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Day1 4语法知识

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39 views5 pages

Day1 4语法知识

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lingxian0192
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© © All Rights Reserved
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一、名词(Nouns)

1. 名词的数
 一般名词复数直接在词尾加 -s:photos, radios, pianos 等
 以 -o 结尾、需要加 -es 的常见词:heroes, tomatoes, potatoes,
Negroes
 把 f/fe 变为 -ves 的常见词:self → selves, life → lives, thief
→ thieves, wife → wives, knife → knives, loaf →
loaves, leaf → leaves, shelf → shelves, wolf →
wolves, half → halves
 复合名词复数形式:son-in-law → sons-in-law, editor-in-chief
→ editors-in-chief, passer-by → passers-by
 专有名词(姓氏)加 -s 表示“一家人”:The Smiths 表示史密斯一家
 不可数名词:advice, information, news, knowledge, fun

 不规则名词复数:tooth → teeth, woman → women, man →
men, foot → feet 等
 单 复 数 同 形 : people, crossroads, deer, means, sheep,
series, works(工厂), Chinese, species 等
2. 名词的所有格
 一般在词尾加 ’s:child → child’s (Children’s Day)
 先 变 复 数 再 加 撇 号 : children → children’s, women →
women’s
 表示时间或度量的“名词 + ’s”结构:ten minutes’ ride (= ten-
minute ride), one day’s time, etc.
 表示某人共有时用共同所有格:Lucy and Lily’s room (两人共用一间房),若
强调各自所有则分别加 ’s:Lucy’s and Lily’s rooms
3. 人口(population)用法
 “The population of + 地名 + is + 数字” 强调数量时用 is
 “Three quarters of the population are workers.” 指代
“人”时可用 are
 人口多用 large,人口少用 small
4. 其他常考名词用法
 time 表示“时间”时不可数;表示“次数”时可数
 success 不可数,a success 表示“一件成功的事 / 一位成功人士”
 failure 同 success
 shoe 一般用复数;a pair of shoes, two pairs of shoes

二、代词(Pronouns)
1. 人称代词
 主格:I, you, he, she, it, we, they
 宾格:me, you, him, her, it, us, them
 主语位置用主格,宾语位置用宾格,介词后通常用宾格
2. 物主代词
 形容词性物主代词:my, your, his, her, its, our, their + 名词
 名词性物主代词:mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs,用
作名词成分,不再接名词
3. 反身代词
 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
themselves
 常见搭配:hurt oneself, enjoy oneself, help oneself (随便
用 / 吃 ), dress oneself, devote oneself to doing, by
oneself (独自)
4. some 与 any
 some 多 用 于 肯 定 句 以 及 委 婉 请 求 句 (Could you give me
some...?)
 any 多用于否定句、疑问句,或肯定句中表“任何”
5. 复合不定代词
 someone, anyone, no one, everybody, nothing 等作主
语时,谓语动词用单数
 形容词需放在后面:something important
6. 指示代词 that / those
 代替单数/复数名词:the population in China is larger than
that in Japan;these books are heavier than those on
the table
7. Both / Either / Neither & All / None
 both 表示“两者都” + 复数
 either 表示“两者之中任意一个” + 单数
 neither 表示“两者都不” + 单数
 all / none 表示“三者或以上”都 / 都不
8. other / another / the other / others / the others
 another “再一个”
 one ... the other “两者中一个...另一个...”
 others 不加名词,表示“其他的人/物”,无确指范围
 the others 表示“剩下的那些”,有明确范围
 any other + 单数名词 “别的任何一个”
9. no one / none
 no one 后面不能接 of + 名词
 none 后面可接 of + 名词
10. one / it
 one 泛指同类不同物
 it 指代同一个或已知具体事物,也可做形式主语

三、数词(Numerals)
1. 分数表达
 分子用基数词,分母用序数词:3/5 → three-fifths;1/5 → one-fifth
2. hundred / thousand / million 等
 前面有具体数字时不加 -s:two hundred, three thousand
 若表示“成百上千”时用复数并可加 of:hundreds of, thousands of
3. 基数词、序数词用法
 in one’s + 序数词复数:in my thirties (我三十多岁时)
 the + 序数词:the second (第二);若前面有人称或物主代词限定,则可省
the:this is my twentieth birthday
4. 表示年龄、长度、数量
 an 8-year-old boy = an 8 years’ old boy (常写前者)
 two meters long = two meters in length
 one and a half days = one day and a half

四、冠词(Articles)
1. 不定冠词 a / an
 a + 辅音发音开头:a university, a European
 an + 元音发音开头:an hour, an honor, an X-ray
2. 定冠词 the
 用于特指或双方已知的事物、世界上独一无二的事物 (the earth)、序数词 (the
third)、最高级 (the best)、乐器 (play the piano)、江河山脉 (the
Yellow River, the Himalayas)
 the + 形容词 表示一类人:the rich, the poor, the wounded
 姓氏后加 -s 表示一家人:the Greens
3. 零冠词
 专 有 名 词 、 复 数 名 词 泛 指 、 学 科 名 称 、 三 餐 、 球 类 、 节 日 等 多 不 加 冠 词 : I like
basketball. We have lunch at noon.
4. 常见冠词短语
 have a cold, have a good time, in a hurry, at a
time, as a matter of fact, etc.

五、感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences)
1. What + (a/an) + 形容词 + 名词 + 主语 + 谓语!
 What a nice girl she is!
 What fresh water it is! (不可数名词)
2. How + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语!
 How nice she is!
 How beautifully she sings!
3. 结构判断
 若感叹部分无名词或仅有形容词/副词,则多用 How
 若感叹部分包含名词,要区分是否可数单复数或不可数,从而选择是否加 a/an
六、动词(Verbs)
1. 实义动词 / 连系动词 / 助动词 / 情态动词
 实义动词:I love you. (否定用助动词:I don’t love you.)
 连 系 动 词 : be, seem, become, appear, get, remain,
look, feel, sound, taste, smell 等后接形容词作表语
 助动词:do, does, did, have, has 等
 情态动词:can, could, may, might, must, need, dare 等
2. have, need, dare 的用法
 have 既可作实义动词 (I have two apples.) 也可作助动词 (I have
eaten...)
 need, dare 既可当情态动词也可当实义动词,否定和疑问形式随具体用法而变化
3. 常见动词短语
 had better do (最好…) / had better not do (最好别…)
 情态动词的肯定/否定推测:must be / can’t be, may be 等

七、介词(Prepositions)
1. 常见时间介词
 at + 具体时刻;on + 具体的某一天;in + 月份/年份/上午/下午;by + 截止
时间
2. 介词 + 名词 / 代词固定搭配
 because of, according to, away from, out of,
instead of, in spite of, thanks to, due to, by means
of, on behalf of, etc.
3. 动词 + 介词搭配
 look for, look after, agree with/on, depend on, deal
with, hear from, insist on, wait for, worry about, etc.
4. 动词 + 副词 + 介词搭配
 come up with (想出), get on with (相处), keep up with
(赶上), look forward to doing, put up with (忍受), run out
of (用完) 等
5. 形容词 + 介词搭配
 be afraid of, be busy with, be famous for, be good
at, be interested in, be strict with, be pleased with,
be surprised at 等
6. “in” 的省略
 be busy (in) doing, have difficulty (in) doing,
spend time (in) doing, waste time (in) doing, it’s no
use (in) doing 等
7. 其他固定表达
 at a loss, at least, in brief, in person, in common,
by chance, on purpose, on display, by accident, in
vain, out of sight, to some degree, etc.

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