4.

1 INTRODUCTION

Technological development witnessed by the world today, coupled with

the development of industries resulted in a lot of risks that should be on human
knowledge and caution and prudence from falling into the causes. No one wants
to get an accident missed him enjoyment of God from the health and well-being
and safety of members, has infected because of lack of interest or neglect even
for a few moments are enough to make it in pain for long periods may reach to
years. Or premises of workshops and factories and laboratories are environments
Unnatural, where high temperatures and rotary machines, devices sensitive and
quick reactions, and toxic materials and so on. It is also a pool of gas and
liquids and solids.
The safety responsibility of everyone working at the site and linked to its
relationship with those around him instance, machinery, tools, materials and
methods of operation and others. Safety is a series of actions aimed at
preventing accidents and work injuries, which is not less than the importance of
production and quality and costs related to it. Then the aim of the safety is to
produce without accidents and injuries. T he safety has become regulations and
laws must also be knowledge workers and management should applied them and
not allowing workers to override them, as there must be properly trained and
supervised employees on these regulations so as to avoid many injuries and
deaths that occur to workers in different work environments. The following
sections presents some risks to workers and safety precautions to be followed
and scientific foundations that must be observed to ensure the safety and health
of workers in all fields.

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4.2 HAZARDS, RISKS and SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

4.2.1 Hazard and Near Miss Definitions

Hazard definition:
- Anything which has the potential to cause harm.
Near miss:
- Discover the hidden hazard

4.2.2 Hazard Types:

1- Physical hazards.
2- Engineering hazards:-
 Mechanical hazards.
 Electrical hazard.
3- Chemical hazards.
4- Ergonomics hazards.
5- Biological hazards.

4.2.2.1 Physical Hazards

Those are the risks that workers exposure to it because of exposure to
inappropriate effects, such as excess heat, humidity or cold excess or
inappropriate lighting or exposure to noise or increase or decrease in air pressure
and that lead to different health damage to workers.

4.2.2.1.1 Heat
The intended increase in the ambient temperature limit for humans is
intolerant, which exposes them to many risks of death may be its final phase,
and measured the amount of heat unit called calorie or quantity of heat required
to raise the temperature of kilograms of substance one degree Celsius.

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Functions in which workers exposure to harmful effects of heat

 Work in the open under the influence of the sun heat.

 Working underground in mines and tunnels.
 Working beside ovens and stoves, such as iron and steel industry and in a
foundry or smelter operations in the distillation of petroleum in fertilizers
industry.
 Working next to the boilers , furnaces and bakeries

The damage suffered by workers when exposed to high temperatures:

 Psychological and neurological disorders and a feeling of malaise appear

in the form of increased errors in the work and increase the likelihood of
injury and lack of ability to concentrate at work.
 Feeling tired and fatigue.Muscle cramps in legs in the Urdu and
abdominal wall.
 Heat stress and cause Aneurysm skin and the rush of blood to it and
increase in heart rate, dizziness, headache, vomiting and then fainting.
 Blow and the sun arise from exposure to high levels with high humidity
which prevents the body from the disposal of temperature and severe
headache was injured and then body temperature begins to rise,
followed by the reactions of nerve and lost consciousness, if not Palm
patient treatment death occurs .
 Skin and eye infections occur due to chronic exposure to high
temperature.

Methods of prevention:

 Protect workers from exposure to high temperatures.

 Dimensions of workers affected by heart disease and kidney from
working in places where the temperature rises.

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  Work system for the exchange of personnel who are exposed to heat in
the workplace for example, working group before the furnace and then
transported to work inside the workshop and working group workshop in
front of furnaces and thereby reduce the rate of exposure to heat.
 The use of personal protective tasks of workers for the prevention of high
temperature.
 To provide large quantities of liquid and tablets that contain metal salts to
compensate for the loss of body fluids and salts result of exposure to heat.
 A work of elementary and periodic medical workers exposed to high
temperatures.
 Transport the injured to a cool and the work of first aid in case of sun
stroke.

4.2.2.1.2 Lighting.
It increase or decrease in the intensity of the lighting on the threshold
required to affect the integrity of the eye.

Acts that exposed workers to poor lighting:

 Miners and tunnels and work underground.
 Workers acidification in the imaging and rays and other.

Acts in which workers exposed to intensity lighting:

 Exposure to glare during welding and cutting operations.
 Exposure to brightness lighting also happens to the workers in the halls of
cinema and television because of the lighting cameras.

Damage suffered by workers when they are inappropriate for lighting

 Reduce the intensity of sight.
 Posterior capsular lens of the eye.

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Methods of prevention:
 provide appropriate lighting for the type of work being to pursue, whether
natural or industrial lighting, bearing in mind that the distribution
windows and skylights and natural lighting openings allow the
distribution of light homogeneous distribution on a regular workplace and
a glass of clean home and abroad permanently and not be shielded by any
impediment .
 Into account to ensure that sources of natural light or industrial lighting
homogeneous and to take appropriate means to avoid the glare and light
reflected widespread.
 Wear personal protective tasks such as welding glasses own work and
pieces.
 Use the appropriate paint colors that provide appropriate lighting.

4.2.2.1.3 Noise
Intended to blend block of votes, which spread in the air or on a street
where the influence upon the activity of the workers in shortage of production as
well as their impact upon long-term gradual weakness in the hearing probably
ended with complete deafness.

Types of noise:
 Continuous noise (spinning and weaving machines).
 Intermittent noise (the voices of hammers and explosions).
 Road noise (Impacts and successive collisions).
 White Noise (release vapor from steam boilers).

Acts in which workers of the harmful effects of noise:

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  Spinning and weaving industry and blacksmithing and plumbing.
 Grinding and screening processes for purification and precious metals.
 Work places at airports where planes landing and the rise of it.
 Machinery driving tests in the automotive industry and diesel.
[

Damage suffered by workers as a result of exposure to noise:

 Influences audio difficulty talking and feeling upset and nervousness and
lack of ability to concentrate.
 Audio effects which affect the audio system and lead to deafness and is
divided into two types:
a) Temporary audio effects: They affect the strength of hearing but
disappear once the exposure vanishes.
b) Audio lasting effects: They occur as a result of decomposition
sensory cells infected with human deafness vocational.

Methods of prevention:
 Prevention of noise at its source by improving the design of machines and
devices.
 The replacement of some operations that produce less noise-causing noise
such as electric arc welding or flame replace oxygen and acetylene by
welding operations through (rivets).
 Isolate the processes that produce noise through walls buffer.
 Reduce the duration of worker exposure to noise.
 Reduce vibration by installing machines on the rules absorbent or
soundproof.
 Use absorbent materials for the voice of the walls and ceilings to reduce
noise indirect or reflected noise.
 Increase the distance between the worker and source of noise.

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  Action to detect primary and periodic medical for workers which exposed
to noise to determine the level of hearing when they start work and to
exclude those with defects audio from working in places prone to noise .
 The use of personal protective functions for workers (such as seals
permission).
 Permission headphones and helmets; which cover head and ears.

Requirements to be met to prevent workers from the risks of physical

hazards

The organization must provide the means of occupational safety and

health in the workplace to ensure workers' prevention of natural hazards that
affect the safety and health group being the result of risk factors or damage from
normal temperature, humidity, ventilation, lighting and noise, vibration,
radiation and changes in atmospheric pressure are made within permissible
limits.

1. Measuring devices must provide natural hazards in the work environment

depending on the type of activity kits and conducting periodic
measurements and recorded and compared periodically to make sure that
it was permissible limits.

2. Must conduct a medical examination on each primary factor join the work
offered to natural hazards to detect any illness or latent phenomenon
affecting the Group strongly when subjected to the type of moving and
maintains the outcome of the medical file disclosure group compared to
the results of medical examinations following .

3. Must conduct periodic medical examination for workers exposed to

natural hazards to detect any early result of occupational disease exposure
and to ensure the continuation of Fitness for medical workers to work.
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4. Must provide personal protection assignments for workers exposed to
natural hazards and commensurate with the nature of their work and be in
conformity with the specifications.

5. Must be made aware of the risks of existing workers in the work

environment and how preventable.
6. To avoid high temperatures inside the premises and temperature
commensurate with the nature of work and the amount of effort in his
performance as measured by thermometers wet Black.

7. Must not exceed the relative humidity inside the premises on 80%.

8. Must be presented when workers exposure to drop in temperatures, such

as refrigerators or work outdoors in cold regions that use personal
protection assignments to cover all the body parts as well as the provision
of appropriate places equipped with heat.

9. Must be ventilation inside the premises are adequate, whether natural or

industrial must take precautions to prevent the workers calling the nature
of their work exposure to increase or decrease in atmospheric pressure .

10. Must provide proper lighting of the nature of the work practice, whether
natural or industrial and guided safe lighting levels shown attached table.

11. Must be made available precautions to prevent or reduce noise and

vibration risk to the health workers so as not to increase the severity and
duration of noise exposure levels shown on the attached table.

12. Must provide precautions to protect workers from the risks of radioactive
substances and ionizing radiation and provide means of measuring
ionizing radiation escape sensitive and guided safe limits.

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4.2.2.2 Engineering Hazards

4.2.2.2.1 Electrical hazard

Electrical can be considered from the important energy and movement
power resources, it can be used in all life obverses. But if there is no protection
for the human and resources from electrical hazard, it can be able to cause of
large accident for human and building.
The electrical hazard can be divided into two types:
1. Dynamic electricity.
2. Statically electricity.

Risks affecting human:

Resulting from touch parts of the holder and current while standing above
ground or touching of certain parts of the building and then complement circuit
breakers, which apply to electricity and to produce it:

A - Electric shocks: This may lead to death and severe trauma varies to
humans on several factors including:
 Intensity and type of pass-through body movement (trend
continuing trend of less influential variable).
 Duration of the trend in the body, the more the duration of the
current in the body increased adverse impact.
 Member who takes Trend nervous system and cardiovascular
more members affected by electricity.
 Case of skin - dry skin more resistant to infection with
electricity from the skin moist.
 The extent of the impact resistance of the person electricity.

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 B - Burns: intensity vary from minor burns resulting from weak currents to
arise from severe burns currents of high pressure, leading to the
destruction of most of the skin layers.
C - Irritation eye: the resulting electric shock talked in the posterior
capsular lens as a result of the entry into force or direct current - and the
resulting exposure of the eyes twinkle as the electric infections happen
to electric welding worker.

Risks affecting the installations and materials:

In such a situation may occur explosions and fires or damage to
equipment due to poor use of electricity, statistics has shown that the causes of
accidents resulting from the use of electricity shall be as follows :
 Overload.
 The use of electrical equipment or business damaged.
 Misuse of equipment, electrical equipment.
 Touch the electric parts
 Non-delivery devices and ground equipment.

Methods of prevention of risks of electric

1- Must when installing electrical wiring for lighting in the pipes to be
isolated from the inside may not be left open so as not to moisture seeping
or affect the temperature and lead to an electrical short.

2- Should not hold the wire to cast fault or beating him nails from the
rounded walls for the purposes of default interrupt the corps as required
Size.

3- Must be the wires and cables used in electrical wiring suitable for current
delivery passed it and metal structures for electric appliances land.

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4- Must not hold any increase in electric jack on the unit when heated in a
note keyboard or electrical wiring to inform the competent for the work
necessary and must not do any business connections or electrical repairs
only by specialists in the field of electricity.

5- The delivery of equipment and machinery ground static compounds

suitable for unloading any shipments as soon erupted.

6- Must be the wires and cables used in electrical wiring suitable for current
delivery pass through it and metal structures for electric appliances land.

7- Must not hold any increase in electric jack on the unit when heated in a
note keyboard or electrical wiring to inform the competent for the work
necessary and must not do any business connections or electrical repairs
only by specialists in the field of electricity.

8- When the installation of any electrical equipment transformers or motors

or switches or electrical board anywhere must be in the case of these
devices safe as well.

9- Must prevent any possibility of sudden touch of conductors-bearing

stream.

10 - Must be put in electric appliances in less space as possible or in their

own room, and if placed in the open must fencing protective barriers to
prevent them approaching.

11- Must be instructed to warn beside devices and semiconductors-bearing

trend shows the amount of electrical voltage pass through these devices
especially in devices with high-pressure stream of it and must be clear
instructions and easy to read .

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12- Must be based on maintenance of electrical equipment technicians and
workers should not make any repairs or installation in electrical
appliances only after ascertaining that no passing of the electricity supply
and delivery of the land .Must be used appropriate personal protective .

13- Must conduct periodic maintenance for electric appliances and when the
discovery of any damage or any risks being the reform of disrepair and
remove the causes of risks immediately.
14- Must not endanger the electric wires or plastic-coated bullet to the sun or
heat so as not to destroy rubber, if sustained for a long period.

15- Must take into account the development fuse (smelter), distribution
panels switches to be outside the rooms containing fumes or dust or
materials or flammable gases.

16- Must allocate fuse (smelter) for each set of fixings and a knife to cut off
power in cases concerning the separation and must use electric automatic
(dedicated Principal) for the separation of electricity in the event of an
electrical contact.

17- Must be used within the keys stores of chemicals contained the deadly
type of spark for this purpose.

18-Must cut the electricity supply for all installations in case of evacuation
workshops and warehouses after the end of permanence and when to
leave home for long periods of time such as travel for example, must be
separated from the electricity supply house.

19- Strictly prohibited link or install (Dwight) or switches in the walls and
ceilings or any material connected directly to the stream because there is
always a strong possibility that the wires are located behind the Dwight or

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 switches not isolated or good exposure to moisture and the resulting
tragedies electrician and thus causing a Fire.

4.2.2.2.2 Mechanical hazard

The risk of mechanical each is subjected to human element in the work
place of collision or contact between the body and between the solid object, be it
during the movement of one worker to fall on the ground in the movement of the
earth, while fixed, as well as Reich scattered across the Lathe or Reamer, which
often cause The injury factor could be part of the body contact group Liquid
portion direct cause of injury among Gears entries fingers or clothes contact
group on a revolving portion of machinery and high pillars hubs gravitate Group
to the machine and cause injury .

The inventory of mechanical movements in three forms is: -

1- Circular movement.
2- Movement or slipping band.
3- Overlapping points of the movement

Methods of prevention of risks of mechanical

Must contain the machinery and means of appropriate protective barriers
such as different either fixed or mobile, depending on the nature and the
machine must have these barriers following conditions:
 To provide full protection from danger for avoided.
 Should not be a reason to delay the production.
 That does not lead to the obstruction group to perform work.
 To resist rust and maintenance of the fire and be simple.
 Only caused by accidents at work.

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To avoid accidents and injuries from machinery and hand tools must
follow:
 Provide the necessary number of work and use every tool in the
process of their allocation.
 Inspection of the machines and manual before use and validated
before use.
 Train workers on the roads safe and proper use of hand tools and
machinery.
 Preparation of cabinets and shelves and paintings appropriate to
maintain or suspend the number and machinery.
 Provide appropriate personal protective functions for each and
every tool

Safety requirements and safety mechanical workshop

- In the design workshop

 Must be all elements of the establishment of the workshop's non-
flammable.
 Must be ground into concrete to prevent drinking substances and
petroleum oils.
 Must be all electrical wiring is safe.
 Boycotted the current workshop provides for the separation of
power cuts after the end of the daily work or when emergency.
 The Workshop provided a water resource and washing basin and a
suitable system of exchange.

-During working in workshop

 Prohibits the employment of any additional electrical connections
only by the technical specialist, whatever the reasons.

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  Allocate a suitable place each workshop processed metal cabinets
for the Conservation of clothing workers.
 Allocate a suitable venue for the Conservation of hand tools with
the commitment to the regime in custody and returned after use.
 Must provide free spaces on the equipment being repaired or
maintained at least meters from each side.
 A ban on keeping petroleum materials inside the workshop.
 Never use kerosene or petroleum products or tuner … etc. in hand-
washing.
 Workers missions to provide appropriate protective action within
each workshop.
 Tested lifting machines which are used in regular observation by
official's specialists.
 Provide appropriate preventive machinery equipment each to
prevent the dangers resulting from the use.
 A ban on smoking inside the workshop and attached a banner of
that.
 Should clean floors and completely free from residues, obstacles
and not be left on the ground.
 Are providing equipment and firefighters-capacity types and
numbers of appropriate size for each workshop.

4.2.2.3 Chemical hazard

Chemicals play a major role in the lives of individuals and peoples have
become so well-being and progress of peoples is measured, including findings of
the discovery and use of chemicals in various spheres of life, and the use of
chemicals a double-edged sword if they reflect the best use of face bright and
useful to mankind, if misuse of these substances They reveal the ugly face,

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which causes destruction of human and people's lives and wasted no chemical in
the work environment in one of the following: -
- Gases and fumes.
- Dust (membership - inorganic).
- Liquids (acids - alkali - solvents).
A consequence of the most chemicals and the greatest danger facing rights for
many reasons including the following: -
- Chemicals that take more than one form are located on the image of
(liquid - gas - solid).
- The ability to force the human body and by a rapid (respiratory and
digestive and skin contact).
- The impact on members of the body is the interaction with some
members of the body and thus adversely affects it, such as lung fibrosis
and blood poisoning.
- The degree of impact resulting from the severe body of this article may
occur immediately after entering the body or occurring after the time
period.
- That some of these materials have no taste or color or smell and thus
difficult for the sense of rights or the speed detection.
-The rapid proliferation of these materials from their locations base
broadens its impact and damage.
- The presence of these substances leads to the body's equilibrium and
affect the efficiency of some members of the body.
- May have an impact in some equipment and devices work like rust or
corrosion and explosion and the self fire.

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Health and safety occupation requirements available to prevent workers
from the risks of chemicals

1 - Must be provided precautions to protect workers exposed to the risk of

exposure to chemicals used whether this article in case gas or liquid or solid
and made within permissible limits.
2 - Must conduct a medical examination at the primary workers joining the
work exposes them to risks of chemicals to detect any illness or latent
phenomenon affecting the workers when they are heavily contaminated with
chemical and retains the outcome of the medical file disclosure group
compared to the results of tests following.
3 - Must conduct periodic medical examination workers exposed to the risks of
chemicals to detect any early result of occupational disease and exposure to
ensure the continuation of medical fitness workers of the nature of work.
4 - Must provide effective technical means for the prevention of harmful
chemicals such as:
- Replacement of industrial processes that use less harmful substances is
harmless or less harmful.
- Isolating industrial processes harmful to health in places of their own to
reduce the number of workers exposed to measure and means of
prevention for this small number of workers.
- Use machines completely closed and which do not result from use of any
impurities and does not need to contact workers to the site of damage
whenever possible.
- Choice of machines that run mechanically and does not need the direct
supervision of workers to manage them so that can be operated with the
group to stay safe so as not yet exposed to inhalation of gases, fumes or
dust or harmful Plash fluids from escalating machines .

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 - Use routes sedimentation or Moisturizing to get rid of harmful dust or
fumes.
- Use ventilation, whether public or ventilation spot near the place of
escalating gas and fumes or dust or fumes harmful for compilation and
disposal before they reach the perimeter of workers breathing.
- Use sweeping suction or after Moisturizing to remove dust or impurities
from the deposition places so as not to escalate the air again and if
workers inhale used by sweeping the regular.
5 - Must make periodic measurements of chemical risks in the work
environment depending on the type of activity practicing, recording and
compared periodically to make sure it within the permissible limits.

6 - Must provide personal protective tasks to employees and commensurate

with the nature of the work to play and be in conformity with the
specifications.

7- Must be made aware of the dangers of chemicals employed in the work

environment and how to protect themselves from it and commitment alerts
and warnings issued by companies producing chemicals.
8 - Provide adequate ventilation inside the warehouse with ensuring the safety
of stored materials taking into consideration the revision means industrial
successively operated under the technical norms.
9 - Hydrochloric acid and sulphuric and nitric of liquid chemicals with special
qualities must therefore be taken into account when stored or handled.
10 - At ease acids referred to take into account added to the water and not vice
versa in order to prevent incidents of explosions and fire prevention one of
the causes of chemical laboratories.
11 - Never store next to hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or any other material
strong oxidation.
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12 - Prohibits the storage of sulphuric acid with nitric acid or with any
chemical liquid nature evaporation or include elements such as oxidizing
Peroxide and its derivatives.
13- Follow instructions and acknowledges receipt of chemicals in the records
demonstrating the stomach to fight for that loss and loss is extremely
important.
14 - Providing the means to control the initial blaze and training on how to use
safety precautions to be followed.
15 - Must not be used senses touch or smell or taste in identifying chemicals.
16-Must is kept flammable materials in places far from cold sources of
electrical equipment or thermal Sparks.
17- Must know the physical and chemical characteristics of materials used in
testing laboratories as well as knowledge of the properties of materials
resulting from interactions and its light is selected tasks of personal
protective goggles, masks and gloves .
18- Must wear leashes private chemical laboratories during testing and ban the
wearing of loose clothing is important to prevent injuries or accidents
within the laboratory.
19-The worker must know where the key to controlling the gas and be
accessible so that no obstacles preventing him access speeds in order to
prevent the flow of gas in emergencies.
20-Must be keeping the white and yellow phosphorus under water to prevent
flash automatically as soon as it is rife with exposure to air.

21- Must be keeping the organic peroxide is dark at a temperature not

exceeding 24 degrees Celsius and warns torching fire or smoking in the
place.

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22- When storing sodium hypochlorite should be stored in a dry place and at
regular temperature (up to 15 degrees Celsius). You mustn't touch any acids
or inflammable materials such as wood, straw, textiles, fatty substances,
oils because they rule a strong oxidizing.
23- Not extinguished with water and could only use water to cool packaging
from abroad and explosive device near the raging.
24 - If you are a strong acid article is based on chlorine dioxide gas is very
poisonous gas and cause erosion of mineral materials and may lead to
explosions because of its flammability if increased concentration in the
atmosphere and stored away from this acid.
25 - In case any part of the body parts of the chemicals wash well with water
and subjected to the doctor for a quick first aid.
26-Must not endanger the per chlorate soda during circulation or use or
transport of any acid or metal materials shorthand or inflammable
materials, when preparing solutions per chlorate-sensitive use of cold water
not used hot water so as to avoid explosions .

Chemical burns
Chemicals affect the human body burns a result of their direct impact
and not the result of temperature, these materials may be in one of the
following:
1) Acid: sulphuric acid - DNA chlorine - nitric acid - acid anhydride snow
….etc.
2 ) Alkalis: caustic soda - Solution permanganate, ammonia, lime and
ammonia.
3 ) Salts: salts some elements such as mercury - phosphorus - antimony -
bromide - Selenium.
4 ) Gases: chlorine gas - ammonia.
5 ) Remove powder colors and disinfectants.
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 The chemical burns require immediate aid, because the passage of time is not
in favor of the injured because that leads to greater harm to humans, water is
considered one of the best ways to deal with chemical burns on condition that
poured on the injured part in large quantities as soon as possible.
Through our dealings with the chemical laboratories in both school
operations and circulation storage or preparation for testing or during a student
test assessed afflict curriculum has any individual result of a failure to follow
safety procedures and occupational health resulting in burns to the skin or injury
to the eye, which explained as follows:

The chemical burns skin:

The result touches on a direct injury to human body or exposure to
chemicals above which the most important of Acids, alkalis and gas.
1) Acid: divide by their impact on the human body into two types:
A - quick-impact acids, which cause burns to humans infected directly
in addition to the injured part to the emergence of bubbles or points
in the same segment.
B - acid-impact slowness, which do not cause pain to people injured
after exposure to acid directly, but feels after a period ranging
between (4/1-2/1 hours) and that are sufficient to penetrate the skin
to sour an deep area .
2 ) Alkalis
Burns resulting from exposure to Alkali t have an impact on the rights
greater than that caused by acid, because they have the ability to
quickly access to internal tissue and skin cells, and the bad
influence on the tissues for longer remain even after washing with
water or neutralized by anti materials, in this case and after Alkali
solution to the force within Skin tissue, the skin appears pale, as if
saturated with water after happen heal deep ulceration
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First aid for burns, chemical injury:
1 - must be removed causing the burning of that money immediately and
the injured part running water as soon as possible and a must, continue
the money part infected water for not less than ten minutes .
2 - Must avoid the use of water under pressure so as not to harm the
patient's skin, but the water must be poured quietly.
3 - Must take off their clothes in case of patient exposure to chemicals if
possible and must not be poured a quantity of water or anti-chemical
clothing.
4 - A chemical equation must be to reduce the impact of Ha on the
injured part as follows:
* Burns resulting from exposure to acids equivalent to develop
Alkali weak as part of bicarbonate soda injured.
* Burns resulting from exposure to Alkali equivalent to develop
weak acids such as vinegar, lemon acid or lighter or lemon juice
(except eye injury is used in eye tie), and also used the lotion called
solution of phosphate which tied it in the capacity equivalent of
acid and alkali .
5 - After the completion of the equation of the chemical causing the
burning of money is part infected with water again and dry and
connects using sterile gauze with Bubbles should not be opened until
the skin reduces the amount of parts exhibition of microbes.
6 - Must ambulance patient in case of further complications such as pain
and shock the nervous.
7 - Must be transferred injured after conducting first aid to hospital if
necessary to deal with the injured.

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Eye injuries chemicals:
Chemicals cause a significant impact on the eye in case of injury, so the
ambulance process correctly and quickly is very important to preserve the eye
and protect them from damage to an investigator, particularly in the incidence of
alkaline substances because of its ability to penetrate the tissues of the eye and
causing deep burns and severe damage by it.

First aid in case of eye injury by chemicals:

1 - Wash eye infected water clean by putting the head of the injured under
tap water directly or inundation head infected water.
2 - The patient must be opened and closed strongly in the water sample
was not a result of the pain can be helpful to do open to make the
washing.
3 - must not use any chemicals inside the eye of the equation only
solution of phosphate equal (if any) it also may not develop any kind
of tar or ointments, but parts are put on sterile eye injured and
transported to the hospital for treatment

4.3 System Hazard

- Physical hazard as poor housekeeping.
- Chemical hazard as oil leakage.
- Mechanical hazard as there is no stand by.
- Electrical hazard as electrical wires on the ground.

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4.4 System Near Miss
There are hidden failures can cause large accident and harm for people and
building in the longitudinal seaming system. The near misses in the system
shown in the following figures:
 In Fig. (4-1), the Oil temperature sensor is not fixed. It can be considered
as mechanical hazard and unsafe act.

Fig. (4-1): Mechanical hazard and Unsafe act

 In Fig. (4-2), the hand wheel of the manual valve in the cooling cycle is
not fixed or not found and there is poor house keeping. It can be
considered as mechanically, physically, and unsafe act.

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 Fig. (4-2): Mechanically, Physically, and Unsafe Act.
 In Fig. (4-3), there are wear in the belt of table. It can be considered as
mechanically and unsafe act where worker saw the cutting belt and don't
care.

Fig. (4-3): Mechanical Hazard and Unsafe Act.

 In Fig. (4-4), a part of the fulcrum is out of the table. It can consider as
mechanically
and unsafe act.

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 .Fig. (4-4): Mechanical Hazard, Unsafe Act and Unsafe Condition

 In Fig. (4-5), there is apart of wires hasn't a cover. It can be considered as

electrically and unsafe act.

Fig. (4-5): Electrically and Unsafe Act.

 In Fig. (4-6), the electrical wire keeps in touch with the electrical motor. It
can be considered as electrical and physical hazard.

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 Fig. (4-6): Electrical and Physical Hazard.

 In Fig. (4-7), must change the discreditable wire. It can be considered as

electrically and unsafe act.

Fig. (4-7): Electrically and Unsafe Act

 In Fig. (4-8), the electrical wire keeps in touch with the belt of the table
(moving part). It can consider as electrically and unsafe act.

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 Fig. (4-8): Electrically and UnSafe Act

 In Fig. (4-9), the electrical wires not covered and there is also oil leakage
that classified as electrical, mechanical hazard.

Fig. (4-9): Electrical and Mechanical Hazard.

 In Fig. (4-10), there are a contamination of oil and dust on the machine
parts. It is considered a physically hazard.

Fig. (4-10): Physical Hazard

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 In Fig. (4-11), oil leakage from the pipe lines and it is considered
mechanical and physical hazard and there is also an electrical hazard in
the right picture where an electrical wire down on the ground with the oil.

Fig. (4-11): Mechanical, Physical and Electrical Hazard

 In Fig. (4-12), the pipes of the cooling cycle not isolated from the moving
track of the workers. It can be considered as mechanical hazard and
unsafe condition.

Fig. (4-12): Mechanical and Unsafe Condition

 In Fig. (4-13), there are chips on the rolls and worker doesn't clean it. It
can be consider as physical and unsafe act.

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 Fig. (4-13): Unsafe Act and Physical Hazard.

 In Fig. (4-14), unsafe act where worker left tools beside the machine. It
can be consider as ergonomically hazard.

Fig. (3--): worker left tools beside the machine.

Fig. (4-14): Unsafe Act and Ergonomic Hazard

4.5 Risk matrix analysis

Risk Assessment is a powerful systematic methodology to minimize the
risk of failures (or hazards) to an acceptable target.
Benefits of Risk Management:
- Identify the expected failures.
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 - Minimize the risk of these failures.
- Facilitate better business outcomes.
- It does this by providing insight, knowledge and confidence for better
decision-making.

4.5.1 Risk:
- A measure of the probability that a harmful event (death, injury or loss)
arising from exposure to a chemical or physical agent may occur under
specific conditions of manufacture, use or disposal.
- Any future bad news.

4.5.2 Risk Analysis

Risk estimation + Criticality analysis (4-1)

4.5.3 Risk Control:

Proactive policy + Remedy process (4-2)

4.5.4 Risk Assessment

Risk analysis + Risk Control (4-3)
To help the decision making process

4.5.5 Risk Level:

Risk = Severity x Probability (4-4)
Risk = Consequence x Frequency (4-5)
The risk level is described in Table (4.1).

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Table (4-1): Risk Matrix Analysis Sample.

Criticality parameters

Physical Mechanical Electrical Ergonomic

Probability High (3) High (3) High (3) Low (1)

Severity Medium (2) High (3) High (3) Medium (2)

Risk level 6 9 9 2

High: 3 Medium: 2 Low: 1

4.6 Recommendation
 Workers must obligate with safety instructions
 Company must implement OSHA steps for the purpose of saving a healthy
work environment for workers.

4.6.1 OSHA 1910.119 process safety management.

- Must identify hazards.

- Must train and certify workers.
- Safe work system.
- Management of change.
- Accident investigation.
- Process information / Documentation.
- Contract safety.
- Operating procedures.
- Mechanical integrity.

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 Conclusion
Maintenance programs have a lot of advantages like that protect the
equipment from any defects, overall damage, increasing productivity of the
equipments ,improving quality and performance through applying a good and
comprehensive preventive maintenance program and detection the hidden
failures through predictive maintenance practice. This advantages what
discussed in chapter one of maintenance overview which discussed also the
different types of maintenance. In our study discussed the reliability centered
maintenance which illustrated in chapter two by all details that belong to RCM.
Appling RCM on any system has the ability to minimize the risk of hazard and
in the first state focus on the safety of the equipment , human health , the
environment and also improve the quality of the product, quality and
performance through the usage of the RCM tools like failure mode and effect
analysis , logic tree analysis ,criticality analysis study ,safety ,tools ………..etc.
We applied RCM philosophy on the longitudinal seaming station in Abou El-
Yazeed Company which it is critically and no stand by. In the end of our project
we made the maintenance plan and suggested recommendations to avoid down
time, increasing productivity, and achieve maintenance advantages.

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 REFERENCES

[1] http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/OM_5.pdf
[2] Gomaa, A.H., "Maintenance planning and management", training course,
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[5] http://www.cecer.army.mil/techreports/NorthrupRCMTR/RCM_Guide.pdf
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[13] www.maritime.org/fleetsub/refrig/img/fig7-11.jpg
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