DETERMINATION OF HUMAN BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL AND

PREDICTION OF TRENDS BY AGE

SUBMITTED BY:

Roshin Khadka

Bio-Science

Grade-XII

Admission Roll No:

SUBMITTED TO:

Department of Biology

Orchid Science College

Bharatpur-10,Chitwan

For the partial Fulfillment of requirement of +2 Science

2081
 APPROVAL
The project work entitled “DETERMINATION OF HUMAN BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL

AND PREDICTION OF TRENDS BY AGE” was prepared by Roshin Khadka and submitted

as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Secondary Level Education.

……..……………………..

Dr. Manoj Kumar Lal Das

Department Head of Biology

Orchid Science College

...…………………………

Sarita Giri

Supervisor

Orchid Science College

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 RECOMMENDATION LETTER

It is certified that Mr. Roshin Khadka of this college has carried out the Project work

“DETERMINATION OF HUMAN BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL AND PREDICTION OF

TRENDS BY AGE” under our guidance. We recommend the project work in the partial

fulfillment for the Requirement of Class 12 Biology Practical.

This project work entitled “DETERMINATION OF HUMAN BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL

AND PREDICTION OF TRENDS BY AGE” submitted by Roshin Khadka of Orchid

Science College Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal has been carried out under our supervision as a

partial fulfillment for the class 12 of Biology course. I, therefore, recommend the project

work report for evaluation.

Signature:

Name of Supervisor: Sarita Giri

Date:

III
 ABSTRACT
This paper examines the different types of blood sugar level present in human. The survey

work entitled “DETERMINATION OF HUMAN BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL AND

PREDICTION OF TRENDS BY AGE” was conducted on 13th Dec, 2024 on Orchid Science

College, Bharatpur Chitwan.

Early detection of blood sugar irregularities is essential for preventing and managing

diabetes. This study aimed to assess blood sugar levels among both students and teachers in a

high school setting through a school-based screening program. The tests were conducted

using a standard glucose meter under the supervision of healthcare professionals.

Participants’ blood sugar levels were recorded and analyzed based on factors such as age,

dietary habits, and lifestyle choices. The results provided valuable insights into potential risk

factors for both students and teachers, emphasizing the importance of routine health

screenings in schools. This study highlights the need for increased awareness and preventive

measures to promote long-term health and well-being within the school community.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Grateful thanks go to the Department of biology, Orchid Science College for providing the

facilities for project work. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Sir Dr.

Manoj Kumar Lal Das for the continuous support of my related research for his patience and

motivation. His guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this project

report.

Besides my advisor, I would like to thank my Botany Teacher MKL sir for his insightful

comments’ encouragement and invaluable help during the project work. Without his precious

support it would not be possible to conduct this research. I would also like to thank my friend

Sumit Mandal for his sincere help and friendship for completing this project. I want to

remember all my classmates who directly and indirectly contributed to this work. I would like

to remember all my teachers and family members who have supported, helped and

encouraged me.

Last but not the least I would also like to place on record my sense of gratitude to everyone

involved.

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 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project report is based on my original work except for quotations and

citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously or

concurrently submitted for any other institutions.

……………………….
Roshin Khadka
Grade-XII
Orchid Science College

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 CONTENTS
FRONT PAGE………………………………………………………………………………………..I
APPROVAL………………………………………………………………………………………….II
RECOMMENDATION LETTER……………………………………………………………………III
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………..IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................................... V
DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................. VI
CONTENTS………………………………………………………………………………………….VII
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1-3
Background of the study........................................................................................................................
Objective of the Study ..........................................................................................................................
Study Area .............................................................................................................................................
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................................... 5
3.1 Materials .........................................................................................................................................
3.2 Methods ...........................................................................................................................................
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS ..................................................................................................................... 6-7
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................... 8
CHAPTER6: RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................. 9
CHAPTER 7: REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 10

VII
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
A blood glucose test measures the amount of a type of sugar, called glucose, in your

blood. Glucose comes from carbohydrate foods. It is the main source of energy used

by the body. Glucose is transported from the intestines or liver to body cells via the

bloodstream, and is made available for cell absorption via the hormone insulin,

produced by the body primarily in the pancreas.

Background of the study

Glucose levels are usually lowest in the morning, before the first meal of the day, and

rise after meals for an hour or two by a few millimolar. Blood sugar levels outside the

normal range may be an indicator of a medical condition. A persistently high level is

referred to as hyperglycemia; low levels are referred to as hypoglycemia. Diabetes

mellitus is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia from any of several causes, and

is the most prominent disease related to failure of blood sugar regulation. Intake of

alcohol causes an initial surge in blood sugar, and later tends to cause levels to fall.

Also, certain drugs can increase or decrease glucose levels.

The body's homeostatic mechanism keeps blood glucose levels within a narrow range.

It is composed of several interacting systems, of which hormone regulation is the

most important. There are two types of mutually antagonistic metabolic hormones

affecting blood glucose level:

Catabolic hormones (such as glucagon, cortisol and catecholamine’s), which increase

blood glucose Anabolic hormones (such as insulin), which decrease blood

glucose.There are different types of blood sugar test:

• Fasting blood sugar (FBS): measures blood glucose after you have not eaten for at

least 8 hours. It is often the first test done to check for prediabetes and diabetes.

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• 2-hour postprandial blood sugar: measures blood glucose exactly 2 hours after you

start eating a meal. This is not a test used to diagnose diabetes. This test is used to see

if someone with diabetes is taking the right amount of insulin with meals.

• Random blood sugar (RBS): measures blood glucose regardless of when you last ate.

Several random measurements may be taken throughout the day. Random testing is

useful because glucose levels in healthy people do not vary widely throughout the

day. Blood glucose levels that vary widely may mean a problem. This test is also

called blood glucose test.

• Oral glucose tolerance test: is used to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes. An oral

glucose tolerance tests is a series of blood glucose measurements taken after you

drink a sweet liquid that contain glucose. This test is commonly used to diagnose

diabetes that occur during pregnancy (gestational diabetes). Women who had high

blood sugar levels during pregnancy may have oral glucose tolerance tests after

pregnancy.

• Hemoglobin A1C, or glycohemoglobin+ Hemoglobin A1C, or glycohemoglobin:

measures how much sugar (glucose) is stuck to red blood cells. This test can be used

to diagnose diabetes. It also shows how well your diabetes: has been controlled in the

past 2 to 3 months and whether your diabetes medicine needs to be changed. The

result of your A1C test can be used to estimate your average blood sugar level. This is

called your estimated average glucose, or EAG.

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Objective of the Study
• To identify blood sugar level that are high or low.

• To learn how diet and exercise affect blood sugar levels.

• To understand how other factor, such as illness or stress, affect blood sugar levels.

Study Area
The study was conducted at the Orchid Science College of Nepal which is located in

Bharatpur of Chitwan district.

3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Without knowing something about the history of blood sugar level and the major disorder

caused because of excess blood sugar level it is completely vague to learn its modern

discoveries. We need to appreciate the pioneers who helped in the discoveries of such things.

Nevertheless, to provide some historical perspective, we indicate here some of the major

trends in the history of the subject and identify the most prominent early contributors.

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases involving carbohydrate, lipid, and protein

metabolism. It is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia which results from defects in

insulin secretion, or action or both. Diabetes mellitus has been known since antiquity.

Descriptions have been found in the Egyptian papyri, in ancient Indian and Chinese medical

literature, as well as, in the work of ancient Greek and Arab physicians. In the 2nd century

AD Aretaeus of Cappadocia provided the first accurate description of diabetes, coining the

term diabetes, while in 17th century Thomas Willis added the term mellitus to the disease, in

an attempt to describe the extremely sweet taste of the urine. The important work of the 19th

century French physiologist Claude Bernard, on the glycogenic action of the liver, paved the

way for further progress in the study of the disease. In 1889, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph

von Mering performed their famous experiment of removing the pancreas from a dog and

producing severe and fatal diabetes. In 1921, Frederick Banting and Charles Best extended

Minkowski’s and Mering’s experiment. They isolated insulin from pancreatic islets and

administrated to patients suffering from type 1 diabetes, saving thus the lives of millions and

inaugurating a new era in diabetes treatment.

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CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials
The materials required for conducting the experiment are listed below:

• Glucometer

• Glucose test strip

• Lancets

• Cotton

• Rectified spirit

• Hand-wash

3.2 Methods
At first, we should wash our hand with soap and water. Then, insert a test strip in the

glucometer. After that prick the side of the finger with the help of needle (lancet) provided

with blood sugar test kit. Touch and hold the edge of the test strip to the drop of blood. Then,

read the blood glucose level display on the meter. The meter displays the blood sugar level in

the unit of mg/dl.

Fasting Postprandial
Persons Category Glucose Minimum Glucose 2-3 Hours after Eating
Value (mg/dl) Maximum value (mg/dl)
(mg/dl)
Hypoglycemia - <59 <60
Early hypoglycemia 60 79 60-70
Normal 80 100 <140
Early Diabetic 101 126 140-200
Diabetic >126 - >200

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CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
During the survey of 30 people, a range of glucose level from 71-134 mg/dl was found. Table

below represent the total number of people surveyed and their various blood sugar level along

with their age, gender, fasting/post prandial and occupation accordingly.

S.N. Name Of Participants Age Gender Occupation Fasting/Post Glucose

Level
Prandial (PP)
(mg/dl)

1. Kapil Gyawali 56 M Teacher PP 105

2. Manoj Kumar Lal 56 M Teacher PP 134
Das
3. Indrakanta poudel 40 M Teacher PP 114
4. Yesis Khanal 32 M Teacher PP 99
5. Swikar Devkota 16 M Student PP 93
6. Salina Dhakal 17 F Student PP 88

7. Sajan Raj Sapkota 18 M Student PP 87

8. Dipson Rijal 18 M Student PP 85
9. Suhana Sapkota 16 F Student PP 91
10. Biplov Dhakal 17 M Student PP 83
11. Sarita Giri 24 F Teacher PP 95
12. Luckyes Neupane 18 M Student PP 87
13. Sashi Magar 16 M Student PP 71
14. Bishwash Poudel 17 M Student PP 84
15. Kristina Sigdel 17 F Student PP 74
16. Prasan Dawadi 17 M Student PP 83
17. Kritika Poudel 18 F Student PP 93
18. Prapti Sapkota 17 F Student PP 103
19. Royal Chaudhary 17 M Student PP 84
20. Sweta Acharya 17 F Student PP 88

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21. Sumika Thapa 17 F Student PP 90
22. Asmita Karki 23 F Teacher PP 87
23. Simon Poudel 17 M Student PP 104
24. Abishant Sharma 17 M Student PP 99
25. Asmit Dahal 17 M Student PP 102
26. Dinesh Neupane 40 M Teacher PP 102
27. Arnesh Tamang 17 M Student PP 84
28. Subigya Poudel 17 M Student PP 105
29. Bibek Kuwar 17 M Student PP 91

30. Shailesh Upadhya 30 M Teacher PP 84

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CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
This survey shows that majority of people had a normal sugar level. Where one person had

early diabetes and one person had diabetes. My sugar level was found to be 83 mg/dl which

was normal.

Diabetes is a slow killer with no known curable treatments. However, its complications can

be reduced through proper awareness and timely treatment. Three major complications are

related to blindness, kidney damage and heart attack. It is important to keep the blood glucose

levels of patients under strict control for avoiding the complications. One of the difficulties

with tight control of glucose levels in the blood is that such attempts may lead to

hypoglycemia that creates much severe complications than an increased level of blood

glucose. Researchers now look for alternative methods for diabetes treatment. The goal of

this paper is to give a general idea of the current status of diabetes research.

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CHAPTER 6: RECOMMENDATIONS
While conducting the test, application of following measures is recommended:

• Preparation : Ensure all equipment is ready and inform about test.

• Health and Hygiene : Use sterilized and single use equipments.

• Testing procedure : Clean the fingertips, collect blood and test.

• Monitoring and documentation : Identify abnormal readings and recommend medical

follow ups.

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CHAPTER 7: REFERENCES
• www.cdc.gov (table representing high, low blood sugar level)

• www.slideshare.net (various blood sugar test)

• Kahn. CR., Weir. GC. Joslin’s diabetes mellitus, 14th ed. (2005)

• Peumery JJ. Illustrée du diabète, Paris: Les Éditions Roger Dacosta; (1987)

• Geneva: World Health Organization, (2012)

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