This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: E200 − 23

Standard Practice for

Preparation, Standardization, and Storage of Standard and
Reagent Solutions for Chemical Analysis1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E200; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope* responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-

1.1 This practice covers procedures for the preparation, priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
standardization, and storage of the standard volumetric solu- mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tions and reagent testing solutions commonly used in chemical Specific warning statements are given throughout this practice.
analysis. Consult current OSHA regulations, suppliers’ Safety Data
Sheets, and local regulations for all materials used in this
1.2 The information in this practice is arranged as follows: specification.
Sections 1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
Referenced Documents 2
Terminology 3
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Significance and Use 4 ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Apparatus 5 Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Temperature effects
Measurements
Reagents
iTeh Standards 6
7
8
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

(https://standards.iteh.ai)
Concentration of solutions 9
Mixing of solutions 10
2. Referenced Documents
Storage of solutions 11
2

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Preparation and standardization of solutions 2.1 ASTM Standards:
12
Precision and Bias 13
Sodium hydroxide solution, 0.02 to 1.0 meq/mL (N)
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
14 to 19
Hydrochloric acid, 0.02 to 1.0 meq/mL (N) E50 Practices for Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Consid-
20 to 28
Sulfuric acid, 0.02 to 1.0 meq/mL (N) erations for Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, and
29 to 33
Hydrochloric acid, special 1 meq/mL (N) 34 to 38
Sulfuric acid, special 1 meq/mL (N) ASTM E200-23 Related Materials
39 to 43
E180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTM
/catalog/standards/astm/92a97b56-33a9-404a-a87e-3fb7368b505c/astm-e200-23
Silver nitrate solution, 0.1 meq/mL (N) 44 to 48
Ammonium thiocyanate solution, 0.1 meq/mL (N) Methods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Spe-
49 to 53
Iodine solution, 0.1 meq/mL (N) 54 to 58
Sodium thiosulfate solution, 0.1 meq/mL (N)
cialty Chemicals (Withdrawn 2009)3
59 to 63
Potassium permanganate solution, 0.1 meq/mL (N) E203 Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer
64 to 68
Potassium dichromate solution, 0.1 meq/mL(N) Titration
69 to 73
Methanolic sodium hydroxide solution, 0.5 meq/mL (N) 74 to 79
Ceric sulfate solution, 0.1 meq/mL (N)
E694 Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Appa-
80 to 84
Acetous perchloric acid, 0.1 meq/mL (N) ratus 85 to 89
Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate solution, 0.05 mol/ 2.2 Other Document:4
90 to 94
L(M)
Standard ion solutions 95 Reagent Chemicals American Chemical Society Specifica-
Nonstandardized reagent solutions and indicator solutions
96 tions (ACS)
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information 3. Terminology
only. 3.1 Definitions:
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D16 on Aromatic, Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Industrial, Specialty and Related Chemicals and is the direct responsibility of the ASTM website.
3
Subcommittee D16.04 on Instrumental Analysis. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Current edition approved July 1, 2023. Published July 2023. Originally approved www.astm.org.
4
in 1962 as E200 – 62T. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as E200 – 16. DOI: Available from American Chemical Society (ACS), 1155 Sixteenth St., NW,
10.1520/E0200-23. Washington, DC 20036, http://www.acs.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 E200 − 23
3.1.1 standard volumetric solution—a solution of accurately where:
determined concentration used in the quantitative analysis of Nt1 = meq/mL (N) of solution when standardized,
chemicals and other products. The concentration of such Nt2 = meq/mL (N) of solution when used,
solutions is usually expressed in terms of meq/mL (N) normal- t1 = temperature of solution during standardization,°C
ity or mol/L (M) molarity. t2 = temperature of solution during use, °C, and
F = factor to correct for thermal expansion of the solution
4. Significance and Use (∆N/°C values from Table 1).
4.1 The accuracy of many analytical measurements is de- 6.2 From the above equation it will be seen that the
pendent upon the manner in which the standard solutions are correction is to be added to the meq/mL (N) of the solution
prepared and stored, and the accuracy with which they are when standardized if the temperature of use is lower than the
standardized. Combining the methods recommended for the temperature of standardization while the correction is to be
preparation and handling of such solutions into one practice subtracted if the temperature of use is higher than the tempera-
eliminates the necessity for covering such details in all of the ture of standardization.
methods wherein the solutions are used.
7. Measurements
5. Apparatus 7.1 Weighings—When it is directed that a chemical should
5.1 Volumetric Glassware—The use of ordinary volumetric be “accurately weighed,” the weighing is to be performed in a
glassware will meet the accuracy requirements of many test manner so as to limit the error to 0.1 % or less. Where a
methods. specific weight of substance is designated in a procedure, it is
intended, unless otherwise specified in the individual
NOTE 1—For dependable accuracy, volumetric glassware meeting the
procedure, that a quantity within 65 % of the designated
requirements for Class A items given in Specification E694 should be
used. While for normal work apparatus meeting these specifications can be weight be used, and that this quantity be “accurately weighed”
used without calibration corrections, it is preferable that such calibration as just defined.
corrections be used in standardizing volumetric solutions. Such correc-
tions may be of significance when the volumetric ware is frequently used NOTE 2—In weighing primary standards to be used in standardizing

iTeh Standards
with alkali solutions, for the corrosive effect of the alkali upon the glass
may result in changes in the apparent volume. It is recommended,
therefore, that volumetric glassware, particularly burets and transfer
volumetric solutions many laboratories customarily weigh to the nearest
0.1 mg even though such increased accuracy of weighing does not
improve the accuracy or precision of the standardization.

(https://standards.iteh.ai)
pipets, be recalibrated at 3-month intervals if it is frequently used to
measure alkali solution volumes.
7.2 Buret Readings—When buret readings are specified, or
when the procedure infers that a specific volume be measured

with a 50 mL bulb at the top and a 50Document

mL stem below, may be Preview
5.2 Buret—A 50 mL buret, or alternatively, a 100 mL buret from a buret, the reading is to be estimated to one fifth of the
smallest volume subdivision marked on the buret. In reading a
used. For use with alkali solutions, burets equipped with 50 mL buret having subdivisions of 0.10 mL, therefore, the
TFE-fluorocarbon stopcock plugs are preferable. reading should be estimated to the nearest 0.02 mL.
ASTM E200-23
7.3 Expression of Results—It is recommended to express the
/catalog/standards/astm/92a97b56-33a9-404a-a87e-3fb7368b505c/astm-e200-23
6. Temperature Effects concentration of the solutions as the normality in the equivalent
6.1 Volumetric solutions are often used at temperatures SI units as meq/mL (N) and molarity as mol/L (M).
differing from those at which the standardization was carried
out. Significant errors may be introduced when the solutions 8. Reagents
are used at these other temperatures. Values for the change of NOTE 3—Additional information on reagents is given in Practices E50.
normality with temperature (∆N/°C) have been established for 8.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
the volumetric solutions described herein, and are listed in used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
Table 1. When warranted by the desired accuracy of the work, all reagents conform to the specifications of the Committee on
normalities of standard solutions may be corrected to the Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society where
temperature at which they are used as follows: such specifications are available.5 Other grades may be used,
N t2 5 N t1 1 ~ t 1 2 t 2 ! ~ F ! (1) provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently
high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of
the determination.
8.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references
TABLE 1 Temperature Correction Factors (F) to water shall be understood to mean Type I or Type II reagent
Approximate ∆N/°C for 20 water conforming to Specification D1193. Where specified,
Solute
meq/mL (N) to 30 °C
carbon dioxide-free water is to be prepared by heating Type I
1.0 NaOH, HCl, H2SO4 0.00035
0.5 NaOH, HCl, H2SO4 0.00014
0.1 all aqueous 0.00002
5
0.05 all aqueous 0.00001 ACS Reagent Chemicals, Specifications and Procedures for Reagents and
0.01 all aqueous 0.00000 Standard-Grade Reference Materials, American Chemical Society, Washington,
0.5 (in methanol) NaOH 0.00045 DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed by the American Chemical
0.1 (in 1 N H2SO4) Ce(SO4)2 0.000035 Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset,
0.1 (in glacial acetic acid) HClO4 0.00011 U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, U.S. Pharma-
copeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, MD.