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In documents called judicial opinions, judges explain In ancient Greece, an Epicurean was a follower of
the reasoning behind their legal rulings, and in those Epicurus, a philosopher whose beliefs revolved
explanations they sometimes cite and discuss around the pursuit of pleasure. Epicurus defined
historical and contemporary philosophers. Legal pleasure as “the absence of pain in the body and of
scholar and philosopher Anita L. Allen argues that trouble in the _______ that all life’s virtues derived
while judges are naturally inclined to mention from this absence.
philosophers whose views align with their own
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
positions, the strongest judicial opinions consider
to the conventions of Standard English?
and rebut potential objections; discussing
philosophers whose views conflict with judges’ views A) soul,” positing
could therefore _______ B) soul”: positing
Which choice most logically completes the text? C) soul”; positing
A) allow judges to craft judicial opinions without D) soul.” Positing
needing to consult philosophical works.
B) help judges improve the arguments they put
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forward in their judicial opinions.
C) make judicial opinions more comprehensible to British scientists James Watson and Francis Crick
readers without legal or philosophical training. won the Nobel Prize in part for their 1953 paper
announcing the double helix structure of DNA, but it
D) bring judicial opinions in line with views that are is misleading to say that Watson and Crick
broadly held among philosophers. discovered the double helix. _______ findings were
based on a famous X-ray image of DNA fibers,
“Photo 51,” developed by X-ray crystallographer
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Rosalind Franklin and her graduate student
Public-awareness campaigns about the need to Raymond Gosling.
reduce single-use plastics can be successful, says
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
researcher Kim Borg of Monash University in
to the conventions of Standard English?
Australia, when these campaigns give consumers a
choice: for example, Japan achieved a 40 percent A) They’re
reduction in plastic-bag use after cashiers were B) It’s
instructed to ask customers whether _______
wanted a bag. C) Their
D) Its
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?
A) they
B) one
C) you
D) it

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In 1937, Chinese American screen actor Anna May Researchers studying magnetosensation have
Wong, who had portrayed numerous villains and determined why some soil-dwelling roundworms in
secondary characters but never a heroine, finally got the Southern Hemisphere move in the opposite
a starring role in Paramount Pictures’ Daughter of direction of Earth’s magnetic field when searching
Shanghai, a film that _______ “expanded the range for _______ in the Northern Hemisphere, the
of possibilities for Asian images on screen.” magnetic field points down, into the ground, but in
the Southern Hemisphere, it points up, toward the
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
surface and away from worms’ food sources.
to the conventions of Standard English?
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
A) critic, Stina Chyn, claims
to the conventions of Standard English?
B) critic, Stina Chyn, claims,
A) food:
C) critic Stina Chyn claims
B) food,
D) critic Stina Chyn, claims,
C) food while
D) food
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In 1637, the price of tulips skyrocketed in
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Amsterdam, with single bulbs of rare varieties
selling for up to the equivalent of $200,000 in today’s Scientists believe that, unlike most other species of
US dollars. Some historians _______ that this “tulip barnacle, turtle barnacles (Chelonibia testudinari)
mania” was the first historical instance of an asset can dissolve the cement-like secretions they use to
bubble, which occurs when investors drive prices to attach _______ to a sea turtle shell, enabling the
highs not supported by actual demand. barnacles to move short distances across the shell’s
surface.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English? Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?
A) claiming
B) claim A) it
C) having claimed B) themselves
D) to claim C) them
D) itself

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The classic children’s board game Chutes and In 1453, English King Henry VI became unfit to rule
Ladders is a version of an ancient Nepalese game, after falling gravely ill. As a result, Parliament
Paramapada Sopanapata. In both games, players appointed Richard, Third Duke of York, who had a
encounter “good” or “bad” spaces while traveling strong claim to the English throne, to rule as Lord
along a path; landing on one of the good spaces Protector. Upon recovering two years later, _______
_______ a player to skip ahead and arrive closer to forcing an angered Richard from the royal court and
the end goal. precipitating a series of battles later known as the
Wars of the Roses.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English? Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English?
A) allows
B) are allowing A) Henry resumed his reign,
C) have allowed B) the reign of Henry resumed,
D) allow C) Henry’s reign resumed,
D) it was Henry who resumed his reign,

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In 1943, in the midst of World War II, mathematics
professor Grace Hopper was recruited by the Although novels and poems are considered distinct
US military to help the war effort by solving complex literary forms, many authors have created hybrid
equations. Hopper’s subsequent career would involve works that incorporate elements of both. Bernardine
more than just _______ as a pioneering computer Evaristo’s The Emperor's Babe, _______ is a verse
programmer, Hopper would help usher in the digital novel, a book-length narrative complete with
age. characters and a plot but conveyed in short, crisp
lines of poetry rather than prose.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms
to the conventions of Standard English? Which choice completes the text with the most
logical transition?
A) equations, though:
B) equations, though, A) by contrast,
C) equations. Though, B) consequently,
D) equations though C) secondly,
D) for example,

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At two weeks old, the time their critical socialization Researchers Helena Mihaljević-Brandt, Lucía
period begins, wolves can smell but cannot yet see or Santamaría, and Marco Tullney report that while
hear. Domesticated dogs, _______ can see, hear, and mathematicians may have traditionally worked
smell by the end of two weeks. This relative lack of alone, evidence points to a shift in the opposite
sensory input may help explain why wolves behave direction. _______ mathematicians are choosing to
so differently around humans than dogs do: from a collaborate with their peers—a trend illustrated by a
very young age, wolves are more wary and less rise in the number of mathematics publications
exploratory. credited to multiple authors.
Which choice completes the text with the most Which choice completes the text with the most
logical transition? logical transition?
A) in other words, A) Similarly,
B) for instance, B) For this reason,
C) by contrast, C) Furthermore,
D) accordingly, D) Increasingly,

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