (77) | 2nd – Tamil Nadu (69)
• Geographical Indication Registry in Chennai, under DPIIT – issues GI tags in India | Validity of a registered GI – 10 yrs
• UP: Capital – Lucknow | CM – Yogi Adityanath | Governor – Anandiben Patel

5. Telangana government has enacted the “Telangana Bhu Bharati (Record of Rights) Act,
2025” and formally launched the “Bhu Bharati” portal as a solution to land related issues
which cropped up after the introduction of “Dharani” portal by the previous Bharat Rashtra
Samiti (BRS) government. The chief commissioner of land administration (CCLA) will be the
custodian of the Bhu Bharati portal. Through this new act, the state government issued
directions to the Revenue department officials on their jurisdiction and how they will be
required to deal with the land transactions as well as disputes in transactions. Besides, Chief Minister A Revanth Reddy also
announced that every parcel of land will receive a “Bhudhaar” number, similar to Aadhaar for individuals. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Telangana enacted “Telangana Bhu Bharati (Record of Rights) Act, 2025” & formally launched “Bhu Bharati” portal
• “Bhu Bharati” portal – cropped up after introduction of “Dharani” portal by previous Bharat Rashtra Samiti govt
• Chief Commissioner of Land Administration (CCLA) – to be custodian of Bhu Bharati portal
• Telangana: Capital – Hyderabad | CM – A. Revanth Reddy | Governor – Jishnu Dev Varma

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6. The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has launched “STELLAR (State of the art Totally indigenously
developed Resource adequacy model)”, India’s 1st fully indigenously developed integrated generation,
transmission and storage expansion planning model with a demand response. It is planned to distribute
this software model to all the States/ Discoms free of cost. The indigenously developed tool is specifically
designed to assist the states in carrying out a comprehensive resource adequacy plan in line with the
resource adequacy guidelines issued by the Ministry of Power in June 2023. After the issuance of resource adequacy
guidelines, CEA has been carrying out the resource adequacy (RA) plans for all the Discoms. To begin with, CEA completed
the exercise for all Discoms up to 2032, and now all of them have been updated to 2034-35. CEA has also finished the
national level exercise up to 2034-35. The model explicitly considers the chronological operation of the power system; all
unit commitment constraints, including technical minimum, minimum up and down times, and ramp-up/ramp-down rates;
endogenous demand response, ancillary services, and many more. The model is developed by the CEA in collaboration with
The Lantau Group (TLG) and supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). {Read more}
Smart Points:
• CEA – launched “STELLAR (State of the art Totally indigenously developed Resource adequacy model)” with a demand
response
- India’s 1st fully indigenously developed integrated generation, transmission & storage expansion planning model
• It is planned to distribute this software model to all States/ Discoms free of cost
• Developed by = CEA + The Lantau Group (TLG) | Supported by – ADB
• HQs of CEA – New Delhi | Chairperson – Ghanshyam Prasad | Founded in – 1951

7. Manuscripts of “Bhagavad Gita” and “Natyashastra” are among 74 new

documentary heritage collections that have been added to UNESCO’s Memory of the
World Register as of April 17, bringing the total number of inscribed collections to 570.
The 74 documentaries are from 72 countries and 4 international organisations. With
this, India now has 14 inscriptions on this international register. The Srimad Bhagavad
Gita is mentioned in the Bhīṣmaparva, a part of the Hindu epic Mahābhārata. Bhagavad Gita consists of 700 verses in 18
chapters. Natyashastra, also known as ‘Gandharva Veda’, is considered a seminal text on performing arts. Natyashastra,
composed by Bharata Muni in the 2nd century B.C., comprises 36,000 verses. The UNESCO Memory of the World Registry
was launched in 1992 by UNESCO. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Manuscripts of “Bhagavad Gita” & “Natyashastra” – among 74 new documentary heritage collections added to
UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register as of April 17
- Now, total number of inscribed collections – 570
- These documentaries are from – 72 countries & 4 international organisations
• India now has 14 inscriptions on this international register
• Srimad Bhagavad Gita – mentioned in Bhīṣmaparva, a part of Hindu epic Mahābhārata
- It consists of 700 verses in 18 chapters
• Natyashastra, aka ‘Gandharva Veda’ – a seminal text on performing arts, composed by Bharata Muni in 2nd century BC
- It comprises 36,000 verses
• UNESCO Memory of the World Registry – launched in 1992 by UNESCO
• HQs of UNESCO – Paris, France | DG – Audrey Azoulay | Founded in – 1945 | Members – 194 Countries

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8. The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) signed an agreement with the government of India to
formalise India as the headquarters and secretariat of the alliance after it came into force as a full-
fledged treaty-based intergovernmental organisation on January 23, 2025. The IBCA was launched
at the initiative of India to focus on global conservation of 7 big cats - the tiger, lion, leopard, snow
leopard, puma, jaguar and cheetah. Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the IBCA in April 2023
during the 50th-year celebrations of ‘Project Tiger’. The government of India will provide budgetary support of Rs 150 crore
to IBCA for creating a corpus, building infrastructure, and meeting recurring expenditures for 5 years from 2023-24 to 2028-
29. India formally joined the IBCA in September 2023. After 5 signatory countries - India, Liberia, Eswatini, Somalia, and
Nicaragua - ratified the IBCA framework agreement, the alliance came into force as a global legal entity. In February 2024
the cabinet approved the establishment of the IBCA’s headquarters as well as the budgetary support of Rs 150 crore. {Read
more}
Smart Points:
• IBCA + GoI = agreement to formalise India as headquarters & secretariat of IBCA
• IBCA – launched by PM Narendra Modi in Apr 2023 during 50th-year celebrations of ‘Project Tiger’
- To focus on global conservation of 7 big cats, i.e., tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, puma, jaguar & cheetah
- 5 signatory countries – India, Liberia, Eswatini, Somalia & Nicaragua
• India – to provide budgetary support of Rs 150 Cr to IBCA for 5 years from 2023-24 to 2028-29
• India – formally joined IBCA in Sep 2023

9. South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL) is set to become the 1st coal PSU (Public Sector
Undertaking) in India to adopt paste-fill technology for coal mining. To implement this innovative
underground mining technology, SECL has signed a Rs 7040 crore agreement with TMC Mineral
Resources Private Limited. Under this agreement, large-scale coal production will be undertaken
using paste-fill technology in the Singhali underground coal mine located in SECL’s Korba area.
Over 25 years, the project is expected to produce approximately 8.4 million tonnes (84.5 lakh tonnes) of coal. Paste filling is
a modern underground mining method that eliminates the need to acquire surface land. After coal extraction, the mined-
out voids are filled with a specially prepared paste made from fly ash, crushed overburden from opencast mines, cement,
water, and binding chemicals. The Singhali underground mine was approved in 1989 for a production capacity of 0.24 million
tonnes per year and commenced operations in 1993. Presently, the mine has 8.45 million tonnes of extractable reserves of
G-7 grade non-coking coal. It was developed using the Bord and Pillar method, employing Load Haul Dumpers (LHDs) and
Universal Drilling Machines (UDMs) for underground operations. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• SECL – to become 1st coal PSU in India to adopt paste-fill technology for coal mining
• SECL + TMC Mineral Resources Pvt Ltd = signed a Rs 7040 Cr agreement for the same
• This project is expected to produce ~8.4 million tonnes (84.5 lakh tonnes) of coal
• Singhali underground coal mine – Korba, Chhattisgarh
• HQs of SECL – Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh | CMD – Harish Duhan | Founded in – 1985

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10. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has advanced the release of the
“All India Index of Industrial Production (IIP)” by 2 weeks and fixed the 28th of every month at 4:00
PM (the next working day if the 28th is a holiday) for the issue of the macroeconomic data from April
2025 onwards. The MoSPI presently releases the monthly all-India IIP on the 12th of every month (the
previous working day if the 12th is a holiday) within 42 days from the reference month, which is
among the best globally. In other words, MOSPI now will release the IIP within 28 days instead of 42 days. Similarly, survey
reports of NSS (National Sample Survey) are now released within 90 days of completion of fieldwork. The United Nations’
International Recommendations for Index of Industrial Production (IRIIP)-2010 provides that the monthly IIP be released
within 45 days after the end of the reference month. Similarly, the Special Data Dissemination Standards (SDDS) of the IMF
(International Monetary Fund) requires that the index for any reference month should be released within 6 weeks from the
end of that month. Further, as per the revised revision policy, the Quick estimate for a specific month will undergo revision
only once, in the next month as the final estimate. Thus, MOSPI will now release only 2 estimates (Quick estimate and Final
estimate) of a particular month instead of the earlier practice of releasing 3 estimates (Quick estimates followed by a 1 st
Revised estimate and a 2nd Revised (final) estimate). Accordingly, MoSPI will release the next IIP estimates on April 28, 2025,
at 4:00 PM. This release will include - Quick estimates for March 2025, and the Final estimates for December 2024, January
2025 and February 2025. IIP is an indicator that measures the changes in the volume of production of industrial products
during a given period. It is compiled and published monthly by the National Statistical Office (NSO), MOSPI. It is a composite
indicator that measures the growth rate of industry groups classified under (i) Broad sectors, namely, Mining,
Manufacturing, & Electricity and (ii) Use-based sectors, namely Basic Goods, Capital Goods, and Intermediate Goods. The
base year of the compilation and release of IIP in India is 2011-12. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• MoSPI advanced release of “All India Index of Industrial Production (IIP)” by 2 weeks & fixed 28th of every month at 4:00
pm for issue of macroeconomic data (from Apr 2025 onwards)
- Currently, MoSPI releases monthly all-India IIP on 12th of every month within 42 days from reference month
• Survey reports of NSS (National Sample Survey) – now released within 90 days of completion of fieldwork
• As per UN’s ‘International Recommendations for IIP-2010’, monthly IIP is to be released within 45 days after end of
reference month
• Special Data Dissemination Standards (SDDS) of IMF requires that index for any reference month should be released
within 6 weeks from end of that month
• As per revised revision policy, Quick estimate for a specific month will undergo revision only once, in next month as final
estimate
• MOSPI will now release only 2 estimates (Quick estimate and Final estimate) of a particular month
• MoSPI – to release next IIP estimates on Apr 28, 2025, at 4:00 pm
- It will include Quick estimates for Mar 2025 & Final estimates for Dec 2024, Jan 2025 & Feb 2025
• IIP – an indicator that measures changes in volume of production of industrial products during a given period
- Compiled & published monthly by – National Statistical Office (NSO), MOSPI
- Base year of compilation & release of IIP in India – 2011-12
• MoS I/C of Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation: Rao Inderjit Singh | Constituency – Gurgaon, Haryana

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11. India has set the target of ₹3 lakh crore in defence production by 2029, while the value of India’s defence production
this year is expected to cross Rs 1.60 lakh crore, announced by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh while speaking at the
“Defence Conclave 2025 - Force of the Future” hosted by ‘The Week’ magazine. The defence exports target is set at ₹30,000
crore in 2025, and ₹50,000 crore by 2029. Besides, the government has reserved 75% of the defence budget for procurement
from domestic companies. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• “Defence Conclave 2025 - Force of the Future” – hosted by ‘The Week’ magazine
• India – set target of ₹3 lakh Cr in defence production by 2029
• India’s defence production this year – expected to cross Rs 1.60 lakh Cr
• Defence exports target set at: ₹30,000 Cr – in 2025 | ₹50,000 Cr – by 2029
• Government reserved 75% of defence budget for procurement from domestic companies

12. India’s 1st 500 MW Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) in Tamil Nadu’s Kalpakkam is expected
to be commissioned by September 2026, after achieving the first criticality in March 2026. In July 2024,
the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) granted permission for the loading of fuel, the first
approach to criticality and conducting low-power physics experiments for the PFBR. The PFBR is the
first-of-its-kind nuclear reactor to use plutonium-based mixed oxide as fuel and liquid sodium as
coolant. It will also utilise the spent fuel of Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors, which form the mainstay of nuclear power in
India at present. While the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) operates nuclear power plants in India, the
PFBR is being developed by the Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam (BHAVINI). The commissioning of the PFBR will mark the
2nd stage of India’s three-stage nuclear programme that aims to recycle spent fuel to reduce the inventory of radioactive
waste. PFBRs are critical for India’s nuclear programme as the spent fuel from these reactors will be used to power the
thorium-based reactors that form the 3rd stage of the closed fuel cycle. The government has announced a nuclear energy
mission that aims to produce 100 GW of electricity through nuclear power by 2047. At present, India’s installed nuclear
power capacity stands at 8.18 GW. An additional 7.30 GW nuclear energy projects are under construction or commissioning
and 7.00 GW have been sanctioned and are currently undergoing pre-project activities. Upon completion of these projects,
India’s nuclear power capacity is expected to reach 22.48 GW by 2031-32. Additionally, BHAVINI is expected to contribute
3.80 GW through Fast Breeder Reactors while the remainder of the capacity will come from Small Modular Reactors, Bharat
Small Reactors, and other advanced nuclear technologies developed with private sector collaboration. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• India’s 1st 500MW Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) in Kalpakkam (TN) – to be commissioned by Sep 2026
- It achieved first criticality in – Mar 2026
• In July 2024, Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) granted permission for loading of fuel
• PFBR – first-of-its-kind nuclear reactor to use plutonium-based mixed oxide as fuel & liquid sodium as coolant
• PFBR – being developed by Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam (BHAVINI)
- NPCIL – operates nuclear power plants in India
• Govt announced a nuclear energy mission to produce 100 GW of electricity through nuclear power by 2047
• At present, India’s installed nuclear power capacity – 8.18 GW
- 7.30 GW nuclear energy projects – under construction or commissioning
- 7.00 GW – sanctioned & are currently undergoing pre-project activities
• Upon completion of these projects, India’s nuclear power capacity – to reach 22.48 GW by 2031-32
• BHAVINI – to contribute 3.80 GW through Fast Breeder Reactors

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13. Amaravati, a planned greenfield city and capital city of Andhra Pradesh, is poised to
become the world’s 1st city powered entirely by renewable energy, aiming for 2,700 MW of
clean energy from solar, wind, and hydropower. The project, with an estimated cost of Rs
65,000 crore, will span 217 square kilometres along the banks of the Krishna River. The wider
Andhra Pradesh Capital Region covers around 8,352 sq km. Located between Vijayawada
and Guntur, Amaravati is projected to need 2.7 gigawatts of electricity by 2050. At least 30% of this will be sourced from
renewable energy like solar and wind. Solar energy will be a key focus, with mandatory rooftop solar systems required on
at least one-third of all roofs in government housing projects. Town planners have already set up 415 kW of rooftop solar
systems in 16 Anganwadis, 14 e-health centres, 13 public schools, and a multi-faith funeral facility. The city’s public transport
system, including the Amaravati Metro and electric buses, will also run on renewable energy. The state expects its peak
power demand to rise by 57%, reaching 19.9 GW by 2029. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Amaravati (AP) – to become world’s 1st city powered entirely by renewable energy
- Aims for 2,700 MW of clean energy from solar, wind & hydropower
- Estimated cost – Rs 65,000 Cr | It will span 217 square kilometres along the banks of Krishna River
• New Andhra Pradesh Capital Region covers – ~8,352 sq km
• Amaravati – located between Vijayawada & Guntur & will need 2.7 gigawatts of electricity by 2050
- At least 30% of this – to be sourced from renewable energy like solar & wind
• 415 kW of rooftop solar systems – already set up in 16 Anganwadis, 14 e-health centres, 13 public schools & a multi-
faith funeral facility
• Andhra Pradesh expects its peak power demand to rise by 57%, reaching 19.9 GW by 2029
• Andhra Pradesh: Capital – Amaravati | CM – N Chandra Babu Naidu | Governor – Syed Abdul Nazeer

14. The Indian Army has launched a community radio station, the “Voice of Kinnaur”, at Pooh in
Himachal Pradesh’s Kinnaur district, bordering China. The community radio station is expected to
serve as a platform for youth, women, and apple farmers to voice their concerns, and share
achievements and local initiatives. Established under the Army’s flagship ‘Operation Sadbhavana’,
‘Voice of Kinnaur’ is envisioned as a grassroots platform to deliver local news, promote regional
culture, share educational and health-related content, and broadcast critical public interest information. Lieutenant General
Anindya Sengupta is the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) of Central Command. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Indian Army – launched a community radio station, the “Voice of Kinnaur” at Pooh, Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh
- Established under – ‘Operation Sadbhavana’ of Indian Army
• It is expected to serve as a platform for youth, women, & apple farmers to voice their concerns & share achievements
• GOC-in-C of Central Command – Lt. Gen. Anindya Sengupta
• HQs of Indian Army – New Delhi | Chief – General Upendra Dwivedi | Vice Chief – Lt. Gen. NS Raja Subramani

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15. The Indian Institute of Spices Research (IISR), Kozhikode, has developed a new light-coloured
turmeric variety, namely, “IISR Surya” specifically for the masala industry. The new variety features a
light-coloured rhizome that meets the specific needs of the modern powdering industry. The new variety
with a pleasant aroma is a high-yielding one which offers a 20% to 30% yield increase compared to that
of the existing light-coloured local varieties such as ‘Mydukur’ and ‘Salem Local’. It can yield up to 41
tonnes per hectare. The curcumin content ranges from 2% to 3% which was on par with other light-coloured turmeric
varieties. The new variety came out after a decade-long research with the support of scientists D. Prasath, S. Arathi, N.K.
Leela, S. Mukesh Sankar and B. Sasikumar. It was recommended for cultivation in Kerala, Telangana, Odisha, Jharkhand and
Arunachal Pradesh by the All India Coordinated Research Project on Spices. IISR, Kozhikode, a constituent body of the Indian
Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), is a major Institute devoted to research on spices. In 1976, it started as a Regional
Station of the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), Kasaragod engaged in research on spices. A National
Research Centre for Spices was established in 1986 with its headquarters at Kozhikode, Kerala. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• IISR Kozhikode – developed a new light-coloured turmeric variety, “IISR Surya”, specifically for masala industry
• It offers a 20% to 30% yield increase compared to that of the existing light-coloured local varieties
- It can yield up to 41 tonnes per hectare | Curcumin content range – from 2% to 3%
• All India Coordinated Research Project on Spices recommended it for cultivation in – Kerala, Telangana, Odisha,
Jharkhand & Arunachal Pradesh
• IISR Kozhikode – started as a Regional Station of Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), Kasaragod, in 1976
• National Research Centre for Spices – established in 1986, at Kozhikode, Kerala

International Affairs
16. The UAE, represented by the Ministry of Interior, has been elected to chair the “Committee on
Governance”, a key advisory committee of the ‘INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Organization)’,
for 2 years. Lt. Col. Dana Humaid Al Marzouqi (UAE) secured 67% of the votes from the representatives
of INTERPOL member states during the committee’s session, held at INTERPOL’s headquarters in Lyon,
France. The Committee on Governance is one of the main advisory bodies within INTERPOL. At the 92nd
INTERPOL General Assembly in Glasgow, Scotland, in 2024, a resolution established the ‘Committee on Governance’ as a
standing committee of the General Assembly, transforming the former Working Group on Governance into this permanent
body. The UAE is the 1st country to chair this newly formed standing committee. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• UAE – elected to chair the ‘Committee on Governance’, a key advisory committee of INTERPOL for 2 years
• UAE is the 1st country to chair this newly formed standing committee
- Committee was established at the 92nd INTERPOL General Assembly in Glasgow, Scotland, in 2024
• UAE – Abu Dhabi – Dirham | President – Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan

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17. At the 75th ‘Diabetes World Congress’ in Bangkok, Thailand, the International Diabetes Federation
(IDF) officially classified ‘Type 5’ diabetes as a distinct form of the disease affecting lean and
undernourished young adults in low- and middle-income countries. The long misdiagnosed or
overlooked, Type 5 diabetes now stands as a critical public health priority, offering hope for better
diagnosis and treatment. The roots of Type 5 diabetes trace back to 1955, when it was first identified in
Jamaica as “J-type diabetes”. In 1985, the World Health Organization (WHO) termed it “malnutrition-related diabetes
mellitus,” but the label was dropped in 1999 due to insufficient evidence. Type 5 diabetes primarily affects lean teenagers
and young adults with a body-mass index (BMI) below 18.5 kg/m². Unlike Type 1 diabetes (driven by autoimmune
destruction of insulin-producing cells) or Type 2 (characterized by insulin resistance), Type 5 stems from malnutrition-
induced damage to pancreatic beta cells. The concept of type 5 diabetes refers to severe insulin-deficient diabetes (SIDD).
People with type 5 diabetes are insulin ‘deficient’, but not insulin ‘resistant’. Peter Schwarz is the President of IDF. {Read
more}
Smart Points:
• 75th ‘Diabetes World Congress’ – held in Bangkok, Thailand
• International Diabetes Federation – officially classified ‘Type 5’ diabetes as a distinct form of the disease
- This type affects lean & undernourished young adults (with BMI below 18.5 kg/m²) in low-& middle-income nations
• Roots of Type 5 diabetes trace back to 1955, when it was first identified in Jamaica as “J-type diabetes”
• In 1985, WHO termed it “malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus” (but this label dropped in 1999)
• Concept of type 5 diabetes refers to – Severe Insulin-Deficient Diabetes (SIDD)
• HQs of IDF – Brussels, Belgium | President – Peter Schwarz

18. Japan has announced to gift 2 Shinkansen train sets - “E5” and “E3” series - for trial and inspect the
Mumbai-Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail corridor, which is currently under construction. The 2 train sets,
to be delivered in early 2026 after being fitted with inspection equipment, will be used to collect crucial
operational data, especially regarding India’s unique environmental challenges such as high
temperatures and dust. The E10 series, expected to be introduced in the early 2030s, is being
considered for the same Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed line, but it will not be ready in time for the August 2027 partial
opening. The inspection of the E5 and E3 trains will help Japan fine-tune the design of the E10, the next-generation
Shinkansen (term for bullet trains) model that both countries plan to adopt by the early 2030s. The E10, also known as Alfa-
X, can reach speeds up to 400 kmph. The E5 series is a high-speed train developed by East Japan Railway (JR East) and has
been in service since 2011. With a top speed of 320 kmph, it was originally selected for India's first bullet train line. The E3
series is a slightly older model used mainly for mini-shinkansen services. The Indian bullet train project is largely funded by
a low-interest loan from the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), covering about 80% of the costs. The repayment
is spread over 50 years at just 0.1% interest. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Japan will gift 2 Shinkansen train sets, “E5” & “E3” series, for trial & inspect Mumbai-Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail
corridor (to be delivered in early 2026)
• E10 series (aka Alfa-X) – to be introduced in early 2030s | Top speed – 400 kmph
• E5 series – developed by East Japan Railway (JR East) & is in service since 2011 | Top speed – 320 kmph
• Indian bullet train project – funded by a low-interest loan from JICA | Repayment is spread over 50 yrs at 0.1% interest
• Japan – Tokyo – Yen | PM – Shigeru Ishiba

Page | 13 Join us
 Banking, Finance, Insurance & Economic Affairs
19. Godrej Capital, the financial services arm of Godrej Industries Group, and the Telangana government
have signed an MoU to accelerate the growth and development of micro, small and medium enterprises
(MSMEs) in the State by enhancing access to credit, particularly for underserved and first-time
borrowers, and business opportunities. The focus will be on digital-first lending solutions tailored to the
unique needs of MSMEs. Through Godrej Capital’s women-focused initiative ‘Aarohi’, a special emphasis
will be on supporting women entrepreneurs. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Godrej Capital + Telangana = an MoU to accelerate the growth & development of MSMEs, particularly for underserved
and first-time borrowers
• Special emphasis will be on supporting women entrepreneurs through Godrej Capital’s initiative ‘Aarohi’
• HQs of Godrej Capital – Mumbai | Chairperson – Pirojsha Godrej | CEO – Manish Shah

20. The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) has issued a directive halting all
international UPI (Unified Payments Interface) transactions made through the ‘QR Share & Pay’
method, effective retroactively from April 4, 2025. Under the new regulation, Person-to-Merchant
(P2M) international payments initiated by scanning QR codes saved in device galleries, rather than
physically present codes, will no longer be allowed. Only live scanning of QR codes at physical
merchant locations abroad is permitted. Currently, UPI-based QR payments are supported in 7 countries including Bhutan,
France, Nepal, Mauritius, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and the UAE. The restriction aims to curb potential fraud and improve
oversight in international financial transactions. While international usage has been restricted, NPCI has clarified that the
QR Share & Pay method can still be used within India. Domestic transactions via QR Share & Pay remain capped at Rs 2,000
per transaction for non-verified offline merchants. Transactions above this limit require the merchant to be registered with
NPCI and undergo KYC checks. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• NPCI – issued a directive halting all ‘international UPI transactions’ made through the ‘QR Share & Pay’ method
• Only live scanning of QR codes at physical merchant locations abroad is permitted
• Domestic transactions via QR Share & Pay remain capped at Rs 2,000 per transaction for non-verified offline merchants
- Transactions above this limit require the merchant to be registered with NPCI and undergo KYC checks
• Currently, UPI-based QR payments are supported in 7 countries – Bhutan, France, Nepal, Mauritius, Singapore, Sri Lanka,
& UAE
• HQs of NPCI – Mumbai | Chairman – Ajay Kumar Choudhary | MD & CEO – Dilip Asbe | Established in – 2008

21. Mastercard has partnered with City Union Bank (CUB) to roll out its first passion cards in
India. These are (i) CUB CSK Mastercard Platinum credit card, (ii) CUB CSK World Mastercard
credit card, (iii) CUB SRH Mastercard Platinum credit card, and (iv) CUB SRH World Mastercard
credit card. Meant for cricket enthusiasts, the new cards are full of a host of exciting lifestyle
and travel benefits. CUB has brought Chennai Super Kings (CSK) and Sunrisers Hyderabad (SRH) on board to enable fans to
make the most of their cricketing experience. The 4 new credit cards give airport lounge access at both domestic and
international terminals, a 1% waiver on fuel surcharge and comprehensive travel and accident cover. {Read more}

Page | 14 Join us
Smart Points:
• Mastercard + CUB = partnered to roll out its first passion cards in India, meant for cricket enthusiasts
• CUB has brought Chennai Super Kings (CSK) & Sunrisers Hyderabad (SRH) on board to enable fans
• HQs of Mastercard – New York, US | CEO – Michael Miebach | Founded in – 1966
• HQs of CUB – Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu | CEO – Dr. N. Kamakodi

22. State Bank of India (SBI) has reintroduced its special tenor ‘444 days’ fixed deposit (FD) scheme,
namely “Amrit Vrishti”, effective from 15th April 2025. This FD was initially launched on July 15, 2024.
The reintroduced scheme offers an interest rate of 7.05% for the general public, 7.55% for senior
citizens and 7.65% for super senior citizens. The revised FD rates for seniors range from 4% for the
shortest tenures (7 days to 45 days) to 7.50% for long-term deposits of 5 to 10 years. In addition to
the changes in the ‘Amrit Vrishti’ scheme, SBI has adjusted rates for other FD tenures. For instance, the interest rate for
deposits of 1 year to less than 2 years has been reduced to 7.20% from a previous 7.30%, while the rate for 2 years to less
than 3 years now stands at 7.40%, down from 7.50%. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• SBI – reintroduced its special tenor ‘444 days’ fixed deposit (FD) scheme, namely “Amrit Vrishti”
• Interest rate – 7.05% for General Public, 7.55% for Senior Citizens, 7.65% for Super Senior Citizens
• This FD was initially launched on July 15, 2024
• HQs of SBI – Mumbai, Maharashtra | Chairman – Challa Sreenivasulu Setty
MDs – Rana Ashutosh Kumar Singh | Ashwini Kumar Tewari | Vinay M. Tonse | Rama Mohan Rao Amara

23. In a first-of-its-kind initiative in India, the Central Railway has successfully tested an onboard ATM
(automated teller machine) service aboard the Mumbai-Manmad Panchavati Express. In partnership
with Indian Railways’ Bhusawal division, the Bank of Maharashtra, became the 1st bank, to put the
ATM inside an air-conditioned coach. With this Bank of Maharashtra became the 1st bank to install an
ATM on the train. It has been introduced as part of Indian Railways’ ‘Innovative and Non-Fare Revenue
Ideas Scheme (INFRIS)’, which aims to increase non-ticket revenue while improving passenger
convenience. Though the ATM is placed in an AC coach, it can be accessed by passengers from all 22 coaches of the Panchvati
Express since they are connected through vestibules. The ATM will also be available to passengers of the Mumbai-Hingoli
Janshatabdi Express, as the train shares its rake with the Panchavati Express. Notably, John Shepherd-Barron of Britain is
credited with inventing the ATM. In 1967, the British Bank, Barclays, was the 1st in the world to install an ATM in London.
HSBC installed the 1st ATM in India in Mumbai on 27th June 1987. In 2004, SBI installed India’s 1st floating ATM aboard a ferry
travelling from Ernakulam to Vypeen in Kochi, Kerala. India’s highest ATM, situated at 13200 feet, has been installed by the
private sector bank Axis Bank at Nahtu-La in Sikkim. India’s 1st UPI-enabled ATM was launched by Hitachi Payment Services,
a subsidiary of Hitachi Limited of Japan. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Central Railway tested an onboard ATM service aboard Mumbai-Manmad Panchavati Express
• Bank of Maharashtra – became 1st bank to put ATM on train inside an air-conditioned coach
- It partnered with – Indian Railways’ Bhusawal division
• It has been introduced as part of – Indian Railways’ ‘Innovative and Non-Fare Revenue Ideas Scheme (INFRIS)’
- Aim: To increase non-ticket revenue while improving passenger convenience

Page | 15 Join us
• This ATM will also be available to passengers of Mumbai-Hingoli Janshatabdi Express
• Some important facts about ATM:
- John Shepherd-Barron (Britain) – invented ATM | 1st ATM in the world – by Barclays in London in 1967
- 1st ATM in India – installed by HSBC in Mumbai on June 27, 1987
- India’s 1st floating ATM – installed by SBI aboard a ferry from Ernakulam to Vypeen in Kochi, Kerala, in 2004
- India’s highest ATM – installed by Axis Bank, at 13,200 feet, at Nahtu-La in Sikkim
- India’s 1st UPI-enabled ATM – launched by Hitachi Payment Services
• HQs of BoM – Pune, Maharashtra | MD & CEO – Nidhu Saxena | Tagline – “One Family One Bank”

24. PhonePe has launched a “Unified Payment Interface (UPI) circle” on its app. UPI Circle allows
users to create a sort of loop i.e., circle and make payments on behalf of their family, friends or
trusted contacts i.e., delegated payments. UPI Circle on PhonePe is a solution where UPI account
holders (primary users) can add their family/trusted individuals (secondary users) to their circle
using ‘UPI ID’ or ‘QR code’ to extend the authorisation to transact from their UPI account to an
individual with the required limits. It thus enables the secondary user to generate their own UPI ID without needing a linked
bank account. A secondary user is an individual with or without having a bank account linked on UPI. The primary user
retains complete control over the usage, including the ability to review payment requests, track secondary user expenses,
get secure access to detailed payment records within each circle and delink access from their UPI Circle. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• PhonePe – launched a “UPI circle” on its app to create a sort of loop & make delegated payments
- Delegated payments – payments on behalf of family, friends or trusted contacts
• UPI Circle: a solution where UPI account holders can add their family/trusted individuals to their circle using ‘UPI ID’ or
‘QR code’ to extend the authorisation to transact from their UPI account to an individual with the required limits
• Secondary user – an individual with or without having a bank account linked on UPI
• Primary user – retains complete control over usage, including ability to review payment requests, etc.
• HQs of PhonePe – Bangalore, Karnataka | MD & CEO – Sameer Nigam | Founded in – 2015

25. According to a report by corporate law firm AK and Partners, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) imposed
a total of Rs 56.32 crore in monetary penalties across 304 instances in 2024. Co-operative banks emerged
as the most penalised segment, accounting for 234 of the 304 penalty instances and monetary fines
amounting to Rs 16.66 crore. The largest single monetary penalty - Rs 5.93 crore - was imposed on The
Mehsana Urban Co-operative Bank Ltd for a host of regulatory breaches. NBFCs (Non-Banking Financial
Companies), too, attracted attention with total fines of Rs 5.92 crore across 31 cases. Commercial banks attracted penalties
of Rs 10.27 crore across 8 instances and the public sector banks faced Rs 8.32 crore in fines. Among all penalised entities,
Manappuram Finance Ltd stood out as the most frequently penalised, facing regulatory action twice in 2024. The report
further noted that November 2024 witnessed the highest number of penalties. Besides this, according to a report by RBI-
recognised self-regulatory organisation FACE, the RBI took 79 enforcement actions against banks and NBFCs in FY25, of
which 48 were against NBFCs, 30 against banks, and one against a credit bureau. The total penalties amounted to Rs 33
crore. While only 38% of the penalty cases were imposed on banks, they accounted for 82% of the overall penalty amount.
NBFCs, meanwhile, account for 60% of the penalty cases but 18% of the penalty amount. FACE did not include actions against
Regional Rural Banks and Cooperative Banks for this report. During FY25, J&K Bank received the highest monetary penalty
of Rs 3.31 crore for allowing certain Basic Savings Bank Deposit Account (BSBDA) holders to also open Savings Bank Deposit
Accounts. UCO Bank and Axis Bank were fined Rs 2 crore and Rs 1.9 crore for violation of several regulatory norms,
respectively. {Read more}

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Smart Points:
• As per a report by AK & Partners, RBI imposed Rs 56.32 Cr in monetary penalties across 304 instances in 2024
• Most penalised segment – Co-operative banks with 234 instances (Rs 16.66 Cr)
• Largest single monetary penalty imposed on – The Mehsana Urban Co-operative Bank Ltd (Rs 5.93 Cr)
• Penalties on different entities across number of instances & amount of fine:
- NBFCs (31 cases) – Rs 5.92 Cr | Commercial banks (8 cases) – Rs 10.27 Cr | Public sector banks – Rs 8.32 Cr
• Manappuram Finance Ltd – most frequently penalised (twice in 2024) | Nov 2024 – had highest number of penalties
• In FY25, RBI took 79 enforcement actions, including 30 against banks, 48 against NBFCs & 1 against a Credit Bureau
- Total penalties – Rs 33 Cr
• Highest monetary penalty in FY25 – J&K Bank (Rs 3.31 Cr) | Followed by – UCO Bank (Rs 2 Cr) & Axis Bank (Rs 1.9 Cr)
• HQs of RBI – Mumbai, Maharashtra | Governor – Sanjay Malhotra (26th) | Established on – 1st April, 1935
Total Deputy Governors (4) – Swaminathan Janakiraman | T. Rabi Sankar | M. Rajeshwar Rao | Poonam Gupta

26. State Bank of India (SBI) and HDFC Bank are the only Indian banks that have found their place on
the “S&P Global Market Intelligence” ranking of the world’s 100 largest banks by assets. SBI climbed
4 places to 43rd place, while HDFC Bank climbed 1 place to 73rd place. Overall, 38 banks rose in the
ranking, while 37 fell and 25 were in unchanged positions. 4 are the new entrants in the top 100 in
2024. The ranking was predominantly dominated by Chinese banks, where mergers and acquisitions
(M&A) significantly impacted standings. Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Ltd., Agricultural Bank of China Ltd., China
Construction Bank Corp. and Bank of China Ltd. occupied the top 4 spots. Twenty-one banks based in mainland China placed
in the ranking, with 7 in the top 20. France-based Societe Generale SA fell 3 places to 22nd in the ranking, with its assets
adjusted lower by $27.36 billion due to some being held for sale as of 2024-end, while HSBC Holdings PLC remained Europe’s
largest and the world’s seventh-largest bank despite asset reductions. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• SBI & HDFC Bank – only Indian banks in “S&P Global Market Intelligence” ranking of world’s 100 largest banks by assets
- SBI – 43rd place | HDFC Bank – 73rd place
• New entrants in top 100 in 2024 – 4 | Ranking was dominated by – Chinese banks
• Top 4 – Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Ltd, Agricultural Bank of China Ltd, China Construction Bank Corp. &
Bank of China Ltd
• 21 Chinese banks – placed in the ranking, with 7 in top 20
• HQs of HDFC Bank – Mumbai, MH | MD & CEO – Sashidhar Jagdishan | Tagline – “We understand your World”
• HQs of SBI – Mumbai, Maharashtra | Chairman – Challa Sreenivasulu Setty
MDs – Rana Ashutosh Kumar Singh | Ashwini Kumar Tewari | Vinay M. Tonse | Rama Mohan Rao Amara

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27. The Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-IND) has imposed a Rs 37 lakh penalty on Union Bank
of India for discrepancies in reporting suspicious transactions for 2011-2014. Moreover, FIU-IND and
the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) signed an MoU as part of continued coordinated efforts in effective
implementation of requirements of the ‘Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002’ and Rules
framed thereunder. FIU-IND was set by the Government of India on 18th November 2004 as the
central national agency under the Union Ministry of Finance. The agency is authorised to obtain: (i) Cash transaction reports
(CTRs), (ii) Suspicious transaction reports (STRs), and (iii) Cross border wire transfer reports. These reports are obtained from
private and public sector banks every month under the ‘Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA)’. It is mandatory
for banks in India to furnish a monthly CTR to the FIU on all transactions over Rs 10 lakh or its equivalent in foreign currency
or a series of integrally connected transactions that add up to more than Rs 10 lakh or its equivalent in foreign currency.
FIU-IND is an independent body reporting directly to the Economic Intelligence Council (EIC) headed by the Union Minister
of Finance. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• FIU-IND – imposed a Rs 37 lakh penalty on Union Bank of India for discrepancies in reporting suspicious transactions for
2011-2014
• FIU-IND + RBI = an MoU for effective implementation of requirements of ‘Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002’
• FIU-IND – set by GoI on Nov 18, 2004 as central national agency, under Ministry of Finance
• It is authorised to obtain – Cash transaction reports (CTRs), Suspicious transaction reports (STRs) & Cross border wire
transfer reports
- These reports are obtained from banks every month under ‘Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA)’
• It is mandatory for banks in India to furnish a monthly CTR to FIU on all transactions over Rs 10 lakh
• HQs of FIU-IND – New Delhi | Director – Vivek Aggarwal (under Ministry of Finance)

28. Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance has unveiled a new term insurance plan exclusively for women,
named “Bajaj Allianz Life Superwoman Term”. The plan introduces a critical illness rider covering
60 significant illnesses, including specific conditions affecting women such as breast, cervix, and
ovarian cancers. Additionally, the plan offers an optional childcare benefit, ensuring a steady
monthly income to support a child’s education in the unfortunate event of the policyholder’s
demise. The plan also provides complimentary Health Management Services (HMS). These
services encompass health check-ups, outpatient department consultations, pregnancy-related
support, emotional wellness programmes, and nutritionist guidance. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance – unveiled a new term insurance plan for women, “Bajaj Allianz Life Superwoman Term”
• It introduces a critical illness rider covering 60 significant illnesses
• HQs of Bajaj Allianz Gen Ins – Pune, Maharashtra | MD & CEO – Tapan Singhel | Founded in – 2000

29. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has imposed penalties on Kotak Mahindra Bank, IDFC First Bank, and
Punjab National Bank for certain deficiencies in regulatory compliance. A penalty of Rs 61.4 lakh has been
imposed on Kotak Mahindra Bank for non-compliance with certain directions on ‘Guidelines on Loan
System for Delivery of Bank Credit’ and ‘Loans and Advances - Statutory and Other Restrictions’. A
penalty of Rs 38.6 lakh has been imposed on IDFC First Bank for non-compliance with certain directions
of ‘Know Your Customer (KYC)’. Penalty of Rs 29.6 lakh has been imposed on Punjab National Bank for non-compliance with
certain directions issued by RBI on ‘Customer Service in Banks’. {Read more}

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Smart Points:
• RBI imposed penalties of:
- Rs 61.4 lakh on Kotak Mahindra Bank – for non-compliance with ‘Guidelines on Loan System for Delivery of Bank
Credit’ & ‘Loans and Advances - Statutory and Other Restrictions’
- Rs 38.6 lakh on IDFC First Bank – for non-compliance with ‘Know Your Customer (KYC)’ guidelines
- Rs 29.6 lakh on PNB – for non-compliance with ‘Customer Service in Banks’
• HQs of Kotak Mahindra Bank – Mumbai, MH | MD & CEO – Ashok Vaswani | Tagline – “Let’s make money simple”
• HQs of IDFC First Bank – Mumbai, Maharashtra | CEO – V. Vaidyanathan | Established in – 2018
• HQs of PNB – New Delhi | MD & CEO – Ashok Chandra | Tagline – “The Name You Can Bank Upon”

30. United India Insurance Company Ltd (UIICL), a public sector non-life insurer, has partnered with
the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) to distribute general insurance products
tailored for the MSME (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) sector. The tie-up aims to provide
comprehensive insurance solutions including home, health, motor, and engineering products to
SIDBI’s customer base across its 123 branches nationwide. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• UIICL + SIDBI = partnered to distribute general insurance products tailored for MSME sector
• Aim: To provide comprehensive insurance solutions to SIDBI’s customer base
• HQs of UIIC – Chennai, Tamil Nadu | CMD – Bhupesh Sushil Rahul
• HQs of SIDBI – Lucknow, UP | CMD – Manoj Mittal | Established in – 1990

31. IDFC First Bank has approved a plan to raise funds of up to Rs 7,500 crore by issuing preferential shares to affiliate firms
of Warburg Pincus and the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA). The entities will invest the funds for a combined 15%
stake in the mid-sized private lender which has 971 branches. Currant Sea Investments B.V., an affiliate company of global
growth investor Warburg Pincus, will invest Rs 4,876 crore for a stake of 9.8%. While Platinum Invictus B 2025 RSC, a wholly-
owned subsidiary of ADIA, will invest about Rs 2,624 crore for a 5.10% stake. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• IDFC First Bank – approved a plan to raise funds of up to Rs 7,500 Cr by issuing preferential shares to affiliate firms of
Warburg Pincus & Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA)
• These entities will invest funds for a combined 15% stake in mid-sized private lender
- Currant Sea Investments B.V. (Warburg Pincus) – to invest Rs 4,876 Cr for a stake of 9.8%
- Platinum Invictus B 2025 RSC (ADIA) – to invest Rs 2,624 Cr for a 5.10% stake
• HQs of IDFC First Bank – Mumbai, Maharashtra | CEO – V. Vaidyanathan | Established in – 2018

Page | 19 Join us
32. Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has proposed increasing the limit that mutual funds
(MFs) can invest in real estate investment trusts (REITs) and infrastructure investment trusts (InvITs).
As per the current regulations, MFs can invest up to 10% of a fund’s net asset value (NAV) in REITs and
InvITs, with a cap of 5% in a single issuer. The new proposal recommends raising the single issuer limit
to 10% and overall exposure to 20% for equity and hybrid schemes. Debt schemes, however, will
retain the 10% limit, considering the relatively higher risk and perpetual nature of these instruments. SEBI has also suggested
classifying REITs and InvITs as ‘equity’, since they combine features of both equity and debt instruments, and therefore
include them in equity indices for investment by MFs. Currently, REITs and InvITs are part of both equity and debt MF
schemes. Globally, Reits and InvITs are treated as equity instruments and included in indices like the MSCI India Small Cap
Index and FTSE India Index. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• SEBI – proposed to increase limit that MFs can invest in real estate investment trusts & infrastructure investment trusts
• MFs can invest up to 10% of a fund’s net asset value (NAV) in REITs & InvITs, with a cap of 5% in a single issuer
• Limits: Single issuer limit – 10% | Overall exposure – 20% for equity & hybrid schemes | Debt schemes – 10%
• SEBI also suggested to classify REITs & InvITs as ‘equity’ (currently they are part of both equity & debt MF schemes)
• HQs of SEBI – Mumbai, Maharashtra | Chairman – Tuhin Kanta Pandey | Established in – 1992

33. SBI Card, India’s largest pure-play credit card issuer, has partnered with Tata Digital to launch the
“Tata Neu SBI Card”. This collaboration introduces a co-branded credit card available in two variants:
Tata Neu Infinity SBI Card and Tata Neu Plus SBI Card. Both cards aim to offer a premium shopping
experience by providing rewards in the form of NeuCoins. Cardholders can earn up to 10% rewards on
the Tata Neu Infinity SBI Card and up to 7% on the Tata Neu Plus SBI Card. These rewards are
redeemable through the Tata Neu app. Naveen Tahilyani, MD & CEO of Tata Digital. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• SBI Card + Tata Digital = partnered to launch “Tata Neu SBI Card”
- It is available in two variants – Tata Neu Infinity SBI Card & Tata Neu Plus SBI Card
• Aim: To offer a premium shopping experience by providing rewards in form of NeuCoins
• HQs of SBI Cards & Payment Services Ltd – Gurugram, Haryana | MD & CEO – Salila Pande
• HQs of Tata Digital – Mumbai, MH | CEO – Naveen Tahilyani

34. Indian Bank hosted a ‘Mega SHG Credit Outreach Programme’ in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, extending
critical financial support to Self Help Groups (SHGs) across the state. As part of a pan-India initiative by
the Department of Financial Services, the programme in Odisha marks the Indian Bank’s contribution to
the national mission of empowering 1 crore SHG Women with ‘Credit Access’. A total of 9,961 SHGs
received sanction letters amounting to Rs 509.91 crore providing financial support to grassroots women entrepreneurs on
the occasion. This initiative is part of the Indian Bank’s broader strategy to disburse over Rs. 20,000 crore to SHGs nationwide
by FY 2026. The event also aligns with the government’s focus on ‘Viksit Bharat 2047’, aiming for inclusive growth and
women-led development. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Indian Bank – hosted a ‘Mega SHG Credit Outreach Programme’ in Bhubaneswar, Odisha
- It extended critical financial support to Self Help Groups (SHGs) across the state
• 9,961 SHGs received sanction letters providing financial support to grassroots women entrepreneurs

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 - Amounting to – Rs 509.91 Cr
• Indian Bank – to disburse over Rs 20,000 Cr to SHGs nationwide by FY 2026
• HQs of Indian Bank – Chennai, Tamil Nadu | MD & CEO – Binod Kumar | Tagline – “Your Own Bank”

35. During the 150th anniversary celebration of the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), Asia’s oldest stock
exchange, as a chief guest Union Minister of Finance Nirmala Sitharaman launched a commemorative
silver coin (denomination of Rs 150), the ‘BSE@150’ logo and the ‘BSE India 150 Index’. The ‘BSE India
150 Index’ is designed to track the performance of the top 150 listed companies based on market
capitalization and liquidity. The new index aims to offer investors a more comprehensive view of
India’s rapidly evolving equity landscape. Further, the Minister pointed out that the market capitalization of BSE has reached
Rs 400 lakh crore, placing it among the world’s top exchanges. BSE processes orders worth Rs 1,500 crore daily. Established
in 1875, BSE (formerly known as Bombay Stock Exchange), is Asia’s 1st & the Fastest Stock Exchange in the world with a
speed of 6 microseconds and one of India’s leading exchange groups. Popularly known as BSE, the bourse was established
as ‘The Native Share & Stock Brokers’ Association’ in 1875. In 2017 BSE became the 1st listed stock exchange of India. Today
BSE provides an efficient and transparent market for trading in equity, currencies, debt instruments, derivatives, and mutual
funds. ‘BSE SME (Small and Medium Enterprises)’ is India’s largest SME platform which has listed over 250 companies. ‘BSE
StAR MF’ is India’s largest online mutual fund platform which processes over 27 lakh transactions per month and adds almost
2 lakh new SIPs every month. ‘BSE Bond’, the transparent and efficient electronic book mechanism process for private
placement of debt securities, is the market leader with more than Rs 2.09 lakh crore of fundraising from 530 issuances. In
February 2025, BSE launched ‘India INX’, India’s 1st international exchange, located at GIFT CITY IFSC in Ahmedabad. Indian
Clearing Corporation Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of BSE, acts as the central counterparty to all trades executed on
the BSE trading platform. BSE Institute Ltd, another fully owned subsidiary of BSE runs one of the most respected capital
market educational institutes in the country. BSE has also launched ‘BSE Sammaan’, the CSR (Corporate social responsibility)
exchange, which is a 1st of its kind initiative which aims to connect corporations with verified NGOs. BSE’s popular equity
index - the ‘BSE SENSEX’ - is India’s most widely tracked stock market benchmark index. It is traded internationally on the
‘EUREX’ as well as leading exchanges of the BRCS nations (Brazil, Russia, China and South Africa). {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Chief guest at 150th anniversary celebration of Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) – Nirmala Sitharaman (Finance Minister)
• She launched a commemorative silver coin (denomination of Rs 150) – ‘BSE@150’ logo & ‘BSE India 150 Index’
• ‘BSE India 150 Index’ – to track performance of top 150 listed companies based on market capitalization & liquidity
• BSE – established in 1875 & is Asia’s 1st & Fastest Stock Exchange in world with a speed of 6 microseconds
- Market capitalization – reached Rs 400 lakh Cr | BSE became 1st listed stock exchange of India – in 2017
- It was established as – ‘The Native Share & Stock Brokers’ Association’ in 1875
• ‘BSE SME’ – India’s largest SME platform, listed over 250 companies
• ‘BSE Bond’ – market leader with more than Rs 2.09 lakh Cr of fundraising from 530 issuances
• ‘India INX’ (India’s 1st international exchange, located at GIFT CITY) – launched by BSE in Feb 2025
• ‘BSE Sammaan’ – launched by BSE, is 1st of its kind initiative which aims to connect corporations with verified NGOs
• HQs of BSE – Mumbai, MH | Chairman – Subhasis Chaudhuri | MD & CEO – Sundararaman Ramamurthy

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36. According to the Association of Mutual Funds in India (AMFI) data, Nippon India Mutual
Fund (MF), ICIC Pru MF and Tata MF topped the list of mutual funds with the maximum gain
in assets under management (AUM) last fiscal. Nippon MF and ICICI Prudential MF have
registered the highest growth of 29.19% and 28.74%, respectively, in AUM at Rs 5.57 lakh
crore and Rs 8.79 lakh crore against Rs 4.31 lakh crore and Rs 6.83 lakh crore logged in FY24.
Tata MF assets jumped 28% to Rs 1.88 lakh crore (from Rs 1.47 lakh crore). However, SBI
MF topped the AUM table with a growth of 17% to Rs 10.73 lakh crore (Rs 9.14 lakh crore),
followed by ICICI Prudential MF with a growth of 28.74% to Rs. 8.79 lakh crore (Rs 6.83 lakh
crore) and HDFC MF with AUM of Rs 7.73 lakh crore (Rs 6.13 lakh crore), an increase of 26%.
Motilal Oswal MF has more than doubled its assets to Rs 92,988 crore (Rs 45,993 crore) while that of the latest entrant
Zerodha MF assets jumped nearly ninefold to Rs 4,854 crore (Rs 540 crore). Overall, the industry AUM had grown by 25%
last fiscal to Rs 67.42 lakh crore against Rs 54.13 lakh crore logged in the same period last year. Despite the volatile market,
the mop-up through new fund offers by the MF industry has increased 63% in FY25 to Rs 1.08 lakh crore against Rs 66,364
crore logged in FY24. The NFO (new fund offers) on equity-oriented schemes also more than doubled to Rs 85,244 crore (Rs
39,297 crore). The inflow through systematic investment plan increased by 45% to touch a new high of Rs 2.89 lakh crore
(Rs 1.99 lakh crore) last fiscal despite the sharp increase in the closure of SIP accounts. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• As per data from Association of Mutual Funds in India (AMFI),
• Nippon India MF, ICIC Pru MF & Tata MF – topped list of mutual funds with maximum gain in AUM in FY25
• Highest growth in AUM percentage – Nippon MF (29.19% growth)
- 2nd – ICICI Prudential MF (28.74% growth)
- 3rd – Tata MF (28% growth)
• Highest value of AUM – SBI MF (Rs 10.73 lakh Cr)
- 2nd – ICICI Prudential MF (Rs 8.79 lakh Cr)
- 3rd – HDFC MF (Rs 7.73 lakh Cr)
• Overall, industry AUM – grown by 25% to Rs 67.42 lakh Cr in FY25
• Mop-up through NFOs by MF industry – rose 63% in FY25 to Rs 1.08 lakh Cr (from Rs 66,364 Cr in FY24)
• NFO on equity-oriented schemes – rose to Rs 85,244 Cr | Inflow through SIP – increased by 45% to Rs 2.89 lakh Cr
• HQs of AMFI – Mumbai | Chairman – Navneet Munot | CEO – Venkat Nageswar Chalasani | Incorporated in – 1995

37. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has permitted banks to allow minors above the age of 10 years to
open and operate savings and term deposit accounts independently. They may also be allowed to open
such accounts with their mother as a guardian. Further, on attaining the age of majority, fresh operating
instructions and specimen signature of the account holder should be obtained and kept on record. Banks
can offer facilities like internet banking, debit cards, and chequebook facilities based on their risk
management policies. The banks will have to ensure that accounts of minors, whether operated independently or through
a guardian, are not allowed to be overdrawn and that these always remain in a credit balance. Also, the banks shall perform
customer due diligence for opening deposit accounts of minors and undertake ongoing due diligence. The RBI further
instructed banks to align their policies (new or amend existing) with these revised guidelines by July 1, 2025. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• RBI – permitted banks to allow minors above 10 years to open & operate savings & term deposit accounts independently
• They may also be allowed to open such accounts with their mother as a guardian

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• Banks shall perform customer due diligence for opening deposit accounts of minors & undertake ongoing due diligence
• RBI further instructed banks to align their policies (new or amend existing) with these revised guidelines by July 1, 2025
• HQs of RBI – Mumbai, Maharashtra | Governor – Sanjay Malhotra (26th) | Established on – 1st April, 1935
Total Deputy Governors (4) – Swaminathan Janakiraman | T. Rabi Sankar | M. Rajeshwar Rao | Poonam Gupta

38. Deposits in Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) bank accounts rose to an all-time high of Rs 2.63 lakh crore as of
April 9, 2025, which also showed that average cash deposits per account was at a high of Rs 4,760. The cumulative PMJDY
accounts at 552.8 million. The total balance in these accounts stood at Rs 2,63,145 crore compared with Rs 2,34,997 crore
a year ago. PMJDY was launched on August 28, 2014, to provide universal banking services by opening a zero-balance bank
account for every unbanked household. The main features of the scheme include one basic savings bank deposit (BSBD)
account for every unbanked adult, an overdraft (OD) limit of Rs 10,000 and a free RuPay debit card with inbuilt accident
insurance cover of up to Rs 2,00,000. There is no requirement to maintain any minimum balance in PMJDY accounts.
Deposits in such accounts earn interest of 3-4%. The JAM Trinity - Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, mobile - has stood the government in
good stead in implementing large-scale, technology-enabled and real-time direct benefit transfers (DBTs) to improve the
welfare of the low-income category people, especially during Covid. Under PMJDY, there are age criteria for both opening a
PMJDY account and accessing the overdraft facility. Individuals of 10 years and above can open a PMJDY account. While the
overdraft facility is available to account holders between 18 and 65 years of age. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• As of Apr 9, 2025 deposits in Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) bank accounts – rose to Rs 2.63 lakh Cr
- Average cash deposits per account – Rs 4,760
• Cumulative PMJDY accounts – 552.8 million | Total balance in these accounts – Rs 2,63,145 Cr
• PMJDY – launched on Aug 28, 2014
- Aim: To provide universal banking services by opening a zero-balance bank account for every unbanked household
• Key info about PMJDY:
- One basic savings bank deposit (BSBD) account for every unbanked adult | An overdraft (OD) limit of Rs 10,000
- Free RuPay debit card with inbuilt accident insurance cover of up to Rs 2,00,000
- No requirement to maintain any minimum balance | Interest on deposits in such accounts – 3-4%
- Age criteria: 10 years to open a PMJDY account | 18-65 years to get OD facility
• JAM Trinity – Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, Mobile

39. AU Small Finance Bank (AU SFB), India’s largest small finance bank, has launched exclusive “Concierge
Services” for its premium banking programs - ‘AU ivy’ and ‘AU Eternity’. The Concierge Services offer a
range of assistance, catering to diverse needs and preferences. It is designed to assist AU premium clients
with swift and effective assistance, redefining the customer experience. ‘AU ivy’ and ‘AU Eternity’
redefine banking with bespoke privileges for UHNI (Ultra High Net Worth Individual) clients such as
overseas education support, luxury privileges, etc. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• AU SFB – launched exclusive “Concierge Services” for its premium banking programs, ‘AU ivy’ & ‘AU Eternity’
• ‘AU ivy’ & ‘AU Eternity’ – redefine banking with bespoke privileges for UHNI clients such as luxury privileges, etc.
• HQs of AU SFB – Jaipur, Rajasthan | MD & CEO – Sanjay Agarwal | Executive Director & Deputy CEO – Uttam Tibrewal

Page | 23 Join us
40. The Government of Jharkhand and the State Bank of India (SBI) signed an MoU regarding the salary
package of the state government employees. Under the MoU, state government employees having
salary accounts with the SBI will get various benefits, including accidental insurance cover of up to Rs
1 crore, health insurance, and life insurance at no additional cost. As per SBI’s Chief General Manager
(Bihar Circle) KV Bangarraju, 1.75 lakh state government employees and around 70,000 police personnel already get the
added benefits. The remaining 1.05 lakh employees will be getting the enhanced benefits. The SBI operates 580 branches,
1,260 ATMs, and around 2,600 Customer Service Points (CSPs) in Jharkhand. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Jharkhand + SBI = an MoU regarding salary package of state government employees
• State government employees having salary accounts with SBI will get various benefits, including:
- Accidental insurance cover of up to Rs 1 Cr | Health insurance | Life insurance at no additional cost
• SBI operates 580 branches, 1,260 ATMs & around 2,600 Customer Service Points (CSPs) in Jharkhand
• Jharkhand: Capital – Ranchi | CM – Hemant Soren | Governor – Santosh Kumar Gangwar
• HQs of SBI – Mumbai, Maharashtra | Chairman – Challa Sreenivasulu Setty
MDs – Rana Ashutosh Kumar Singh | Ashwini Kumar Tewari | Vinay M. Tonse | Rama Mohan Rao Amara

Defence Affairs
41. The 6th edition of India-Uzbekistan Joint Military Exercise “DUSTLIK-6” commenced at
the Foreign Training Node at Aundh in Pune, Maharashtra. The Exercise will continue till 28
April 2025. Indian contingent comprising 60 personnel is being represented by a Battalion
of JAT Regiment and the Indian Air Force. The theme for the exercise centres around Joint
Multi-Domain Sub-Conventional Operations in a Semi-Urban Scenario, simulating a
counter-terrorist response involving the capture of designated territory. The exercise will
also enable both sides to share best practices in Tactics, Techniques and Procedures (TTPs) for conducting Joint Sub-
Conventional operations. The joint exercise is an annual training event conducted alternately in India and Uzbekistan. The
last edition was conducted in Termez District, Uzbekistan, in April 2024. The 1st edition was held in 2019 which focused on
counter-terrorism. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• 6th edition of India-Uzbekistan Joint Military Exercise “DUSTLIK-6” – commenced at Aundh in Pune, Maharashtra
• Indian contingent represented by a Battalion of = JAT Regiment + IAF
• Last edition was conducted in – Termez District, Uzbekistan (in April 2024) | 1st edition – held in 2019
• Uzbekistan – Tashkent – Uzbekistani Som | PM – Abdulla Nigmatovich Aripov | President – Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Page | 24 Join us
42. The 3rd edition of the Indian Navy’s Meteorological and Oceanological Symposium,
“Meghayan 25”, was held on 14 April 2025 at the Nausena Bhawan in Delhi, to commemorate
the formation of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and celebrate ‘WMO Day
2025’. The symposium was organised to align with the 2025 WMO Day theme - ‘Closing the
Early Warning Gap Together’. The symposium was virtually inaugurated by Adm Dinesh K
Tripathi, Chief of the Naval Staff. The symposium featured 2 technical sessions. The event also featured an incisive and
thought-provoking Panel Discussion focused on “Closing the Early Warning Gap Together: Enhancing Maritime Security and
Coordination” bringing together experts to deliberate on integrated strategies for maritime safety and preparedness. A key
highlight of the event was the felicitation of Cmde PI Oommen (Retd), the 94-year-old pioneer of the Navy’s Meteorological
specialisation and the 1st Principal Director of Naval Oceanology and Meteorology. During the event, the ‘Meteorological
and Oceanographic Satellite Data Archival Centre - Indian Navy (MOSDAC-IN)’ web services, a joint collaboration between
the Directorate of Naval Oceanology and Meteorology (DNOM) and Space Applications Center (SAC), was launched by Dr
Nilesh Desai. MOSDAC-IN, which provides customised satellite-derived weather products with separate log-ins for individual
Naval Met Offices. The symposium also saw the revival of its professional Meteorological and Oceanological journal after a
gap of almost 10 years. The 10th edition of “Sagarmanthan” was launched during Meghayan 25. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• 3rd edition of Indian Navy’s Meteorological & Oceanological Symposium, “Meghayan 25” – held on Apr 14, 2025
- At Nausena Bhawan in Delhi to celebrate ‘WMO Day 2025’
- Theme of 2025 WMO Day – ‘Closing the Early Warning Gap Together’
• Virtually inaugurated by – Adm Dinesh K Tripathi, Chief of Naval Staff
• Cmde PI Oommen (Retd) – 94-year-old pioneer of Navy’s Meteorological specialisation and 1st Principal Director of Naval
Oceanology and Meteorology
• ‘Meteorological and Oceanographic Satellite Data Archival Centre - Indian Navy’ web services – launched by Dr Nilesh
Desai
- It is a joint collaboration between DNOM & SAC
• 10th edition of “Sagarmanthan” – also launched during Meghayan 25

43. Indian Army has successfully concluded “ARMEX-24” in Sikkim. It is a high-altitude

adventure expedition that stands as a testament to endurance, resilience, and operational
excellence. The expedition, conducted over 28 days took participants on a formidable
journey from the dense jungles of North Bengal to the treacherous, snow-clad heights of
Sikkim, covering a total of 146 kilometres. A specially selected team of 20 military
personnel volunteered for this mission. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Indian Army – concluded “ARMEX-24”, a high-altitude adventure expedition, in Sikkim
- A specially selected team of 20 military personnel volunteered for this mission
• HQs of Indian Army – New Delhi | Chief – General Upendra Dwivedi | Vice Chief – Lt. Gen. NS Raja Subramani

Page | 25 Join us
44. A frontline contingent of the Indian Air Force (IAF) has arrived at Al Dhafra Air Base in
the UAE to participate in 10th edition of “Exercise Desert Flag”, a high-profile multinational
air combat exercise hosted by the UAE Air Force. The IAF is deploying its MiG-29 and Jaguar
fighter aircraft for the duration of the exercise, which runs from April 21 to May 8, 2025.
Alongside the Indian Air Force, this year’s edition includes participants from Australia,
Bahrain, France, Germany, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the Republic of Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and
the host nation UAE. The primary objective of Desert Flag-10 is to conduct complex and diverse fighter engagements,
promoting the exchange of operational knowledge and best practices. The IAF is participating in the Exercise Desert Flag for
the 3rd time in 2025, while the first time being in 2021. Other military exercises conducted between India and the UAE include
- ‘Desert Eagle’ & ‘Gulf Star’. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• 10th edition of “Exercise Desert Flag”, multinational air combat exercise – being held at Al Dhafra Air Base, UAE
• Participants – Australia, Bahrain, France, Germany, India, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Republic of Korea, Turkey, UK, US & UAE
• IAF is participating in ‘Exercise Desert Flag’ for 3rd time in 2025 (first time - in 2021)
• Other military exercises conducted between India & UAE – ‘Desert Eagle’ & ‘Gulf Star’
• UAE – Abu Dhabi – Dirham | President – Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan

Sports & Games

45. South California city of Pomona will host the cricket competition in T20 format as cricket returns
to the Olympics after 128 years in the 2028 Summer Olympics (LA28), scheduled to take place from
July 14-30, 2028, in Los Angeles, California, US. The cricket event will feature 6 teams each in men’s
and women’s categories. Cricket, which made its only appearance in the Olympics at the Paris
Games in 1900, was included in the Los Angeles Olympics programme after the International Olympic Committee’s (IOC)
141st Session at Mumbai in October 2023. Cricket joined 5 new sports at LA28, including Baseball/Softball, Flag Football,
Lacrosse (sixes), & Squash. The T20 format has also featured in the Asian Games in 2010, 2014 and 2023 (both men’s and
women’s), while the Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games staged a women’s competition. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• 2028 Summer Olympics (LA28) – to be held in Los Angeles, California, US (in July 2028)
• Pomona city (California, US) – will host the cricket competition in T20 format at LA28
• Cricket returns to the Olympics after 128 years
- Cricket made its only appearance in the Olympics at the Paris Games in 1900
• Cricket joined 5 new sports at LA28, including – Baseball/Softball, Flag Football, Lacrosse (sixes), & Squash

46. Mohun Bagan Super Giant (MBSG), also known as Mariners, won the 11th edition of the “Indian
Super League (ISL) 2024-25 Cup” following a 2-1 victory against Bengaluru FC at the Vivekananda Yuba
Bharati Krirangan Stadium in Kolkata. This was the 2nd ISL Title for MBSG, who previously won it in
2022-23 as ATK Mohun Bagan. MBSG are also the 2nd football team after Mumbai City FC (2020-21)
to win the League Shield and the ISL Cup in the same season. In February 2025, MBSG won the League
Shield against Odisha FC. The award winners of the ISL 2024-25 are: ‘Best Grassroots Program’ won by Jamshedpur FC; ‘Best
Elite Youth Program’ won by Punjab FC; ‘Golden Glove Award’ won by Vishal Kaith (MBSG); ‘Golden Boot Award’ won by
Alaaeddine Ajaraie (North East United FC - NEUFC); ‘Emerging Player of the League’ won by Brison Fernandes (FC Goa), and
the ‘Golden Ball’ won by Alaaeddine Ajaraie (NEUFC). {Read more}

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Smart Points:
• Mohun Bagan Super Giant – won the 11th edition of the “Indian Super League (ISL) 2024-25 Cup” against Bengaluru FC
- Location: Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan Stadium, Kolkata, WB
• This was the 2nd ISL Title for MBSG (previously won 2022-23 Cup)
• MBSG are also the 2nd football team to win ‘ISL Shield’ & ‘ISL Cup’ in the same season (after Mumbai City FC)
- In Feb, MBSG won the League Shield against Odisha FC
• Award winners of the ISL 2024-25:
- ‘Best Grassroots Program’ – Jamshedpur FC
- ‘Best Elite Youth Program’ – Punjab FC
- ‘Golden Glove Award’ – Vishal Kaith (MBSG)
- ‘Golden Boot Award’ – Alaaeddine Ajaraie (NEUFC)
- ‘Emerging Player of the League’ – Brison Fernandes (FC Goa)
- ‘Golden Ball’ – Alaaeddine Ajaraie (NEUFC)

47. Punjab defeated Madhya Pradesh 4-1 in the final to win the 15th “Hockey India Senior Men
National Championship 2025” in Division ‘A’ of the Championship at the Major Dhyan Chand
Hockey Stadium at Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh secured the 3rd position after beating
Manipur 5-1. Punjab has won the title for the record 5th time since its inception in 2011 by Hockey
India. Earlier they won the championship in 2012, 2018, 2021, 2023. Haryana won the inaugural edition in 2011. {Read
more}
Smart Points:
• 15th “Hockey India Senior Men National Championship 2025” in Division ‘A’ of Championship – held at Major Dhyan
Chand Hockey Stadium at Jhansi, UP
• Winner – Punjab (for 5th time) | Defeated – MP | 3rd – UP (defeated – Manipur)
- Punjab previously won this championship in – 2012, 2018, 2021 & 2023
• Winner of inaugural edition in 2011 – Haryana

48. India finished 4th on the medal tally of the “Archery World Cup 2025 Stage 1” in Auburndale,
USA, with 4 medals (1 gold, 1 silver, 2 bronze). Rishabh Yadav & Jyothi Surekha Vennam won Gold
medal in compound mixed team, while Dhiraj Bommadevara, Tarundeep Rai, & Atanu Das won
Silver medal in recurve men’s team. Rishabh Yadav, Abhishek Verma, & Ojas Deotale won Bronze
medal in the compound men’s team, while other bronze was won by Dhiraj Bommadevara in men’s
individual recurve. Mexico topped the standings with 6 medals (3 gold, 2 silver & 1 bronze). The Archery World Cup
comprises four stages held in different countries. The top 8 individual archers in each category across these stages qualify
for the Archery World Cup Final, where they compete for the overall title. The second stage will be held in Shanghai, China,
from May 6 to 11. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• “Archery World Cup 2025 Stage 1” – held in Auburndale, USA
- Stage 2 – to be held in Shanghai, China (from May 6-11, 2025)
• India – finished 4th on medal tally with 4 medals (1 gold, 1 silver & 2 bronze)
• India’s medal winners:

Page | 27 Join us
 - Gold – Rishabh Yadav & Jyothi Surekha Vennam (in compound mixed team)
- Silver – Dhiraj Bommadevara, Tarundeep Rai & Atanu Das (in recurve men’s team)
- Bronze – Rishabh Yadav, Abhishek Verma & Ojas Deotale (compound men’s team) & Dhiraj Bommadevara (men’s
individual recurve)
• Top country – Mexico with 6 medals (3 gold, 2 silver & 1 bronze)

49. World No. 1 Magnus Carlsen of Norway clinched the “Freestyle Chess Grand Slam 2025” in Paris, France.
He defeated American Grandmaster Hikaru Nakamura with a 1.5-0.5 match victory and won the $2 lakh
prize money. Moreover, Italian-American Fabiano Caruana crushed German Grandmaster Vincent Keymer
in the battle of third place. Indian Grandmaster Arjun Erigaisi defeated Maxime Vacxhier-Lagrave of France
by 1.5-0.5 points and bagged 5th spot with $50,000 prize money. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• “Freestyle Chess Grand Slam 2025” – held in Paris, France
• Winner – Magnus Carlsen (Norway) | Defeated – Hikaru Nakamura (USA) | Prize amount – $2 lakh
- 3rd – Fabiano Caruana (Italian-American) | Defeated – Vincent Keymer (Germany)
• Arjun Erigaisi (India) – 5th place (prize money - $50,000) | Defeated – Maxime Vacxhier-Lagrave (France)

50. India won 11 medals including 1 gold, 5 silver and 5 bronze at the “Asian U18 Athletics
Championships 2025”, which concluded in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Himanshu Jakhar won India’s first-
ever gold medal in boys’ javelin throw at the Asian U18 Athletics Championships. His opening throw of
67.57 meters was good enough to fetch him gold ahead of China’s Lu Hao (63.45m). Among the girls,
Tannu was the 1st Indian athlete to win a medal in Dammam with a silver in the 400m. She clocked 57.63 to finish behind
Japan’s Imamine Saki (57.27). The silver medal winners from India are: Devak Bhushan (boys’ high jump), Nitin Gupta (boys’
5000m race walk), Nischay (boys’ shot put), and Chiranth P, Sayed Sabeer, Saket Minj & Kadir Khan (boys’ medley relay).
Nischay (boys’ discus throw), Aarti (girls’ 100m), Aarti (girls’ 200m), Shourya Ambure (girls’ 100m hurdles), and Lakshita
Mahlawat (girls’ discus throw) are the bronze medal winners. India finished with 24 medals, including 6 golds, 11 silvers and
7 bronze, at the ‘2024 Asian U18 Athletics Championships’ held in Tashkent. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• “Asian U18 Athletics Championships 2025” – concluded in Dammam, Saudi Arabia
• India won 11 medals – 1 gold, 5 silver & 5 bronze
• Gold: Himanshu Jakhar (India’s 1st gold medal in boys’ javelin throw with 67.57m) | Defeated – Lu Hao (China-63.45m)
• Silver:
- Tannu ( 400m with 57.63m), Devak Bhushan (boys’ high jump), Nitin Gupta (boys’ 5000m race walk), Nischay (boys’
shot put)
- Chiranth P, Sayed Sabeer, Saket Minj & Kadir Khan (boys’ medley relay)
• Bronze:
- Nischay (boys’ discus throw) | Aarti (girls’ 100m) | Aarti (girls’ 200m)
- Shourya Ambure (girls’ 100m hurdles) | Lakshita Mahlawat (girls’ discus throw)
• ‘2024 Asian U18 Athletics Championships’ (Tashkent) – India finished with 24 medals (6 golds, 11 silvers & 7 bronze)

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51. Vaibhav Suryavanshi, a 14-year-old from Bihar, made his Indian Premier League (IPL) debut for the
Rajasthan Royals, against Lucknow Super Giants at the Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur, Rajasthan. He
scored 34 runs from 20 deliveries. In 2024, Suryavanshi became the youngest to get an IPL contract,
acquired by the Rajasthan Royals for Rs 1.1 crore. Vaibhav Suryawanshi from Bihar made his first-class
bow at the age of 12 and his IPL debut at the age of 14 years and 23 days. In the 2024-25 domestic season,
he played 5 first-class matches for Bihar. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Vaibhav Suryavanshi (a 14-year-old from Bihar) – made his IPL debut for Rajasthan Royals, against Lucknow Super Giants
- At Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur, Rajasthan
• He became youngest to get an IPL contract in 2024, acquired by Rajasthan Royals for Rs 1.1 Cr
• In 2024-25 domestic season, he played 5 first-class matches for Bihar

52. Olympic silver medallist Mirabai Chanu and Commonwealth Games gold medallist S. Sathish
Kumar have been elected as Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson, respectively, of the Athletes’
Commission of the Indian Weightlifting Federation (IWLF). Their term will last for 4 years.
Mirabai’s personal best in the total lift is 205kg - 86kg in snatch and 119kg in clean and jerk -
which also stands as the national record. She holds the national record in snatch as well, with
a lift of 88kg. At the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, she became the first Indian weightlifter to win a silver medal. Sathish had clinched
a gold medal in weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Mirabai Chanu – elected as Chairperson of Athletes’ Commission of the Indian Weightlifting Federation (IWLF)
• S. Sathish Kumar – elected as Vice-Chairperson of Athletes’ Commission of the Indian Weightlifting Federation (IWLF)
- Their term will last for 4 years
• Mirabai’s national records: 119kg in clean & jerk and 88kg in snatch
- She became the first Indian weightlifter to win a silver medal at Tokyo 2020 Olympics
• Sathish had clinched a gold medal in weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
• HQs of IWLF – Noida, UP | President – Sahdev Yadav | Secretary General – S. H. Anande Gowda

53. India finished in 3rd spot in the medal standings with 7 medals including 2 golds, 4 silvers and a
bronze at the “ISSF World Cup 2025” in Lima, Peru, after China (13 medals) and the US (7 medals).
The Indian gold medal winners are: Saurabh Chaudhary and Suruchi Singh (10m air pistol mixed
team) and Suruchi Singh (women’s 10m air pistol). Manu Bhaker (women’s 10m air pistol),
Simranpreet Kaur (women’s 25m pistol), Rudrannksh Patil and Arya Borse (10m air rifle mixed team), and Arjun Babuta
(men’s 10m air rifle) are the silver medal winners. Saurabh Chaudhary won the bronze medal in the men’s 10m air pistol.
This was the 2nd shooting World Cup of the season. The first one was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina from 1-10 April 2025.
In the 1st world cup, India finished 2nd with 8 medals including 4 gold, 2 silver and 2 bronze. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• “ISSF World Cup 2025” – held in Lima, Peru
• India finished in 3rd spot in the medal standings with 7 medals (2 golds, 4 silvers & 1 bronze)
- after China (13 medals) & US (7 medals)
• 2 Indian gold medal winners:

Page | 29 Join us
• Saurabh Chaudhary and Suruchi Singh (10m air pistol mixed team)
• Suruchi Singh (women’s 10m air pistol)
• This was 2nd shooting World Cup of the season | 1st one was held in – Buenos Aires, Argentina (from 1-10 Apr’25)
• HQs of ISSF – Munich, Germany | President – Luciano Rossi

Persons in News
54. Actor Ayushmann Khurrana has been named as the official ‘Fit India Icon’ by Union Sports Minister
Mansukh Mandaviya. The 40-year-old actor has joined “Fit India Movement” which aims to inspire
people to focus on their fitness and wellbeing. The movement was launched by PM Narendra Modi on
August 29, 2019. Its core objectives include promoting fitness as easy, fun, and free by showcasing simple
and enjoyable ways to incorporate physical activity into daily routines. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Ayushmann Khurrana (Actor) – named as official ‘Fit India Icon’ by Mansukh Mandaviya (Union Sports Minister)
• Fit India Movement – launched by PM Narendra Modi on Aug 29, 2019
• Minister of Youth Affairs & Sports: Mansukh L. Mandaviya | Constituency – Porbandar, Gujarat
MoS in Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports: Raksha Nikhil Khadse

Science & Technology

55. A Chinese battery company, Betavolt, recently revealed a compact coin-sized battery, named
“BV100”, powered by nuclear energy. The battery uses Nickel-63 as its radioactive source and can last
up to 50 years on a single charge. The energy output of the battery is relatively low and cannot charge
smartphones or cameras. The Betavolt’s BV100 nuclear battery delivers a power output of 100
microwatts at 3 volts. BV100 battery has two parts - a radioactive emitter and a semiconductor
absorber. Compared to widely used Lithium-ion batteries, the BV 100 offers 10x more energy density and can easily
withstand extreme temperatures ranging from -60 to +120 degree Celsius without catching fire or exploding. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Betavolt (China) – revealed a compact coin-sized battery, named “BV100”, powered by nuclear energy
• Source – Nickel-63 | It can last up to 50 years on a single charge | Power output – 100 microwatts at 3 volts
• China – Beijing – Renminbi | President – Xi Jinping | PM – Li Qiang

Page | 30 Join us
56. India’s 1st satellite, “Aryabhata”, completed 50 years on April 19, 2025. Launched on April 19,
1975, the satellite was named after the ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer, Aryabhata.
The mission was India’s first step in using satellites for scientific discovery, not just
communications. The satellite, built by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), was
launched from Kapustin Yar with the assistance of the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics).
The purpose of the satellite was defined to explore areas including Solar Physics, Aeronomy, and X-ray Astronomy.
Aryabhata was designed as a 26-sided polyhedron, measuring 1.4 metres in diameter and weighing 360 kilograms. Except
for the top and bottom, all the remaining 24 faces of the satellite were covered with solar panels. While Aryabhata fell silent
just four days after launch due to a power failure, it achieved much more than expected. Aryabhata marked India’s entry
into space exploration and laid the foundation for the country’s future space missions. With its successful launch, India was
recognized as the 11th country in the world to send a satellite into orbit. On May 10, 1972, a historic Indo-Soviet agreement
was signed between M Keldysh, president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and Prof MGK Menon Menon, then interim
charge of ISRO. VM Kovtunenko was appointed Soviet project director, while Udupi Ramachandra Rao was the Indian project
director (Aryabhata). SP Kosta, K Kasturirangan, R Ashiya, and Tarsem Singh were part of the Indian team. Along with
Aryabhata, Jawahar (after Pandit Nehru), and Maitri (for Indo-Soviet friendship) were other proposed names for India’s 1st
satellite. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• India’s 1st satellite “Aryabhata” – completed 50 years on April 19, 2025
- Launched on Apr 19, 1975 | Named after – an ancient Indian mathematician & astronomer, Aryabhata
- Built by – ISRO | Launched from – Kapustin Yar (with assistance of USSR)
- Aim: To explore areas including Solar Physics, Aeronomy & X-ray Astronomy
• Aryabhata – designed as a 26-sided polyhedron, measuring 1.4m in diameter & weighing 360 kg
- Except for top & bottom, all remaining 24 faces were covered with solar panels
• With its successful launch, India was recognized as 11th country in the world to send a satellite into orbit
• VM Kovtunenko – appointed as Soviet project director | Udupi Ramachandra Rao – Indian project director (Aryabhata)
• Other proposed names for India’s 1st satellite – Jawahar (after Pandit Nehru) & Maitri (for Indo-Soviet friendship)
• HQs of ISRO – Bengaluru, Karnataka | Director – Dr. V. Narayanan | Formed on – August 15, 1969

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57. The government of India has confirmed the launch of the “NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture
Radar (NISAR)” satellite in June 2025 aboard ISRO’s GSLV-F16 from Sriharikota. NISAR is the
1st Earth-observing satellite to carry dual-frequency synthetic aperture radars. NASA is
responsible for providing the L-Band SAR payload system in which the ISRO supplied S-Band
SAR payload and both these SAR systems will make use of a large size (about 12m diameter)
common unfurlable reflector antenna. The satellite, weighing 2.8 tonnes and costing over Rs 5,800 crore, will scan nearly all
of Earth’s land and ice surfaces every 12 days, providing high-resolution data on natural disasters, climate change, land use,
and the movement of the Earth’s crust. Furthermore, Indian Air Force Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla will become the
1st Indian astronaut to visit the International Space Station (ISS) and the 2nd Indian to be in space after Rakesh Sharma.
Notably, Rakesh Sharma was the 1st Indian to travel to space in 1984 aboard the ‘Soviet Soyuz T-11’ mission under the
Interkosmos program. Shubhanshu Shukla will journey to the ISS as part of US-based Axiom Mission-4 (Ax-4), a private
spaceflight mission, aboard a SpaceX Dragon rocket. Shubhanshu Shukla currently serves as the astronaut-designate for
India’s human spaceflight program, ‘Gaganyaan’. Ax-4 is a private spaceflight mission that will not only send India’s 1st private
astronaut to space but also mark the return to human spaceflight for Poland and Hungary. With this mission, for the 1st time,
all 3 nations - India, Poland, and Hungary - will be collaborating on a mission aboard the ISS. The mission will be led by former
NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson, who is now Axiom Space’s Director of Human Spaceflight. Shubhanshu Shukla will serve as
the mission pilot, alongside 2 mission specialists: European Space Agency (ESA) project astronaut Slawosz Uznanski-
Wisniewski of Poland and Tibor Kapu of Hungary. The Ax-4 astronauts will spend up to 14 days aboard the ISS, conducting
60 research experiments including 7 studies led by ISRO in partnership with NASA and ESA (European Space Agency). With
this mission, for the 1st time, all 3 nations - India, Poland, and Hungary – will be collaborating on a mission aboard the ISS.
Group Captain Prashanth Nair has been named Shukla’s backup. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Govt confirmed launch of NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) satellite in June 2025
- Aboard – ISRO’s GSLV-F16 from Sriharikota | Weight – 2.8 tonnes | Cost – Rs 5,800 Cr
- It will scan nearly all of Earth’s land & ice surfaces every 12 days
• NISAR – 1st Earth-observing satellite to carry dual-frequency synthetic aperture radars
• NASA – to provide L-Band SAR payload system | ISRO – to supply S-Band SAR payload
• IAF Grp Cpt Shubhanshu Shukla – to become 1st Indian astronaut to visit ISS & 2nd Indian to be in space (after Rakesh
Sharma)
- Rakesh Sharma – 1st Indian to travel to space in 1984 aboard ‘Soviet Soyuz T-11’ mission under Interkosmos program
• Shubhanshu Shukla – journey to ISS as part of Axiom Mission-4 (US) aboard a SpaceX Dragon rocket
- He is also an astronaut-designate for India’s human spaceflight program, ‘Gaganyaan’
- Group Captain Prashanth Nair – named as Shukla’s backup
• With Ax-4 mission, for 1st time, all 3 nations, India, Poland & Hungary, will be collaborating on a mission aboard ISS
- To be led by – Peggy Whitson (Axiom Space’s Director of Human Spaceflight)
- Shubhanshu Shukla – to serve as mission pilot, with 2 mission specialists, Slawosz Uznanski-Wisniewski (Poland) &
Tibor Kapu (Hungary)
• Ax-4 astronauts – to spend up to 14 days aboard ISS, conducting 60 research experiments
- including 7 studies led by ISRO in partnership with NASA & ESA
• HQs of NASA – Washington D.C., US | Administrator (15th) – Janet Petro (acting) | Founded in – 1958
• HQs of ISRO – Bengaluru, Karnataka | Director – Dr. V. Narayanan | Formed on – August 15, 1969

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58. A team of 30 scientists from the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) has submitted a proposal to
the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) to develop angstrom-scale chips, using a new class of
semiconductor materials, called ‘2D Materials’, that could enable chip sizes as small as one-tenth
of the smallest chips currently in global production. The project seeks Rs 500 crore funding over 5
years. With significantly higher transistor density, Angstrom-scale chips could enable AI models to
process vast amounts of data faster and more efficiently. It could revolutionize industries like AI and quantum computing.
Currently, semiconductor manufacturing is dominated by silicon-based technologies, led by advanced nations such as the
US, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. The smallest chip currently in production is the 3-nanometer node, manufactured by
companies like Samsung and MediaTek. A human hair typically has a thickness of 1,00,000 nanometres (0.01 cm) or
10,00,000 angstrom. India’s largest semiconductor project, being set up by Tata Electronics in partnership with Taiwan’s
PSMC, involves an investment of Rs 91,000 crore. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• IISc Bengaluru – submitted a proposal to MeitY to develop angstrom-scale chips, using a new class of semiconductor
materials, called ‘2D Materials’
- Required funding for 5 years – Rs 500 Cr
• Currently, smallest chip in production – 3-nanometer node, manufactured by companies like Samsung & MediaTek
• India’s largest semiconductor project – being set up by Tata Electronics & PSMC (Taiwan) | Investment – Rs 91,000 Cr
• Director of IISc Bengaluru – Prof. Govindan Rangarajan

59. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), in a study using its satellites, has estimated
that the total wheat production from 8 major wheat growing States of India - Uttar Pradesh,
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, Gujarat and Maharashtra - would be
122.724 million tonnes as on March 31, 2025. The Comprehensive Remote Sensing
Observation on Crop Progress (CROP), a semi-automated and scalable framework, developed
by ISRO’s National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), enables the near real-time monitoring of crop sowing and harvesting
during the Rabi season across India. The wheat sown area derived from satellite data by March 31 stands at 330.8 lakh
hectares, which is close to the statistics generated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare (324.38 lakh hectares)
as on February 4, 2025. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• ISRO estimated: Total wheat production from 8 major wheat growing States would be 122.724 MT as on Mar 31, 2025
- 8 major wheat growing States – UP, MP, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, Gujarat & Maharashtra
• CROP (developed by ISRO’s NRSC) – enables the near real-time monitoring of crop sowing & harvesting
• Wheat sown area derived from satellite data by March 31 stands at – 330.8 lakh hectares
• HQs of ISRO – Bengaluru, Karnataka | Director – Dr. V. Narayanan | Formed on – August 15, 1969

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60. Larsen & Toubro’s Precision Engineering Systems (L&T PES) has successfully
completed preliminary sea trials of its indigenously designed and developed “651 kW
(~885 hp) Waterjet Propulsion System”. The system, boasting over 70% indigenous
content, was tested aboard the Indian Navy’s Fast Interceptor Craft, marking a key
milestone under the Defence Research and Development Organisation’s (DRDO)
Technology Development Fund (TDF) scheme. Designed by L&T PES, the system is
tailored for high-speed naval operations, offering superior maneuverability, efficiency, and shallow-water performance. The
651 kW system is developed at L&T’s AM Naik Heavy Engineering Complex in Surat. The system’s compact design, featuring
in-built steering and braking, enhances maneuverability and supports high-speed operations, making it ideal for the Navy’s
Fast Interceptor Crafts used in coastal defence, surveillance, and anti-smuggling missions, which can exceed 45 knots (85
kmph). Further, the 651 kW waterjet, alongside projects like the Gas Turbine Research Establishment’s Kaveri marine engine,
reducing dependence on foreign suppliers like Ukraine’s Zorya or France’s Pielstick. The TDF is a flagship programme of the
Ministry of Defence which is being executed by the DRDO under the ‘Make in India’ initiative for funding innovation in
defence and aerospace, especially to startups and MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises). {Read more}
Smart Points:
• L&T PES – completed preliminary sea trials of its designed & developed “651 kW (~885 hp) Waterjet Propulsion System”
• It boasts over 70% indigenous content | Tested aboard – Indian Navy’s Fast Interceptor Craft
• Developed at – L&T’s AM Naik Heavy Engineering Complex in Surat
• HQs of L&T – Mumbai, Maharashtra | CEO & MD – S. N. Subrahmanyan | President – Subramanian Sarma

61. Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY)
inaugurated VVDN Technologies’s largest state-of-the-art Surface Mount Technology (SMT) Line and
Mechanical Innovation Park at its Global Innovation Park in Manesar, Haryana. The minister called the
innovation ‘Adipoli’, a Malayalam word meaning fantastic. The 80% of the work on the server was done
at VVDN’s Kochi office in Infopark. It is India’s 1st fully designed artificial intelligence (AI) server. The eight-GPU AI server is
part of the next-gen supercomputer ‘Param’ and contributes to the national mission on artificial intelligence. This is called
the ‘Rudra -3’ AI server, part of the Rudra series and part of the 8 GPU cluster. India’s electronics manufacturing sector has
increased 5 times in the last 6 years, with total value exceeding Rs 11 lakh crore, while exports have increased 6 times to
more than Rs 3.25 lakh crore. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Ashwini Vaishnaw – inaugurated ‘Adipoli’ at its Global Innovation Park in Manesar, Haryana
- India’s 1st fully designed AI server
• It is VVDN Technologies’s largest state-of-the-art Surface Mount Technology Line & Mechanical Innovation Park
• 8-GPU AI server is part of next-gen supercomputer ‘Param’ & contributes to national mission on AI
• Total value of India’s electronics manufacturing sector – Rs 11 lakh Cr | Exports increased to – >Rs 3.25 lakh Cr
• Minister of Electronics & Information Technology: Ashwini Vaishnaw | Constituency – Odisha
MoS in Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology: Jitin Prasada

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62. The Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) and Sterlite Technologies Ltd have
successfully tested India’s 1st QKD transmission over a 4-core Multi-Core Fibre (MCF), marking
a major milestone in the nation’s journey towards quantum-secured communication
networks. The MCF technology provides a powerful solution by enabling data transmission
across multiple cores within a single fibre, significantly saving physical space and
infrastructure costs. In the context of QKD, which typically requires a dedicated dark fibre for the quantum channel, MCF
enables the physical separation of quantum and classical signals into distinct cores within single fibre. In this activity, the
quantum signals of QKD were transmitted through one core, while simultaneously, the other three cores on the same fibre
were used to carry high-speed user data. A stable QKD link was established over a distance exceeding 100 km. C-DOT has
successfully developed and deployed industry-grade QKD systems. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• C-DOT + Sterlite Technologies Ltd = successfully tested India’s 1st QKD transmission over a 4-core Multi-Core Fibre (MCF)
- A stable QKD link was established over a distance exceeding 100 km
• C-DOT successfully developed & deployed industry-grade QKD systems
• HQs of C-DoT – New Delhi | CEO – Rajkumar Upadhyay | C-DoT works under – DoT (Ministry of Communications)
• HQs of Sterlite Technologies Ltd – Pune, Maharashtra | MD – Ankit Agarwal | CEO (Acting) – Naveen B.

Appointments & Resignations

63. T. Koshy, the founding Managing Director (MD) and CEO of the government-backed Open Network
for Digital Commerce (ONDC), has stepped down from his role. An 8-member executive committee will
now take charge of the e-commerce platform going forward. However, Koshy will remain available to the
Board in an advisory role for the next 3 months. The 8-member committee includes - Vibhor Jain, Nitin
Mishra, Supriyo Ghosh, Nitin Nair, Hrushikesh Mehta, Marichi Mathur, Krishan Agarwal, Deepti Pandey.
Launched in April 2022, ONDC is a not-for-profit organisation (NGO) providing a standardised platform for sellers, logistics
providers, and payment gateway operators to voluntarily join and offer their services. Meanwhile, ONDC has crossed the
200 million transaction mark in 3 years. Several public and private sector entities have acquired stakes in the Open Network
for Digital Commerce (ONDC). Key investors include banks like Bank of India, ICICI Bank, Punjab National Bank, HDFC Bank,
Kotak Mahindra Bank, Axis Bank, and State Bank of India (SBI), along with entities like BSE Investments Limited (BSEIL) and
National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL). {Read more}
Smart Points:
• T. Koshy – stepped down from the post of MD & CEO of ONDC
• 8-member executive committee will now take charge of the ONDC
- Members: Vibhor Jain, Nitin Mishra, Supriyo Ghosh, Nitin Nair, Hrushikesh Mehta, Marichi Mathur, Krishan Agarwal,
Deepti Pandey
• ONDC has crossed the 200 million transaction mark in 3 years
• HQs of ONDC – New Delhi | MD & CEO – Thampy Koshy | Launched in – April 2022

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64. Justice Dinesh Maheshwari, a former Supreme Court judge, has been appointed as the
Chairman of the 23rd Law Commission of India (LCI) by the Central Government. The 23rd LCI’s
responsibilities include submitting a report on the Uniform Civil Code (UCC), studying laws
impacting the poor, and identifying laws hindering India’s economic progress. The 23rd LCI, which
was notified on September 2, 2024, has a tenure of 3 years, till August 2027. It has provision for a chairman, 4 full-time
members, including a member secretary, 2 secretaries of the Ministry of Law and Justice and not more than 5 part-time
members. Currently, Prof. D P Verma and Hitesh Jain are full-time members including Dr Reeta Vasishta and Madan Lal as
member secretaries. Meenakshi Marwah, Dimple Kapoor, Poonam Bajaj and Suman Lata Bhatia are other members of the
commission. The 22nd LCI was headed by Justice Ritu Raj Awasthi. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Justice Dinesh Maheshwari – appointed as the Chairman of the 23rd Law Commission of India (LCI)
• The 23rd LCI has a tenure of 3 years, till August 2027
- It has provision for a chairman, 4 full-time members & not more than 5 part-time members
• 22nd LCI was headed by – Justice Ritu Raj Awasthi

65. Chief Justice of India (CJI) Sanjiv Khanna recommended Justice Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai to the
government for appointment as the 52nd CJI. Chief Justice Khanna is scheduled to retire on May 13,
2025. If the government notifies his appointment as the next CJI, Justice Gavai will have a tenure till
November 23, 2025. Justice B.R. Gavai, currently is the second-most senior Supreme Court judge and
will become the 2nd Dalit CJI after Justice K.G. Balakrishnan (2007). Under the Memorandum of
Procedure for the appointment of the CJI and Supreme Court Judges, the Ministry of Law & Justice seeks the
recommendation of the outgoing Chief Justice about the next appointment. The senior-most judge is designated as CJI based
on length of service (it is customary practice, not a legal requirement). To qualify as CJI, one must be a citizen of India, have
served as a High Court judge for 5 years or as an advocate for 10 years, or be a distinguished jurist in the President’s opinion.
A Supreme Court judge, including the CJI, is appointed by the President under Article 124 (2). {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Justice Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai – recommended for appointment as 52nd CJI by CJI Sanjiv Khanna
• CJI Sanjiv Khanna – to retire on May 13, 2025
• Justice B.R. Gavai – currently 2nd-most senior SC judge & to be 2nd Dalit CJI after Justice K.G. Balakrishnan (2007)
• To qualify as CJI, one must be a citizen of India & served as a High Court judge for 5 yrs or as an advocate for 10 yrs, or
be a distinguished jurist in President’s opinion
• A Supreme Court judge, including the CJI, is appointed by the President under Article 124 (2)
• Present CJI of Supreme Court – Justice Sanjiv Khanna (51st) | Established on – Jan 26, 1950
- Retirement age: Chief Justices & Judges of HC – 62 years | CJI & judges of the SC – 65 years
- Sanctioned strength of judges in the SC – 34 (including CJI)

Page | 36 Join us
66. Mangi Lal Jat, presently Director of the global research programme on resilient farm and food systems at
the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), has been appointed as the new
Secretary of the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE) and Director General of the Indian
Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) for 3 years by the Appointments Committee of the Union Cabinet.
Mangi Lal Jat will replace Himanshu Pathak. Mangi Lal Jat served at CGIAR (Consultative Group on International Agricultural
Research) for 13 years, the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) for 12 years, the International
Rice Research Institute (IRRI) for 1 year, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) for 12 years, Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO), the International Society of Precision Agriculture (ISPA), and several other international and national
bodies in various capacities. A fellow of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), Jat has several awards and
recognitions to his credit, including ICAR’s prestigious Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award in 2018. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Mangi Lal Jat – appointed as new secretary of Department of Agricultural Research & Education (DARE) & DG of ICAR
for 3 years
- Replacing – Himanshu Pathak
- Currently, he is director of global research programme on resilient farm & food systems at ICRISAT
• He received Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award in 2018
• HQs of ICAR – New Delhi | DG – Mangi Lal Jat | Established in – 1929

67. The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) has appointed Arvind Shrivastava and Vumlunmang
Vualnam as the Secretary of the Department of Revenue, and Secretary of the Department of Expenditure,
respectively. Arvind Shrivastava will replace Manoj Govil. Samir Kumar Sinha, Additional Secretary and
Director General (Acquisition) of the Department of Defence, will take charge as the Secretary of the Ministry
of Civil Aviation. Vandana Gurnana, Secretary (Coordination) of the Cabinet Secretariat, will take over as
Secretary of the Ministry of Labour and Employment. Rakesh Kumar Verma, Additional Secretary of the Department of
Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, is appointed as Director General, India International Institute
of Democracy and Election Management (IIIDEM), in the rank of Secretary. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Arvind Shrivastava – appointed as Secretary of Department of Revenue (replacing - Manoj Govil)
• Vumlunmang Vualnam – appointed as Secretary of Department of Expenditure
• Samir Kumar Sinha – appointed as Secretary of Ministry of Civil Aviation
• Vandana Gurnana – appointed as Secretary of MoL&E
• Rakesh Kumar Verma – appointed as DG of India International Institute of Democracy and Election Management

68. Former Finance Secretary and CEO of Aadhaar Ajay Bhushan Pandey has taken over as Vice President
of Investment Solutions for the Beijing-based Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). As Vice
President of Investment Solutions, Pandey provides strategic leadership and oversees 3 key
departments, (i) Sectors, Themes and Finance Solutions Department (STF), (ii) Sustainability and
Fiduciary Solutions Department (SFD), and (iii) Portfolio Management Department (PMD). Prior to
joining AIIB, he helped shape India’s digital and financial infrastructure through transformative initiatives such as Aadhaar,
the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), the Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN), and the National Infrastructure Pipeline.
The AIIB, which began operations in 2016, now has 110 approved members worldwide, is capitalised at $100 billion, and is
AAA-rated by major international credit rating agencies. The bank collaborates with partners to mobilise capital and invest
in infrastructure and other productive sectors. According to the bank’s official data, China is the largest shareholder of AIIB
with 26.54% voting shares. India is the 2nd largest shareholder with 7.58%, followed by Russia with 5.9% and Germany with
4.1%. {Read more}

Page | 37 Join us
Smart Points:
• Ajay Bhushan Pandey – took over as VP of Investment Solutions for AIIB
• He will provide strategic leadership & oversees 3 key departments:
- Sectors, Themes & Finance Solutions Department (STF) | Sustainability & Fiduciary Solutions Department (SFD)
- Portfolio Management Department (PMD)
• AIIB – capitalised at $100 billion & is AAA-rated by major international credit rating agencies
• Largest shareholder of AIIB – China (26.54%) | 2nd – India (7.58%) | 3rd – Russia (5.9%) | 4th – Germany (4.1%)
• HQs of AIIB – Beijing, China | President – Jin Liqun | Established in – 2016 | Members – 110

69. The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has
approved the names of four 1989 batch Indian Revenue Service (IRS) officers of the Income Tax cadre
- Pankaj Kumar Mishra, Sanjay Bahadur, L. Rajasekhar Reddy and G. Aparna Rao – as members of the
Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT). Pankaj Kumar Mishra, a former director of FIU (Financial
Intelligence Unit) has been working as a member (finance) in the Atomic Energy Commission while Sanjay Bahadur as a
principal director general (training) of the I-T department in Delhi. L. Rajasekhar Reddy is working as principal chief
commissioner (TDS) at Chennai and G. Aparna Rao as principal chief commissioner at Bengaluru. The CBDT is the decision-
making body for the Income-Tax Department and the direct tax administration of the country. The CBDT, under the
Department of Revenue in the Union Ministry of Finance, is headed by a chairman and can have 6 members who are in the
rank of special secretary. The CBDT is currently led by Chairman Ravi Agrawal (1988-batch IRS) while the 2 serving members
are Prabodh Seth and Ramesh Narain Parbat. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Pankaj Kumar Mishra, Sanjay Bahadur, L. Rajasekhar Reddy & G. Aparna Rao – appointed as members of CBDT
• CBDT – headed by a chairman & can have 6 members in rank of special secretary
- 2 other serving members – Prabodh Seth & Ramesh Narain Parbat
• HQs of CBDT – New Delhi | Chairman – Ravi Agrawal | Formed in – 1944

70. Serbia’s parliament has approved politically inexperienced medical professor Djuro Macut as Prime
Minister of the country, following months of anti-corruption protests that led his predecessor Milos
Vucevic to resign. Djuro is associated with Serbian Progressive Party (SNS) of populist President
Aleksandar Vucic. It has a majority of 156 deputies in the 250-seat parliament. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Djuro Macut – elected as Prime Minister of Serbia (succeeding - Milos Vucevic)
• Djuro is associated with – Serbian Progressive Party
• Serbia – Belgrade – Serbian Dinar | President – Aleksandar Vucic | PM – Djuro Macut

Page | 38 Join us
 Awards, Rewards, Recognition & Prizes
71. Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan awarded 5 Armed Forces personnel with the
“MacGregor Memorial Medal” for their outstanding contributions in the fields of military
reconnaissance, exploration and adventure activities during the MacGregor Memorial Medal Award
Ceremony held at the United Service Institution of India in New Delhi. The awardees for 2023
included Wing Commander D Panda, Indian Air Force and EA (R) Rahul Kumar Pandey, Indian Navy. For 2024, CHEAA(R) Ram
Ratan Jat, Indian Navy, Sergeant Jhumar Ram Poonia, Indian Air Force and Col Ranvir Singh Jamwal, Director of NIMAS. Col
Ranvir Singh Jamwal was not physically present to receive the award as he is part of a mountaineering expedition to Mt
Kanchenjunga. Instituted on July 03, 1888, the MacGregor Memorial Medal commemorates Maj Gen Sir Charles Metcalfe
MacGregor, KCB, CSI, CIE - founder of the United Service Institution of India established in 1870. Originally intended to
recognise the acts of military reconnaissance and exploratory journeys, the medal’s scope was expanded in 1986, post-
independence, to include military expeditions and adventure activities. While military reconnaissance and exploration
remain the foremost criteria, the medal is open to all ranks (serving and retired) of the Armed Forces, Territorial Army,
Reserve Forces, Rashtriya Rifles and Assam Rifles. The event also featured the launch of the book “Bravest of the Brave”, a
heroic journey of Naib Subedar Chunni Lal, AC, VrC, SM, by the Chief of Defence Staff. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• MacGregor Memorial Medal Award Ceremony – held at United Service Institution of India in New Delhi
• CDS Anil Chauhan awarded 5 Armed Forces personnel with “MacGregor Memorial Medal”
• Awardees include:
- For 2023 – Wing Commander D Panda, IAF & EA (R) Rahul Kumar Pandey, Indian Navy
- For 2024 – CHEAA(R) Ram Ratan Jat, Indian Navy; Sergeant Jhumar Ram Poonia, IAF & Col Ranvir Singh Jamwal,
Director of NIMAS
• Award – instituted on Jul 3, 1888 to commemorate Maj Gen Sir Charles Metcalfe MacGregor, KCB, CSI, CIE
- He was the founder of United Service Institution of India, established in 1870
• “Bravest of the Brave” book – also launched at this event by CDS Anil Chauhan
- It is a heroic journey of Naib Subedar Chunni Lal, AC, VrC, SM

72. All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, has been named the 97th Best Hospital
globally in the “World’s Best Hospitals 2024” ranking by Newsweek and Statista. Besides, AIIMS,
New Delhi, Gurgaon-based Medanta - The Medicity and Postgraduate Institute of Medical
Education and Research (PGIMER) in Chandigarh ranked 146th and 228th, respectively. Globally, the
Mayo Clinic in Minnesota, US, topped the list, followed by Cleveland Clinic (US), Toronto General - University Health Network
(Canada), Johns Hopkins Hospital (US) and Massachusetts General Hospital (US). The Newsweek-Statista ranking has
evaluated over two thousand 400 hospitals across 30 countries based on patient satisfaction, clinical outcomes, hygiene
standards, and recommendations from healthcare professionals. The hospitals of Malaysia and Chile were included in the
report for the first time. AIIMS New Delhi is an autonomous institute under the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
{Read more}
Smart Points:
• “World’s Best Hospitals 2024” ranking – released by Newsweek & Statista
• AIIMS New Delhi – named as 97th Best Hospital globally (highest in India)
- 146th – Medanta (Gurgaon) | 228th – Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (Chandigarh)

Page | 39 Join us
• 1st – Mayo Clinic (US) | 2nd – Cleveland Clinic (US) | 3rd – Toronto General – University Health Network (Canada)
- 4th – Johns Hopkins Hospital (US) | 5th – Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
• Hospitals of Malaysia & Chile – included in the report for the first time
• Director of AIIMS New Delhi – Dr M Srinivas | It is an autonomous institute under Ministry of Health & Family Welfare

73. England’s all-time highest test wicket-taker James Anderson was awarded a “Knighthood” for
‘services to cricket’ in former British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak’s resignation honours list. Anderson,
who made his test debut in 2003 at Lord’s against Zimbabwe, retired from international cricket in July
2024 after his 188th test, the most ever played by a specialist fast bowler and second only to India’s
Sachin Tendulkar (200 test matches), against West Indies. Having taken 704 wickets in a career
spanning 21 years, he is 3rd on the all-time list for test wickets behind Australian Shane Warne (708) and Sri Lanka’s Muttiah
Muralitharan (800). Anderson is the 2nd England cricketer to be honoured with a knighthood. In 2019, Theresa May awarded
a knighthood to Geoffrey Boycott. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• James Anderson (England - Cricketer) – awarded a “Knighthood” for ‘services to cricket’
- 2nd England cricketer to be honoured with a knighthood, after Theresa May (2019)
• Anderson made his test debut in 2003 & retired from international cricket in July 2024
• He played total 188th test matches, second only to India’s Sachin Tendulkar (200 test matches)
• With 704 wickets, he is 3rd on the all-time list for test wickets (after Shane Warne & Muttiah Muralitharan)

74. A portrait of a young Palestinian boy who lost both arms as a result of an Israeli attack in Gaza was
honoured as “World Press Photo 2025”. The winner of the 68th edition of the photojournalism contest
was selected from 59,320 entries submitted by 3,778 photographers from 141 countries. The photo was
taken by Qatar-based Palestinian photographer Samar Abu Elouf for ‘The New York Times’. Winning
photographer Abu Elouf was evacuated from Gaza in December 2023 and she now lives in the same
apartment complex as Ajjour in Qatar’s capital, Doha. Israel launched its attack on Gaza after Hamas’
October 7, 2023 attack. Competition organizers also named 2 World Press Photo finalists that highlighted the issues of
migration and climate change. A dark photo by John Moore for Getty Images shows Chinese migrants warming themselves
after crossing the US-Mexico border, and a picture by Musuk Nolte for Panos Pictures, Bertha Foundation, of a young man
carrying food across a dried up river bed in Brazil’s Amazon basin region. The winning photographs will be showcased at the
‘World Press Photo Exhibition 2025’, opening at MPB Gallery at Here East, Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, London, UK, from
May 23 to August 25, 2025. The World Press Photo of the Year winner will also receive a cash prize of 10,000 Euros. In 2024,
Palestinian photojournalist Mohammed Jadallah Salem won the World Press Photo of the Year for his image of a Palestinian
woman cradling her 5-year-old niece killed in Gaza. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• 68th edition of the photojournalism contest:
• Portrait of a young Palestinian boy, losing both arms in an Israeli attack in Gaza – honoured as “World Press Photo 2025”
- Taken by – Samar Abu Elouf (Qatar-based Palestinian photographer) for ‘The New York Times’
• Winning photographs to be showcased at ‘World Press Photo Exhibition 2025’ (May 23 to Aug 25, 2025)
- Opening at MPB Gallery at Here East, Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, London, UK
• Cash prize for World Press Photo of the Year winner – 10,000 Euros
• 2024 winner – Mohammed Jadallah Salem (Palestinian photojournalist)

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75. The 6th edition of the ‘National Highways Excellence Awards 2023’ (NHEA 2023) ceremony was
held at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi. Nanguneri Kanyakumari Tollway Pvt Ltd won the gold
award in the ‘Excellence in Operation & Maintenance (Flexible)’ category. In the ‘Green Highways’
category, Ashoka Buildcon Ltd won the gold award and Deccan Tollways Ltd won the silver award;
H.G. Infra Engineering Ltd won the silver award in the ‘Excellence in Project Management (PPP)’
category; and Bhartia Infra Projects was awarded the silver award in the ‘Excellence in Project
Management (EPC)’ category. The ‘Best Engineer Award’ was conferred to Navratan, Devender Kumar, and Subhash
Chandra. Special recognition was given to the Uralungal Labour Contract Co-operative Society (ULCCS) for its unwavering
commitment to quality, transparency and social responsibility. During the event, winners of the ‘पथ च िंतन Hackathon’ were
also felicitated for their innovative ideas and tech-driven solutions. Institutionalized in 2018, the NHE Awards aims to
incentivize and encourage key stakeholders and to create a spirit of healthy competition amongst all the stakeholders
involved in the development of national highway infrastructure in India. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• 6th ‘National Highways Excellence Awards 2023’ (NHEA 2023) ceremony – held at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi
• Winners in various categories:
- ‘Excellence in Operation & Maintenance (Flexible)’ category: Gold – Nanguneri Kanyakumari Tollway Pvt Ltd
- ‘Green Highways’ category: Gold – Ashoka Buildcon Ltd | Silver – Deccan Tollways Ltd
- ‘Excellence in Project Management (PPP)’ category: Silver – H.G. Infra Engineering Ltd
- ‘Excellence in Project Management (EPC)’ category: Silver – Bhartia Infra Projects
- ‘Best Engineer Award’ – Navratan, Devender Kumar & Subhash Chandra
- Special recognition – Uralungal Labour Contract Co-operative Society (ULCCS)
• NHE Awards – established in 2018

Schemes & Initiatives

76. Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M K Stalin has launched the “Kalaignar Kaivinai Thittam (KKT)”,
artisans development scheme named after former CM M Karunanidhi, rejecting the Centre’s ‘PM
Vishwakarma Scheme’ in its present form. Under the KKT, the state government increased the
minimum age of applicants to 35 years as against 18 in the PM Vishwakarma Scheme. The KKT
focused on promoting 25 handicrafts and industries, ensuring that artisans from all backgrounds,
not just those in traditional family businesses, could benefit. Brick kiln work, pottery, alloy making, jewellery making,
carpentry, sculpture, glasswork, musical instrument crafting, etc., are among the 25 traditional trades covered under the
KKT. Further, the KKT provides financial assistance, skill development, and entrepreneurship training to help artisans start
new businesses or expand existing ones with modern approaches. Under the scheme, eligible artisans can avail of loans of
up to Rs 3 lakh, with a 25% subsidy (up to Rs 50,000) and an interest subsidy of up to 5%. The CM handed over orders of
loan approvals to the tune of Rs 170 crore, including a subsidy of Rs 34 crore, under the KKT scheme to 8,951 beneficiaries.
The CM also increased the subsidy amount provided for applying for Geographical Indications (GI) tags to Rs 1 lakh from Rs
25,000 and the financial assistance provided to micro and small enterprises to put up stalls in domestic exhibitions and trade
fairs was also increased from Rs 1 lakh to Rs 2 lakh. The PM Vishwakarma Yojana was launched by Prime Minister Narendra
Modi on September 17, 2023, to support traditional artisans and craftspeople known as Vishwakarmas. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• M K Stalin (CM of Tamil Nadu) – launched “Kalaignar Kaivinai Thittam (KKT)”, an artisan development scheme
- It is focused on promoting 25 handicrafts & industries, ensuring that artisans from all backgrounds

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• Under KKT, State Govt increased minimum age of applicants to 35 years (against 18 in PM Vishwakarma Scheme)
• Eligible artisans can avail of loans of up to Rs 3 lakh, with a 25% subsidy (up to Rs 50k) & interest subsidy of up to 5%
• CM handed over orders of loan approvals up to Rs 170 Cr (including subsidy of Rs 34 Cr) – to 8,951 beneficiaries
• CM increased subsidy amount provided for applying for GI tags to – Rs 1 lakh (from Rs 25,000)
- Financial assistance provided to MSEs to put up stalls in domestic exhibitions & trade fairs – increased to Rs 2 lakh
• PM Vishwakarma Yojana – launched by PM Modi on Sep 17, 2023, to support traditional artisans & craftspeople
• Tamil Nadu: Capital – Chennai | CM – Muthuvel Karunanidhi Stalin | Governor – Ravindra Narayan Ravi

77. The government of Maharashtra has launched the “Pink E-Rickshaw Scheme”. The Women and
Child Development Department aims to distribute 10,000 pink e-rickshaws in the 1st phase, covering
Pune, Pimpri-Chinchwad, Nagpur, Nashik, Ahilyanagar, Amravati, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar,
Kolhapur, and Solapur. Under the scheme, the Centre offers a subsidy of Rs 25,000 while the state
government provides Rs 75,000. Additionally, 70% of the vehicle cost is covered through loans facilitated by various banks.
The government is also working towards signing agreements with private players like Ola and Uber to integrate pink e-
rickshaws into their platforms, ensuring safe travel for women while generating employment. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Maharashtra – launched the “Pink E-Rickshaw Scheme”
• Aim: To distribute 10,000 pink e-rickshaws in the 1st phase, covering Pune, Nagpur, Nashik, Ahilyanagar, Amravati,
Pimpri-Chinchwad, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, Kolhapur, & Solapur
• Subsidy under the scheme: Rs 25,000 – by the Central Govt | Rs 75,000 – by State Govt
• 70% of the vehicle cost is covered through loans facilitated by various banks
• Maharashtra: Capital – Mumbai | CM – Devendra Fadnavis | Governor – CP Radhakrishnan

78. Madhya Pradesh cabinet, chaired by CM Mohan Yadav, has cleared the “Krishak
Kalyan Mission” aimed at consolidating all ongoing agricultural and allied sector
schemes under one umbrella for better coordination and farmer outreach.
Departments covered under the mission include agriculture, horticulture, fisheries,
animal husbandry, cooperatives, and food and civil supplies. The Madhya Pradesh
government also signed an agreement with the National Dairy Development Board
(NDDB) to expand the milk collection coverage through 26,000 villages and processing capacity to 50 lakh litres per day. In
Madhya Pradesh, agricultural productivity increased from 1,195 kg per hectare in 2002-03 to 2,393 kg per hectare in 2024,
a 200% rise; crop production rose from 224 lakh tons in 2002-03 to 723 lakh ton in 2024, a 323% increase; and the agricultural
growth rate grew from 3% in 2002-03 to 9.8% in 2024, a 327% rise. Further, the state government has increased the budget
for the agriculture sector from Rs 600 crore in 2002-03 to Rs 27,050 crore in 2024, marking a growth of 4,508%. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• MP cabinet cleared “Krishak Kalyan Mission” to consolidate all ongoing agricultural & allied sector schemes under one
umbrella for better coordination & farmer outreach
• MP + NDDB = an agreement to expand milk collection coverage & processing capacity to 50 lakh litres per day
• Growth across various sectors in MP:
- Agricultural productivity – 2,393 kg per hectare in 2024 (rose 200% from 1,195 kg per hectare in 2002-03)
- Crop production – 723 lakh ton in 2024 (rose 323% from 224 lakh tons in 2002-03)

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 - Agricultural growth rate – grew to 9.8% in 2024 (rose 327% from 3% in 2002-03)
• Budget for agriculture sector in MP – increased to Rs 27,050 Cr in 2024 (rose 4,508% from Rs 600 Cr in 2002-03)
• Madhya Pradesh: Capital – Bhopal | CM – Mohan Yadav | Governor – Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel

Ranks, Reports & Surveys

79. According to the “Global Forest Watch (GFW)”, a private aggregator of global data on
forests and data disseminated by the Indian government, India lost approximately 402
thousand hectares (Kha) of humid primary forests between 2003 and 2023. However, the
data from GFW indicate that Arunachal Pradesh lost approximately 139 Kha of humid
primary forest, Assam 71 Kha and Meghalaya 51 Kha between 2002 and 2023. In contrast,
data from the “Forest Survey of India (FSI)”, disseminated by the Ministry of Environment,
Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), indicate that overall forest cover in India increased
from 67,833.3 Kha in 2003 to 71,534.3 Kha in 2023, with 5% growth between 2003 to
2023. FSI defines forests as any land with a tree canopy density of more than 10% and an
area of over 1 hectare, regardless of ownership or land use. This means that even private
plantations or non-native tree-covered areas can be counted as forest cover. According
to FSI data, almost all the top 15 largest States, ranked according to GSDP (gross state
domestic product), recorded growth in forest cover between 2003 and 2023. However,
data from the FSI show that out of the 8 North-Eastern States, 4 have experienced a
decline in forest cover in this period. Nagaland saw the highest decline at - 10.2%, followed by Tripura at - 6.3% and Manipur
at - 3.7%. Further, as per FSI data, among the 259 countries and islands worldwide, India lost 414 Kha of humid primary
forest between 2002 and 2023, ranking 31st globally. In comparison, Brazil (30,700 Kha), Bolivia (4,190 Kha), and Malaysia
(2,930 Kha) recorded the highest forest losses worldwide during the same period. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• According to the “Global Forest Watch (GFW)” – disseminated by Indian Govt
- India lost approx 402 thousand hectares (Kha) of humid primary forests between 2003 & 2023
• According to the “Forest Survey of India (FSI)” – disseminated by MoEFCC
- India lost 414 Kha of humid primary forest between 2002 and 2023, ranking 31st globally
- Highest forest losses worldwide – Brazil (30,700 Kha), Bolivia (4,190 Kha), & Malaysia (2,930 Kha)
- Overall forest cover in India increased from 67,833.3 Kha in 2003 to 71,534.3 Kha in 2023 (5% growth)
- FSI defines forests as any land with a tree canopy density of more than 10% and an area of over 1 hectare
- Almost all the top 15 largest States recorded growth in forest cover between 2003 and 2023
- Out of the 8 North-Eastern States, 4 have experienced a decline in forest cover in this period
- Highest decline among NE states – Nagaland (10.2%) | Followed by – Tripura (6.3%) & Manipur (3.7%)

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80. The 4th edition of “India Justice Report (IJR) 2025” has been released by Tata Trusts. It ranked
Karnataka as the top-performing State among the 18 large and mid-sized States in terms of justice
delivery, maintaining its position from 2022. Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu
followed Karnataka. Telangana made the biggest improvement, moving from 11th to 3rd place. West
Bengal ranked lowest among the 18 large and mid-sized states. Among smaller states, Sikkim ranked
1st, followed by Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura and Meghalaya, while Goa was at the
bottom. The report further observed that out of 2.4 lakh women police personnel, only 960 are in the Indian Police Service
(IPS) ranks and 2.17 lakh women serve in the constabulary. Not a single state or UT has met their own reserved quotas for
women in the police; prison overcrowding is another area of concern, with a national average occupancy rate of 131%. Uttar
Pradesh has the most overcrowded prisons; about 17% of police stations in India do not have a single CCTV; nearly 3 in 10
police stations do not have women’s help desks; the national per capita spend on legal aid is Rs 6 per annum; the national
per capita spent on prisons is Rs 57; the national per capita expenditure on the judiciary stands at Rs 182; no State in India
spent more than 1% of its total annual expenditure on the Judiciary; the national per capita spend on police is at Rs 1,275
which is the highest among the 4 pillars of the report (police, judiciary, prisons, and legal aid); in India, 1 civil police personnel
is available for 831 people; India’s police-to-population ratio remains at 155 per 1 lakh people, which is much lower than
the required 197.5. Bihar had the lowest police ratio at just 81; India has 15 judges per million people, far below the Law
Commission’s 1987 recommendation of 50 judges per million population; Gujarat has the highest vacancies in High Court
Judges and staff; and Tamil Nadu ranked highest in prison management, while Haryana showed the most improvement in
legal aid. The IJR is an initiative of Tata Trusts in collaboration with the Centre for Social Justice, Common Cause and
Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative among others. It was first published in 2019. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• 4th edition of “India Justice Report (IJR) 2025” – released by Tata Trusts (first published in 2019)
• Karnataka – top-performing State among large & mid-sized States in terms of justice delivery | Bottom – West Bengal
- Followed by – Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala, & Tamil Nadu
- Biggest improvement – Telangana (from 11th to 3rd place)
• Sikkim – top-performing State among smaller states | Bottom – Goa
- Followed by – Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, & Meghalaya
• National per capita spend on the 4 pillars of the report (Police, Judiciary, Prisons, & Legal Aid):
- Police – Rs 1,275 (highest) | Judiciary – Rs 182 | Prisons – Rs 57 | Legal Aid – Rs 6
• Not a single state or UT has met their own reserved quotas for women in the police
• National average occupancy rate of prison overcrowding – 131% | Top state – UP
• India’s police-to-population ratio – 155 per 1 lakh people (required ratio - 197.5) | Lowest – Bihar (81)
• India has 15 judges per million people (required - 50 judges)

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81. NITI Aayog has launched a report titled “Unlocking $25+ Billion Export Potential - India’s Hand
& Power Tools Sector”. As per the report, the global trade market for power and hand tools,
currently valued at approximately $100 billion, is projected to grow significantly, reaching around
$190 billion by 2035. Within this market, hand tools account for $34 billion and are expected to
expand to $60 billion by 2035, while power tools represent $63 billion and are anticipated to surge
to $134 billion, with electrical tools comprising the majority. China dominates global exports,
holding about 50% of the hand tools market with $13 billion and 40% of the power tools market with $22 billion, whereas
India has a smaller presence, exporting $600 million in hand tools (1.8% market share) and $470 million in power tools (0.7%
market share). The report further observed that India has the potential to capture a larger share of the global market,
targeting $25 billion in exports over the next decade, which could create approximately 35 lakh jobs by achieving a 10%
market share in power tools and 25% in hand tools. The report also analyses India’s challenges, including a 14-17% cost
disadvantage compared to China, driven by higher structural costs and a smaller operational scale. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• “Unlocking $25+ Billion Export Potential - India’s Hand & Power Tools Sector” report – released by NITI Aayog
• Global trade market for Hand & Power tools – projected to reach ~ $190 billion by 2035 (from ~ $100 billion now)
- Hand tools – to reach $60 billion (from $34 billion) | Power tools – to reach $134 billion (from $63 billion)
• China dominates global exports, holding about 50% ($13 billion) in hand tools & 40% ($22 billion) in power tools
- India’s exports in hand tools – 1.8% ($600 million) | In power tools – 0.7% ($470 million)
• India’s target over the next decade – $25 billion in exports (10% market share in power tools & 25% in hand tools)
• HQs of NITI Aayog – New Delhi | CEO – BVR Subrahmanyam | Chair – Narendra Modi | VC – Suman K. Bery

82. According to the Commerce Ministry data, the U.S. remained India’s largest trading partner
for the 4th consecutive year in 2024-25 (FY25) with bilateral trade valued at $131.84 billion. In
the last fiscal, India’s exports to the U.S. rose by 11.6% to $86.51 billion as against $77.52 billion
in 2023-24. The imports were up by 7.44% in 2024-25 to $45.33 billion against $42.2 billion in
2023-24. The trade surplus with the U.S. has touched $41.18 billion in the last fiscal from $35.32
billion in 2023-24. China continues to be the 2nd largest trading partner of India with $127.7
billion bilateral trade in 2024-25. In the last fiscal, India’s exports to China contracted 14.5% to $14.25 billion as against
$16.66 billion in 2023-24. The imports, however, rose by 11.52% in 2024-25 to $113.45 billion against $101.73 billion in
2023-24. The trade deficit with China has widened by about 17% to $99.2 billion in the last fiscal from $85.07 billion in 2023-
24. With this, India’s exports to America, and imports from China reached all-time high in 2024-25. In FY25, the UAE with
$100.5 billion was the 3rd largest trading partner of India. As per the ministry’s data, China was India’s top trading partner
from 2013-14 till 2017-18 and also in 2020-21. Before China, the UAE was the country’s largest trading partner. The U.S. has
been the largest partner since 2021-22. Meanwhile, the World Trade Organization (WTO) warned that the volume of world
merchandise trade is expected to decline by 0.2% in 2025 under a low tariff baseline scenario. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• As per data from MoC&I:
• US – remained India’s largest trading partner for 4th consecutive year in FY25 with bilateral trade of $131.84 billion
- Imports – $45.33 billion (7.44% rise) | Trade surplus with US – $41.18 billion in FY25
• China – 2nd largest trading partner of India with $127.7 billion bilateral trade in FY25
- Imports – $113.45 billion (11.52% rise) | Trade deficit with China – $99.2 billion (17% rise)
• UAE – 3rd largest trading partner of India with $100.5 billion

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• As per WTO, volume of world merchandise trade – to decline by 0.2% in 2025
• Minister of Commerce & Industry: Piyush Goyal | Constituency – Mumbai (North), Maharashtra
MoS in Ministry of Commerce & Industry: Jitin Prasada

83. The World Economic Forum (WEF) has unveiled its “2025 Young Global Leaders” list, recognizing
116 individuals under 40 for their impact across diverse sectors. These leaders from nearly 50
countries are committed to improving the world. Seven Indians who made it to the WEF’s Young
Global Leaders’ list are: (i) Anurag Maloo, a mountaineer, entrepreneur & keynote speaker at
Orophile Ventures (Climbing4SDGs), (ii) Nipun Malhotra, founder at Nipman Foundation, (iii) Ritesh
Agarwal, founder and group CEO at OYO Hotels and Homes, (iv) Alok Medikepura Anil, founder and MD at Next Big
Innovation Labs, (v) Kinjarapu Ram Mohan Naidu, Union Minister of Civil Aviation, (vi) Natarajan Sankar, MD and partner at
Boston Consulting Group, and (vii) Manasi Subramaniam, Editor-in-Chief and Vice President at Penguin Random House India.
The Forum of Young Global Leaders, an initiative established by the WEF in 2004, is a foundation dedicated to shaping
leaders who are committed to improving the state of the world. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• “2025 Young Global Leaders” list – released by WEF
• 7 Indians in this list are:
- Anurag Maloo (a mountaineer, entrepreneur & keynote speaker at Orophile Ventures (Climbing4SDGs))
- Nipun Malhotra (founder at Nipman Foundation)
- Ritesh Agarwal (founder & group CEO at OYO Hotels & Homes)
- Alok Medikepura Anil (founder & MD at Next Big Innovation Labs)
- Kinjarapu Ram Mohan Naidu (Union Minister of Civil Aviation)
- Natarajan Sankar (MD & partner at Boston Consulting Group)
- Manasi Subramaniam (Editor-in-Chief & VP at Penguin Random House India)
• ‘Forum of Young Global Leaders’ initiative – established by WEF in 2004
• HQs of WEF – Cologny, Switzerland | Chairman – Klaus Schwab | President & CEO – Borge Brende | Founded – 1971

84. TIME magazine has released the 22nd edition of the annual “TIME 100 Most Influential
People 2025” in the world. The 2025 edition of TIME’s list casts a wide net across politics,
science, business, and entertainment, spotlighting those who have made extraordinary
contributions over the past year. The list is divided into several categories like ‘Leaders’, ‘Icons’
and ‘Titans’, among others. Muhammad Yunus, aged 84, stands out as the oldest name on the
list. Olympic swimmer Léon Marchand, 22 years old, is the youngest person on this year’s list.
Donald Trump is on the list for the 7th time, more than any other person this year. Other repeats
include: Elon Musk (6), Mark Zuckerberg (5), Serena Williams (3), Lorne Michaels (3), Simone Biles (3), etc. Athletes on this
year’s list include: Simone Biles, Serena Williams, Breanna Stewart, Jalen Hurts, Léon Marchand, and Napheesa Collier.
Women on this year’s list include: Simone Biles, Scarlett Johansson, Serena Williams, Kristen Bell, Rashida Jones, Blake Lively,
Nikki Glaser, Bobbi Brown, Sandra Díaz, Wendy Freedman, Reshma Kewalramani, Ismahane Elouafi, Fatou Baldeh, Julie
Burkhart, Noa Argamani, Bonnie Y Chan, Lisa Su, and others. However, for the first time in recent years, not a single Indian
citizen features in the influential list. In 2024, India had a notable presence with actor Alia Bhatt and Olympic wrestler
Sakshee Malikkh earning spots among the world’s most influential. {Read more}

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Smart Points:
• 22nd edition of annual “TIME 100 Most Influential People 2025” in the world – released by TIME magazine
• In this year’s list: Oldest person – Muhammad Yunus (84 years) | Youngest person – Léon Marchand (22 years)
• Donald Trump – on the list for 7th time (more than any other person this year)
• For the first time in recent years, not a single Indian citizen features in this list
- In 2024, actor Alia Bhatt & Olympic wrestler Sakshee Malikkh were included in the list
• HQs of TIME – New York, US | Editor-in-chief – Sam Jacobs | 1st issue published – March 3, 1923

85. Data from the World Gold Council (WGC) show that the share of gold in India’s forex
reserves doubled in 6 years from 6.7% in 2019 to 11.4% in 2024. This further went up
to 12% as of February 2025. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) was the 3rd-highest
purchaser of gold among global Central banks in 2024. India bought 72.6 tonnes of gold
in the calendar year 2024 (CY2024), raising its total reserves by 9%. The RBI bought gold
in 11 out of the 12 months of the year. The gold bought by RBI in 2024 is also over 4
times the quantity bought in 2023 - 16 tonnes. A rough calculation of the revaluation
gains made by the RBI on its gold purchases in 2024 shows it to be around $2.8 billion.
Overall, the net annual total of gold reserves added by central banks worldwide stood
at 1,045 tonnes in 2024. Further, the Central Banks’ of Poland, Turkey, India, China, and
the Czech Republic bought the most gold in 2024, while the Central Banks’ of Phillipsins,
Kazakhstan, Singapore, Thailand, and Finland sold the most gold in 2024. According to WGC data for April 2025, the US
(76.4%), Germany (75.6%), Italy (72.4%), France (73.2%), and Russia (33.9%) hold the highest quantities of gold reserves.
India is at 8th place with 12.8%. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• As per data from World Gold Council (WGC):
• Share of gold in India’s forex reserves – doubled in 6 years to 11.4% in 2024 (from 6.7% in 2019)
• RBI – 3rd-highest purchaser of gold among global Central banks in 2024 (after Poland & Turkey)
• India – bought 72.6 tonnes of gold in CY2024, raising its total reserves by 9%
• Revaluation gains made by RBI on its gold purchases in 2024 – roughly around $2.8 billion
• Net annual total of gold reserves added by central banks worldwide in 2024 – 1,045 tonnes
• Central Banks’ of Poland, Turkey, India, China & Czech Republic – bought most gold in 2024
• Central Banks’ of Phillipsins, Kazakhstan, Singapore, Thailand & Finland – sold most gold in 2024
• Highest quantities of gold reserves – US (76.4%), Germany (75.6%), Italy (72.4%), France (73.2%) & Russia (33.9%)
- India – at 8th place with 12.8%
• HQs of WGC – London, UK | Global CEO – David Tait | India CEO – Sachin Jain | Founded in – 1987

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86. India’s annual drug and pharmaceutical exports touched a record $30 billion in FY25 bolstered
by a 31% year-on-year surge in March 2025. At $30467.32 million, the exports in FY25 were 9.39%
higher than the $27,851.70 million clocked in FY24. Pharma exports touched $30 billion for the 1st
time. The target for FY25 was $29.38 billion. Pharma exports in March rose 31.21% YoY to $3681.51
million (from $2805.71 million). The drug formulations and biologicals as a product category led
with $20,118.18 million and accounted for more than 75% of the total exports. This category expanded by nearly 9% YoY.
Bulk drugs and drug intermediates exports were next highest, during the 11 months, rising 1.40% to $4319.30 million.
Though the third-largest exported category, among pharmaceutical products, the value of vaccine exports declined 4.20%
to $1043.76 million. Export of surgicals rose 5.16% and the value of exports stood at $683.47 million. Ayush and Herbal
products exports grew 6.17% to $620.97 million. Total pharma exports up to February this fiscal increased 6.95% to
$26785.69 million. The US remains the largest market, accounting for more than one-third of Indian pharma exports, with
a 14.29% increase to $8,953.37 million. The UK, Brazil, France and South Africa were others in the top five countries
accounting together for less than 10.5% of the exports. South Africa figured in the list despite the contraction in exports by
1.78%. Regionwise, NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), Europe, Africa and LAC (Latin America and the
Caribbean) were the 4 major regions together accounting for 76% of India’s pharma exports. Of them NAFTA accounted for
36.60% with the exports increasing 14.06% to $9804.78 million. Among regions where the exports declined were Africa (by
1.74%) and North East Asia (4.30%). The top 25 countries where the exports declined were the UAE (by 17.70%); Turkey
(16%); Sri Lanka (14.60%); The Netherlands (13.79%), China (10.60%) and Belgium (7.37%). The decline in the exports was
3.80% to Mexico and 0.14% to Thailand. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• India’s annual drug & pharmaceutical exports – reached $30 billion in FY25 (31% y-o-y surge in Mar 2025)
• Pharma exports touched $30 billion for the 1st time | Target previously set for FY25 – $29.38 billion
• Highest contribution – Drug formulations & biologicals (rose 9% to $20,118.18 million) | >75% of total exports
- 2nd – Bulk drugs & drug intermediates (rose 1.40% to $4319.30 million)
- 3rd – Vaccine (declined 4.20% to $1043.76 million) | 4th – Surgicals (rose 5.16% to $683.47 million)
- 5th – Ayush & Herbal products (rose 6.17% to $620.97 million)
• Largest export market – US ($8,953.37 million) | Followed by – UK, Brazil, France & South Africa
• Top export region – NAFTA ($9804.78 million) | Followed by – Europe, Africa & LAC (Latin America and the Caribbean)
- Exports declined in – Africa (by 1.74%) & North East Asia (4.30%)
• Top countries where exports declined – UAE (by 17.70%), Turkey (16%), Sri Lanka (14.60%), Netherlands (13.79%), China
(10.60%) & Belgium (7.37%), Mexico (3.80%) & Thailand (0.14%)

87. The Kathmandu-based International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) has
released a report “HKH Snow Update Report 2025”. The report mapped snow persistence across the
Hindu Kush Himalayas (HKH), which feeds the Ganga, Indus, and Brahmaputra basins, and found
that it was at a two-decade low of 23.6%. This is the 3rd consecutive year of below-par seasonal snow
across the region. Snow Persistence is the duration snow remains on the ground after snowfall. It’s
vital for water supply in the particular region, supporting rivers and ecosystems. A 23-year time series (2003 to 2025) of
basin-scale snow persistence during the November to March snow season was monitored by ICIMOD. The report said that
snow persistence in the Ganga basin - 24.1% below normal - was the lowest in 23 years. The highest snow persistence of
30.2% above normal was recorded in 2015. The snow persistence in the Indus basin declined to 24.5% below normal, from
a high of 19.5% above normal in 2020. Further, the Brahmaputra basin’s snow persistence peaked in 2019 at 27.7% but
steadily dropped to 27.9% in 2025. About a fourth of the total river runoff in the HKH region is from snowmelt, and its share
in the river basins increases from east to west. The report further recorded a bigger decline across the Mekong (51.9%),
Salween (48.3%), and Tibetan Plateau (29.1%) river basins in South East Asia. {Read more}

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Smart Points:
• “HKH Snow Update Report 2025” – released by International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (Kathmandu)
• It mapped snow persistence across Hindu Kush Himalayas (HKH) & found that it was at a two-decade low of 23.6%
- Hindu Kush Himalayas – feeds Ganga, Indus & Brahmaputra basins
- This is 3rd consecutive year of below-par seasonal snow across region
• Snow Persistence – duration for which snow remains on ground after snowfall
• Snow persistence in different basins:
- In Ganga basin – 24.1% below normal (from highest of 30.2% above normal in 2015)
- In Indus basin – 24.5% below normal (from highest of 19.5% above normal in 2020)
- In Brahmaputra basin – 27.9% below normal (from highest 27.7% above normal in 2019)
• About 1/4th of total river runoff in HKH region – from snowmelt
• It also recorded a bigger decline across river basins in South East Asia – Mekong (51.9%), Salween (48.3%) & Tibetan
Plateau (29.1%)

88. According to the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) data, WPI-based wholesale price inflation eased
to 2.05% in March 2025, as against 2.38% in February 2025. As per the WPI data, food inflation
eased to 1.57% in March, from 3.38% in February, with vegetables seeing a sharp drop. Deflation
in vegetables was 15.88% during the month, compared to 5.80% in February. Inflation in
manufactured products, however, saw a spike at 3.07% in March, compared to 2.86% in February.
Fuel and power too saw an uptick with the rate of inflation at 0.20% in March, as against a deflation of 0.71% in February.
Besides this, retail inflation in India, as measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which reflects the cost of everyday
goods and services, fell to 4.6% in the fiscal year 2024-25, the lowest since 2018-19. Notably, the year-on-year (y-o-y)
inflation rate for March 2025 dropped to 3.34%, a decline of 27 basis points from February 2025, marking the lowest monthly
inflation rate since August 2019. In addition, the y-o-y food inflation based on the Consumer Food Price Index (CFPI) stood
at 2.69% in March 2025. Further, in March 2025, the top 5 items with the highest y-o-y inflation were coconut oil (56.81%),
coconut (42.05%), gold (34.09%), silver (31.57%), and grapes (25.55%) and items with lowest inflation were ginger (-38.11%),
tomato (-34.96%), cauliflower (-25.99%), jeera (-25.86%), and garlic (-25.22%). Unlike the CPI, which tracks prices of goods
and services purchased by consumers, the WPI tracks factory gate prices before retail prices. The WPI is published by the
Office of Economic Adviser, Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The CPI is published monthly by the National Statistical
Office (NSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation. There are 4 different types of CPI measured: (i)
CPI for Industrial Workers (CPI-IW) - compiled by the Labour Bureau, under the Ministry of Labour and Employment, (ii) CPI
for Agricultural Laborers (CPI-AL) - compiled by the Labour Bureau, (iii) CPI for Rural Labourer (CPI-RL) - compiled by the
Labour Bureau, and (iv) CPI for Urban Non-Manual Employees (CPI-UNME) - compiled by NSO. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• WPI-based wholesale price inflation in Mar’25 – 2.05% (from 2.38% in Feb’25)
- Inflation in: Food – 1.57% | Manufactured products – 3.07% | Fuel & Power – 0.20%
Vegetables – 15.88% (deflation)
• CPI-based retail inflation in Mar’25 – 3.34% | In FY25 – 4.6% (lowest since 2018-19)
- CFPI-based food inflation in Mar’25 – 2.69%
• Top 5 items with highest y-o-y inflation in Mar’25:
- Coconut oil (56.81%), coconut (42.05%), gold (34.09%), silver (31.57%) & grapes (25.55%)

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• Top 5 items with lowest y-o-y inflation in Mar’25:
- Ginger (-38.11%), tomato (-34.96%), cauliflower (-25.99%), jeera (-25.86%) & garlic (-25.22%)
• WPI is published by – Office of Economic Adviser (MoC&I) | CPI is published monthly by – NSO (MoSPI)
• There are 4 different types of CPI measured:
- CPI for Industrial Workers (CPI-IW) – compiled by Labour Bureau, under MoL&E
- CPI for Agricultural Laborers (CPI-AL) – compiled by Labour Bureau
- CPI for Rural Labourer (CPI-RL) – compiled by Labour Bureau
- CPI for Urban Non-Manual Employees (CPI-UNME) – compiled by NSO

89. The UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) in collaboration
with the Research Consortium for School Health and Nutrition has released a report titled “Global
Education Monitoring (GEM)”. The report is backed by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical
Medicine under the School Meals Coalition. The report revealed a concerning lack of food
standards in schools globally, with 40% of countries lacking regulations for food and beverages. It found that only 60% of
countries have laws or safety standards in place to regulate food and beverages in schools. Only 93 out of 187 countries
have legislation, compulsory standards or guidance on school food and beverages. However, only 29% of these 93 countries
had measures restricting food and beverage marketing in schools and only 60% have standards governing food and
beverages. The GEM team noted that a survey-based assessment of school-based food and nutrition education in 30 low-
and middle-income countries found that integration within the school system was mostly through extracurricular or project-
based activities rather than as a standalone subject or across the curriculum. In only 3 of 28 countries were assessments
regularly conducted and used. However, a similar study focused on school meal provision found that 72% of countries
reported some limitations on food marketing on school grounds and 52% had national-level prohibitions on foods permitted
on or near school grounds. It further highlights the need for comprehensive education and training across various sectors
to improve nutrition and health outcomes for students. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• “Global Education Monitoring” report released by – UNESCO & Research Consortium for School Health & Nutrition
- Backed by – London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine under School Meals Coalition
• 93 out of 187 countries (40%) – lack regulations for food & beverages in schools
- Only 29% of these 93 countries had measures restricting food & beverage marketing in schools
- Only 60% have standards governing food & beverages
• In only 3 of 28 countries were assessments regularly conducted & used
• 72% of countries – reported some limitations on food marketing on school grounds
• 52% of countries – had national-level prohibitions on foods permitted on or near school grounds
• HQs of UNESCO – Paris, France | DG – Audrey Azoulay | Founded in – 1945 | Members – 194 Countries

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90. The Airports Council International (ACI), representing more than 2,000
airports in 170 countries, has unveiled its list of the world’s 10 busiest
airports for 2024. Delhi’s Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA), which
handled 77,820,834 passengers in 2024, is at the 9th position, helped by
airline expansion, infrastructure growth & enhanced global connectivity.
In 2023, IGIA was ranked as the 10th busiest airport. Globally, the list is
topped by Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (US) which
handled 1,08,067,766 passengers in 2024 followed by Dubai International
Airport (92,331,506 passengers), Dallas Fort Worth International Airport of US (87,817,864 passengers), Haneda of Japan
(85,900,617), and London Heathrow (83,884,572). For the rankings, ACI World has taken into account total passengers
enplaned and deplaned, and passengers in transit have been counted once. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• List of world’s 10 busiest airports for 2024 – unveiled by Airports Council International (ACI)
• Delhi’s Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA) – 9th position by handling 77,820,834 passengers in 2024
- It was ranked 10th in 2023
• 1st – Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (US-1,08,067,766 passengers)
- 2nd – Dubai International Airport (92,331,506) | 3rd – Dallas Fort Worth International Airport (87,817,864)
- 4th – Haneda of Japan (85,900,617) | 5th – London Heathrow (83,884,572)
• HQs of ACI – Montreal, Canada | DG – Justin Erbacci

Amount & Agreements

91. Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) cumulative loan commitment to India as of December 31, 2024,
increased to reach $59.5 billion as against $55.3 billion in 2023. In 2024, ADB provided $4.25 billion
for 21 projects aimed at supporting the Government of India’s efforts for sustainable and inclusive
growth. ADB’s cumulative assistance to India, as of December 31 2024, includes 657 public sector
loans, grants, and technical assistance totalling $59.5 billion to India. ADB’s current sovereign portfolio in India includes 78
loans worth $16.23 billion. On May 30, 2023, ADB launched its ‘Country Partnership Strategy’ for India, 2023-2027. ADB will
also hold a seminar - ‘Business Opportunities with the Asian Development Bank (India)’ - in Delhi on April 30, 2025. It will
feature presentations by Indian Government agencies implementing ADB-funded projects on business opportunities
available in their respective projects and presentation of case studies on successfully awarded bidders in ADB. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• As of Dec 31, 2024, ADB’s cumulative loan commitment to India – increased to reach $59.5 bn (from $55.3 bn in 2023)
• In 2024, ADB provided $4.25 billion for 21 projects to support GoI’s efforts for sustainable & inclusive growth
• As of Dec 31, 2024, ADB’s cumulative assistance to India includes 657 public sector loans, grants & technical assistance
- Total value – $59.5 billion
• ADB’s current sovereign portfolio in India includes – 78 loans | Worth – $16.23 billion
• ADB – launched ‘Country Partnership Strategy’ for India, 2023-2027 on May 30, 2023
• ADB – to hold a seminar, ‘Business Opportunities with the Asian Development Bank (India)’, in Delhi on Apr 30, 2025
• HQs of ADB – Mandaluyong, Philippines | President – Masato Kanda | Members – 69

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92. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has approved an $85.4 million loan to improve critical industrial infrastructure in
Tripura to boost competitiveness in the manufacturing sector, promote job creation, and facilitate integration into regional
and global value chains. The Tripura Industrial Infrastructure Development Project builds on ADB’s previous work in India
on economic and industrial corridor development. Key infrastructure upgrades in the nine industrial estates will include the
construction of climate-resilient roads, stormwater drainage, culverts, and rainwater harvesting systems. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• ADB – approved an $85.4 million loan to improve critical industrial infrastructure in Tripura
• HQs of ADB – Mandaluyong, Philippines | President – Masato Kanda | Members – 69
• Tripura: Capital – Agartala | CM – Manik Saha | Governor – Indra Sena Reddy Nallu

93. Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) will sign an agreement with the Green
Climate Fund (GCF) in May 2025 to support small businesses in adopting low-emission and climate-
resilient technologies. The bank would infuse $800 million, a major portion of which will be raised
to build a $1 billion fund, including the existing GCF for the project. Micro, small and medium
enterprises (MSMEs), which the Economic Survey 2024-25 estimated to contribute about 30% of
India’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product), are a significant emitter of greenhouse gases and vulnerable to extreme weather
events. They often face issues such as a lack of affordable finance and limited technical know-how, restricting them from
adopting low-emission and climate-resilient practices. That’s when the International Energy Agency projects India’s energy
consumption to increase by 50% by 2030. SIDBI intends to address these barriers through low-interest MSME loans, which
will be disbursed through small finance banks and non-banking financial services companies. The loan would target
mitigation investments in energy-intensive clusters in the MSMEs sector. In July 2024, the GCF approved $215.6 million to
implement ‘Financing Mitigation and Adaptation Projects (FMAP)’ for Indian MSMEs. The funding comprised $200 million
to be offered at concessional rates, while the remaining $15.6 million is in grant support. The programme is expected to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions of 35.3 million tonnes. GCF, a multilateral financing entity, was established by the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 2010 to support developing countries in mitigating and adapting to
climate change. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• SIDBI – to sign an agreement with Green Climate Fund (GCF) in May 2025 | It will infuse $800 million
- To support small businesses in adopting low-emission & climate-resilient technologies
• As per Economic Survey 2024-25, MSME share in India’s GDP – 30%
• As per International Energy Agency, India’s energy consumption – to increase by 50% by 2030
• GCF approved $215.6 million to implement ‘Financing Mitigation & Adaptation Projects’ for Indian MSMEs in Jul 2024
- It comprised: $200 million – to be offered at concessional rates | $15.6 million – in grant support
• GCF – established by UNFCCC in 2010 to support developing countries in mitigating & adapting to climate change
• HQs of SIDBI – Lucknow, UP | CMD – Manoj Mittal | Established in – 1990

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94. India has announced to provide a funding support of $9,90,000 to Sierra Leone from the India-UN Development
Partnership Fund for the project ‘Enabling Economic Independence For Specially Abled Persons In Sierra Leone (Persons
With Disabilities)’. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is partnering with India towards the project. The
project aims to refurbish dedicated centres for persons with disabilities, develop a training curriculum for priority skill areas,
adopt technology to enhance mobility and access to social services and establish a loan programme to purchase tools. The
India-UN Development Partnership Fund, established by the Government of India in June 2017, provides support to projects
in developing countries that aim to contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. The Fund adheres to the
principles of South-South cooperation. A total of $150 million has been committed by the Indian government for the Fund,
under which 86 projects in 65 countries have been serviced so far. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• India – to provide $9,90,000 to Sierra Leone from India-UN Development Partnership Fund
- For project ‘Enabling Economic Independence For Specially Abled Persons In Sierra Leone (Persons With Disabilities)’
- India + UNDP = partnered for this project
• India-UN Development Partnership Fund – established by GoI in Jun 2017, to support projects in developing countries
- Amount committed by Indian government for this Fund – $150 million
• HQs of UNDP – New York, US | Administrator – Achim Steiner | Founded in – 1965

MoUs, Collaborations & Partnerships

95. India and Slovakia signed an MoU, under which JCBL Group’s defence business arm Airbornics
Defence & Space Pvt Ltd (ADSL) will co-develop and manufacture next-generation technologies for light
tanks and other combat vehicles including turrets, active protection systems (APS), remote-controlled
weapon systems (RCWS), and human-machine interface (HMI) modules. As per the MoU, all
manufacturing will be conducted in India. The collaboration is designed to foster technology transfer, operational excellence,
and co-development of advanced combat platforms tailored for complex terrains and high-altitude environments. {Read
more}
Smart Points:
• India + Slovakia = an MoU to co-develop & manufacture next-generation technologies for light tanks & other combat
vehicles
- To be developed by – Airbornics Defence & Space Pvt Ltd (ADSL)
• Slovakia – Bratislava – Euro | President – Peter Pellegrini | PM – Robert Fico

96. Confederation of Real Estate Developers Association of India (CREDAI) has signed an MoU with the National Skill
Development Corporation (NSDC) and the Quality Council of India (QCI) to establish a collaborative framework for skill
training, capacity building, and worker certification in the construction and real estate sector. Under the partnership, all
parties pledge to enhance workforce development in the real estate sector through a structured focus on skill development,
capacity building, and sustainable employment. Shekhar G Patel has become the new President of CREDAI for the term
2025-27. Boman Irani is the Chairman of CREDAI. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• CREDAI + NSDC + QCI = an MoU to establish a collaborative framework for skill training, capacity building, & worker
certification in the construction & real estate sector

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• Shekhar G Patel – became the new President of CREDAI for the term 2025-27
• HQs of CREDAI – New Delhi | Chairman – Boman Irani | President – Shekhar G Patel

97. Maharashtra Government has signed an MoU with IBM Technology (India) for administrative transformation through
AI. Under the agreement, three Artificial Intelligence (AI) Centres will be set up in Mumbai, Pune, and Nagpur, and
government employees and students will be trained in AI, cybersecurity and cloud technologies with the help of IBM’s
educational and training platform. The objective is to enhance public service delivery and administrative efficiency by using
modern technologies like AI, Hybrid Cloud, and Data Analytics, among others. Recently, a similar MoU was also signed
between Maharashtra government and Microsoft Corporation to establish three AI Centres in the same cities. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• Maharashtra + IBM = an MoU to establish 3 AI Centres in Mumbai, Pune, & Nagpur
• Recently, an MoU for the same was signed between = Maharashtra + Microsoft
• Maharashtra: Capital – Mumbai | CM – Devendra Fadnavis | Governor – CP Radhakrishnan
• HQs of IBM – Armonk, New York, US | CEO – Arvind Krishna | Founded in – 1911

98. Maharashtra has signed an MoU with Russia’s state-owned company ROSATOM for development of a ‘Small Modular
Reactor’ based on thorium fuel. The MoU was signed between Maharashtra State Power Generation Co. Ltd (MAHAGENCO)
and ROSATOM’s ‘Small Modular Reactor with Thorium Fuel’ initiative. The main objective of this MoU is to jointly develop
a thorium reactor in Maharashtra, commercialise thorium reactors as per safety standards of Atomic Energy Regulatory
Board (AERB), and establish an assembly line for thorium reactors under the ‘Make in Maharashtra’ initiative. The
Maharashtra Institution for Transformation (MITRA) will provide strategic support for the joint development of the Small
Modular Reactor with thorium fuel. {Read more}
Smart Points:
• MAHAGENCO (Maharashtra) + ROSATOM (Russia) = an MoU for development of a ‘Small Modular Reactor’ based on
thorium fuel
• Strategic support will be provided by – Maharashtra Institution for Transformation (MITRA)
• Maharashtra: Capital – Mumbai | CM – Devendra Fadnavis | Governor – CP Radhakrishnan
• Russia – Moscow – Russian Ruble | PM – Mikhail Mishustin | President – Vladimir Putin

❖ Important Obituaries in April 2025:

• Kumudini Lakhia – a Renowned Kathak Dancer
(Padma Vibhushan in 2025, Padma Bhushan in 2010, Padma Shri in 1987, Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1982,
Kalidas Samman in 2002-03, Guru Gopinath Desiya Natya Puraskaram 2021 by Kerala)
• Daripalli Ramaiah (Vanajeevi Ramaiah) – a Renowned Environmentalist (known as “Tree Man of India”)
(Padma Shri in 2017, Vanaseva Award in 1995, Vanamitra Award in 2005, National Innovations and Outstanding
Traditional Knowledge Award in 2015)
• Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru) – a Renowned Novelist
(Nobel Prize in Literature in 2010, Jerusalem Prize in 1995, Pablo Neruda Order of Artistic and Cultural Merit in 2018)

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 • Hari Dutt Kapri – Former Indian Basketball Captain
(Arjuna Award in 1969)
• Abdullah bin Ahmad Badawi – Former PM of Malaysia
(He served as the 5th PM of Malaysia from 2003 to 2009.)
• Pope Francis — 1st Latin American Leader of the Roman Catholic Church
(He was also the 1st non-European pope in over 1,000 years.)
• Dr. Mathew Samuel — a Renowned Cardiologist & ‘Father of Angioplasty’ in India
(Dr. Kalarickal performed India’s first coronary angioplasty in 1986.)
(Padma Shri in 2000, Dr. B.C. Roy Award in 1996, Rashtriya Samman in 2000)

❖ Important One-liner Meetings, Conferences & Summits in April 2025:

• 20th Annual Conference of Indian Association for Social Science and Health (IASSH) – Sambalpur University, Odisha
(as part of celebration of 75th Anniversary of National Sample Survey)
• GRIDCON 2025 - The International Conference cum Exhibition (by POWERGRID & CIGRE, India) – New Delhi
(Theme - “Innovations in Grid Resilience”)
• Water Sustainability Conference 2025 – New Delhi
(Organised by = Bureau of Water Use Efficiency + TERI)
• National Conference on ‘Environment - 2025’ – New Delhi
(Organised by - National Green Tribunal)

❖ Important Species found in April 2025:

• “Leptobrachium aryatium”, a new species of frog — discovered in Garbhanga Reserve Forest, Guwahati, Assam

❖ Appointments of Important Brand Ambassadors in April 2025:

• Rohit Sharma — Brand Ambassador of T20 Mumbai League Season 3

❖ F1 Grand Prix (GP) winners in April 2025:

• Bahrain Grand Prix 2025 — Oscar Piastri (Australia - McLaren)
• Saudi Arabian Grand Prix 2025 — Oscar Jack Piastri (Australia - McLaren)

❖ Festivals / Dances in April 2025:

• Vaisakhi Festival – Punjab
• Bohag Bihu Festival – Assam
• Vishu Festival – Kerala
• Poila Boishakh Festival – West Bengal

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❖ Important Acquisitions & Mergers in April 2025:
• CCI cleared Patanjali Ayurved's ₹4,500 crore acquisition of Magma General Insurance through green channel, with
no detailed scrutiny or objections raised. Entities participating in the transaction include - Patanjali Ayurved Ltd, S R
Foundation, Riti Foundation, RR Foundation, Suruchi Foundation, & Swati Foundation. The acquirers propose to
acquire 98.055% shareholding of the target (Magma General Insurance Ltd) on a fully diluted basis by way of share
purchase.

❖ National Parks / Wildlife Sanctuaries / Tiger Reserves in April 2025:

Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar Abhyran
Madhya Pradesh
(25th Wildlife Sanctuary of the state)
Bor Wildlife Sanctuary Wardha, Maharashtra
Thane Creek Flamingo Sanctuary Mumbai, Maharashtra

❖ Other Miscellaneous News & Current Static GK in April 2025:

Namchik West coal mine Arunachal Pradesh
Marwatola-II coal mine Madhya Pradesh
India’s 1st & world’s 2nd Climate Change Station Udhampur, J & K
Maharaja Agrasen Airport Hisar, Haryana
800 MW Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Plant Yamunanagar, Haryana
Golden Dome (advanced missile defence system) US
Wallace Line Asia & Australia
2nd edition of Vividhta ka Amrit Mahotsav
(Focus: Southern States/UTs - Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Telangana,
Andhra Pradesh, Lakshadweep, & Puducherry) New Delhi
(This Mahotsav is structured in 7 distinct editions dedicated to - North-East,
South, North, East, West, Central region & Union Territories.)
Sansad Khel Mahakumbh Lucknow, UP
Delhi Public School (DPS) Flamingo Lake (declared as a conservation reserve) Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra
Sashakt Panchayat-Netri Abhiyan (by Ministry of Panchayati Raj) New Delhi
Museum Koenig Bonn Germany

Important Books & Authors

“The India I Saw” autobiography S. Ambujammal (Freedom
(Sriram V translated this Tamil autobiography ‘Nan Kanda Bharatham’ into English) Fighter)
Puja Pujara (wife of Indian
“The Diary of a Cricketer's Wife: A Very Unusual Memoir”
cricketer Cheteshwar Pujara)
“Space: The Indian Story” Dinesh Sharma
“The Chief Minister and the Spy”
Amarjit Singh Dulat
(Published by - Juggernaut Books)

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 Important Days
April 12 131 Foundation Day of Punjab National Bank (India’s 1st Swadeshi Bank)
st

135th Dr. Ambedkar Jayanti or Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Day officially proclaimed by New York (US)
World Chagas Disease Day
(Theme - “Prevent, Control, Care: Everyone’s Role in Chagas Disease”)
(Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis is a Neglected Tropical Disease caused by the
protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi)
April 14 National Fire Service Day
(Theme - “Unite to Ignite, a Fire Safe India - Fire Safety, Contribute towards Nation Building”)
(The day pays tribute to the brave firefighters who lost their lives, particularly during the Bombay
Dock Explosion of 1944)
4th World Quantum Day
(The day coincides with UN International Year of Quantum Science and Technology - 2025)
World Art Day (since 2012)
April 15
(Theme - “DNA - Do No Algorithm”)
World Voice Day
April 16
(Theme - “Empower Your Voice”)
World Hemophilia Day
(Theme - “Access for All: Women and Girls Bleed Too”)
April 17
(Hemophilia is a rare, genetic blood disorder that happens when your blood doesn't clot enough to
make your bleeding slow down or stop.)
International Day For Monuments and Sites
April 18 (Theme - “Heritage under Threat from Disasters and Conflicts: Preparedness and Learning from 60
years of ICOMOS Actions.”)
World Liver Day
April 19
(Theme - “Food Is Medicine”)
UN Chinese Language Day
April 20
(Theme - “Chinese Language: A Gift Across Time and Space”)
17th National Civil Service Day (since 2006)
April 21
UN World Creativity & Innovation Day
April 15-21 World Creativity & Innovation Week
International Mother Earth Day or Earth Day
April 22
(Theme - “Our Power, Our Planet”)

➢ Latest GDP Predictions (updated till April 2025)

Organisations FY25 FY26 FY27
IMF - 6.2% 6.3%
Fitch Ratings 6.2% 6.4% 6.3%
ADB 6.5% 6.7% 6.8%
Moody’s 6.7% 6.5% -
S&P Global Ratings 6.4% 6.5% -
OECD 6.3% 6.4% 6.6%
ICRA 6.3% 6.5% -
CRISIL 6.4% 6.5% -
PHDCCI 6.8% 7.7% -

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 World Bank 6.5% 6.5% 6.7%
FICCI 6.4% - -
SBI 6.3% - -
Nomura 6% 5.9% -
EY 6.5% 6.5% -
India Ratings & Research 6.4% 6.6% -
Goldman Sachs 6.3% (CY) - -
RBI 6.6% - -
Morgan Stanley 6.3% 6.5% -
Bloomberg Economic 6.8% - -
NCAER 7.5% - -
UN 6.9% 6.6% -
UNCTAD 6.5% - -
UBS Securities India 7% 6.8% -
Bank of Baroda 6.75-6.8% - -
UN-DESA 6.6% - -
CII 7% - -

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