FACULTY OF LAW

DEPARTMENT OF UNDERGRADUATE LEGAL

PROGRAMMES
MODULE: LAW OF DELICT
MODULE CODE: LB 102 AND BLS 107
CONVENOR: Messrs S. MAHUNI & D
MUDADIRWA
Email Address: smahuni@law.uz.ac.zw
dmudadirwa@law.ac.zw

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DELICT INSTRUCTIONAL MANUAL

1. The course

Title: The Law of Delict

Course number:
Contact hours: 10 hours of lectures per week and 8 hours of tutorials over the semester
Lecturers: Messrs S. Mahuni & D Mudadirwa

Placement of course in LL.B & BLS degrees: This course is a compulsory course in
the first year of the LL.B and BLS degrees. Later courses build on knowledge acquired
from this course.
A. INTRODUCTION

The purpose of law, and in particular private law, is to regulate relations between
individuals in a community. A legal order would be unnecessary if people lived in
complete harmony. The reality is, however, that individual interest are continually in a
state of real or threatened conflict. Accordingly, it is the function of private law to
recognise these interests, delimit them in relation to each other and harmonise those that
are in conflict. In particular, it is the role of the law of Delict to indicate which interest are
recognised by the law, under which circumstances they are protected against
infringement( that is when the impairment of a legally recognised interest constitutes a
Delict) and how such a disturbance in the harmonious balance of interest may be
restored.1

The law of delict is not a static branch of the law. It has shown itself to be capable of
development and adaptation in the light of changing conditions in society. For instance, the
concept of negligence can be applied to situations arising out of modern industrial and
technological developments. Particularly in South Africa, the ambit of legal duty for public
authorities in respect of liability for omissions has been broadened based upon the concept
of the legal convictions of the community. This course, among other things, explores how
the constitutional provisions can be used to develop and expand the common law of delict.
Further, it draws mostly from South African case law in which the courts have relied on
constitutional values and fundamental rights guarantees to re-shape certain areas of the
law of delict. The Constitution of Zimbabwe contains many values and rights which are
identical, or at least very similar, to those in the South African Constitution. Therefore the
jurisprudence in these South African cases is of importance in the development of the law
of delict in Zimbabwe.

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Loubser M and Midley R, The law of delict in South Africa(2017)

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The world is increasingly becoming technical. Students should therefore be able to
appreciate the challenges posed by Artificial Intelligence (AI) to aquilian action. The
connection between artificial intelligence and the law of delict should therefore be
canvassed. When AI machines are deployed in different fields they may cause harm.
The question that arises is who is liable for the harm caused by an AI machine when it
acts without human intervention?

B. LEARNING OUTCOMES/OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of this course are—

 to enable students to understand the nature and purposes of the law of delict and
its theoretical underpinnings, and to critically examine the way in which the system
operates and its social and economic impacts;
 to impart a sound working knowledge of the practical application of this branch of
law and its main principles and concepts, and to equip students with the tools to
deal with all types of delictual cases in legal practice;
 to consider possible reforms to the system, using comparisons with compensation
systems in other countries;
 to show how the law of delict operates in conjunction with other compensation
systems such as the National Social Security Authority system.
 To show the connection between Artificial Intelligence and the law of delict.
Students should be able to determine liability in cases where damage is caused
by Artificial Intelligence. Students must be able to appreciate the challenges
posed by Artificial Intelligence
 Students should be able to be able to discuss the scope for using the Constitution
to develop the common law of delict drawing upon South African and Zimbabwean
case law
 Students should be able to suggest ways in which the fault liability system could
be improved so that it optimally performs its role of providing compensation to
accident victims and indicate the areas in which they think risk creators should be
made strictly liable for the harm that they cause.

TEACHING METHODOLOGY & GRADING

There will be five lectures per week and eight tutorials per block. Attendance at tutorials is
compulsory.
Students will be required to submit two essay assignments.
At least one moot court simulation will be held.
The emphasis in this course will be on general discussion, case study and problem
solving. Students will be expected to engage in critical analysis and evaluation, and to
analyze the principles underlying the law of delict, its policy basis and its social and
economic impact. Selected cases will be dealt with in depth to acquire an understanding
of the delictual principles.

Structure of examination paper

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The paper consists of eight questions, subdivided into four discussion questions and four
problem questions. Students must answer two questions from each section.

The only material that students will be entitled to have in the examination room is an
unannotated list of the main case decisions dealt with in the course.

Syllabus outline

1. General introduction

 The nature and purpose of the law of delict and its place in the legal system of
Zimbabwe.
 The role and obligation of the courts to develop the common law of delict in line with
constitutional values and constitutional rights and freedoms.
 The overall purpose to provide redress through a civil action for harm caused by
physical harm to person or property or harm to personality interests such as
reputation and dignity and by invasion of privacy.
 The fault based nature of our system although there are a few strict liability delicts.
 The fault based system is based largely on individual responsibility on the creator to
provide redress for the harm caused by him or her.
 The problems inherent in the fault based system, particularly for litigants with limited
financial means.
 The relationship of delict to other branches of the law such as the law of contract and
criminal law.
 Main remedies are compensation and interdict. Compensation for physical harm
seeks to place injured party as far as is possible by monetary compensation in the
position he or she would have been had the injury not occurred. Compensation for
harm to personality is awarded as a solace for the intangible harm caused.
 The burden of proof in delictual cases. The primary onus is on the plaintiff to prove
his or her case on a balance of probabilities.

Recommended Reading list

G. Feltoe, A Guide to the Zimbabwean Law of Delict, 2014 (Available on the University of
Zimbabwe E-learning site – updated to 2017)
J Burchell, Principles of Delict (Juta & Co, Capetown, 1993).
J Neethling et al, Law of Delict, (Sixth Edition, Lexis Nexis, Durban, 2010).

2. Wrongs of substance

The Aquilian action

a) The fault requirement

 This can be either intention or negligence but most delictual actions are brought on
the basis of negligence;
 The standard of negligence;
 Criteria for deciding reasonable foreseeability and whether there was a duty to guard
against foreseeable harm;
 Professional negligence: Medical practitioners, legal practitioners, auditors and
accountants, engineers, architects etc;

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  Apportionment of damages. Apportionment between plaintiff and defendant. Joint
and concurrent wrongdoers.

Recommended Reading list

The Law of Delict in South Africa, Ed Loubser and Midgley (OUP Southern Africa 2011)
PQR Boberg, The Law of Delict 1: Aquilian Liability. (Juta & Co, Capetown, 1984).
J Neethling, JM Potgieter and PJ Visser Law of Personality (1996)

3. The wrongfulness requirement (unlawfulness)

 Omissions;
 Nervous shock;
 Negligent misstatements causing purely financial loss;
 Causing of purely financial loss other than by negligent misstatements;
 Causing financial harm by unlawful trade competition.

4. The patrimonial loss requirement

5. The causation requirement. Must be both factual and legal cause.

6. Wrongs to personality interests (Harm to reputation and dignity, and violation of

right to privacy)

6.1 Defamation
 Achieving the correct balance between protection of reputation and upholding of
freedom of speech and freedom of the media – the Constitutional provisions;
 What constitutes defamation;
 Persons who can be defamed;
 Publication (including cyber publication) and republication;
 Interdict to stop impending publication;
 Quantification of damages and avoidance of extravagant claims;
 Defences to defamation: Justification, Fair Comment, Privilege (absolute and
qualified);
 South African defence that media published a story in the public interest story
believing on reasonable grounds that information accurate. Whether this is a defence
in Zimbabwe;
 Jest, Rixa and Compensation;
 Newspapers and defamation.

6.2 Forms of Injuria other than defamation

 There are strong protections in the Constitution of the right to dignity and the right to
privacy;
 The law of delict provides a remedy for violation of these rights.

Recommended Reading list

J Burchell, The Law of Defamation in South Africa (Juta & Co, 1993)
PJ Visser and JM Potgieter, Law of Damages (Juta 2003)
RG McKerron, The Law of Delict, (Juta & Co)

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 J Neethling, JM Potgieter and PJ Visser Law of Personality (1996)

6.3 Miscellaneous delictual actions

 Assault;
 Delicts arising out of arrest, imprisonment and legal proceedings;
 Delicts relating to sexual intercourse and marriage;
 Special actions for harm caused by animals;
 Nuisance;
 Special delicts relating to things falling from buildings;
 Breach of statutory duty;
 Negligent performance of statutory duty;
 Trespass.

RECOMMEDED READING LIST

The challenge of constitutional transformation of society through judicial adjudication:

Mildred Mapingure v Min of Home Affairs and Ors SC22/14,Midlands State University Law
Review,Vol1 page 54-57,J Tsabora

J Neethling, JM Potgieter and PJ Visser Law of Personality (1996)

J Burchell, The Law of Defamation in South Africa (Juta & Co, 1993)
PJ Visser and JM Potgieter, Law of Damages (Juta 2003)
RG McKerron, The Law of Delict, (Juta & Co)

6.4 Vicarious liability

 Rationale and policy considerations;
 Scope and operation of the doctrine;
 When employee no longer in course of employment;
 Vicarious liability of the State;
 Enforcement of damages awards against the State.

“Vicarious Liability of an Employer for the Delictual Acts of his Servant under Zimbabwean
Law” 1998 Vol 38 No 2 Journal of African Law pp 181-188, L Madhuku

J Burchell, The Law of Defamation in South Africa (Juta & Co, 1993)
PJ Visser and JM Potgieter, Law of Damages (Juta 2003)
RG McKerron, The Law of Delict, (Juta & Co)

6.5 General defences

 Voluntary assumption of risk and exemption clauses;
 Informed consent;
 Necessity;
 Private defence;
 Statutory and common law authority;
 Trivialities.

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RECOMMDED READING LIST
G. Feltoe, A Guide to the Zimbabwean Law of Delict, 2014 (Available on the University of
Zimbabwe E-learning site – updated to 2017)
J Burchell, Principles of Delict (Juta & Co, Capetown, 1993).
J Neethling et al, Law of Delict, (Sixth Edition, Lexis Nexis, Durban, 2010).
The Law of Delict in South Africa, Ed Loubser and Midgley (OUP Southern Africa 2011)
PQR Boberg, The Law of Delict 1: Aquilian Liability. (Juta & Co, Capetown, 1984).

6.6 Strict liability in statutes

6.7 Exemption clauses

6.8 Prescription

6.9 Representative and class actions

6.10 Legislative compensation systems

6.11 Role of insurance

6.12 Assessment of damages and apportionment of damages

6.13 Reforming the law of delict

 Individual responsibility
 Social responsibility
 Operational defects of fault system
 Possible reform measures, such as comprehensive no-fault system

6.14 A basic introduction to principles and assessment of delictual damages.

Recommended Reading list

PJ Visser and JM Potgieter, Law of Damages (Juta 2003)

RG McKerron, The Law of Delict, (Juta & Co)

7. Artificial Intelligence and the law of Delict

Definition of Artificial intelligence

The relationship between the law of delict and artificial intelligence

Recommended reading list

Journal Articles

Anciaux, A “Pull a robot out of the hat; should works created by artificial intelligence be
protected by copyright law?” 2021

Armour, J and Eiden muller, H “Self driving corporations?” Harvard Business Law Review
Vol 10 (2020) ; 87-116

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Boniface, C.R. “The Legal Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the New Zealand Health
System”. LLM Thesis., University of Canterbury, 2019.

Heiss, S. “Towards Optimal Liability for Artificial Intelligence.” Hastings Science And
Technology Law Journal in Vol 12 No. 2 (2021): 186-224.

Huberman, P. “A Theory of Tort Liability for Autonomous-Machine Caused Harm”. LLM

Thesis., University of Toronto, 2019.

Jose, J.P. “Legal liability issues and regulation of Artificial Intelligence (AI).” LLM Thesis.,
National Law School of India University, 2018.

Maruerite, E.G. “Liability Issues with Artificial Intelligence Software.” Santa Clara Law
Review in Vol 33 No.1 (1993): 239-269.

Recommended Reading list

The challenge of constitutional transformation of society through judicial adjudication:

Mildred Mapingure v Min of Home Affairs and Ors SC22/14,Midlands State University Law
Review,Vol1 page 54-57,J Tsabora

G. Feltoe, A Guide to the Zimbabwean Law of Delict, 2014 (Available on the University of
Zimbabwe E-learning site – updated to 2017)
J Burchell, Principles of Delict (Juta & Co, Capetown, 1993).
J Neethling et al, Law of Delict, (Sixth Edition, Lexis Nexis, Durban, 2010).
The Law of Delict in South Africa, Ed Loubser and Midgley (OUP Southern Africa 2011)
PQR Boberg, The Law of Delict 1: Aquilian Liability. (Juta & Co, Capetown, 1984).
J Neethling, JM Potgieter and PJ Visser Law of Personality (1996)
J Burchell, The Law of Defamation in South Africa (Juta & Co, 1993)
PJ Visser and JM Potgieter, Law of Damages (Juta 2003)
RG McKerron, The Law of Delict, (Juta & Co)

List of Cases
Absa Bank Ltd v Bond Equipment (Pretoria) (Pty) Ltd 2001 (1) SA 372 (SCA)
A B Ventures Ltd v Siemens Ltd 2011 (1) SA 586 (GNP)
A Gibb & Son Ltd v Taylor & Mitchell Timber Supply Co 1975 (2) SA 457 (W)
Abu-Busutu v Moyo 2013 (2) ZLR 716 (H)
rnold v Majome HH-431-86
Arthur v Bezuidenhout & Anor 1962 (2) SA 566 (A)
Ashcroft v Mersey Regional Health Authority [1983] 2 All ER 245 (QB)
Ashtonv Turner & Anor [1980] 3 All ER 870 (QB)
Associated Mine Workers Union & Anor v Gwekwerere & Ors GS-202-81
Association of Rhodesian Industries & Ors v Brookes & Anor 1972 (2) RLR 1 (GD)
Atlas Organic Fertilizers (Pty) Ltd v Pikkewyn-Ghwano (Pty) Ltd & Ors 1981 (2) SA 173 (T)
Attiav British Gas [1987] 3 WLR 1101; [1987] 3 All ER 455

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Automotive Diesel Ltd v Minister of State (Security) HH-291-85
Autorama (Pvt) Ltdv Farm Equipment Auctions 1984 (1) ZLR 162 (H); 1984 (3) SA 483 (ZH)
Axiam Holdings Ltd v Deloitte & Touche2006 (1) SA 237 (SCA)

Banda v Gamegone (Pvt) Ltd & Anor HH-133-03

Bande v Muchinguri 1999 (1) ZLR 476 (H)
Bank of Credit and Commerce Zimbabwe Ltd v UDC Ltd 1990 (2) ZLR 397 (S); 1991 (4) SA 82 (S)
Barclays National Bank Ltd v Traub; Barclays National Bank Ltd v Kalk 1981 (4) SA 291 (W)
BAT Ltd v Fawcett Security Ltd GS-22-72
Bayers SA Ltd v Frost 1991 (4) SA 559 (A)
Beattie v United Refineries (Pvt) Ltd A-130-80
Beckenstrater v Rottcher & Theunissen 1955 (1) SA 129 (A)
Benson v Robinson & Co. (Pty) Ltd & Anor1967 (1) SA 420 (A)
Best v Wonder Motors (Pvt) Ltd 1975 (1) RLR 124 (G)
Bester v Calitz 1982 (3) SA 864 (O)
Boka Enterprises v Manatse & Anor 1989 (2) ZLR 117 (H); 1990 (3) SA 626 (ZH)
Border Timbers Ltd v Zimbabwe Revenue Authority 2009 (1) ZLR 131 (H)
Boltonv Stone 1951 AC 850
Bon Marche (Pvt) Ltd v Brazier & Anor 1984 (2) ZLR 50 (S)
Buls v Tsatsarolakis 1976 (2) SA 891
Burton v Cotton Research Board 1950 (4) SA 34
Bushu & Anor v Nare 1995 (2) ZLR 38 (H);HH-97-95
Buthelezi v Poorter & Ors 1974 (4) SA 831 (W)
Bwanya v Matanda 2000 (1) ZLR 546 (H)
Byrne v Masters Squash Promotions CC & Anor 2010 (1) SA 124 (GSJ)

C v Minister of Correctional Services 1996 (4) SA 292 (T)

Cabri (Pvt) Ltd v Terrier Services (Pvt) Ltd 2004 (1) ZLR 267 (H)
Caltex Oil (Australia) v The Dredge Willesmstadö [1976] 136 CLR 429; [1977] 51 ALJR 270
Caparo Industries v Dickman [1990] 1 All ER 568 (HL)
Cape Town Municipality v April 1982 (1) SA 259 (C)
Chidembo v Machingambi S-50-87
Chibage v Ndawana 2009 (2) ZLR 387 (H)
Chikanda v Mukumba HH-210-88
Chirinda v Minister of Home Affairs & Anor HH-150-03
Coronation Brick v Strachan Construction 1982 (4) SA 371 (D)
Correira v Berwind 1986 (1) ZLR 192 (H)
Cosmosv Phillipson 1968 (2) RLR 128 (G); 1968 (3) SA 121 (R)
Costa de Oura Restaurant (Pty) Ltd t/a Umdloti Bush Tavern v Reddy 2003 (3) SA 34 (SCA)
Cottham v Cottham & Anor GB-5-76
Cottle v Stockton Waterworks Co (1875) LR 10 QB 453
Cotton Marketing Board of Zimbabwe v National Railways of Zimbabwe 1988 (1) ZLR 304 (S)
Couldridge v Eskom & Anor 1994 (1) SA 91 (SE)
Crawfordv Albu 1917 AD 102
Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed v Veich [1942] AC 435 (HL)
Crowv Royal Insurance 1973 (1) SA 579 (R)
Cubed International (Pty) Ltd & Another v Singer & Ors NNO 2009 (4) SA 471 (SCA)

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Dhlomo NO v Natal Newspapers & Anor 1989 (1) SA 945 (A)
Diesel Electric v S & T Import HH-330-80
Dippenaar v Shield Insurance 1979 (2) SA 904 (A)
Dlikilili v Federated Insurance 1983 (2) SA 275 (C)
Doelcam (Pvt) Ltd v Pichanick & Ors 1999 (1) ZLR 390 (H)
Donoghue v Stevenson 1932 AC 562
Doornbutv Ciba Geigy (Discussed in 1980 SALJ 83)
Dorset Yacht Club v Home Office [1970] AC 1004 (HL)
Doughty v Turner Manufacturing Co (Ltd) [1964] 1 All ER 98
Dowling v Diocesan College & Ors1999 (3) SA 847 (C)
Du Plessisv De Klerk & Another 1996 (3) SA 850 (CC)
Dube v Manimo HB-44-89
Dube v Super Godlwayo(Pvt) Ltd HB-129-84
Dukes v Marthinusen 1937 AD 12
Du Preez & Others v Zwiegers 2008 (4) SA 627 (SCA)
Dun & Bradstreet (Pvt) Ltd v SA Merchants Combined Credit Bureau (Pty) Ltd 1968 (1) SA 209 (C)
Dunlopv West 1974 (1) RLR 89 (G); 1974 (2) SA 642 (R)

E B Ranchers v Bus Service A-18-76

E G Electrical v Franklin 1979 (2) SA 702 (EC)
Ebrahim v Pittman NO 1995 (1) ZLR 176 (H)
Ebrahim v Twala & Ors 1951 (2) SA 490 (W)
Econet Wireless (Pvt) Ltd & Ors v Sanangura 2013 (1) ZLR 401 (S)
Edouard v Administrator, Natal 1989 (2) SA 368 (D)
Esterhuizen v Administrator, Transvaal 1957 (3) SA 710 (T)
Ess Kay Electronics Pte Ltd & Anor v First Merchant Bank of Southern Africa 2001 (1) SA 1214
(SCA)
Evinsv Shield Insurance Ltd 1980 (2) SA 814 (A)
Eyeluth Properties (Pvt) Ltd v Harvey HH-408-15

Fokoseni v Lobels Bakery 2004 (1) ZLR 406 (S)

Fourie NO v Hansen & Anor 2001 (2) SA 823 (W)
Fourway Haulage SA (Pty) Ltd v SA National Roads Agency Ltd 2009 (2) SA 150 (SCA)
Francis Freres and Mason (Pty) Ltd v Public Utility Transport Corporation Ltd 1964 (3) SA 23 (D)
Francis v Roberts 1972 (2) RLR 238(GD); 1973 (1) SA 507 (R)
Gardner v Whitaker 1995 (2) SA 672 (E)
Gomwev Chimbwa 1983 (2) ZLR 121
Gorah v Mahona & Anor 1984 (2) ZLR 102 (S)
Gorah v Nhika HH-40-83
Gordonv Da Mata 1969 (3) SA 285 (A)
Graham & Anor v General Accident Assurance & Anor 1972 (1) RLR 52 (GD)
Graham v Ker (1982) 9 SC 185
Granger v Minister of State (Security) 1985 (1) ZLR 153 (H)
Grant v Australian Knitting Mills 1936 AC 85
Geater Johannesburg Transitional Metropolitan Council v Absa Bank Ltd t/a Volkskas Bank 1997 (2)
SA 591 (W)
Greenfield Engineering v NKR Construction 1978 (4) SA 901 (N)
Grindlays Bank v Louw 1979 ZLR 189 (G)

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Grindlays Industrial & Ors v Tawengwa HH-441-87
Grobler v Naspers Bpk en ‘n Ander 2004 (4) SA 220 (C)
Gwatidzo v Masukusa 2000 (2) ZLR 410 (H)
Gwande v Matonhodze & Anor HH-123-12
Gwiriri v Starafrica Corp (Pvt) Ltd 2010 (1) ZLR (HH)

H v W 2013 South Gauteng High Court Case Number 12/10142/2013

Harvey Tiling Co (Pty) Ltd v Rodomac (Pty) Ltd1977 (1) SA 316 (T)
Hawker v Life Offices Association 1987 (3) SA 777 (C)
Haynesv Harwood [1935] 1 KB 146; 152 LT 121
Haynes v Minister of Defence & Anor 1992 (2) ZLR 262 (H)
Heard v Times Media Ltd & Anor1993 (2) SA 472 (C)
Herschell v Bredenkamp GS-349-81
Herselman NO v Botha 1994 (1) SA 28 (A)
Hickey v Hickey & Anor GS-28-79
Hirsch Appliance Specialists v Shield Security (Pvt) Ltd 1992 (3) SA 643 (D)
Hirschowitz Flionis v Bartlett & Anor 2006 (3) SA 575 (SCA)
Hix Networking Technologies v System Publishers (Pty) Ltd and Anor 1997 (1) SA 391 (A)
Hokonya & Anor v Chinyanyi & Ors HH-17-95
Holtzhausen v ABSA Bank Ltd 2008 (5) SA 630 (SCA)
Homela v Munyama S-49-82
Honey & Blanckenberg v Law Society 1966 (2) SA 43 (R)
J Paarv Fawcett Security 1986 (2) ZLR 255 (S); 1987 (2) SA 140 (ZS)
James v Fletcher 1973 (1) SA 687 (RA)
Jameson’s Minors v CSAR 1908 (1) TS 575, 589
Janit & Anorv Motor Industry Fund Administrators (Pty) Ltd & Anor 1995 (4) SA 293 (A)
Jansen v Naylor 2006 (3) SA 546 (SCA)
Jansen van Vuuren & Anor v Kruger 1993 (4) SA 842 (A)
Jasat & Anorv Paruk 1983 (4) SA 728 (N)
Jeftha v Williams 1981 (3) SA 678 (C)
Jhamba v Mugwisi 2010 (1) ZLR 124 (H)
Johannes v South-West Transport 1994 (1) SA 200 (Nm HC)
Johnson v Beckett & Anor1992 (1) SA 762 (A)
Kennel Union of Southern Africa & Ors v Park 1981 (1) SA 714 (C)
Keown v Ned-Equity Insurance Co Ltd 1982 (2) SA 391 (C)
Kerbels Flooring & Carpeting (Pty) Ltd v Shrosbree & Anor 1994 (1) SA 655 (SE)
Kerbels Flooring (Pty) Ltd v Shrosbree & Anor 1994 (1) SA 655 (A)
Kern Trust v Hurter (Edms) Bpk 1981 (3) SA 607 (C)
Ketero v Mukarati S-20-84
Kgaleng v Minister of Safety and Security & Anor 2001 (4) SA 854 (W)
Khan v Khan 1971 (1) RLR 134 (A)
Khan v Mzovuyo Investments 1991 (3) SA 47 (T)
Khosa v Cargo Carriers 2006 (2) ZLR 109 (H)
Khupa v SA Transport Services 1990 (2) SA 627 (W)
King v Dykes 1971 (2) RLR 151; 1971 (3) SA 540 (RA)
Kitchin v Royal Air Force [1958] 1 WLR 563
Levy v Modus Publications (Pvt) Ltd 2000 (1) ZLR 68 (H)
Levy NO v Rondalia Assurance 1971 (2) SA 598 (A)

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Lillicrap, Wassenaare and Partners v Pilkington Brothers (SA) (Pty) Ltd 1985 (1) 475 (A)
Limire v Rhodesia Railways 1981 ZLR 251 (G)
Lloyd v Grace, Smith & Co [1912] AC 716 (HL)
Local Authorities Pension Fund v Nyakwawa & Ors 2015 (1) ZLR 103 (H)
Lomagundi Sheetmetalv Basson 1973 (1) RLR 356 (A);1973 (4) SA 523 (RA)
Lopez v Nxumalo S-115-85
Lorimar Productions Inc & Ors v Sterling Clothing Manufacturers (Pty) Ltd 1981 (3) SA 1129 (T)
Lovemore v Rhoguard Ltd GS-154-72
Lutzkie v SARH & Anor 1974 (4) SA 396 (W)
Lytton Invstms (Pvt) Ltd v Standard Chartered Bank (Zimbabwe) Ltd HH-35-17

Macala v Maokeng Town Council 1993 (1) SA 434 (A)

Machakaire v Mavenge & Anor HH-19-88
Macheka v Metcalfe & Anor HH-62-07
Madaka v McLean HB-86-91
Madzamba v Mutsonziwa HH-218-90
Mangwiro v Minister, Justice & Legal Affairs (N.O.) & Ors HH-172-17
Mangwiro v Chombo NO HH-710-16
Manjoro v Minister of Home Affairs & Ors 2015 (1) ZLR 872 (H)
Manuel v Holland 1972 (2) RLR 18 (GB)
Manuel v SA Eagle Insurance HH-270-83
Mapingure v Minister of Home Affairs, Minister of Health and Child Welfare and Minister of Justice,
Legal and Parliamentary Affairs 2014 (1) ZLR 369 (S)
Mapuranga v Mungate 1997 (1) ZLR 64 (H)
Marais Caledonian Insurance Co Ltd 1967 (4) SA 199 (E)
Marais v Eagle Insurance & Anor HH-270-83
Maria & Anor v Murimbika 1976 (1) RLR 385 (A)
Marongwe & Anor v Tsvaringe HH-5-91
Masama v Borehole Drillers 1993 (1) ZLR 116 (S)
Masendeke v Kukura Kurerwa Bus Svc (Pvt) Ltd HH-101-17
Masendeke v Chalimba & Ors 2014 (2) ZLR 63 (H)
McCrone v Riding [1938] 1 All ER 581 (CA)
McCrone v Riding [1938] 1 All ER 157 (KB)
McKelvey v Cowan NO 1980 ZLR 235 (G)
McNally v M & G Media (Pty) Ltd and Ors1997 (4) SA 267 (W)
McPhee v Hazelhurst & Ors1989 (4) SA 551 (N)
Mdlongwa v Ngwenya HB-54-13
Meakin v Meakin HH-384-83
Mhlongo v Bailey & Anor1958 (1) SA 370 (W)
Midland Bank v Hett, Stubbs & Kemp [1979] CH 384
Minister van Wet & Orde & ‘n Ander v Ntsane 1993 (1) SA 560 (A)
Mineworkers Investment Co (Pty) Ltd v Modibane 2002 (6) SA 512 (W)
Mnangagwa v Alpha Media Hldgs (Pvt) Ltd & Anor 2013 (2) ZLR 116 (H)
Moaki v Reckitt & Colman (Africa) Ltd & Anor 1968 (1) SA 702 (W)
Moatshe v Commercial Union 1991 (4) SA 372 (W)
Modcraft Transport (Pvt) Ltd v Vultures Security (Pvt) Ltd HH-81-03
Mohadi v The Standard & Ors HH-16-13
Mord tv Smith 1968 (2) RLR 330; 1968 (4) SA 750 (RA)

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Morris v C W Martin & Sons Ltd [1966] 1 QB 716
Moses v Minister of Safety and Security 2000 (3) SA 106 (C)
Mouton v Mine Workers Union 1977 (1) SA 119 (A)
Moyov Abraham HH-467-84
Moyo v Chipanda 2004 (2) ZLR 67 (H)
MoyovMuleya & Ors 2001 (1) ZLR 251 (H)
Moyse & Orsv Mujuru 1998 (2) ZLR 353 (S)
Murimba & Anor v Law Organization (Pvt) Ltd & Ors HH-265-10
Murdock & Anor v Simpson & Ors 1956 (1) SA 528 (N)
Murphyv Tengende 1983 (2) ZLR 292 (H)
Murray v Union & SWA Insurance Co Ltd & Anor 1979 (2) SA 825 (D)
Murray v Union Insurance 1979 (2) SA 825 (D)
Musadzikwa v Minister of Home Affairs & Anor 2000 (1) ZLR 405 (H)
Musakwav Ruzario 1997 (2) ZLR 533 (H)
Mushonga v Zinhumwe 2015 (1) ZLR 846 (H)
Mushunje v Zimbabwe Newspapers HH-47-17
Music Room (Pvt) Ltd v ANZ Grindlays Bank Zimbabwe Ltd 1995 (2) ZLR 167 (H)
Muzik v Canzone Del Mare 1980 (3) SA 470 (C)
Mwashita v Simango S-116-87
Mwete v Chimanzi & Ors HB-5-93

N v T 1994 (1) SA 862 (C)

Naude NO v Transvaal Boot and Shoe Manufacturing Co 1938 AD 114
Ncube v Wankie Colliery Co. & Anor 2007 (1) ZLR 95 (H)
Ndava v Takaruwa & Anor 2013 (2) ZLR 692 (S)
Ndawana v Nasho & Ors 2000 (1) ZLR 23 (H)
Nkala v Sebata & Anor 2009 (2) ZLR 203 (H)
Nkosi NO v Moyo HB-43-91
N M & Ors v Smith & Ors (Freedom of Expression Institute as Amicus Curae) 2007 (5) SA 250 (CC)
Norman v Highway Construction 1975 (2) RLR 108 (G)
Nott v ZANU (PF) 1983 (2) RLR 208 (S); 1984 (2) SA 115 (ZS)
NSSA v Dobropoulos & Sons (Pvt) Ltd 2002 (2) ZLR 617 (S)
Nu-life Batteries & Anor v Boddington & Anor 1974 (1) RLR 1; 1974 (2) SA 175 (R)
Nyaguse v Skinners Auto Body Specialists & Anor 2007 (1) ZLR 296 (H)
Nyakabambo v Minister of Justice & Ors 1989 (1) ZLR 96 (H)
Nyakudya v Washaya 2000 (1) ZLR 653 (H)
Nyamanhare v Minister of Defence S-49-94
Nyamwanza v Kambadza & Ors HH-104-87
Nyandoro v Minister of Home Affairs & Anor 2010 (2) ZLR 332 (H)
Nyandoro v Kamchira 1997 (1) ZLR 522 (H)
Nyandoro v Tizirai 2006 (1) ZLR 121 (H)
Nyangani v Maziweyi Bus Service HH-160-84
Nyatanga v Editor, The Herald & Anor 2001 (1) ZLR 63 (H)
Nyatanga v Mlambo & Ors HH-85-03
Nyathi v MEC for Health, Gauteng and Another 2008 (5) SA 94 (CC)
Nyathi v Tshalibe HB-158-88
Nyaumbav Murapa 1975 (2) RLR 138 (A)
Nyika & Anor v Minister of Home Affairs & Ors HH-181-16

13
Parry v Cleaver 1970 AC 1 (HL)
Parsonsv Cooney 1970 (2) RLR 75 (A); 1971 (1) SA 165 (RA)
Pasternack v Poulton [1973] 2 All ER 74 (QB)
Patz v Greene 1907 TS 427
Peattie & Ors NNO v Clan Syndicate 1984 (4) SA 829 (W)
Phida & Anor v East View High School 2015 (1) ZLR 991 (H)
Phillips Central Cellars (Pvt) Ltd v Director of Customs and Excise 2000 (1) ZLR 353 (H)
Pickard v Bindura Haulage HH-318-84
Pienaar & Anor v Argus Printing and Publishing Co. Ltd 1956 (4) SA 310 (W)
Pilkington Brothers (Pty) Ltd v Lillicrap, Wassenaar and Partners 1983 (2) SA 157 (W)
Pine v Boka Enterprises (Pvt) Ltd 1990 (2) ZLR 292 (H)
Pinshaw v Nexus Securities (Pty) Ltd & Anor 2002 (2) SA 510 (C)
Pogrund v Yutar 1967 (2) SA 564 (A)
Polaris Zimbabwe (Pvt) Ltd v Zapchem Detergent Mfrs CC 2004 (2) ZLR 351 (S)
Poovalingam v Bajbansi 1992 (1) SA 283 (A)
Portwood v Svamvur 1970 (1) RLR 225 (A); 1970 (4) SA 8 (RA)
Postal and Telecommunication Corporation v Modus Publications (Pvt) Ltd 1997 (2) ZLR 492 (S)
Post Newspapers (Pty) Ltd v World Printing and Publishing Co Ltd 1970 (1) SA 454 (W)
Potgieter v Smit 1982 (2) SA 690 (D)
Powell v Jonker 1959 (4) SA 443 (T)
Prakash v Wilson & Anor S-208-92
Pretorius en Andere v McCallum 2002 (2) SA 423 (C)
Prince & Anor v Minister of Law and Order 1987 (4) SA 231 (E)
Pringle v Administrator of Transvaal 1990 (2) SA 379 (W)
Purdy v Lever 1991 (3) SA 431 (T)

Quest Motor Corporation (Pvt) Ltd v Nyamakura 2000 (2) ZLR 84 (H)

R v John 1969 (2) RLR 23 (A); 1969 (2) SA 560 (RA)

R v Msongelwa 1960 (4) SA 699 (SR)
Rabie v Kimberley Municipality 1991 (4) SA 243 (NC)
Ramakulukusha v Commander, Venda National Force 1989 (2) SA 813 (VSC)
Rampal Ltd v Brett, Wills & Partners 1981 (4) SA 360 (D)
Ramsay v Minister of Police & Ors 1981 (4) SA 802 (A)
Randaree & Ors v W H Dixon & Associates & Anor 1983 (2) SA 1 (A)
Rautenbach v Republikeinse Publikasies (Edms) Bpk 1971 (1) SA 446 (W)
Regal v African Superslate (Pty) Ltd 1963 (1) SA 102 (A)
Reid-Dalyv Hickman & Ors (2) 1980 ZLR 540 (A); 1981 (2) SA 315 (ZA)
Remba v Sanyangara HB-12-94
Retief v Van der Westhuizen 1959 (2) SA 166 (C)
Rofdo (Pty) Ltd t/a Castle Crane Hire v B & E Quarries (Pty) Ltd 1999 (3) SA 941 (SE)
Romansrivier Koöperatiewe Wynkelder Bpk v Chemserve Manufacturing (Pty) Ltd 1993 (2) SA 358
(C)
Rondelv Worsley [1969] 1 AC 191 (HL)
Rookesv Barnard [1964] AC 1129
Rose NO v Fawcett Security Ops (Pvt) Ltd 1998 (2) ZLR 114 (H)
Ross v Caunters [1979] 3 All ER 580

14
Royal-Beech-Nut Ltd t/a Manhattan Confectioners v United Tobacco Co Ltd t/a Willards Foods 1992
(4) SA 118 (A)
RP & P Co & Ors v Howman NO 1967 RLR 318 (GD); 1967 (4) SA 1
Rusere v Jesuit Fathers 1970 (4) SA 537 (R)
Rusike v Tenda Transport (Pvt) Ltd & Anor HH-89-97
Ruth Sai v Avenues Clinic HH-26-17
Ruvinga v ZEDTC (2) 2012 (2) ZLR 276 (H)
Ryan v Petrus 2010 (1) SA 169 (ECG)
Rylands v Fletcher (1868) LR 330 (HL)

S v A Juvenile 1989 (2) ZLR 61 (S)

S v Chimimba S-62-86
S v Chipinge Rural Council 1988 (2) ZLR 275 (S); 1989 (2) SA 342 (ZS)
S v Claasen 1979 RLR 323 (A)
S v Ferreira 1992 (1) ZLR 93 (S); 1992 (2) SACR 425 (ZS)
S v Israel & Anor 1975 (2) RLR 191; 1976 (1) SA 781
S v Kramer 1987 (1) SA 887 (W)
S v Mangwarira S-194-88
S v McGown 1995 (1) ZLR 4 (H)
S v Mkwetshana 1965 (2) SA 493 (N)
SA Railways and Harbours v Edwards 1930 AD 3
Sadomba v Unity Insurance HS-131-78
Sage Holdings Ltd & Anor v Financial Mail (Pty) Ltd & Ors1991 (2) SA 117 (W)
Salisbury Bottling Ltd & Ors v Central African Bottling Ltd 1958 R & N 17; 1958 (1) SA 750 (FS) at
759
Samakange & Anor v The Master S-174-93
Santam Insurance Co (Ltd) v Paget 1981 ZLR 73 (A); 1981 (2) SA 621 (ZA)
Santam Insurancev Nkosi 1978 (2) SA 784 (A)
Santam Insurance Co v Vorster 1973 (4) SA 764 (A)
Sarif Ali v Sydney Mitchell & Co & Ors [1978] 3 All ER 1033 (HL)
Savoy House Ltd v City of Salisbury 1959 (1) R & N 145 (H)
Saybrook (Pvt) Ltd & Anor v Girdlestone 1986 (2) ZLR 185 (S)
Sayed v Editor, Cape Times, & Anor2004 (1) SA 58 (C)
Schultz v Butt 1986 (3) SA 667 (A)
SCM Ltd v W J Whittal [1970] 3 WLR 694 (CA); [1970] 3 All ER 245
Schweppes (Central Africa) Ltd v Zimbabwe Newspapers (1980) Ltd 1987 (1) ZLR 114 (H)
Shell & BP (Pvt) Ltd v Osborne Panama 1980 (3) SA 653 (D)
Shepherd v Zimnat Insurance HH-467-84
Shongwe v Shongwe & Anor HH-414-86
Sibanda v Sibanda & Anor 2002 (1) ZLR 622 (H)
Silatsha v Santam Insurance 1982 (2) SA 387 (A)
Simbanegavi v Jachi HH-40-13
Slomowitzv Kok 1983 (1) SA 130 (A)
Smit v Minister van Polisie 1997 (4) SA 893 (T)
Smit v SA Vervoerdienste 1984 (1) SA 246 (C)
Smith & Youngson (Pvt) Ltd v Dubie Bros 1959 (1) R & N 351 (FS)
Smith NO and Lardner-Burke NO v Wonesayi 1971 (2) RLR 62 (G)
Smith NO and Lardner-Burke NO v Wonesayi 1972 (1) RLR 262 (A); 1972 (3) SA 289 (RA)

15
Smithv Leech, Brain and Co [1961] 3 All ER 1159 (QB)
Snyman v Snyman 1984 (4) SA 262 (W)
Socrat Ltd v Electra Rubber Products Ltd HH-77-83
Solomon v Du Preez 1920 CPD 401
South African Post Office v De Lacy & Anor 2009 (5) SA 255 (SCA)
South African Revenue Services & Anor v TFN Diamond Cutting Works (Pty) Ltd 2005 (5) SA 113
(SCA)
South British Insurance v Du Toit 1952 SR 239; 1952 (2) SA 13 (SR)
Spartan Steel Ltd v Martin & Co Ltd [1972] 3 All ER 557 (CA); [1973] QB 27; [1972] 3 WLR 502
Spencer v Barclays Bank 1942 (2) SA 230
Squire v Sasol Mynbou (Edms) Bpk en Andere 1993 (3) SA 298 (T)
Stanbic Bank Zimbabwe Ltd 2007 (1) ZLR 398 (H)
Standard Chartered Bank of Canada v Nedperm Bank Ltd 1994 (4) SA 747 (A)
Standard Chartered Finance Ltd v Georgias & Anor 1998 (2) ZLR 547 (H)
Standard Chartered Finance Ltd v Georgias & Anor 1998 (2) ZLR 488 (S)
Star Motors v Swart 1968 (3) SA 60 (T)
Steenkemp NO v Provincial Tender Board, Eastern Cape 2006 (3) SA 151 (SCA)
Tabanie v Chimanzi HB-75-90
Thatcher & Another v Katz & Anor 2006 (6) SA 407 (C)
The Citizen 1978 (Pty) Ltd & Ors v McBride 2010 (4) SA 148 (SCA)
The Oil Rig Southseas Driller: Sheriff of Cape Town v Pride Foramer SA and Ors 2001 (3) SA 841
(C)
Thebe v Mbewe t/a Checkpoint Laboratory Services 2000 (1) ZLR 578 (S)
Thembi-Mahayele v Mail and Guardian & Anor 2004 (6) SA 329 (SCA)
Thomas v Murimba 2000 (1) ZLR 209 (H)
Trojan Nickel Mine v RBZ 2013 (1) ZLR 444 (H)
Trustees, Two Oceans Aquarian Trust v Kentey and Templer (Pty) Ltd 2006 (3) SA 138 (SCA)
Tsara v Mutongawafa S-17-82
Tshabalala v Lekoa City Council 1992 (3) SA 21 (A)
Tuch &Ors NNO v Myerson & Ors NNO 2010 (2) SA 462 (SCA)
Turner v Health Professions Council 2000 (1) ZLR 722 (H)

Udwin v May 1978 (4) SA 967 (C)

Union Government v Ocean Accident & Guarantee Corp 1956 (1) SA 577 (A)
Union Insurance v Vitoria 1982 (1) SA 444 (A)
Unilever plc & Anor v Vimco Pvt) Ltd & Anor 2004 (2) ZLR 253 (H)
United Bottlers (Pvt) Ltd v Shambawamedza 2002 (1) ZLR 341 (S)
Universal Merchant Bank Zimbabwe Ltd v The Zimbabwe Independent & Anor2000 (1) ZLR 234 (H)
Urev Jordan GS-144-78

van Zyl and Anor v Jonathan Ball Publishers (Pty) Ltd & Ors1999 (4) SA 571 (W)
Velempini v Engineering Services Dept of Works 1988 (2) ZLR 173 (H)
Vellah v Moyo & Anor HB-101-10
Victor NO v Constantia Insurance 1985 (1) SA 118 (C) 122G
Viljoen v Smith 1997 (1) SA 309 (A)
Viriri v Wellesley Estate 1982 (1) ZLR 200 (S); 1982 (4) SA 308 (ZS)
Vorster v AA Mutual 1982 (1) SA 145 (A)
Vorster v Strydpers Bpk en Andere 1972 (2) SA 928 (T)

16
Wagener v Pharmacare Ltd; Cuttings v Pharmacare Ltd 2003 (4) SA 285 (SCA)
Wagon Mound (2) [1966] 2 All ER 709 (PC); 1967 AC 617
Wallace v Goncalves S-35-93
Walker v Redhouse 2007 (3) SA 514 (SCA
Weller & Cov Foot & Mouth Disease Institute [1966] 1 QB 569; [1965] 3 WLR 1082; [1965] 3 All
ER 560
Wentworth-Wear v Zvipundu 2000 (1) ZLR 281 (S)
Wessels v Pretorius, NO en ‘n Ander 1974 (3) SA 299 (NC)
Wessels & Another v Pickles 1985 (4) SA 153 (C)
White Line Trucks v Cilliers A-175-72
Whitev Jones [1993] 3 All ER 481
Whitehouse v Jordan & Anor [1981] 1 All ER 267 (HL)
Wilsher v Essex Area Health Board [1986] 3 All ER 801
Wilson v Birt (Pty) Ltd 1963 (2) SA 508 (D)
Windmill v Minister of Justice & Anor HH-635-87
Withamv Minister of Home Affairs 1987 (2) ZLR 143 (H); 1989 (1) SA 116 (ZH)
Withers v Perry Chain Co [1961] 3 All ER 676 (CA)
Wolfenden v Jackson S-122-85

Zambezi Conference of Seventh Day Adventists Church v Seventh Day Adventists Association of
Southern Africa 2000 (1) ZLR 179 (H)
Zapchem Detergent Manufacturers CC v Polaris Zimbabwe (Pvt) Ltd 2003 (1) ZLR 481 (H)
Zillie v Johnson & Anor 1984 (2) SA 186 (W)
Zimbabwe Banking Corporation v Pyramid Motor Corporation 1985 (1) ZLR 358 (S); 1985 (4) SA
553 (ZS)
Zimbabwe Gelatine (Pvt) Ltd v Cairns Foods (Pvt) Ltd 2003 (1) ZLR 352 (S)
Zimbabwe Newspapers (1980) Ltd & Anor v Bloch 1997 (1) ZLR 473 (S)
Zimnat Insurance v Chawanda 1990 (2) ZLR 143 (S); 1991 (2) SA 825 (ZS)
Zimunya v Zimbabwe Newspapers (1980) Ltd 1994 (1) ZLR 35 (H)
Ziyeresa v Fleming HH-92-84
Zuvarimwe & Anor v Naran & Anor 2014 (1) ZLR 449 (H)
Zvobgo v Kingstons Ltd 1986 (2) ZLR 310 (H)
Zvobgo v Mutjuwadi & Ors 1985 (1) ZLR 33 (H); 1985 (3) SA 1055 (H)
Zwiegelaar v Botha 1989 (3) SA 351 (C)

17