1.
The past perfect tense
Pola kalimat (Verbal)
(+) S + had + Verb-3 + O
( -) S + had + not + Verb-3 + O
(?) Had + S + Verb-3 + O?
(-?)Hadn’t + S + Verb-3 + O?
Contoh dalam kalimat:
(+) Nesya had played a piano for an hour before i accompanied her.
( -) Tasya had not ridden her new motorbike for two hours before the traffic police stopped
her.
(?) Had the workers worked all morning yesterday? Yes, they had/ No, they had not.
Pola kalimat (Nominal)
(+) S + had + been + Complement
( -) S + had + not + been + Complement
(?) Had + S + been + Complement?
(-?)Hadn’t + S + been + Complement?
Contoh dalam kalimat:
(+) Andy had been in his training place before his coach arrived.
( -) Leo had not been tired before he started to do his work.
(?) Had Anna been a bank teller when her father died?
Function:
The past perfect tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian atau tindakan yang telah
lengkap dilakukan/ terjadi ketika peristiwa yang lain terjadi.
eg. Father had finished fixing the bike before Johnny arrived.
Marco had gone when Stacy called.
Frey ate the donuts after you had gone.
Keterangan waktu:
o After = setelah
o As soon as = segera setelah
o Until/till = hingga
o Before = sebelum
o When = ketika
2. The past perfect continuous tense
Pola kalimat (Verbal)
(+) S + had + been + Verb-ing + O
( -) S + had + not + been + Verb-ing + O
(?) Had + S + been + Verb-ing + O?
(-?)Hadn’t + S + been + Verb-ing + O?
Contoh dalam kalimat:
(+) Nana had been eating his meal for 15 minutes when I came.
( -) The mechanic had not been checking the tire of the car since morning before father asked.
(?) Had the children been entering the house? Yes, they had/ No, they had not.
Pola kalimat (Nominal)
(+) S + had + been + (being) + Complement
( -) S + had + not + been + (being) + Complement
(?) Had + S + been + (being) + Complement?
(-?)Hadn’t + S + been + (being) + Complement?
Contoh dalam kalimat:
(+) Ardy had been (being) at home for 1 hour before his mother came.
( -) Lily had not been (being) in her new office for 45 minutes when her boss needed her help.
(?) Had you been (being) to Australia for 2 days when your father got sick? Yes, I had/ No, I
had not.
Function:
The past perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian atau tindakan yang
terjadi pada waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung ketika peristiwa lain terjadi.
eg. Mona had been serving customer for a whole afternoon before the restaurant was closed.
Keterangan waktu:
o For ... when ... = Selama ... ketika ...
o While ... for ... = Sementara ... selama ...
Exercise:
1. What __________ yesterday at 3 PM?
a) were you doing
b) are you doing
c) did you do
d) have you done
2. Two years ago, he __________ in this city.
a) lives
b) have lived
c) had lived
d) lived
3. They __________ tennis every Sunday.
a) are playing
b) play
c) plays
d) played
4. She __________ for the exam yet.
a) doesn’t studying
b) hasn’t studied
c) didn’t study
d) isn’t studying
5. Right now, I __________ a book.
a) read
b) have been reading
c) reads
d) am reading
6. Last night at 10 PM, she __________ a movie.
a) watched
b) was watching
c) watch
d) has watched
7. The sun __________ brightly when they went for a walk.
a) shines
b) shone
c) is shining
d) was shining
8. How long __________ in this city?
a) do you live
b) have you lived
c) were you living
d) are you living
9. By the time we arrived, they __________.
a) already left
b) has already left
c) had already left
d) already leaving
10. They __________ on this project for three months now.
a) have been working
b) worked
c) have worked
d) are working
11. She __________ Paris last summer.
a) didn’t visit
b) hasn’t visited
c) wasn’t visiting
d) doesn’t visit
12. While they __________ (have) dinner, the phone __________ (ring).
a) were having / rang
b) had / was ringing
c) have / rings
d) have / rang
13. What __________at that time last year?
a) are you doing
b) were you doing
c) have you done
d) did you do
14. She __________ at the library all morning.
a) was studying
b) studies
c) studied
d) has been studying
15. When you wanted to borrow the book, he __________ three chapters.
a) read
b) had read
c) have read
d) reads
16. They __________ to Europe twice in the past year.
a) are traveling
b) travel
c) traveled
d) were traveling
17. The train __________ (leave) before I __________ (arrive) at the station.
a) left / arrived
b) has left / arrived
c) had left / arrived
d) left / have arrived
18. While I __________ (work) in the garden, it __________ (start) to rain.
a) worked / started
b) was working / started
c) was working / starts
d) worked / is starting
19. She __________ sushi last night.
a) hasn’t eaten
b) didn’t eat
c) hadn’t eaten
d) doesn’t eat
20. What time __________ on weekends?
a) did you get up
b) do you get up
c) are you getting up
d) have you got up
