📜 CONTRACT-II: SPECIAL TYPES OF CONTRACTS ⚖️

UNIT I – INDEMNITY, GUARANTEE, BAILMENT & PLEDGE

1️⃣ CONTRACT OF INDEMNITY (Sections 124-125)

🔹 Definition (Section 124)

✅ Indemnity means compensation for loss or damage caused to one

party by the other.
✅ Parties Involved:

 Indemnifier – The one who promises to compensate.

 Indemnity Holder – The one who suffers the loss.

🔹 Nature & Scope

✅ Only covers losses from the promisor’s actions or third-party

actions.
✅ Does NOT cover natural calamities unless specified.

🔹 Rights of Indemnity Holder (Section 125) 🤝

✅ Can recover damages, costs, and sums paid under indemnity.

🔹 Case Law: Adamson v. Jarvis (1827) – An indemnity was provided for an

auctioneer selling goods on another’s behalf.

🔹 When Does Indemnifier’s Liability Start?

✅ From the moment the indemnity holder faces liability, even if

payment is not yet made.

🔹 Case Law: Gajanan Moreshwar v. Moreshwar Madan (1942) – Indemnifier’s

liability starts before actual loss occurs.

2️⃣ CONTRACT OF GUARANTEE (Sections 126-147) 🏦

🔹 Definition (Section 126)

✅ A contract where one party (Surety) promises to perform or

compensate if a third party (Principal Debtor) fails.

✅ Parties Involved:

 Creditor – To whom money is owed.

 Principal Debtor – The one who must pay.

 Surety (Guarantor) – The one who ensures payment.

🔹 Difference Between Indemnity & Guarantee 🔄

Aspect Indemnity Guarantee 🏦

2 (Indemnifier & Indemnity 3 (Creditor, Debtor &

Number of Parties
Holder) Surety)

Surety has secondary

Nature of Liability Only indemnifier is liable
liability

Indemnity holder must Creditor can sue without

Loss Requirement
suffer a loss actual loss

🔹 Rights of Surety (Sections 140-145) ✍️

✅ Against Principal Debtor – Can recover amount paid on behalf of the

debtor.
✅ Against Creditor – Gets benefit of all securities the creditor holds.
✅ Against Co-Sureties – Can seek contribution from other sureties (if
any).

🔹 Case Law: State Bank of India v. Premco Saw Mill (1983) – The surety is
liable even if the principal debtor does not pay.

🔹 Discharge of Surety (Sections 130-144) 🚫

✅ By revocation (before liability arises).

✅ By death (limited to transactions before death).
✅ If creditor alters contract terms without surety’s consent.
✅ If creditor releases principal debtor.

🔹 Case Law: Punjab National Bank v. Bikram Cotton Mills (1970) – Surety
was discharged as creditor made contract changes without surety's
consent.
3️⃣ CONTRACT OF BAILMENT (Sections 148-171) 📦

🔹 Definition (Section 148)

✅ A contract where goods are delivered temporarily for a specific

purpose, to be returned later.

✅ Parties Involved:

 Bailor – Owner of goods.

 Bailee – Custodian of goods.

🔹 Kinds of Bailment

✅ Gratuitous Bailment – Without compensation.

✅ Bailment for Reward – Paid service (e.g., parking garage, dry cleaning).

🔹 Duties of Bailor & Bailee 📝

Duty Bailor 🚚 Bailee 📦

Disclosure of Must take reasonable

Must inform bailee about defects
Defects care of goods

Must compensate bailee for

Expenses Can claim reimbursement
extraordinary expenses

Can demand return after purpose Must return goods after

Return of Goods
is served use

🔹 Case Law: Lallu Yeshwant Singh v. Rao Jagdish Singh (1968) – The bailee
is liable for loss if care is not taken.

🔹 Rights of Finder of Goods (Sections 168-169) 🎒

✅ Can claim expenses for preservation.

✅ Can sell goods if:

 True owner is not found after reasonable search.

 The good is perishable.

 The cost of maintenance exceeds the value.

🔹 Case Law: Hollins v. Fowler (1875) – A finder cannot claim ownership

without due efforts to find the real owner.
4️⃣ CONTRACT OF PLEDGE (Sections 172-181) 🔐

🔹 Definition (Section 172)

✅ A bailment where goods are given as security for repayment of

debt.

✅ Parties Involved:

 Pawnor (Pledger) – The one who pledges goods.

 Pawnee (Pledgee) – The one who holds the goods as security.

🔹 Difference Between Bailment & Pledge 🔄

Aspect Bailment 📦 Pledge 🔐

Purpose Temporary possession Security for a loan

Right to Pawnee can sell if debtor

Bailee cannot sell goods
Sell defaults

Giving clothes for dry

Example Pledging gold for a loan
cleaning

🔹 Rights & Duties of Pawnee & Pawnor

✅ Pawnee’s Rights (Sections 173-177) 🎯

 Retain goods until payment.

 Sell goods if debt is unpaid.

 Recover expenses incurred.

✅ Pawnor’s Rights & Duties

 Must repay debt to reclaim goods.

 Can demand return of goods after repayment.

🔹 Case Law: State Bank of Saurashtra v. Chitranjan Rangnath Raja (1980) –

Pawnee has a legal right to retain pledged goods until payment is
made.

📌 CONCLUSION
✅ Indemnity protects against financial loss.
✅ Guarantee ensures payment by a third party.
✅ Bailment is a temporary transfer of goods.
✅ Pledge is a bailment with a security purpose.

📢 These contracts are essential for financial security, trade, and commercial
transactions! 💰

📜 CONTRACT-II: AGENCY LAW ⚖️

UNIT II – AGENCY 🤝

1️⃣ Definition of Agency (Section 182) 📖

✅ An “Agent” is a person employed to act on behalf of another
(Principal) in dealings with third parties.
✅ A “Principal” is the person who gives authority to the Agent.

💡 Example: A lawyer (Agent) represents a client (Principal) in court.

2️⃣ Creation of Agency (Sections 183-185)

📌 An Agency can be created in different ways:

Mode of
Explanation
Creation

Express When both Principal & Agent agree through a written or oral
Agreement ✍️ contract.

Implied When the Agent’s authority is implied from the Principal’s

Agreement 🔄 conduct.

In emergencies, an Agency arises if a person acts for

Necessity 🚨
another without prior authorization.

When a person, without prior authority, acts on behalf of

Ratification ✅
another, and the act is later approved by the Principal.

If the Principal’s conduct makes a third party believe

Estoppel 🚫
someone is an Agent, the Principal cannot later deny it.

🔹 Case Law: Kurat Devdasan v. State of Kerala (1976) – The Supreme Court
ruled that ratification must be full and unconditional.

3️⃣ Kinds of Agents (Section 182) 🏢

📌 Types of Agents Based on Authority:

Type of Agent Explanation

Special Agent
Appointed for a specific task and authority is limited.
🎯

General Agent Broad authority to act in a particular business area.

Type of Agent Explanation

Universal
Unlimited authority to act on behalf of the Principal.
Agent 🌍

A person appointed by the Agent to assist in duties (with

Sub-Agent 🔗
Principal’s permission).

A mediator who facilitates contracts between buyers and

Broker
sellers.

🔹 Case Law: Syed Abdul Khader v. Rami Reddy (1979) – A General Agent’s
acts bind the Principal unless explicitly restricted.

4️⃣ Agent vs. Servant ⚖️

Aspect Agent 🤝 Servant 👨‍💼

Can act on behalf of Principal Acts only under direct

Authority
and bind them in contracts. instructions of employer.

Follows orders, with no

Discretion Has decision-making power.
independent authority.

Legal Represents the Principal in legal Employer is directly

Relationship matters. responsible for their actions.

A travel agent booking flights A chauffeur driving the

Example
for a client. employer’s car.

5️⃣ Rights & Duties of an Agent (Sections 188-195) 📜

✅ Agent’s Duties (Sections 190-195) 👨‍⚖️

🔹 Follow Principal’s Instructions – Must act as per the contract.
🔹 Exercise Due Care & Skill – Must act prudently.
🔹 No Personal Profit – Should not make secret profits.
🔹 Accountability – Must provide correct financial accounts to the Principal.
🔹 Non-Delegation (Doctrine of Delegatus Non Potest Delegare) –
Cannot delegate authority unless permitted.

🔹 Case Law: Pannalal Jankidas v. Mohanlal – An Agent must compensate

the Principal for negligence or misconduct.

✅ Agent’s Rights (Sections 186-189) 🏆

🔹 Right to Remuneration – Can claim agreed commission/salary.
🔹 Right to Retain Dues – Can hold Principal’s property until dues are
cleared.
🔹 Right to Indemnification – If losses are incurred while working in good
faith.
🔹 Right to Compensation – If the Principal unfairly terminates the agency.

🔹 Case Law: Laxmipat Singhania v. Larsen & Toubro (1969) – An Agent can
retain commission even if the Principal later refuses the contract.

6️⃣ Relationship of Principal with Third Parties (Sections 226-238) 🔄

📌 When is a Principal Liable?

✅ If the Agent acts within their authority, the Principal is liable.
✅ If the Agent exceeds authority, the Principal may still be bound if the
third party believes the Agent had power.

📌 When is the Agent Personally Liable?

✅ If the Agent acts without disclosing the Principal’s name.
✅ If the Agent exceeds authority without Principal’s approval.
✅ If the contract expressly makes the Agent liable.

🔹 Case Law: Keighley Maxsted & Co. v. Durant (1901) – The Principal is
not bound if the Agent acts beyond authority.

7️⃣ Delegation of Authority (Section 190) 🔗

📌 An Agent cannot delegate duties unless:

✅ The Principal consents.
✅ The work is ministerial (routine tasks).
✅ There’s trade custom allowing delegation.
✅ It’s a necessity (emergency situations).

🔹 Case Law: De Bussche v. Alt (1878) – Delegation is permissible when

trade custom or necessity requires it.
8️⃣ Termination of Agency (Sections 201-210) 🚫

✅ By Act of Parties
🔹 By Agreement – Mutual termination.
🔹 Revocation by Principal – Can revoke if the act is not completed.
🔹 Renunciation by Agent – Can quit with notice.

✅ By Operation of Law
🔹 Completion of the Task – When the purpose is fulfilled.
🔹 Expiry of Time – If agency was for a fixed period.
🔹 Death or Insanity of Principal/Agent – Automatically ends agency.
🔹 Insolvency of Principal – If the Principal is declared bankrupt.

🔹 Case Law: D.F. Mistry v. Union of India (1954) – An Agency terminates

when the Principal becomes incapable of performing the contract.

📌 CONCLUSION

✅ Agency Law ensures smooth commercial transactions.

✅ An Agent acts on behalf of the Principal and binds them legally.
✅ Proper delegation, disclosure, and liability rules are crucial in
business and legal dealings.

UNIT III – Indian Partnership Act, 1932,

📜 INDIAN PARTNERSHIP ACT, 1932 🤝⚖️

UNIT III – PARTNERSHIP LAW

1️⃣ Definition & Nature of Partnership (Sections 1-4) 📖

✅ The Indian Partnership Act, 1932, governs partnerships in India.

✅ Section 4: Definition of Partnership – An agreement between two or
more persons to share profits of a business carried on by all or any of
them acting for all.
🔹 Essential Elements:
1️⃣ Agreement between Partners 🤝
2️⃣ Sharing of Profits & Losses 💰
3️⃣ Mutual Agency 🔄 (Each partner can act on behalf of others)
4️⃣ Business must be carried on 🏢

🔹 Case Law: Cox v. Hickman (1860) – Even if a person does not actively
manage, they may still be liable as a partner due to mutual agency.

2️⃣ Types of Partnerships (Section 5-8) 🏢

✅ Types of Partnerships:
1️⃣ Partnership at Will (Section 7) – Can be dissolved anytime by notice.
2️⃣ Partnership for a Fixed Term (Section 8) – Ends after the agreed
duration.
3️⃣ Particular Partnership (Section 8) – Formed for a specific project or
purpose.

✅ Types of Partners:

Type Role & Features

Active Partner 🔥 Manages business, takes daily decisions.

Sleeping Partner
Only invests money, no management role.
😴

Lends name, but doesn’t contribute or

Nominal Partner 👥
manage.

Partner by
Acts like a partner and becomes liable.
Estoppel ⚖️

Shares in profits but is not an actual

Sub-Partner 🔗
partner.

Incoming Partner
Newly admitted partner.
🆕

Outgoing Partner Leaves the firm but remains liable for past
🚪 actions.

🔹 Case Law: Lachhman Das v. CIT (1948) – A sleeping partner is equally

liable for firm debts.
3️⃣ Relations of Partners with One Another (Sections 9-17) ⚖️

✅ Rights of Partners:
🔹 Right to Participate – Equal role in management. (Section 12)
🔹 Right to Share Profits & Losses 💰 – Based on agreement. (Section 13)
🔹 Right to Inspect Accounts 📚 – Every partner can inspect books. (Section
12)
🔹 Right to be Indemnified 💵 – Reimbursement for firm expenses. (Section
13)

✅ Duties of Partners:
🔹 Duty to Act in Good Faith 🤝 – Honesty & transparency. (Section 9)
🔹 Duty to Work for Common Interest 📈 – No personal benefits at firm’s
cost. (Section 9)
🔹 Duty to Indemnify for Fraud ❌ – Partner liable for firm’s loss. (Section
10)

🔹 Case Law: Bharat Bank Ltd. v. Lachman Dass (1949) – Partners must act
in the firm’s best interest.

4️⃣ Relations of Partners with Third Parties (Sections 18-30) 🤝

✅ Authority of a Partner (Section 18-21):

🔹 Every partner is an agent – Can act on behalf of the firm.
🔹 Implied Authority (Section 19) – Partner’s acts bind the firm if done
within business scope.
🔹 Restriction on Implied Authority (Section 20) – Partners can agree to
limit authority.

✅ Liability of Partners (Sections 25-30):

🔹 Section 25 – Unlimited Liability – Partner’s personal assets can be used
to pay firm’s debts.
🔹 Section 27 – Liability for Acts of Partner after Retirement – Retired
partner remains liable for actions before retirement.

🔹 Case Law: Ram Kumar v. Thakur Ram (1912) – A partner is bound by

all actions done in the course of business.

5️⃣ Admission, Retirement & Expulsion of Partners (Sections 31-33) 🚪

✅ Admission of a Partner (Section 31):
📌 Consent of all partners required for a new partner.

✅ Retirement of a Partner (Section 32):

📌 A partner can retire if:
1️⃣ All partners agree 🤝
2️⃣ As per agreement 📜
3️⃣ By notice (in partnership at will) 📩

✅ Expulsion of a Partner (Section 33):

📌 A partner can be expelled only if:
1️⃣ It’s in the partnership deed.
2️⃣ It’s done in good faith.

🔹 Case Law: Purushottam v. Shivraj Fine Arts Litho Works (1973) –

Expulsion must be in good faith and not for personal gain.

6️⃣ Dissolution of Firm (Sections 39-44) ⚠️

✅ Modes of Dissolution:
📌 By Agreement (Section 40) – Mutual consent.
📌 Compulsory Dissolution (Section 41) – If business becomes illegal.
📌 On Happening of Certain Events (Section 42) – If a partner dies,
becomes insolvent, or term ends.
📌 By Court Order (Section 44) – If a partner commits fraud, misconduct, or
business becomes unprofitable.

🔹 Case Law: Kehar Singh v. Vishwanath (1953) – If a partner is guilty of

misconduct, the court can dissolve the firm.

7️⃣ Registration of Firms (Sections 56-71) 📝

✅ Is Registration Compulsory?
📌 No, but unregistered firms have restrictions:
❌ Cannot file suits against third parties.
❌ Cannot enforce contract rights in court.
✅ Third parties can still sue the firm.

✅ Procedure for Registration:

1️⃣ Submit Partnership Deed 📝
2️⃣ Fill Form A at the Registrar of Firms 🏢
3️⃣ Pay Registration Fee 💰
4️⃣ Receive Certificate of Registration 📜

🔹 Case Law: Jayantilal Thakkar v. Rai Parshottam & Co. (1971) – An

unregistered firm cannot file a suit for breach of contract.

8️⃣ Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Act, 2008

✅ LLP Concept:
🔹 Combines benefits of partnership & company.
🔹 Limited liability for partners.
🔹 Separate legal entity status.

✅ Key Features:
1️⃣ At least two partners required.
2️⃣ No personal liability beyond capital investment.
3️⃣ Less compliance than a company.
4️⃣ Tax benefits & flexible structure.

🔹 Case Law: Re: World Sport Group (2013) – LLP has a separate legal
identity from its partners.

📌 CONCLUSION

✅ The Partnership Act, 1932 ensures transparency in business relations.

✅ Partnership involves mutual agency, profit-sharing, and shared
liability.
✅ Registration is optional but necessary for legal protection.
📜 SALE OF GOODS ACT, 1930 🛒⚖️

UNIT IV – THE CONTRACT OF SALE

1️⃣ Introduction & Scope (Sections 1-4) 📖

✅ The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 governs contracts related to the sale of
goods in India.
✅ Before 1930, these provisions were part of the Indian Contract Act,
1872.

📌 Section 4: Definition of a Contract of Sale

🔹 A contract of sale is an agreement where the seller transfers or agrees to
transfer goods for a price.
🔹 Can be absolute or conditional.

🔹 Types of Contracts Under the Act:

1️⃣ Sale (Absolute Transfer) 🏢 – Immediate ownership transfer.
2️⃣ Agreement to Sell 📝 – Transfer to take place in the future.

🔹 Case Law: State of Gujarat v. Raman Lal S & Co. (1965) – A contract of
sale is different from a contract for work and labor.
2️⃣ Conditions & Warranties (Sections 12-17) ✅⚠️

📌 Section 12 – Conditions vs. Warranties

🔹 Condition – A major term essential to the contract; if breached, the
contract can be voided.
🔹 Warranty – A minor term; if breached, only damages can be claimed.

✅ Section 14-17: Important Provisions

🔹 Section 14 – Seller must have the right to sell goods.
🔹 Section 16 – Implied condition as to merchantability and fitness.
🔹 Section 17 – Warranty against latent defects.

🔹 Case Law: Baldry v. Marshall (1925) – Buyer’s purpose must be made

clear for an implied condition of fitness to apply.

3️⃣ Transfer of Property & Title (Sections 18-30) 🔄

📌 When does ownership transfer?

✅ Section 18 – Goods must be ascertained for transfer.
✅ Section 20-22 – Transfer of property depends on the nature of the
contract.
✅ Section 27-30 – Buyer gets a good title if bought from a seller with
proper authority.

🔹 Case Law: Rowland v. Divall (1923) – If a seller has no ownership, the

buyer can recover the price paid.

4️⃣ Performance of Contract (Sections 31-44) 📦

✅ Section 31 – Seller must deliver, and buyer must pay.

✅ Section 33 – Delivery can be symbolic, actual, or constructive.
✅ Section 42 – Buyer accepts goods if:
1️⃣ He informs the seller.
2️⃣ He does an act that shows ownership.
3️⃣ He retains goods for longer than a reasonable time.

🔹 Case Law: Varley v. Whipp (1900) – If goods don’t match description, the
buyer can reject them.
5️⃣ Rights of Unpaid Seller (Sections 45-54) 🚫💰

📌 Who is an Unpaid Seller?

✅ Section 45 – A seller is unpaid if the full price isn’t received.

📌 Rights Against Goods:

✅ Right to Lien (Section 47) – Retain goods until paid.
✅ Right to Stoppage in Transit (Section 50) – Stop goods before
delivery if buyer is insolvent.
✅ Right to Resell (Section 54) – If buyer defaults, seller can resell.

📌 Rights Against Buyer:

✅ Sue for Price (Section 55) – If the title has passed.
✅ Sue for Damages (Section 56) – If buyer refuses to take goods.

🔹 Case Law: Great Indian Peninsula Railway Co. v. Haridas Mundhra (1955) –
Seller can retain goods under lien if the price is unpaid.

6️⃣ Remedies for Breach of Contract (Sections 55-61) ⚖️

✅ Buyer’s Remedies:
🔹 Section 57 – Damages for non-delivery.
🔹 Section 58 – Specific performance in rare cases.
🔹 Section 59 – Refund of price.

✅ Seller’s Remedies:
🔹 Section 55 – Suing for price.
🔹 Section 56 – Damages for non-acceptance.

🔹 Case Law: Hadley v. Baxendale (1854) – Damages must be reasonable

and foreseeable.

📌 CONCLUSION

✅ The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 protects both buyers & sellers.
✅ Conditions & warranties determine contractual rights.
✅ Unpaid sellers have legal remedies to recover money.
📜 HIRE PURCHASE ACT, 1972 🚗💰

UNIT V – HIRE PURCHASE AGREEMENTS

1️⃣ Introduction & Scope of the Act (Sections 1-3) 📖

✅ The Hire Purchase Act, 1972 governs hire purchase agreements in

India.
✅ The act protects both the hirer (buyer) and the owner
(seller/financier).

📌 Definition of Hire Purchase (Section 2)

🔹 A hire purchase agreement is a system where goods are given on hire
with an option to buy later.
🔹 The hirer can use the goods but doesn’t own them until the full payment
is made.

🔹 Case Law: K. L. Johar & Co. v. Deputy CTO, Madras (1965) – Hire
purchase is different from a sale; ownership transfers only after full
payment.

2️⃣ Rights & Obligations of Hirer and Owner (Sections 4-8) ⚖️

📌 Rights of the Hirer (Buyer) 🏠

✅ Section 6 – Right to buy the goods after paying all installments.
✅ Section 7 – Right to terminate the contract before completion.
✅ Section 8 – Right to repossess goods if payments are defaulted.
✅ Right to receive warranty & guarantees from the owner.
📌 Obligations of the Hirer
🔹 Must pay installments on time.
🔹 Must take care of goods and prevent damage.
🔹 Cannot sell or transfer the goods until full ownership is acquired.

📌 Rights of the Owner (Seller/Financier) 💰

✅ Section 5 – Right to receive payments as per the contract.
✅ Right to repossess goods if hirer defaults.
✅ Right to sue for damages in case of breach.

🔹 Case Law: Sundaram Finance Ltd. v. State of Kerala (1966) – Hire

purchase is a financing transaction, not a sale.

3️⃣ Form & Contents of Hire Purchase Agreements (Sections 9-12) 📜

📌 Essential Requirements of a Hire Purchase Agreement 📝

✅ Section 9 – Must be in writing and signed.
✅ Section 10 – Must contain:
1️⃣ A clear description of the goods.
2️⃣ Total hire purchase price.
3️⃣ Installment amount & due dates.
4️⃣ The right to terminate and consequences of default.

📌 Amendments & Updates

✅ The Act was updated to ensure clarity in agreements.
✅ Digital documentation is legally valid under the Information
Technology Act, 2000.

🔹 Case Law: K.L. Johar & Co. v. Sales Tax Officer – The contract must
mention the option to purchase, or it may be considered a lease instead.

4️⃣ Warranties & Conditions (Sections 13-15) ✅⚠️

📌 Warranties in Hire Purchase Contracts

✅ The owner must provide goods free from defects.
✅ The hirer has the right to demand repair or replacement.

📌 Conditions Under the Contract

🔹 The hirer cannot modify or sell the goods before full payment.
🔹 The owner must disclose all terms before signing.
🔹 Case Law: Helby v. Matthews (1895) – Hirer is not the owner until the
final payment is made.

5️⃣ Standard Form of Contracts: Nature, Advantages & Challenges ⚖️

📌 Nature of Standard Form Contracts 📜

✅ These are pre-drafted agreements with fixed terms.
✅ Common in hire purchase, insurance, and bank loans.

📌 Advantages of Standard Form Contracts ✅

1️⃣ Saves time and ensures uniformity.
2️⃣ Reduces negotiation complexities.
3️⃣ Protects businesses from fraudulent claims.

📌 Disadvantages ❌
1️⃣ The buyer has little power to negotiate terms.
2️⃣ Risk of exploitation by large corporations.

🔹 Case Law: L'Estrange v. Graucob (1934) – Once signed, the contract is

legally binding, even if not read.

6️⃣ Exemption Clauses & Judicial Approach

📌 Exemption Clauses – What They Mean?

✅ These are clauses in contracts that limit the liability of one party.
✅ Example: “No refund will be given under any circumstances.”

📌 Judicial Approach to Exemption Clauses ⚖️

✅ Courts protect weaker parties from unfair clauses.
✅ Unfair Terms Act, 1999 – Courts can strike down one-sided clauses.

🔹 Case Law: Olley v. Marlborough Court Ltd. (1949) – Exemption clauses

must be clearly communicated before the contract is signed.

📌 CONCLUSION

✅ The Hire Purchase Act, 1972 ensures fair contracts.

✅ It balances the rights of both hirers and owners.
✅ Courts intervene to prevent unfair contract terms.