ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY.
CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
MILITARY HISTORY
EVOLUTION
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
SCOPE OF PRESENTATION
MILITARY OF ANCIENT ROME
WORLD WAR I ARMIES
WORLD WAR II ARMIES
CONTEMPORARY ARMIES
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
MILITARY OF ANCIENT ROME
The military of ancient Rome, according to Titus
Livius, one of the more illustrious historians of Rome
over the centuries, was a key element in the rise of
Rome over “above seven hundred years” [1] from a
small settlement in Latium to the capital of an empire
governing a wide region around the shores of the
Mediterranean, or, as the Romans themselves said,
“mare nostrum”, “our sea”. Livy asserts.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
MILITARY OF ANCIENT ROME
Titus Flavius Josephus, a contemporary historian,
sometime high-ranking officer in the Roman army, and
commander of the rebels in the Jewish revolt describes
the Roman people as if they were “born readily
armed.”[2] At the time of the two historians, Roman
society had already evolved an effective military and
had used it to defend itself against the Etruscans, the
Italics, the Greeks, the Gauls, the maritime empire of
Carthage, and the Macedonian kingdoms.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
MILITARY OF ANCIENT ROME
The role and structure of the military were then altered
during the empire. It became less Roman, the duties of
border protection and territorial administration being
more and more taken by foreign mercenaries officered
by Romans. When they divided at last into warring
factions the empire fell, unable to keep out invading
armies.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
MILITARY OF ANCIENT ROME
The military’s campaign history stretches over 1300
years and saw Roman armies campaigning as far east
as Parthia (modern-day Iran), as far south as Africa
(modern-day Tunisia) and Aegyptus (modern-day
Egypt) and as far north as Britannia (modern-day
England, south Scotland, and Wales).
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
MILITARY OF ANCIENT ROME
Population base of the early empire: At its territorial
height, the Roman Empire may have contained between
45 million and 120 million people.
Recruitment: Initially, Rome’s military consisted of
an annual citizen levy performing military service
as part of their duty to the state.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
MILITARY OF ANCIENT ROME
Capabilities: The military capability of Rome - its
preparedness or readiness - was always primarily
based upon the maintenance of an active fighting force
acting either at or beyond its military frontiers,
something that historian Luttwak refers to as a “thin
linear perimeter.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
MILITARY OF ANCIENT ROME
The Roman military readily adopted types of arms and
armor that were effectively used against them by their
enemies. Initially, Roman troops were armed after
Greek and Etruscan models, using large oval shields
and long pikes.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
THE CRUSADES : CONSEQUENCES & EFFECTS
The crusades of the 11th to 15th century CE have
become one of the defining events of the Middle Ages in
both Europe and the Middle East.
The impact of the Crusades may thus be summarized in
general terms as:
An increased presence of Christians in the Levant
during the Middle Ages.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
THE CRUSADES : CONSEQUENCES & EFFECTS
The development of military orders.
A polarization of the East and West based on
religious differences.
A stronger collective cultural identity in Europe.
An increase in xenophobia and intolerance between
Christians and Muslims, and between Christians
and Jews heretics and pagans.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
THE CRUSADES : CONSEQUENCES & EFFECTS
An increase in international trade and exchange of
ideas and technology.
An increase in the power of such Italian states as
Venice, Genoa, and Pisa.
The appropriation of many Christian relics to Europe.
The use of a religious historical precedent to justify
colonialism, warfare and terrorism.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
NAPOLEONIC WAR
The Napoleonic Wars were wars which were fought
during the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte over France.
They started after the French Revolution ended and
Napoleon Bonaparte became powerful in France in
November 1799. War began between the United
Kingdom and France in 1803. This happened when the
Treaty of Amiens ended in 1802.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
NAPOLEONIC WAR
1805-1812: Napoleonic Conquest of Europe
On 18 May 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned
Emperor of the French at Notre Dame de Paris. The
following year, the Third Coalition started. In
response, Napoleon crowned himself King of Italy. The
Austrian Emperor, Franz I, angrily declared war on
Napoleon, beginning the War of the Third Coalition.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
NAPOLEONIC WAR
1812: Invasion of Russia/The War of 1812
Napoleon staged a French invasion of Russia in 1812
just as the United States and Britain started tye War of
1812. It was in Russia that Napoleon was first checked
in his conquest of Europe, at the huge Battle of
Borodino.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
NAPOLEONIC WAR
1813-1814: Battle of Leipzig and First Restoration
The British, Spanish, and Portuguese had pushed
Napoleon’s forces out of Spain following the Battle of
Vitoria. The Allies (consisting of Great Britain, Russia,
Prussia, and Austria) defeated Napoleon at the Battle
of Leipzig and captured Paris in 1814.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
NAPOLEONIC WAR
1815: Battle of Waterloo and Hundred Days
Napoleon was later exiled to Elba and was nearly
assassinated. But then he and 200 other men escaped
back to Paris and forced Louis XVIII off the throne,
beginning Hundred Days.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
American Civil War, also called War Between the
States, four-year war (1861-65) between the
United States and 11 Southern states that seceded
from the Union and formed the Confederate
States of America.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
THE LAND WAR (THE WAR IN 1861)
The first military operations took place in
northwestern Virginia, where non-slaveholding
pro-Union Virginians sought to secede from the
Confederacy. McClellan, in command of Federal
forces in southern Ohio, advanced on his own
initiative in the early summer of 1861 into western
Virginia with about 20,000 men.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
THE WAR IN 1562
The year 1862 marked a major turning point in the war,
especially the war in the East, as Lee took command of the
Confederate army, which he promptly renamed the Army of
Notthern Virginia.
The Cost and Significance of the Civil War
The enormous death rate—roughly 2 percent of the 1860
population of the U.S died in the war–had an enormous
impact on American society.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
WORLD WAR I
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and lasted until 1918. During
the conflict, Germany, Austrian-Hungary, Bulgaria and
the Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers) fought against
Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan,
and the United States (The Allied Powers).
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
WORLD WAR I: CASUALTIES
World War I took the lives of more than 9 million
soldiers; 21 million more were wounded. Civilian
casualties caused indirectly by the war numbered close
to 10 million. The two nations most affected were
Germany and France, each of which sent some 80
percent of their male populations between the ages of 15
and 49 into battle.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
LEGACY OF WORLD WAR I
World War I brought about massive social upheaval, as
millions of women entered the workforce to support men
who went to war and to replace those who never came
back. The first global war also helped to spread one of
the world’s deadliest global pandemics, the Spanish flu
epidemic of 1918, which killed and estimated 20 to 50
million people.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
WORLD WAR II
The instability created in Europe by the First World
War (1914-18) set the stage for another international
conflict-World War II-which broke out two decades
later and would prove even more devastating.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
WORLD WAR II IN THE WEST (1941)
On August 15, the Japanese government issued a statement
declaring they would accept the terms of the Potsdam
Declaration, and on September 2, U.S. General Fouglas
MacArthur accepted Japan’s formal surrender aboard the
USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
WORLD WAR II ENDS (1945)
On August 15, the Japanese government issued a statement
declaring they would accept the terms of the Potsdam
Declaration, and on September 2, U.S. General Fouglas
MacArthur accepted Japan’s formal surrender aboard the
USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
WORLD WAR II CASUALTIES AND LEGACY
World War II proved to be the deadliest international
conflict in history, taking the lives of 60 to 80 million
people, including 6 million Jews who died at the hands of
the Nazis during the Holocaust. Civilians made up an
estimated 50-55 million deaths from the war, while the
military comprised 21 to 56 million of those lost during the
war. Millions more were injured, and still more lost their
homes and property.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
WORLD WAR II CASUALTIES AND LEGACY
The legacy of the war would include the spread of
communism from the Soviet Union into eastern Europe as
well as its eventual triumph in China, and the global shift
in power from Europe to two rival superpowers—the
United States and the Soviet Union—that would soon face
off against each other in the Cold War.
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS, MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE
THANK YOU!
HONOR. PATRIOTISM. DUTY
