McGraw-Hill Ryerson

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Dr. Lois Edwards John Caranci
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Galt Collegiate Institute and Vocational School
Cambridge, Ontario Cliff Coveyduc
Physics Test Specialist
Robert Callcott
Nova Scotia Department of Education
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Sutton, Ontario
Douglas Hayhoe
Eric Brown
Toronto District School Board
Physics Professor Toronto, Ontario
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Huron Heights Secondary School
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Newmarket, Ontario
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London, Ontario
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Calgary, Alberta

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McGraw-Hill Ryerson physics /Lois Edwards ... [et al.]. -- Revision
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The Physics Team

SCIENCE PUBLISHER: Jane McNulty
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Acknowledgements
The authors, editors, project manager, and publisher of McGraw-Hill Physics wish to extend our sincerest thanks
to the talented and dedicated people who helped make this book a reality.
First and foremost, we are deeply grateful to Nova Scotia Science Consultant Cliff Coveyduc. Throughout the
various stages of conceptualization, development, and production, he provided astute guidance and unwavering
support to us in our endeavours to create the best possible resources for students and teachers alike. In addition,
Cliff reviewed the entire manuscript and provided thoughtful and constructive feedback within incredibly tight
timelines.
We wish to acknowledge, as well, the following reviewers from Fredericton High School in Fredericton, New
Brunswick, for their insightful and supportive comments: Grant Williams, Martin Probert, and Dwight Dunfield.
These highly professional physics educators fulfilled their assignments with care and thoroughness, despite
extreme time pressures. Their enthusiastic collaboration greatly benefited senior author Dr. Lois Edwards and
project manager Keith Owen Richards in their tireless commitment to producing high-quality material within
the strictest possible timelines.
We acknowledge, with gratitude, the major contributions to the McGraw-Hill Physics program made by
Robert Callcott (for his help with page proofing, accuracy checking, and Teacher’s Resource consultation). We
are also grateful to Dr. Tom McCaul for creating excellent additional performance tasks for posting to our web
site, to match new material generated for the student text. We deeply appreciate the unflagging dedication of
Greg Dick, who, despite a full teaching schedule, spent long hours, evenings, and weekends generating numeri-
cal answers to practice problems within the student text. Dr. Daniel Hudon took great care in supplying fully
worked solutions to the student text problems for inclusion in the Solutions Manual of the Teacher’s Resource.
We extend thanks not only to professional writer Kirsten Craven of Fredericton, New Brunswick, for writing
a series of special features for this text, but also to the professionals whom she interviewed or profiled in these
pieces: Alfred Byam, Bonnie Quinn, Dr. David Pink, Sean Ridgway, Alan Vowles, and Gerry Vowles. Thanks to
each and every one of these individuals for helping us personalize the study of physics.
Last but not least, we wish to acknowledge the highly creative designers at Pronk&Associates without whose
involvement we could not have produced this book on time.

Pedagogical and Grant Williams Harvey Weir

Academic Reviewers Faculty Associate Memorial University of
Department of Education Newfoundland
Cliff Coveyduc University of New Brunwick St. John’s, Newfoundland and
Physics Test Specialist Physics Instructor Labrador
Nova Scotia Department of Fredericton High School
Education Fredericton, New Brunswick
Halifax, Nova Scotia Safety Reviewers
Dwight Dunfield Accuracy Reviewers John Henry
Physics Instructor Science Teachers Association
Fredericton High School Dr. Andrew Billyard of Ontario Safety Committee
Fredericton, New Brunswick Formerly with Queen’s Hamilton, Ontario
University
Martin Probert Margaret Redway
Kingston, Ontario
Physics Instructor Fraser Scientific & Business
Fredericton High School Dr. Martin Edwards Services
Fredericton, New Brunswick Formerly with Royal Military Delta, British Columbia
College
Kingston, Ontario

iii
Contents

Chapter 1 Physics: The Science of Matter and Energy . . . . . . . . 2

Multi-Lab: Think Physics! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1 Physics: A Window on the Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 Strategies for Problem-Solving Success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3 Inquiry, Experimentation, and Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Investigation 1-A: Analyzing a Pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Investigation 1-B: Analyzing Pendulum Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Chapter 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

UNIT 1 Kinematics 26

Chapter 2 Describing Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Multi-Lab: Winning the Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1 Picturing Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.2 Displacement and Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.3 Constant, Average, and Instantaneous Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Quick Lab: Maintaining a Constant Pace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Quick Lab: Velocity and Time Intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Quick Lab: Rocket Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.4 Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Quick Lab: Graphing the Motion of a Van . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Canadians in Physics: Balancing Forces in
Structural Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Investigation 2-A: Acceleration Due to Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Chapter 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Chapter 3 Analyzing Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Multi-Lab: Pushed Around . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.1 Mathematical Models of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Investigation 3-A: Stop on a Dime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.2 Vectors in a Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.3 Relative Velocities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Investigation 3-B: Go with the Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Careers in Physics: “The Breath of Life”:
The Art of Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Chapter 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Unit 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

iv
 UNIT 2 Dynamics 122

Chapter 4 Introducing Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Multi-Lab: Predicting Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.1 Inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.2 Common Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Investigation 4-A: Interactions of Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Quick Lab: How Sticky is Your Shoe? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Chapter 4 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Chapter 5 Newton’s Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Multi-Lab: Thinking Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.1 Inertia and Newton’s First Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.2 Motion and Newton’s Second Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Investigation 5-A: Force and Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Quick Lab: Best Angle for Pulling a Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Quick Lab: The Vector Nature of Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
5.3 Reaction Forces and Newton’s Third Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Careers in Physics: The Physics of a Car Crash . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Quick Lab: The Slippery Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
5.4 Momentum and Newton’s Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Quick Lab: Designing Crumple Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Chapter 5 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Unit 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

UNIT 3 Momentum and Energy 214

Chapter 6 Work, Power, and Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Multi-Lab: Sources of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
6.1 Work and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Quick Lab: Cart Bungee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Quick Lab: Elevator Versus a Ramp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
6.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem . . . . . . . . . . 236
Quick Lab: Pulling a Cart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
6.3 Potential Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem . . . . . . . . 247
Investigation 6-A: Force and Spring Extension . . . . . . . . . . 255

v
 6.4 Power and Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Multi-Lab: Investigating Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Investigation 6-B: Muscle Efficiency and
Energy Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Chapter 6 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

Chapter 7 Conservation of Energy and Momentum . . . . . . . . 278

Multi-Lab: Energy Transformations in Springs . . . . . . . . . . 279
7.1 Energy Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Investigation 7-A: Conservation of Energy of
a Falling Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Investigation 7-B: Energy Transformations
of a Pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Quick Lab: The Energy of a Spring and Mass System . . . . . 292
Physics & Society: Pole Vaulting: The Art of
Energy Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
7.2 Conservation of Total Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Investigation 7-C: Mechanical and Thermal Energy . . . . . . 304
7.3 Conservation of Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Investigation 7-D: Examining Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
7.4 Technological Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Careers in Physics: Science of the Sole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Physics & Technology: The Physics of Car Safety . . . . . . . . . 325
Quick Lab: Safety First . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Chapter 7 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Unit 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

UNIT 4 Waves 334

Chapter 8 Waves Transferring Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

Investigation 8-A: Waves in a Spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
8.1 Vibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Quick Lab: Natural Frequency of a Mass on a Spring . . . . . 342
8.2 Wave Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
8.3 Interference of Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Quick Lab: Do Waves Pass Through or Bounce
Off Each Other? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Investigation 8-B: Wave Speed in a Spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Quick Lab: Standing Waves in a Thin Piece of Wood . . . . . 361

vi
 8.4 Waves in Two Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Quick Lab: Waves on the Surface of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Quick Lab: Diffracting Water Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Physics & Technology: Poseidon’s Powerhouse:
Converting Waves to Watts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Chapter 8 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

Chapter 9 Sound Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation . . . . 374

Multi-Lab: Properties of Sound and Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
9.1 Production and Propagation of Sound and
Electromagnetic Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
9.2 Factors Related to the Speed of Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Quick Lab: At the Speed of Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Investigation 9-A: Verifying Snell’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Quick Lab: Observing Total Internal Reflection . . . . . . . . . 408
Quick Lab: Determining the Critical Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
9.3 Interference of Waves and Related Properties . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Quick Lab: Resonance Lengths of a Closed
Air Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Investigation 9-B: Determining the Speed of
Sound in Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Quick Lab: Locating Interference Between
Two Loudspeakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Quick Lab: Diffraction of Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Investigation 9-C: Young’s Double-Slit Experiment . . . . . . . 439
Careers in Physics: Sounds From The Seabed . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Chapter 9 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Unit 4 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

UNIT 5 Force, Motion, Work, and Energy 450

Chapter 10 Applications of Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452

Multi-Lab: Location of Force Affects Motion . . . . . . . . . . . 453
10.1 Using Vector Components to Analyze Motion . . . . . . . . . . 454
Quick Lab: Maintaining Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
10.2 Multiple Masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Investigation 10-A: Atwood’s Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
10.3 Static Equilibrium and Torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
Quick Lab: Build a Mobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

vii
 10.4 Collisions and Explosions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Investigation 10-B: Collisions in Two Dimensions . . . . . . . 516
Chapter 10 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527

Chapter 11 Projectiles and Circular Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530

Multi-Lab: Motion in Two Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
11.1 Projectile Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
Investigation 11-A: The Components of
Projectile Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Quick Lab: Maximum Range of a Projectile . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
Careers in Physics: Tackling Biofilms with Computers . . . . . 550
11.2 Uniform Circular Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Investigation 11-B: Verifying the Circular
Motion Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Careers in Physics: Physics Goes to the Fair . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Chapter 11 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569

Chapter 12 Universal Gravitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572

Quick Lab: Kepler’s Empirical Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
12.1 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
Investigation 12-A: Orbital Speed of Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
12.2 Planetary and Satellite Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
Physics & Technology: Simulating Microgravity . . . . . . . . . . 593
Chapter 12 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

Chapter 13 Simple Harmonic Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598

Investigation 13-A: A Projectile Spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
13.1 Describing Periodic Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
Investigation 13-B: The Period of a Mass on a Spring . . . . . 609
Quick Lab: Measuring the Value of g, the
Acceleration Due to Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
13.2 Motion Under a Linear Restoring Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Investigation 13-C: Position, Velocity, and
Acceleration and Simple Harmonic Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
Quick Lab: Graphing the Motion of a Simple
Harmonic Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
Chapter 13 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
Unit 5 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624

viii
 Electric, Gravitational,
UNIT 6 and Magnetic Fields 628

Chapter 14 Fields and Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630

Quick Lab: A Torsion Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
14.1 Laws of Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Investigation 14-A: The Nature of the
Electrostatic Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
Quick Lab: Graphical Analysis of Coulomb’s Law . . . . . . . 638
14.2 Describing Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Canadians in Physics: Gravity: A Matter of Time . . . . . . . . . 650
14.3 Fields and Potential Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
Careers in Physics: Seeing Inside Storms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Careers in Physics: “Good Seeing” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
Chapter 14 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682

Chapter 15 Electric Energy and Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686

Investigation 15-A: Potential Differences along
Current-Carrying Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
15.1 Electric Potential Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
Careers in Physics: The Write Stuff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
15.2 Electric Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694
15.3 Resistance to Flow of Charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704
Investigation 15-B: Current, Resistance, and
Potential Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
15.4 Series and Parallel Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Investigation 15-C: Internal Resistance of a Dry Cell . . . . . 732
15.5 Electric Power and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734
Chapter 15 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747

Chapter 16 Magnets, Motors, and Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . 750

Multi-Lab: Magnetic Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
16.1 Electricity and Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
Investigation 16-A: Magnetic Field around a
Straight Conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Investigation 16-B: Magnetic Field around a Helix . . . . . . . 762
16.2 Magnets and Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768
Investigation 16-C: The Motor Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
Canadians in Physics: Dr. Zahra Moussavi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780

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 16.3 Electromagnetic Induction and Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781
Investigation 16-D: Faraday’s Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
Investigation 16-E: Induced Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784
Physics & Society: MRI Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786
Chapter 16 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
Unit 6 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800

UNIT 7 Waves and Modern Physics 804

Chapter 17 Special Theory of Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806

Quick Lab: Generating Electromagnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . . 807
17.1 Troubles with the Speed of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808
17.2 The Basics of the Special Theory of Relativity . . . . . . . . . . 815
Careers in Physics: Not Even the Sky’s the Limit! . . . . . . . . . 827
17.3 Mass and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828
Chapter 17 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835

Chapter 18 Early Quantum Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838

Investigation 18-A: Discharging an Electroscope . . . . . . . . 839
18.1 The Particle Nature of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840
18.2 Light Particles and Matter Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854
Chapter 18 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862

Chapter 19 Quantum Theory and the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864

Investigation 19-A: Identifying Elements by Their
Emission Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
19.1 The Bohr Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866
Quick Lab: Estimating the Size of the Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . 869
19.2 The Quantum Mechanical Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877
Physics & Technology: Atoms and Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885
Careers in Physics: The Invisible Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
Chapter 19 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888
Unit 7 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890

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 UNIT 8 Nuclear Physics 895

Chapter 20 The Nucleus and Radioactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896

Multi-Lab: Radioactive Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897
20.1 Nuclear Mass and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898
20.2 Radioactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906
Chapter 20 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918

Chapter 21 Nuclear Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920

Quick Lab: Survey and Discussion about
Nuclear Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921
21.1 Fission and Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922
21.2 Nuclear Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926
Careers in Physics: Nuclear Safety Supervisor . . . . . . . . . . . 930
Chapter 21 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934
Unit 8 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936

Skill Set 1 Precision, Error, and Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938

Skill Set 2 Rounding, Scientific Notation, and
Significant Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940
Skill Set 3 Drawing and Interpreting Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . 943
Skill Set 4 Mathematical Modelling and
Curve Straightening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946
Skill Set 5 A Math Toolbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950

Appendix A The Metric System: Fundamental

and Derived Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954
Appendix B Physical Constants and Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955
Appendix C Safety Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956

Answers to Numerical Problems:

Practice Problems, Chapter and Unit Review Problems . . . . 957

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979

Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991

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