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UNIT 1

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CHAPTER 1

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Getting Started
If a business chooses the correct type of business organisation it will be easier to carry out
its work. If the owner wants to be independent, it is better to conduct the business as a sole
trader. It will give the owner independence if they want to be their own boss. If they choose
to conduct the business as a partnership, they will have someone to work with and share
ideas or will make it easier for them to raise capital (money) to survive and grow.

In Chapter Questions
Case Study: Partnerships
1 So he can become a more successful business owner and increase his profitability.
2 Shared skills and knowledge, more capital to invest in the business, cover in case of
illness, shared responsibility in case of business losses.
3 Hanif and Mzuzi may have arguments over key decisions and having to share the profits.
Each partner will be responsible for the debts of the other partner due to unlimited liability
in a partnership.

Case Study: Dyson Ltd

1 The advantages are that you can raise more capital and the owners will have limited
liability. Financial institutions are more likely to lend you money due to your limited status.
2 The business was set up by an individual and not by the government.
3 The shareholders.

End of chapter questions

1 This is where the owner and the business have the same legal identity and therefore the
owner is responsible for the debts of the business.
2 This is where the owner, normally a shareholder, is not involved in the day-to-day running
of the business.
3 Plumber, window cleaner, car mechanic.
4 Unlimited partnership and limited partnership.
5 An auditor checks the accounts on behalf of the owners to see if they show a ‘true and
fair’ reflection of the business.
6 A public sector organisation is one that is run by the government.
7 Owners – responsibility of running the business – profit or loss.
Employees – work for the business – pay and working conditions.
Customers – the quality and price of the products.
Government – collecting the taxes from the business.
Suppliers – selling goods or services to the business and assessing the creditworthiness
of the business.
8 More than one owner, a partnership could have limited liability.

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9 To gain limited liability, to increase the amount of capital in the business so it is easier to

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Exam Practice
1A, 2B, 3C, 4C, 5C, 6A, 7C, 8C, 9D, 10A

CHAPTER 2

Getting Started
Investigate packages such as Microsoft Office, Quickbooks, Clearbooks and Xero.

In Chapter Questions
Case Study: Accounting Software
Documents can be shared online, which will help him to update the accounts of all the
branches from one place.
Accounting information from several branches can be merged, making decision-making easy
and fast.

End of Chapter Questions

1 Anti-virus software, complicated passwords.
2 Email, cloud.
3 You can save your work, easy to send to other people, calculations and templates are
already there for you to use.
4 Hacking, failure in technology – power cut, some software is expensive.

Exam Practice
1B, 2D, 3D, 4C

CHAPTER 3

Getting Started
Do research about the Enron and Arthur Andersen scandals.

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In Chapter Questions

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So that investors trust the business and will be willing to lend money to that business.

End of Chapter Questions

1 Income statement, Statement of Financial Position, Statement of cash flows.
2 Being unbiased when valuing the assets of a business.
3 Not talking about the company’s financial information. Telling a competitor what prices
you are going to charge.
4 ‘In the public interest’ means that accountants must present accounts in a true and fair
view.
5 By following the codes of conduct and following the rules.
6 Payroll, Book-keeping, Auditing the accounts.

Exam Practice
1C, 2A, 3C, 4B, 5A

UNIT 2
CHAPTER 4

Getting Started
Students’ own answers

In Chapter Questions
Case Study: Source Documents
1 Cash receipt
2 Bank statement, deposit slip counterfoil from the bank
3 Purchase order, invoice received from the supplier
4 Bank statement
5 Credit note received

End of Chapter Questions

1 Statement of account
2 Invoice
3 When goods have been returned to them from another business.

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Exam Practice

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5 Anakin – credit note, statement of account; Caleb – purchase order
6 a Invoice
b Credit note

CHAPTER 5

Getting Started
Students’ own answers

End of Chapter Questions

1b, 2c, 3d, 4b, 5c
6 Invoices
7 Credit notes
8 Record more uncommon transactions, e.g. purchase of non-current assets on credit,
year-end adjustments, correction of errors
9 Purchase returns account in the nominal ledger and the supplier’s accounts in the
purchases ledger.

Exam Practice
1C, 2D, 3B, 4B, 5C
6
Journal Dr Cr
Purchases £5000
Capital £5000
Fixtures and fittings £8000
Capital £8000
Bank £3500
Capital £3500
Cash £100
Capital £100
Bank £5000
Loan (Brother) £5000

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CHAPTER 6

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Getting Started

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Students’ own answers

End of Chapter Questions

1 a Nominal
b Nominal
c Nominal
d Trade payables
e Trade receivables
f Nominal
2 Error of transposition (error of original entry)
3 a
Stationary 20
Purchases 20
Drawings 60
Purchases 60
Motor vehicle repairs 600
Motor vehicles 15 000

P.J. Motors 15 600

b A narrative is used to explain why the transaction has taken place.

c It helps explain to anyone checking the accounts and gives context on why it has
happened.
4

Capital
01-Sep Bank 2000

Bank
01-Sep Capital 2000 03-Sep Purchases 200
06-Sep Revenue 95 14-Sep D Smith 100
20-Sep Revenue 55 24-Sep Purchase returns 55
Rowcester
22-Jan I Wain 180 27-Sep Machinery Co 500
Purchases
03-Sep Bank 200
05-Sep D Smith 150

D Smith
07-Sep Purchases returns 50 05-Sep Purchases 150
14-Sep Bank 100

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Revenue

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06-Sep Bank 95

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10-Sep I Wain 105
20-Sep Bank 55

Purchases
returns
24-Sep 07-Sep D Smith 50

I Wain
10-Sep Revenue 105 17-Sep Revenue returns 25
22-Sep Bank 180

Machinery
Rowcester
12-Sep Machinery Co 500

Rowcester
Machinery Co
27-Sep Bank 500 12-Sep Machinery 500

Revenue
returns
17-Sep I Wain 25

Bank 55

Exam Practice
1D, 2D, 3A, 4A, 5B, 6A, 7D, 8C, 9D, 10A, 11A, 12C, 13A & D, 14B
15
Dr Cr
Date Details £ Equity Date Details £
30-Apr Balance c/d 2000 01-Apr Cash 2000
01-May Balance b/d 2000
Cash
01-Apr Equity 2000 02-Apr Bank 1750
30-Apr Balance c/d 250
2000 2000
01-
May Balance b/d 250
Bank
02-Apr Cash 1750 04-Apr Van 1000
Business
12-Apr equipment 250
17-Apr Johnson Brothers 350

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30-Apr Balance c/d 150

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1750 1750

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01-
May Balance b/d 150
Van
04-Apr Bank 1000 30-Apr Balance c/d 1000
01-
May Balance b/d 1000
Typewriter
Business
06-Apr equipment 250 30-Apr Balance c/d 250
01-
May Balance b/d 250
Business
equipment
12-Apr Bank 250 06-Apr Typewriter 250
Photocopier
Johnson
11-Apr Brothers 350
Johnson
Brothers
17-Apr Bank 350 11-Apr Photocopier 350

16
Dr Cr
Date Details £ Equity Date Details £
31-Jul Balance c/d 6000 01-Jul Bank 6000
01-
Aug Balance b/d 6000
Bank
01-Jul Equity 6000 01-Jul Rent 100
06-Jul Cash 600 01-Jul Fittings 1200
01-Jul Refrigerators 700
02-Jul Motor vehicles 2000
02-Jul Motor insurance 55
02-Jul Van licence 40
31-Jul Balance c/d 2505
6600 6600
01-
Aug Balance b/d 2505
Rent
01-Jul Bank 100 31-Jul Balance c/d 100
01-
Aug Balance b/d 100
Fittings
01-Jul Bank 1200 31-Jul Balance c/d 1200

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Refrigerators

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01-Jul Bank 700 31-Jul Balance c/d 700
01-
Aug Balance b/d 700
Motor
vehicles
02-Jul Bank 2000 31-Jul Balance c/d 2000
01-
Aug Balance b/d 2000
Motor
insurance
02-Jul Bank 55 31-Jul Balance c/d 55
01-
Aug Balance b/d 55

Van licence
02-Jul Bank 40 31-Jul Balance c/d 40
01-
Aug Balance b/d 40
J Eulie
31-Jul Balance c/d 800 03-Jul Purchases 800
01-
Aug Balance b/d 800
Purchases
03-Jul J Eulie 800 31-Jul Balance c/d 800
01-
Aug Balance b/d 800
Cash
04-Jul Revenue 643 05-Jul Cleaning 3
06-Jul Bank 600
31-Jul Balance c/d 40
643 643
01-
Aug Balance b/d 40
Revenue
31-Jul Balance c/d 643 04-Jul Cash 643
01-
Aug Balance b/d 643
Cleaning
05-Jul Cash 3 31-Jul Balance c/d 3
01-
Aug Balance b/d 3

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CHAPTER 7

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IT equipment, fixtures and fittings, motor vehicle. Some assets suffer from wear and tear or
go out-of-date more quickly than others.

In Chapter Questions
Case Study: Straight Line Method
(22 000 – 500)/10 = MOP2150

Case Study: Reducing Balance Method

2016: 20 000 × 40% = $8000
2017: (20 000 − 8000) × 40% = $4800
2018: (20 000 − 12 800) × 40% = $2880

End of Chapter Questions

1 Depreciation is where a non-current asset loses its value over a period of time.
2 Straight line has the same depreciation figure each year, whereas reducing method has a
different figure each year.
3 Prudence, consistency.
4 How much the non-current asset is worth after depreciation has been taken off.
5 Debit income statement, credit – provision for depreciation

Exam Practice
1A, 2B, 3D, 4C, 5B, 6A, 7A, 8B, 9B
10 a 2015 – £3300, 2016 – £3300, 2017 – £3300
b £12 100
c Journal entries
2015
Income statement 3300
Prov for depreciation 3300
2016
Income statement 3300
Prov for depreciation 3300
2017
Income statement 3300
Prov for depreciation 3300

11 a (76 000 − 16 000) / 5 = £12 000

b 20%

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12 a Depreciation – salon chairs £160, air conditioner £1600

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Salon chairs 1000 360 640

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Air conditioner 8000 1600 6400

UNIT 3
CHAPTER 8
Getting Started
Debit – Rent paid, insurance, wages, revenue returns
Credit – Purchases returns

In Chapter Questions
Case Study: Trial Balance

Dr Cr
Revenue 52 000
Rent 4000
Wages 12 000
Electricity 5000
Discount received 5200
Discount allowed 2300
Trade payables 7200
Trade receivables 8500
Suspense account 2600
Purchases 35 200
67 000 67 000

End of Chapter Questions

1 Debit side.
2 Not all errors are revealed.
3 It is an arithmetical check on the accuracy of the ledgers.
4 Bought down and carried down.
5 Suspense account.

Exam Practice
1D, 2D, 3C, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7B, 8C

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9

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Dr Cr

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Non-current assets 24 200
Provision for depreciation 7400
Inventory 4500
Bank 1250
Revenue 72 340
Revenue returns 800
Purchases 38 150
Carriage outward 200
Salaries 5000
Marketing 7200
Heating and lighting 8940
Equity 12 500
Drawings 2000
92 240 92 240

10
a Dr Cr
Bank 4350
Capital (Equity) 16 650
Drawings 9000
Expenses 42 500
Inventories 16 500
Machinery 12 000
Purchases 84 000
Sales revenue 135 000
Trade payables 1700
Trade
receivables 700
Suspense 7000
164 700 164 700

Suspense
b account
30-Apr Sales revenue 9000 30-Apr Drawings 500
30-Apr Cash 1500
30-Apr Trial Balance 7000
9000 9000

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Dr Cr

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Bank 4350
Capital (Equity) 16 650
Drawings 9500
Expenses 42 500
Inventories 16 500
Machinery 12 000
Purchases 84 000
Sales revenue 144 000
Trade payables 1700
Trade
receivables 700
Cash 1500
166 700 166 700

11
Dr Cr
Equity 10 500
Cash in hand 1320
Discount received 96
Drawings 3600
Fixtures and fittings 2170
General expenses 1050
Inventory 2567
Purchases 4600
Revenue returns 92
Sales revenue 8538
Trade payables 3380
Trade receivables 3197

CHAPTER 9

Getting Started
Debit, expenses, assets and drawings
Credit, liabilities, income and capital

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In Chapter Questions

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Case Study: Tesco Loses £2 Billion in Value

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Owned up to it straight away and adjusted their profits.
Use a different auditor (change the heads in their finance department first).

End of Chapter Questions

1 The journal is used to record unusual transactions that are not recorded in the other
journals, e.g. correction of errors, year-end adjustments etc.
2 The suspense account is used when the trial balance doesn’t balance.
3 When an entry is entered into the wrong personal account.
4 When an error has been made while totalling the account, and the totalled figure is more
than the correct amount.
5 Increase profit.
6 Credit side.
7b, 8b, 9a, 10b, 11d, 12b, 13b, 14d, 15b, 16b, 17d

Exam Practice
1 a Complete reversal.
b Bill would have less revenue and therefore his profit would be lower.
2 The trial balance would still balance, so you would just use the journal to correct the
answer.
3 a To help look for errors in the accounts. A business needs to prepare their final
accounts and a balanced Statement of Financial Position. If the errors are not located
by the time of preparing the draft final accounts then the suspense account is included
in the financials until the errors are located and the suspense balance is eliminated.
b
Rent paid 387
Suspense 387
L Kong 863
K Long 863
Suspense 1726

Fixtures & fittings 7500

Purchases 7500
Cash 400
Tamara 400
Purchases returns 850
Sales returns 680
Suspense 1530
3 c 22 500 + 7500 + 680 – 387 – 850 = 29 443

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4 a

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Suspense account 230

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Loan account 230
Cash 1200
Revenue 1200
Purchases 800
Suspense 800
Carpet 1400
Repairs 1400

b
Suspense
account
Loan account 230 Purchases 800
Trial balance difference 570
800 800

CHAPTER 10

Getting Started
Trade payables, trade receivables, nominal ledger.
To make it easier to locate the errors when the trial balance fails to balance. These controls
will act as mini trial balances.

In Chapter Questions
Case Study: Trade Receivables Account
Trade
receivables
Credit sales 8678 Sales returns 840
Bank 5762
Discount allowed 342
Irrecoverable debt 45
Balance c/d 1689
8678 8678
Balance b/d 1689

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End of Chapter Questions

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1 To act as another check on the trade payables and trade receivables ledgers.

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2 A set-off between two entries in both control accounts.
3 It would depend on the business, but normally monthly.
4 Trade receivables ledger control account.
5 Nominal, trade payables and trade receivables.
6 They should balance. The totals of all the balances of the trade receivables ledger should
be the same as the balance in the control account
7 Make sure you pay your suppliers on time and don’t get a bad reputation. Locate errors
and avoid fraud.

Exam Practice
1A, 2A, 3C, 4D, 5A
6
Trade receivables ledger control account
01-Apr Balance b/d 1 028 944 30-Apr Discount allowed 795
30-Apr Sales day book 43 123 30-Apr Bank 54 754
Bank 1262 30-Apr Returns inward 2345
Dario Feng 100 30-Apr Irrecoverable debt 182
30-Apr Set-off / Contra 899
30-Apr Balance c/d 1 014 454
1 072 067 1 072 067
01-
May Balance b/d 1 014 454

CHAPTER 11

Getting Started
N/A

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In Chapter Questions

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Case Study: Bank Reconciliation Statement

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Cash
book
01-Feb Balance b/d 695 T Gramson 200
J Sahif 18 Balance c/d 513

713 713
01-Feb Correct balance b/d 513

Balance as per cashbook 513

Add unpresented cheques 384
123
Balance as per bank
statement 1020

End of Chapter Questions

Cash
1 a book
30-Apr Balance b/d 620 Bank charges 15
Interest 20 Insurance DD 40
Bank transfer Aisha 130
Dishonoured 65
Balance c/d 650

770 770
Balance b/d 650

b Balance as per cashbook 650

Add unpresented cheques 250
Less lodgements 310
Balance as per bank
statement 590

c Incorrect adding up in the cashbook, incorrect entry in the cashbook.

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2 Balance as per cash book (1780)

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Add unpresented cheques 270

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Less lodgements 800

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Balance as per bank statement (2310)

3
Cash book

Balance b/d 2073 Error correction 90

Insurance 360
Dishonoured cheque 314
Bank charges 11
_____ Balance c/d 1298
2073 2073
Balance b/d 1298

Bank reconciliation statement

Balance as per cash book 1298
Add unpresented cheques 390
Less lodgements 500
1188
Add bank error 62
Balance as per bank statement 1250

Exam Practice
1D, 2D, 3D, 4B, 5C, 6C, 7C, 8B
9 The check for fraud and to correct any errors that may have occurred in the cash book or
by the bank.
10 Monthly.
11 Someone who is paying money.
12 Standing order is the same amount each month, a direct debit can differ each month.
13 Overdrawn – negative bank balance.
14 A receipt not yet entered in the bank statement.

UNIT 4
CHAPTER 12

Getting Started
Shop fittings, land, building, equipment – till
Heating, lighting, wages

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In Chapter Questions

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Case Study: Capital Expenditure and Revenue Expenditure

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Magazines and books: Revenue expenditure
Shop fittings: Capital expenditure
Cash register: Capital expenditure
Stationery: Revenue expenditure
Refrigerator: Capital expenditure

Case Study: Expenditure, Profit and Assets

a Profit: $10 800 − $200 = $10 600
b Non-current assets: $72 345 + $3000 + $500 + $300 = $76 145

End of Chapter Questions

1 Purchase of motor vehicle, buildings and fixtures and fittings.
2 Rent, wages, electricity.
3 Cash sales.
4 Sale of motor vehicle.
5 Revenue expenditure goes in the income statement and capital expenditure goes in the
Statement of Financial Position. If the two expenditures are not correctly classified, your
profit and non current asset figures could be distorted (either both will be overstated or
understated).

Exam Practice

1B, 2A, 3B, 4A, 5D, 6B, 7C, 8B

CHAPTER 13

Getting Started
Students’ own answers

In Chapter Questions
Case Study: Accounting Concepts
Business entity – owner and business transaction should be kept separate. Profit should
increase by 13 000 rupees.
Prudence and accruals – you should not anticipate profits. Profit should fall by 1 000 000
rupees.
Prudence – inventory should be recorded at the lowest value. Profit should fall by 15 000
rupees.

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End of Chapter Questions

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1 They ensure that the accounts give a true and fair view of the business. Comparison of

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different businesses’ accounts can be done.
2 It states that you may record only transactions and activities that could be measured in
monetary terms
3 You can compare your figures from year-to-year easily.
4 Prudence.
5 Inventory should always be recorded at its lowest value. Prudency concept.

Exam Practice
1B, 2C, 3D, 4C, 5B, 6D, 7A
8 When the owner does not charge petrol for personal use to the business expenses but
shows it separately under drawings.
9 Your profits may be overstated and you may think you have more money than you do,
and you may be eligible to pay more tax.
10 Consistency

CHAPTER 14

In Chapter Questions
Case Study: Trial Balance Part 1
£ £
Sales revenue 150 000
Sales returns 6000
Net revenue 144 000

Cost of sales
Opening
inventories 12 000
Purchases 45 000
Carriage in 500
purchase returns 6000
Net purchases 51 500
Closing
inventories (8000)
Cost of goods
sold 43 500
Gross profit 100 500
Less expenses
Rent 30 000
Wages 25 000

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Electricity 7000

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Administration 10 000

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Fuel 5000
Insurance 6000 83 000

Profit for the year 17 500

Case Study: Trial Balance Part 2

Non current
assets £ £
Buildings 100 000
Motor vehicles 30 000
130 000
Current assets
Inventories 8000
Trade receivables 3000
Cash 25 000 36 000
Net assets 166 000

Equity
Opening equity 100 000
Add profit for the year 17 500
Less drawings 12 000
Closing equity 105 500

Non current liabilities

Bank loan 29 500

Current liabilities
Trade payables 18 000
Bank 13 000
166 000

End of Chapter Questions

1 All the income and expenses of the business and how much profit is made.
2 All the assets, liabilities of the business and the value of the business.
3 An asset that is owned by the business for more than one year.
4 The cost of the items used for resale.
5 Money invested in the business by the owner or owners.

Exam Practice
1B, 2A, 3C, 4A, 5C, 6C, 7A, 8C, 9A, 10B

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11 a

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Carrying

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Non current assets Cost Dep value
Machinery 20 000 12 000 8000

Current assets
Inventories 3000
Trade receivables 1000
Bank 500 4500
Net assets 12 500

Equity
Opening capital 6000
Profit for the year 7500
Drawings 4500
9000

Current liabilities
Trade payables 700

Non current liabilities

Loan 2800
Equity and liabilities 12 500

b i Money used for the day-to-day running of the business. Current assets minus
current liabilities.
ii 3800

12
Sales revenue 200 000
Revenue returns 12 000
Net revenue 188 000

Cost of sales
Opening
inventories 18 000
Purchases 99 000
Carriage in 4000
Purchase returns (8000)
Net purchases 113 000
Closing
inventories 17 000
Cost of goods sold 96 000
Gross profit 92 000
Less expenses
Rent 40 000

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Wages 25 000

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Electricity 7000

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Administration 10 000
Fuel 21 000
Insurance 6000 109 000

Loss for the year (17 000)

Non current
assets £ £
Buildings 140 000
Motor vehicles 37 000
177 000
Current assets
Inventories 17 000
Trade receivables 3000
Cash 15 000 35 000

Net assets 212 000

Equity
Opening capital 180 000
Less loss for the year 17 000
Less drawings 22 000
Closing capital 141 000

Non current liabilities

Bank loan 40 000

Current liabilities
Trade payables 18 000
Bank 13 000
212 000

13
Non current
assets 50 500

Current assets 47 000

Net assets 97 500

Equity
Capital 74 000
Profit 3000
Drawings 9000
Closing capital 68 000

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Current liabilities 19 000

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87 000

14
£ £
Sales revenue 500 000
Sales returns 17 500
Net revenue 482 500

Cost of sales
Opening inventories 12 345
Purchases 237 899
Carriage in 4321
Purchase returns (8888)
Net purchases 245 677
Closing inventories (17 000)
Cost of goods sold 228 677
Gross profit 253 823
Less expenses
Rent 44 444
Wages 22 552
Electricity 7777
Administration 11 111
Fuel 21 211
Insurance 6789 113 884

Profit for the year 139 939

Non current assets £ £

Buildings 250 000
Motor vehicles 55 555
305 555
Current assets
Inventories 17 000
Trade receivables 3456
Cash 34 567 55 023
Net assets 360 578

Equity
Opening capital 123 456
Add profit for the year 139 939
Less drawings 20 483
Closing capital 242 912

Non current liabilities

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Bank loan 44 444

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Current liabilities
Trade payables 18 901
Bank 54 321
360 578

CHAPTER 15

Getting Started
Student’s own answers

In Chapter Questions
Case study: Other Receivables and Payables
Income statement 68 000
Statement of Financial Position under current liabilities, other payables 6000

End of Chapter Questions

1b, 2a, 3b, 4a, 5d, 6d, 7b, 8d, 9b, 10a, 11b, 12c, 13d

14 Adjustment made for expenses and income paid in the wrong financial period.
15 Expenses paid in advance. Money that the business could ask for.
16 Other receivables in current assets and other payables in current liabilities.

Exam Practice
1
Electricity
31-Mar Bank 18 000 01-Apr Balance b/d 3000
31-Mar Balance c/d 4000 31-Mar Income statement 19 000
22 000 22 000
01-Apr Balance b/d 4000

2
Insurance
31-Mar Balance b/d 60 01-Apr Income statement 258
31-Mar Bank 264 31-Mar Balance b/d 66
324 324
01- Apr Balance b/d 66

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£ £
Sales revenue 375 000
Revenue returns 420
Net revenue 374 580

Cost of sales
Opening inventories 62 000
Purchases 195 000
Carriage in
Purchase returns
Net purchases 257 000
Closing inventories 50 000
Cost of goods sold 207 000
Gross profit 167 580
Discount
received 180
Less expenses 167 760
Rent (20 000 –
4000) 16 000
Wages 37 000
Electricity (8000+2000) 10 000
Irrecoverable debt 520
Fork lift dep 4500
Motor car dep 4800
General office 18 000 90 820

Profit for the year 76 940

Carrying
Non current assets Cost Dep value
Forklift truck 20 000 9000 11 000
Motor vehicles 18 000 10 800 7200
38 000 19 800 18 200
Current assets
Inventories 50 000
Trade receivables 16 200
Allowance irrecoverable
debts 2640 13 560
Bank 3840
Cash 120 71 520
Net assets 89 720

Equity

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Opening capital 14 680

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Add profit for the year 76 940

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Less drawings 18 500
Closing capital 73 120

Non current liabilities

Bank loan

Current liabilities

Other payables 2000

Trade payables 14 600

89 720

CHAPTER 16

Getting Started
Write a letter. Don’t sell them any more products. If the amount is large, you could resort to
legal action. Otherwise you may write off the debt as a loss.

In Chapter Questions
Case study: Source Documents
Irrecoverable debts
Income statement 2 320 000

Case Study: Irrecoverable Debts

2015 Allowance for irrecoverable debt 2015

31-Jul Income statement 1680

Income statement extract $

Profit for the year 75 320
Allowance for irrecoverable debt 1680
Correct profit for the year 73 640

Current assets 2015

Trade receivables 42 000
Allowance 1680
40 320

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Allowance for irrecoverable debts
2016
Date Amount Date Amount
1.8.15 Balance b/d 1 680
31.7.16 Balance c/d 2 350 31.7.16 Income statement 670
2 350 2 350
01.8.16 Balance b/d 2 350

Income statement extract

Profit for the year 85 000
Allowance for irrecoverable debt 670
Correct profit for the year 84 330

Current assets 2015

Trade receivables 47 000
Allowance 2350
44 650

End of Chapter Questions

1a, 2c, 3d, 4b, 5b
6 Money owed to the business by credit customers.
7 Nominal ledger
8 Prudence
9 Nominal ledger
10 So that it does not overstate its profits and shows a true and fair view in the financial
statements.

Exam Practice
1 a 4% of $38 000 = $1520
b
Current Assets
Trade
Receivables 38 000
Allowance 1520 36 480

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2 a

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2015 Irrecoverable debt

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Trade

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31-Jan receivables 1200

2017 Irrecoverable debt

Trade
31-Jan receivables 400
Allowance for
irrecoverable debt 2015
Trade
31-Jan receivables 1420

Allowance for
irrecoverable debt 2016
Trade
31-Jan receivables 1800

Allowance for
irrecoverable debt 2017
Trade
31-Jan receivables 1900

Current
assets 2015
Trade
receivables 14 200
Allowance 1420 12 780

Current
assets 2016
Trade
receivables 18 000
Allowance 1800 16 200

Current
assets 2017
Trade
receivables 19 000
Allowance 1900 17 100

3 a 5%
b The number of irrecoverable debts has increased so it would be prudent to increase
the provision so profits are not overstated. Since they maintain a percentage rate, it
may be the amount of trade receivables has increased as at that date.

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Dr Cr

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Income statement 428

Allowance for irrecoverable debt 428

Being adjustment for allowance for irrecoverable debt.

CHAPTER 17

Getting Started
Newsagents, window cleaner, car wash. They are dealing with small value transactions.
They may lose some of the paperwork.

In Chapter Questions
Case Study: Incomplete Records 1
Opening capital = 31 600

Closing capital = 31 250

Drawings = 18 000

Profit = 31 250 + 18 000 – 31 600 = 17 650

Case Study: Incomplete Records 2

Sales revenue 31 600

Cost of sales
Inventory 1200
Purchases 17 100
Inventory 1600
Cost of goods sold 16 700
Gross profit 14 900

Case Study: Calculating Profits

Gross profit 97 000

Expenses
Motor expenses 11 990
Advertising 17 097
Rent 13 210
Profit for the year 54 703

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End of Chapter Questions

/
1 Sole traders are not compelled by law to publish their accounts. They trade alone and
bear the risk alone.
2 A document showing the assets and liabilities on a certain date.
3 Equity or capital.
4 Revenue minus cost of sales.
5 Gross profit minus all expenses, adding other income if any.

Exam Practice
1D, 2B, 3D, 4C, 5A, 6D, 7B, 8A
9
Non current assets Cost Dep Carrying value
Premises 90 000 90 000
Equipment 50 000 3000 47 000
137 000
Current assets
Inventories 17 500
Trade receivables 19 350
Bank
Cash 100 36 800
Net assets 173 950

Equity
Opening capital 145 000
Add profit for the year 10 000
Less drawings 11 000
Closing capital 143 850

Non current liabilities

Current liabilities
Trade payables 29 000
Bank 750
Accruals 200
173 950

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CHAPTER 18

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Getting Started

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N/A

In Chapter Questions
Case Study: Accounting Ratios
2017 2016
Gross profit margin 31.20% 27.89%
Profit for the year margin 1.95% 2.86%
Current ratio 1.29:1 1.22:1
Liquid ratio 0.96:1 0.89:1

Gross profit margin has improved, whilst profit for the year has decreased. Current ratio and
liquid ratio have all improved.

End of Chapter Questions

1b, 2d, 3d, 4d, 5a, 6c, 7b, 8b, 9b, 10b, 11c,12d

Exam Practice
1 a GPM 28% PPM 12%
b The gross profit margin could be higher due to an increase in revenue and a decrease
in the cost of sales due to negotiating better prices while purchasing goods, e.g. bulk
buying leading to large trade discounts.
The profit for the year as a percentage of revenue could have increased due to an
increase in revenue, a decrease in the cost of sales and/or a decrease in expenses.

2 a i Current ratio: 1.52:1, Liquid ratio: 0.69:1

a ii The liquid ratio would be a better indication of liquidity as it doesn’t include
inventory. Inventory is the most difficult current asset to turn into cash or liquid form.
b 4950/52 500 = 9.43%

CHAPTER 19

Getting Started
Student’s own answers

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In Chapter Questions

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Case Study: Source Documents 1

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Profit for the year 44 000
Less: Interest on capital
Aran 720
Newine 900 1620

Less: Salaries
Newine 9380
33 000

Less : Share of profits

Aran 2/3 22 000

Newine 1/3 11 000
33 000

Case Study: Source Documents 2

Appropriation account

Profit for the year 46 784

Add interest on drawings
Gembira 480
Venna 106
Less interest on capital
Gembira 2300
Venna 2700
Less salary
Vanna 8000
34 370
Profits shared
Gembira 20 622
Venna 13 748
34 370

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Current account

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Gembira Venna Gembira Venna

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Interest on 480 106 Balance b/d 0 0
drawing
Interest on capital 2300 2700
Salary 8000
Balance c/d 22 442 24 342 Share of profits 20 622 13 748
22 922 24 448 22 922 24 448
Balance b/d 22 442 24 342

End of Chapter Questions

1 Where the owner and the business have the same legal identity and is responsible for all
debts.
2 They might not work for the business but they just provide capital.
3 This is because it would be charged interest if the business took out a loan. To
compensate in a fair manner to the partners for the different amounts of capital each has
invested in the business.
4 They have invested different amounts of capital in the business.

5a, 6c, 7c, 8b, 9d, 10a, 11c, 12a, 13c

Exam Practice
1 a Income statement
$ $
Gross profit 72 000
Discount received 1000
Less expenses 73 000
Discount allowed 3000
Heating and lighting 6500
Rent and rates 13 000
Depreciation 10 000
Wages 8200
General expenses 800 41 500
Profit for the year 31 500
Less interest on capital
John Faha 10 000
May Ishima 4000
Less salary
May Ishima 15 000
2500
Profits shared
John Faha 1000
May Ishima 1500
2500

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Appropriation account

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Sales revenue 361 480

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Revenue returns 0

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Net revenue 361 480
Net purchases 356 400
Closing inventories 109 360
Cost of goods sold 247 040
Gross profit 114 440
Less expenses
Salaries 45 668
Office expenses 1920
Motor expenses 2252
Heating and lighting 2000
Equipment depreciation 2600
Motor vehicle depreciation 7360 61 800
Profit for the year 52 640
Add interest on drawings
Kidd 628
Mellor 892
Less interest on capital
Kidd 5160
Mellor 3000
Less salary
Mellor 15 000
31 000
Profits shared
Kidd 18 600
Mellor 12 400
31 000
b It would stop too much money being withdrawn from the business by the partners. It
would share the cost of drawings out fairly.

2 Kidd and Mellory Statement of Financial Position as at 31 March 2017

Non current assets Cost Accumulated Carrying

depreciation value
Motor vehicle 36 800 22 080 14 720
Equipment 26 000 10 400 15 600
62 800 32 480 30 320

Current assets
Inventory 109 360
Trade receivables 83 840
Bank 2460
Cash 560 196 220
Net assets 226 540

Capital and liabilities Kidd Mellory

Capital 86 000 50 000 136 000

Current accounts
Opening balances 5516 4844
Interest on capital 5160 3000
Salaries - 15 000

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Share of profit 18 600 12 400

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Less interest on drawing 628 892

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Less drawings 16 000 22 000

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Balances 12 648 12 352 25 000

Current liabilities
Trade payables 65 100
Other payables 440 65 540
Total capital and liabilities 226 540

CHAPTER 20

Getting Started
1 Raw materials, work-in-progress and finished goods.
2 Raw materials – the engine; work-in-progress – engine fitted in the car; finished goods –
the completed car.
3 N/A

In Chapter Questions
Case Study: Manufacturing Accounts

Raw materials
Opening inventory 6000
Purchases 82 494
Closing inventory 17 366
Raw materials consumed 71 128
Direct wages 52 330
Patents 3456
Prime cost 126 914

End of Chapter Questions

1 A cost that can be directly identified with a specific product, i.e. changes directly with the
output.
2 A cost that is not involved in the manufacturing of the product but is involved in the
factory. Cannot be linked to the items being manufactured. The costs do not change with
the level of output.
3 The total amount of direct costs.
4 Straight-line and reducing balance.
5 Raw materials, work-in-progress and finished goods.
6c, 7a, 8d, 9a

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Exam Practice

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1 a
Raw materials
Purchases 98 500
Closing inventory 3300
Raw materials consumed 95 200
Direct wages 57 250
Prime cost 152 450
Indirect costs
Factory wages 22 400
General expenses 7990
Fuel and power 3950
Machinery dep 4450 38 790
191 240
Closing work-in-progress 2120
Production cost of goods
completed 189 120

b
Revenue 251 400
Cost of sales
Production cost 189 120
Closing inventory finished goods 5810 183 310
Gross profit 68 090

2 a i Whichever is the lowest of cost or net realisable value.

ii Prudence.

b
Opening inventory 18 230
Purchases 285 880
Closing inventory 21 450
Raw materials consumed 282 660
Direct wages 180 708
Prime cost 463 368
Indirect costs
General expenses 123 493
Machinery dep 21 000 144 493
607 861
Opening work-in-progress 15 680
Closing work-in-progress 14 120
Production cost of goods
completed 609 421

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Revenue 915 000
Cost of sales
Opening inventory finished
goods 56 905
Production cost 609 421
Purchase of finished goods 12 555
Closing inventory finished goods 43 140 635 741
Gross profit 279 259

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